<p>Article</p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt">&nbsp;</p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Garamond">Dans le monde de la communication d&rsquo;entreprise, il est une annonce qui revient assez r&eacute;guli&egrave;rement, celle de la mort de la communication interne (CI). Ainsi, &agrave; l&rsquo;automne 2015, le pr&eacute;sident de l&rsquo;association Communication &amp; Entreprise annonce de fa&ccedil;on p&eacute;remptoire que &laquo;&nbsp;<i><span style="color:green">la communication interne est morte&nbsp;</span></i>&raquo;<a name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Garamond">[1]</span></span></b></span></b></span></a>&nbsp;! Plus r&eacute;cemment, un autre, moins d&eacute;finitif et plus explicatif, prenant acte de la plus grande porosit&eacute; entre l&rsquo;entreprise et la soci&eacute;t&eacute;, en conclut &agrave; l&rsquo;indiff&eacute;renciation entre l&rsquo;interne et l&rsquo;externe&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;<i><span style="color:green">&Agrave; mon sens, le distinguo entre communication externe et communication interne n&rsquo;a aujourd&rsquo;hui plus lieu d&rsquo;&ecirc;tre&nbsp;</span></i>&raquo;<a name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Garamond">[2]</span></span></b></span></b></span></a>. Ce&nbsp;<i>distinguo</i>ayant saut&eacute;, les salari&eacute;s ne deviennent alors qu&rsquo;une partie prenante &laquo;&nbsp;<i><span style="color:green">parmi d&rsquo;autres&nbsp;</span></i>&raquo; des &laquo;&nbsp;<i><span style="color:green">cibles de communication&nbsp;</span></i>&raquo;de l&rsquo;entreprise(</span><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures:normal"><span style="font-variant-numeric:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:small-caps"><span style="font-variant-alternates:normal"><span style="font-variant-position:normal"><span style="font-variant-east-asian:normal">idem</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Garamond">). Moins alarmiste, un dernier se contente d&rsquo;annoncer la disparition de la CI, celle-ci devenant une simple &laquo;&nbsp;</span><i><span style="font-family:Garamond"><span style="color:green">composante de la communication de marque&nbsp;</span></span></i><span style="font-family:Garamond">&raquo;<a name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Garamond">[3]</span></span></b></span></b></span></a></span><span style="font-family:Garamond">. Cette transformation, au profit de la marque, n&rsquo;est pas sans rappeler la proposition plus ancienne d&rsquo;une communication &laquo;&nbsp;<i><span style="color:green">transformative&nbsp;</span></i>&raquo; formul&eacute;e quelques ann&eacute;es auparavant par un publicitaire en mal d&rsquo;un nouveau slogan<a name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Garamond">[4]</span></span></b></span></b></span></a>. Communication de la &laquo;&nbsp;<i><span style="color:green">marque totale&nbsp;</span></i>&raquo; (sic), cette communication transformative devait &ecirc;tre la seule &agrave; m&ecirc;me de&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:Garamond">&laquo;&nbsp;<i><span style="color:green">d&eacute;placer le champ des repr&eacute;sentations pour accompagner des transformations cr&eacute;atrices de valeur&nbsp;</span></i>&raquo; (</span><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures:normal"><span style="font-variant-numeric:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:small-caps"><span style="font-variant-alternates:normal"><span style="font-variant-position:normal"><span style="font-variant-east-asian:normal">idem</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Garamond">).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Garamond">Rien de nouveau semble-t-il depuis la fin des ann&eacute;es 1980 et le d&eacute;veloppement d&rsquo;une communication d&rsquo;entreprise r&eacute;duite &agrave; de la&nbsp;<i>com&rsquo;</i>, vision r&eacute;ductrice arrim&eacute;e &agrave; la marque et &agrave; l&rsquo;image, pr&ocirc;nant un &laquo;&nbsp;<i><span style="color:green">r&eacute;enchantement de l&rsquo;entreprise&nbsp;</span></i>&raquo; (</span><b><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures:normal"><span style="font-variant-numeric:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:small-caps"><span style="font-variant-alternates:normal"><span style="font-variant-position:normal"><span style="font-variant-east-asian:normal">Bunel</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter="">, 1986</span></span><span style="font-family:Garamond">). Consid&eacute;rant cette p&eacute;riode,&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter="">Christian<b><span style="font-variant-ligatures:normal"><span style="font-variant-numeric:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:small-caps"><span style="font-variant-alternates:normal"><span style="font-variant-position:normal"><span style="font-variant-east-asian:normal">Le Mo&euml;nne</span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></span><span style="font-family:Garamond">a bien montr&eacute; que &laquo;&nbsp;<i><span style="color:green">l&rsquo;assimilation de l&rsquo;entreprise &agrave; une marque, &agrave; une symbolique inscrite dans les m&eacute;moires, doit permettre d&rsquo;en installer l&rsquo;image dans la conscience collective tout en la d&eacute;couplant des quotidiennes exp&eacute;riences malheureuses qui caract&eacute;risent la duret&eacute; de la production industrielle&nbsp;</span></i>&raquo; (</span><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter="">2008</span></span><span style="font-family:Garamond">). Index&eacute;e sur l&rsquo;image, cette&nbsp;<i>com&rsquo;</i>s&rsquo;est r&eacute;v&eacute;l&eacute;e sp&eacute;culaire, construite en miroir, r&eacute;duisant la communication &agrave; un processus de cr&eacute;ation et de circulation de messages et d&rsquo;images vers des destinataires-cibles qu&rsquo;il s&rsquo;agit d&rsquo;informer, de convaincre, d&rsquo;influencer, mais bien peu d&rsquo;&eacute;couter. Le marketing et la publicit&eacute; ont puissamment contribu&eacute; &agrave; fa&ccedil;onner cette vision de la communication jouant, &agrave; l&rsquo;externe comme &agrave; l&rsquo;interne, sur