<p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Tahoma,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Pour la premi&egrave;re fois dans l&#39;histoire de l&rsquo;humanit&eacute;, l&#39;urbanisation croissante est devenue la pr&eacute;occupation humaine prioritaire sur la plan&egrave;te. Les populations urbaines sont en augmentation constante, plus rapide que l&rsquo;&eacute;volution de l&#39;ensemble des populations et d&egrave;s 2050, plus des deux tiers des habitants de la plan&egrave;te seront des citadins&nbsp; (Leeson, 2018). En parall&egrave;le, le nombre de personnes handicap&eacute;es repr&eacute;sente d&eacute;j&agrave; une part significative de cette urbanisation. Le rapport de la Banque Mondiale intitul&eacute; : Population en situation de handicap dans le monde, affiche un chiffre qui semble extraordinairement &eacute;lev&eacute; mais n&eacute;anmoins r&eacute;el : 1 000 000 000 de personnes seraient &laquo; handicap&eacute;es &raquo;. De plus, le vieillissement des populations r&eacute;sulte en la perte progressive des capacit&eacute;s physiques d&rsquo;un nombre significatif de citadins. Or, la planification urbaine a peu pris en compte ce changement d&eacute;mographique : un simple examen au fonctionnement ordinaire de la ville suffit &agrave; le comprendre. La tendance mondiale de l&#39;urbanisation mais aussi le vieillissement des populations cr&eacute;e ainsi l&#39;urgence de trouver des moyens plus intelligents pour g&eacute;rer les d&eacute;fis d&#39;accompagnement (Nam et Pardo 2011). Si les villes durables sont devenues un objectif tr&egrave;s recherch&eacute; pour le d&eacute;veloppement urbain futur, elles ne peuvent &ecirc;tre v&eacute;ritablement durables qu&#39;&agrave; condition d&#39;int&eacute;grer les notions d&#39;inclusivit&eacute;, de r&eacute;silience et d&rsquo;&eacute;quit&eacute;. De ce fait, pour la port&eacute;e de cette recherche, nous consid&eacute;rons aussi le concept de villes r&eacute;silientes, d&eacute;finies comme les villes o&ugrave; il y a des &laquo;&nbsp;<em>investissements dans le capital humain et social et la progression de la culture de r&eacute;silience collective et d&#39;une qualit&eacute; de vie &eacute;lev&eacute;e, avec une gestion rationnelle des ressources naturelles, gr&acirc;ce &agrave; une gouvernance participative </em>&raquo; (Caragliu, Del Bo et Nijkamp 2011). Les villes r&eacute;silientes mettent en &eacute;vidence des aspects importants de la durabilit&eacute;, tels que la n&eacute;cessit&eacute; d&#39;une gestion responsable des ressources, l&#39;efficacit&eacute; &eacute;nerg&eacute;tique, et l&#39;engagement des citoyens. Cependant, le concept de ville r&eacute;siliente ne peut aider une ville pour atteindre la durabilit&eacute; et l&#39;inclusion que si elle lui permet de fonctionner dans des limites &eacute;tablies bien en amont. Compte tenu de la compr&eacute;hension actuelle du concept de ville r&eacute;siliente, on ne sait pas si elle poss&egrave;de les caract&eacute;ristiques n&eacute;cessaires pour veiller &agrave; ce que le d&eacute;veloppement durable et l&#39;inclusion puissent se produire. La r&eacute;silience urbaine inclusive exige une approche transversale qui implique toutes les parties prenantes dans la conception et la mise en &oelig;uvre des politiques r&eacute;silientes pour assurer l&#39;&eacute;galit&eacute; de traitement. Cette d&eacute;marche s&rsquo;appuie sur le paradigme du mod&egrave;le social de l&rsquo;inclusion des&nbsp;</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Tahoma,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">personnes en situation de handicap &nbsp;(Oliver, 2006; Shakespeare, 2015), traduisant les principes fondateurs de la CIDPH. Par cons&eacute;quent, la cr&eacute;ation d&#39;une culture commune en termes d&#39;inclusion par la compr&eacute;hension mutuelle des besoins (conception universelle) constitue le socle de l&rsquo;action de r&eacute;silience urbaine. Ainsi, la cr&eacute;ation et le partage de connaissances entre l&rsquo;ensemble des cat&eacute;gories de population permettent l&rsquo;accroissement de l&rsquo;autonomie des personnes en situation de handicap et l&#39;int&eacute;gration des ressources de la collectivit&eacute;. Cela implique &eacute;galement de cr&eacute;er les conditions de participation des personnes handicap&eacute;es et des personnes &acirc;g&eacute;es &agrave; l&#39;&eacute;laboration des politiques publiques en tant qu&#39;acteurs &agrave; part enti&egrave;re. Le d&eacute;veloppement d&rsquo;un r&eacute;seau d&rsquo;acteurs &laquo; parties prenantes &raquo; qui facilitent les activit&eacute;s plus efficaces de pr&eacute;vention, de protection, d&#39;att&eacute;nuation, d&#39;intervention et de r&eacute;tablissement, doit-&ecirc;tre le garant pour le respect des r&egrave;gles du mod&egrave;le social ((Blanck, 1995; Wisner, 2002; Hemingway &amp; Priestley, 2006&nbsp;; Martin, 2015 ; Phibbs et al., 2015). Les parties prenantes devront veiller &agrave; l&rsquo;accessibilit&eacute; de l&#39;infrastructure &agrave; toute la population, sans recourir dans la mesure du possible &agrave; des adaptations sp&eacute;cialis&eacute;es. Pour cela, le concept du design universel est id&eacute;al car il se base sur des mod&egrave;les incluant en amont les sp&eacute;cificit&eacute;s li&eacute;es aux typologies de d&eacute;ficiences.