<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Introduction </span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Dans les conditions concurrentielles actuelles des &eacute;conomies modernes, </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">notamment de la mondialisation de la concurrence et de la rapidit&eacute; des changements de l&#39;environnement, </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">les ressources directement contr&ocirc;l&eacute;es par les entreprises ne sont plus suffisantes pour assurer leur survie et leur croissance. L&rsquo;entreprise est en qu&ecirc;te permanente d&rsquo;informations, des informations qui se pr&eacute;sentent souvent sous forme d&rsquo;indicateurs ou signaux suceptibles de lui apporter une plus value (Grigorescu, 2020). Elle se met donc en veille d&rsquo;informations cr&eacute;dibles et surtout utiles pour son d&eacute;veloppement dans le but de r&eacute;pondre au mieux aux enjeux de comp&eacute;titivit&eacute;. Dans ce travail de veille, les entreprises recourent souvent au renseignement d&rsquo;origine &laquo;&nbsp;source ouverte&nbsp;&raquo; notamment au renseignement d&rsquo;origine humaine (ROHUM). En effet, de nombreux professionnels de l&#39;intelligence comp&eacute;titive affirment utiliser le HUMINT ou ROHUM-C dans leur activit&eacute; quotidienne (Grigorescu, 2020). Les possibilit&eacute;s d&rsquo;acc&egrave;s &agrave; l&rsquo;information &laquo;&nbsp;<i>constituent un vecteur de d&eacute;veloppement pour les citoyens comme pour les professionnels et experts &hellip;&raquo;</i> ( Kiyindou et <i>al</i>., 2022).</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">En ce sens, durant ces vingt derni&egrave;res ann&eacute;es, les r&eacute;seaux d&rsquo;entreprises, d&eacute;sign&eacute;s comme r&eacute;seaux inter-organisationnels, r&eacute;seaux d&rsquo;affaires, r&eacute;seaux professionnels, de coop&eacute;rations interentreprises, associations d&rsquo;entreprises, ou encore clubs de dirigeants, </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">sont devenus des &eacute;l&eacute;ments incontournables de la vie &eacute;conomique.</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">En effet, le d&eacute;veloppement de relations de r&eacute;seau est un moyen de surmonter les contraintes des entreprises en mati&egrave;re de ressources en informations (Marcon et Moinet, 2000). L&rsquo;adh&eacute;sion des dirigeants &agrave; des r&eacute;seaux professionnels est consid&eacute;r&eacute;e comme n&eacute;cessaire pour accro&icirc;tre la diversit&eacute; de leurs r&eacute;seaux personnels, am&eacute;liorer ainsi leur acc&egrave;s aux ressources, notamment immat&eacute;rielles (Davis et <i>al</i>., 2021)</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">.</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> En effet, la mise en relation d&rsquo;entrepreneurs et l&rsquo;&eacute;change de bonnes pratiques</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">favorisent le d&eacute;veloppement des comp&eacute;tences des entrepreneurs et la performance des entreprises (<a name="_Hlk120194446"></a><a name="_Hlk69363847">Grossetti et Barthe, 2008</a>). </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Nous posons la probl&eacute;matique de l&rsquo;importance du r&eacute;seau pour les entrepreneurs comme structure de renseignement, et de l&rsquo;appr&eacute;ciation du r&ocirc;le informatif d&rsquo;un r&eacute;seau professionnel. Probl&eacute;matique s&rsquo;appuyant sur un &eacute;chantillon d&rsquo;entrepreneurs alg&eacute;riens et fran&ccedil;ais. Est-ce que cette vision ou appr&eacute;ciation varie en fonction du pays dans lequel s&rsquo;inscrit&nbsp;le r&eacute;seau d&rsquo;affaires ?<b> </b></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">L&rsquo;article est structur&eacute; en trois parties principales. La premi&egrave;re partie de l&#39;article met bri&egrave;vement en &eacute;vidence les principaux rep&egrave;res th&eacute;oriques. Dans la deuxi&egrave;me partie, nous pr&eacute;sentons la d&eacute;marche m&eacute;thodologique, les terrains d&rsquo;enqu&ecirc;te, et la d&eacute;marche d&rsquo;analyse mise en oeuvre. La troisi&egrave;me partie, la plus d&eacute;velopp&eacute;e, met en &eacute;vidence les r&eacute;sultats de l&rsquo;enqu&ecirc;te face &agrave; la probl&eacute;matique pos&eacute;e.