&nbsp; </span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:Consolas"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Notre recherche-action se propose de r&eacute;pondre &agrave; la question globale suivante&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:Consolas"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Quels concepts peuvent &ecirc;tre d&eacute;velopp&eacute;s pour que les villes soient &agrave; la fois r&eacute;silientes et plus efficacement inclusives concr&egrave;tement pour les personnes handicap&eacute;es et les personnes &acirc;g&eacute;es ?</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:Consolas"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Pour cela nous exposerons le mod&egrave;le analytique de r&eacute;silience inclusive d&eacute;velopp&eacute; lors de notre recherche et les r&eacute;sultats qui en ont d&eacute;coul&eacute; quant &agrave; nos trois cas d&rsquo;&eacute;tudes&nbsp;: San Francisco, Tokyo, Londres. Nous montrerons le rapport crucial entre cadre l&eacute;gislatif, parties-prenantes et organisation politique pour permettre un mod&egrave;le de r&eacute;silience inclusif. Nous explorerons des concepts op&eacute;rationnels et inclusifs tels que la conception universelle et l&rsquo;inclusion sociale. </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:Consolas"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Bibliographie s&eacute;lective&nbsp;: </span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:Consolas"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Blanck, P. (1995). Disaster Mitigation for Persons with Disabilities: Fostering a New</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:Consolas"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Dialogue. The Annenberg Washington Program.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Tahoma,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Caragliu, A., Del Bo, C., and Nijkamp, P. (2011), &laquo;&nbsp;Smart Cities in Europe&rsquo;&nbsp;&raquo; <em>Journal of Urban Technology</em>, 18 (2): 65-82.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Tahoma,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Hemingway, L. and Priestley, M. (2006) Natural hazards, human vulnerability and disabling societies: a disaster for disabled people? Review of Disability Studies, 2(3): 57-67 </span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Tahoma,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Klein, B., Koenig, R., &amp; Schmitt, G. (2016). Managing Urban Resilience.&nbsp;<em>Informatik-Spektrum</em>,&nbsp;<em>40</em>(1), 35-45. doi: 10.1007/s00287-016-1005-2</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Tahoma,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Leeson, G. (2018). The Growth, Ageing and Urbanisation of our World.&nbsp;<em>Journal Of Population Ageing</em>,&nbsp;<em>11</em>(2), 107-115. doi: 10.1007/s12062-018-9225-7</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Tahoma,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Longmore, P. (2003).&nbsp;<em>Why I burned my book and other essays on disability</em>. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Tahoma,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Martin, S. (2015). A framework to understand the relationship between social factors that reduce resilience in cities: Application to the City of Boston. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 12, pp.53-80. </span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Tahoma,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Nam, T. &amp; Pardo., T. A. (2011). &laquo;&nbsp;Conceptualizing Smart City with Dimensions of Technology, People, and Institutions&nbsp;&raquo;. In Proceedings of the 12th Annual Digital Government Research Conference, College Park, Maryland, June 12-15.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Tahoma,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Oliver, M. (2006). The politics of disablement. </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Charlesbourg, Québec: Braille Jymico Inc.</span> </span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Tahoma,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Phibbs, S., Good, G., Severinsen, C., Woodbury, E., &amp; Williamson, K. (2015). Emergency</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Tahoma,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">preparedness and perceptions of vulnerability among disabled people following the christchurch earthquakes. Australasian Journal of Disaster and Trauma Studies, 19(SI), 37.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Tahoma,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Shakespeare, T. (2015). The Social Model of Disability. The Disability Studies Reader Routledge, 4(16). </span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Tahoma,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Winter, A.&nbsp; (2003) &laquo;&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#0e0e0e">The Development of the Disability Rights Movement as a Social Problem Solver&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp; Disability Studies Quarterly, Volume 23, No. 1 pages 33-61</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Tahoma,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Wisner, B. (2002). Disability and Disaster: Victimhood and Agency in Earthquake Risk</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:Consolas"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Reduction. Northumbria University</span></span></span></span></p>