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Qu&rsquo;est-ce qu&rsquo;un r&eacute;seau professionnel&nbsp;? </span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a name="_Hlk69367242"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">LeBrasseur et Robichaud (1999</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">) ont d&eacute;fini le concept de r&eacute;seau d&rsquo;affaires comme &laquo;&nbsp;<i>le processus d&rsquo;&eacute;tablir des rapports, d&rsquo;obtenir de l&rsquo;information et de d&eacute;velopper des ressources essentielles</i>&nbsp;&raquo; (p.11). Selon les auteurs, le r&eacute;seau d&rsquo;affaires peut se pr&eacute;senter sous diff&eacute;rentes formes, mais il repr&eacute;sente le plus souvent une &laquo;&nbsp;<i>organisation &eacute;tablie sur une base volontaire</i>&nbsp;&raquo; qui engage plus que de simples activit&eacute;s sociales, dont l&rsquo;&eacute;ventail peut &ecirc;tre vaste en fonction des occasions disponibles. Yanagida (1992) quant &agrave; lui, d&eacute;finit le r&eacute;seau d&rsquo;affaires comme un forum, comme un outil efficace de d&eacute;veloppement personnel et organisationnel permettant aux &laquo;&nbsp;<i>gens d&rsquo;affaires</i>&nbsp;&raquo; d&rsquo;&eacute;changer de l&rsquo;information. Simon Parker d&eacute;finit les r&eacute;seaux formels d&rsquo;entrepreneurs comme &laquo;&nbsp;<i>des organisations qui rassemblent les entrepreneurs afin de partager des informations et des exp&eacute;riences pour un avantage mutuel</i>&nbsp;&raquo; (2008, p.628). Smith et Romeo (2016) pr&eacute;sentent les r&eacute;seaux, notamment formels, comme un service procurant des ressources aux entreprises adh&eacute;rentes. Ces ressources rev&ecirc;tent des aspects relationnels&nbsp;: leur production, leur interpr&eacute;tation, et leur utilisation d&eacute;pendent de la relation sociale, du contexte de connaissance et du mod&egrave;le mental des acteurs impliqu&eacute;s dans la relation (p.133). </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Ces r&eacute;seaux professionnels peuvent permettre aux entreprises d&#39;acc&eacute;der &agrave; des ressources mat&eacute;rielles&nbsp;: des infrastructures, des &eacute;quipements, des mati&egrave;res premi&egrave;res, des moyens logistiques ou des aux canaux de distribution (Chetty et Wilson, 2003), et immat&eacute;rielles : connaissances, tendances et informations du march&eacute; (Musteen et <i>al., </i>2010&nbsp;; Bruneel et <i>al</i>., 2010), ainsi que le pouvoir et le capital social (<a name="_Hlk120195997">Bathelt et Glucker, 2005</a>).</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Plusieurs auteurs, notamment <a name="_Hlk120196011">Human et Provan (1997</a>) ont constat&eacute; que la mise en r&eacute;seau et l&rsquo;&eacute;tablissement de la confiance entre les dirigeants de PME adh&eacute;rents &agrave; des r&eacute;seaux augmentent la probabilit&eacute; d&rsquo;obtenir des r&eacute;sultats &laquo; transactionnels et transformationnels &raquo; favorables &agrave; chacune des entreprises. Cela s&#39;explique par l&rsquo;efficacit&eacute; collective qui se cr&eacute;e &agrave; l&rsquo;int&eacute;rieur du r&eacute;seau, et qui permet d&rsquo;acc&eacute;der &agrave; des avantages substantiels, individuels et communs (<a name="_Hlk120196037">Nadvi et Schmitz, 1994</a>). </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Au cours de la derni&egrave;re d&eacute;cennie, les &eacute;tudes portant sur les r&eacute;seaux sociaux, les relations interpersonnelles, et leur impact sur les pratiques d&rsquo;affaires, dans diff&eacute;rentes r&eacute;gions du monde, ont &eacute;t&eacute; importantes dans la recherche (<a name="_Hlk120196552">Velez-Calle et <i>al.</i>, 2015</a>). </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Nous nous sommes donc engag&eacute;e dans l&rsquo;&eacute;tude de deux r&eacute;seaux d&rsquo;entrepreneurs en Alg&eacute;rie et en France : le Forum des Chefs d&rsquo;Entreprises (FCE) en Alg&eacute;rie, et le &laquo; R&eacute;seaux 86 &raquo;, r&eacute;seau du d&eacute;partement de la Vienne en France.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Terrains d&rsquo;&eacute;tude et d&eacute;marche m&eacute;thodologique</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Dans le cadre de notre d&eacute;marche compr&eacute;hensive, nous avons conduit une &eacute;tude qualitative </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">aupr&egrave;s d&rsquo;entrepreneurs alg&eacute;riens et fran&ccedil;ais adh&eacute;rents &agrave; des r&eacute;seaux professionnel<a name="_Hlk70550295">s &agrave; savoir&nbsp;:</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">- </span></span></span><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Le r&eacute;seau &laquo;&nbsp;FCE&nbsp;&raquo; :</span></span></span></b> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">le Forum des chefs d&rsquo;entreprises est un r&eacute;seau d&rsquo;affaires alg&eacute;rien de dirigeants d&rsquo;entreprises, dont la principale mission est de promouvoir les int&eacute;r&ecirc;ts de l&rsquo;entreprise alg&eacute;rienne</span></span></span><a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">. Jusqu&rsquo;&agrave; 2014, le r&eacute;seau n&rsquo;a regroup&eacute; que les plus grandes et les plus importantes entreprises alg&eacute;riennes ; l&rsquo;adh&eacute;sion se faisait par parrainage. En novembre 2014, le r&eacute;seau s&rsquo;est ouvert &agrave; toutes les entreprises publiques et priv&eacute;es alg&eacute;riennes ainsi qu&rsquo;aux entreprises &eacute;trang&egrave;res de droit alg&eacute;rien. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">- </span></span></span><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Le r&eacute;seau &laquo;&nbsp;R&eacute;seaux 86&nbsp;&raquo;&nbsp;: </span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">est un r&eacute;seau d&rsquo;affaires fran&ccedil;ais, </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">pilot&eacute; par la Chambre de commerce et d&rsquo;industrie de la vienne (CCIV). Il repr&eacute;sente un poids &eacute;conomique important, qui accompagne depuis plus d&rsquo;une dizaine d&rsquo;ann&eacute;es un certain nombre d&rsquo;associations (territoriales en particulier).</span></span></span><a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">L&rsquo;&eacute;tude qualitative a &eacute;t&eacute; conduite au moyen d&rsquo;</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">entretiens de type individuel semi-directifs</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">. </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Ce type d&rsquo;entretien a l&rsquo;avantage de mettre en &eacute;vidence les diff&eacute;rences individuelles, ce qui nous int&eacute;resse particuli&egrave;rement. <a name="_Hlk70655546">Notre objectif &agrave; travers les entretiens semi-directifs est de conna&icirc;tre les appr&eacute;ciations des entrepreneurs sur le r&ocirc;le informatif du r&eacute;seau auquel ils adh&egrave;rent. </a></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Les entrepreneurs ont &eacute;t&eacute; questionn&eacute;s sur l&rsquo;impact du r&eacute;seau sur leur activit&eacute; depuis leur adh&eacute;sion. Les entretiens ont dur&eacute; de 30 minutes pour le plus court &agrave; 90 minutes pour le plus long. La r&eacute;alisation des entretiens a &eacute;t&eacute; affin&eacute;e par un effet boule de neige et par l&rsquo;influence de certains entrepreneurs, c&rsquo;est-&agrave;-dire qu&rsquo;&agrave; chaque entretien, l&rsquo;entrepreneur interrog&eacute; nous a recommand&eacute; et orient&eacute; aupr&egrave;s d&rsquo;un autre entrepreneur, &eacute;galement membre du r&eacute;seau.&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Chaque entretien enregistr&eacute; a &eacute;t&eacute; retranscrit int&eacute;gralement. Ces entretiens retranscrits <a name="_Hlk68369384">ont fait l&rsquo;objet d&rsquo;une analyse de contenu th&eacute;matique&nbsp;&agrave; l&rsquo;aide du logiciel Nvivo (version 12</a>). </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Analyse des donn&eacute;es </span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Notre int&eacute;r&ecirc;t ne s&rsquo;est pas port&eacute; sur l&rsquo;&eacute;clairage ni sur la structure du langage des interview&eacute;s, mais plut&ocirc;t sur le sens, dont l&rsquo;orientation est port&eacute;e vers une analyse permettant de &laquo;&nbsp;<i>mettre &agrave; jours les syst&egrave;mes de repr&eacute;sentations v&eacute;hicul&eacute;es par ces discours</i>&nbsp;&raquo; (<a name="_Hlk120196865"></a><a name="_Hlk69052918">Blanchet et Gotman, 200</a>7, p.92). Pour ce faire, </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">nous avons privil&eacute;gi&eacute; une approche horizontale, appel&eacute;e &eacute;galement analyse th&eacute;matique. </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Il s&rsquo;agit de proc&eacute;der au </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">rep&eacute;rage, au regroupement, ainsi qu&rsquo;&agrave; l&rsquo;examen discursif des th&egrave;mes abord&eacute;s dans le corpus (<a name="_Hlk120196983">Paill&eacute; et Mucchielli, 2012</a>). De ce fait, seule une partie des donn&eacute;es du corpus des entretiens a &eacute;t&eacute; trait&eacute;e&nbsp;: cette partie fait r&eacute;f&eacute;rence &agrave; une rubrique abord&eacute;e dans le guide d&rsquo;entretien r&eacute;pondant ainsi &agrave; notre objectif. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Nous avons interrog&eacute; les entrepreneurs de mani&egrave;re directe sur la valeur per&ccedil;ue du r&eacute;seau et l</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">&#39;appr&eacute;ciation de son importance </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">pour l&rsquo;entreprise, </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">afin de mettre en lumi&egrave;re le r&ocirc;le informatif du r&eacute;seau. Nous avons pris en consid&eacute;ration les seules informations pertinentes, &agrave; savoir les r&eacute;ponses des interview&eacute;s sur ce volet.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Pr&eacute;sentation des modalit&eacute;s de codage </span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Lors de cette &eacute;tape de pr&eacute;paration pour l&rsquo;analyse, nous avons proc&eacute;d&eacute; &agrave; la d&eacute;finition d&rsquo;un th&egrave;me commun &agrave; la totalit&eacute; du corpus et &agrave; l&rsquo;encodage th&eacute;matique. Nvivo 12 pr&eacute;sente ce th&egrave;me comme des n&oelig;uds qui sont des sujets, des concepts, des id&eacute;es, des opinions ou des exp&eacute;riences (<a name="_Hlk69071375">QSR International,&nbsp;2016</a>). </span></span></span><a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:">[3]</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a name="_Hlk69076710"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Tableau.1&nbsp;: Grille d&rsquo;analyse th&eacute;matique </span></span></span></b></a></span></span></span></p> <table class="MsoTableGridLight" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none" width="93%"> <tbody> <tr> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; width:14%px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:15px; border-top:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:1px solid #bfbfbf" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Variable</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; width:36%px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:15px; border-top:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Indicateurs</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; width:48%px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:15px; border-top:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Questions</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; width:14%px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:1px solid #bfbfbf" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">R&ocirc;le informatif </span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; width:36%px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Valeur per&ccedil;ue de l&#39;adh&eacute;sion au r&eacute;seau</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; width:48%px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Est-ce que le fait d&#39;&ecirc;tre membre du r&eacute;seau a eu un impact sur votre entreprise ?</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; width:48%px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:19px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">En r&eacute;sum&eacute;, quel est selon vous l&#39;apport du r&eacute;seau&nbsp;?</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p align="right" style="text-align:right; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Source: </span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Auteur (2022)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">L&#39;encodage a donc &eacute;t&eacute; r&eacute;alis&eacute; en lisant les entretiens et en identifiant les mots et les phrases relevant de la variable d&eacute;finie. Afin d&rsquo;appuyer la pertinence de notre codage, et dans le but de rendre notre rapport d&rsquo;analyse plus concret, nous avons appuy&eacute; notre analyse par des illustrations par des verbatim.</span></span></span><a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Resultats et Discussion&nbsp;: appr&eacute;ciation du r&eacute;seau comme source d&rsquo;information </span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Nous synth&eacute;tisons ci-dessous les principaux r&eacute;sultats de l&rsquo;analyse relatifs aux apports principaux du r&eacute;seau concernant la variable &laquo;&nbsp;<span style="color:black">R&ocirc;le</span> informatif&nbsp;&raquo;, &eacute;voqu&eacute;s par les entrepreneurs dans les r&eacute;seaux t&eacute;moins alg&eacute;rien et fran&ccedil;ais.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Tableau 2. Principaux r&eacute;sultats</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <table class="MsoTableGridLight" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; width:302px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:1px solid #bfbfbf" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Vision des entrepeneurs alg&eacute;riens </span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p align="right" style="text-align:right; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&laquo;&nbsp;Le r&eacute;seau d&rsquo;affaires permet&hellip;.&raquo;</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; width:302px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Vision des entrepreneurs fran&ccedil;ais</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p align="right" style="text-align:right; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&laquo;&nbsp;Le r&eacute;seau d&rsquo;affaires permet&nbsp;&nbsp;&hellip;.&raquo;</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; width:302px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:1px solid #bfbfbf" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&Eacute;largir son r&eacute;seau et d&eacute;velopper son &eacute;cosyst&egrave;me d&rsquo;affaires<a name="_Hlk57747003"></a></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Acc&eacute;der aux informations et &agrave; l&rsquo;expertise des seniors</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Soutenir les entreprises en difficult&eacute;<a name="_Hlk57747073">,</a></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Intervenir aupr&egrave;s des administrations et organismes publics et priv&eacute;s</span></span><a name="_Hlk57747091"></a></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Le r&eacute;seau&nbsp;: </span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a name="_Hlk57747103"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Joue un r&ocirc;le de facilitateur</span></span></span></a><a name="_Hlk57747117"></a></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a name="_Hlk57747129"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Offre un lieu de rencontres privil&eacute;gi&eacute;es</span></span></a></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a name="_Hlk57747249"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Est une source d&rsquo;opportunit&eacute;s d&rsquo;affaires, par solidarit&eacute; et partage d&rsquo;informations entre membres du r&eacute;seau</span></span></a></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; width:302px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">D&eacute;velopper son &eacute;cosyst&egrave;me d&rsquo;affaires</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">D&eacute;velopper son r&eacute;seau personnel et cr&eacute;er des synergies </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a name="_Hlk57900930"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Mieux conna&icirc;tre son territoire </span></span></a></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Surmonter ses difficult&eacute;s gr&acirc;ce aux formations dispens&eacute;es dans le r&eacute;seau.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">R&eacute;duire les co&ucirc;ts de d&eacute;veloppement (et de formation)</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Le r&eacute;seau&nbsp;:</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Est une structure bien inform&eacute;e</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Joue le r&ocirc;le d&rsquo;interm&eacute;diaire pour r&eacute;pondre &agrave; nos attentes</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Joue le r&ocirc;le d&rsquo;assistance</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Les entrepreneurs fran&ccedil;ais confirment par leurs r&eacute;ponses l&rsquo;aide pr&eacute;cieuse du r&eacute;seau auquel ils adh&egrave;rent sur des aspects qui rel&egrave;vent principalement de pr&eacute;occupations manag&eacute;riales, entrepreneuriales et environnementales, et qui ont trait &agrave; l&rsquo;acc&egrave;s &agrave; l&rsquo;information et &agrave; l&rsquo;apprentissage. En effet, les formations accessibles &agrave; travers le r&eacute;seau ont permis aux entrepreneurs adh&eacute;rents de rester &laquo;&nbsp;&agrave; jour&nbsp;&raquo;, avec les nouvelles informations, les nouvelles pratiques d&rsquo;entreprises&nbsp;(&laquo;&nbsp;<i>mieux conna&icirc;tre les enjeux, &ecirc;tre ouvert, avoir des liens sociaux, voir comment &eacute;voluent les autres entreprises concurrentes &raquo;)</i> mais aussi avec la r&eacute;glementation (&laquo;&nbsp;<i>pour &ecirc;tre &agrave; jour avec la r&eacute;glementation</i>&nbsp;&raquo;), leur permettant ainsi de s&rsquo;adapter aux changements qui peuvent s&rsquo;op&eacute;rer (&laquo;&nbsp;<i>parce qu&rsquo;on peut savoir et s&rsquo;adapter &agrave; ce qui se passe </i></span></span></span></p>