le registre de la projection de&nbsp;<i>belles images</i>qui ont pris la forme d&rsquo;une &laquo;&nbsp;<i><span style="color:green">irr&eacute;alit&eacute; construite comme une r&eacute;alit&eacute; de la repr&eacute;sentation dominante&nbsp;</span></i>&raquo;(</span><b><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures:normal"><span style="font-variant-numeric:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:small-caps"><span style="font-variant-alternates:normal"><span style="font-variant-position:normal"><span style="font-variant-east-asian:normal">Bernas,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter="">2006</span></span><span style="font-family:Garamond">). Tout un pan de la communication est mis hors champ au profit d&rsquo;un autre, sous-tendu par un discours m&eacute;lioratif, dont la mission est de diffuser des messages et des images aux contenus &eacute;loign&eacute;s de la r&eacute;alit&eacute; v&eacute;cue par ceux &agrave; qui ils sont destin&eacute;s.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Garamond">Aujourd&rsquo;hui, inutile de nier l&rsquo;importance du symbolique, de la repr&eacute;sentation et de l&rsquo;imaginaire qui met en sc&egrave;ne le r&eacute;el&nbsp;: l&rsquo;image est encore une des matrices de la fonction Communication. Toutefois, depuis des ann&eacute;es, d&rsquo;autres voix n&rsquo;ont de cesse de rappeler la &laquo;&nbsp;<i><span style="color:green">prolif&eacute;ration du social</span></i>&nbsp;&raquo; dans l&rsquo;entreprise (</span><b><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures:normal"><span style="font-variant-numeric:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:small-caps"><span style="font-variant-alternates:normal"><span style="font-variant-position:normal"><span style="font-variant-east-asian:normal">Callon</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter="">&amp; alii, 2001</span></span><span style="font-family:Garamond">) et tentent de &laquo;&nbsp;<i><span style="color:green">reconnecter&nbsp;</span></i>&raquo; la communication au r&eacute;el (</span><b><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures:normal"><span style="font-variant-numeric:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:small-caps"><span style="font-variant-alternates:normal"><span style="font-variant-position:normal"><span style="font-variant-east-asian:normal">Auteur &amp; Charpentier,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter="">2013</span></span><span style="font-family:Garamond">). L&rsquo;association fran&ccedil;aise de communication interne (Afci) est de celles-l&agrave; et elle f&ecirc;tait ses trente ans en juin dernier. &Agrave; cette occasion, une &laquo;&nbsp;<i><span style="color:green">grande &eacute;tude&nbsp;</span></i>&raquo; a &eacute;t&eacute; men&eacute;e qui donne &agrave; voir &agrave; la fois la CI et ceux qui l&rsquo;exercent (</span><b><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures:normal"><span style="font-variant-numeric:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:small-caps"><span style="font-variant-alternates:normal"><span style="font-variant-position:normal"><span style="font-variant-east-asian:normal">Afci,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter="">2019</span></span><span style="font-family:Garamond">). Loin d&rsquo;&ecirc;tre morte ou &laquo;&nbsp;<i><span style="color:green">en</span></i><i><span style="color:green">crise&nbsp;</span></i>&raquo; (</span><b><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures:normal"><span style="font-variant-numeric:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:small-caps"><span style="font-variant-alternates:normal"><span style="font-variant-position:normal"><span style="font-variant-east-asian:normal">Chauvin,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter="">2010</span></span><span style="font-family:Garamond">), la CI bouge encore et semble bien se porter. Cette &eacute;tude, r&eacute;alis&eacute;e dans un contexte associatif particulier, sert de starter &agrave; notre r&eacute;flexion<a name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Garamond">[5]</span></span></b></span></b></span></a>que nous m&egrave;nerons en trois temps&nbsp;: regarder d&rsquo;abord ce qu&rsquo;est devenue la CI aujourd&rsquo;hui, s&rsquo;adaptant plus ou moins aux transformations qui s&rsquo;imposent aux entreprises&nbsp;; interroger ensuite le r&ocirc;le du praticien dans ce contexte en mouvement&nbsp;; conclure enfin sur la fa&ccedil;on de former &agrave; la CI dans nos masters compte tenu de ces &eacute;volutions.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt; margin-bottom:8px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size:medium"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><b><span style="font-size:14pt"><span arial="" narrow="" style="font-family:">Ce qu&rsquo;est devenue la communication interne&nbsp;:&nbsp;</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:medium"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><b><span style="font-size:14pt"><span arial="" narrow="" style="font-family:">&acirc;ge de la maturit&eacute;</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt">&nbsp;</p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Garamond">C&rsquo;est une histoire &agrave; pr&eacute;sent connue. La fonction Communication s&rsquo;est d&eacute;velopp&eacute;e dans les entreprises dans les ann&eacute;es 1980 en m&ecirc;me temps que ces derni&egrave;res entamaient une vaste phase de modernisation. Plusieurs &eacute;crits en attestent &eacute;manant de personnes au statut bien diff&eacute;rent. Ainsi, un chef d&rsquo;entreprise d&rsquo;une part,&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter="">Antoine&nbsp;<b><span style="font-variant-ligatures:normal"><span style="font-variant-numeric:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:small-caps"><span style="font-variant-alternates:normal"><span style="font-variant-position:normal"><span style="font-variant-east-asian:normal">Riboud</span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></span><a name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span style="font-family:Garamond"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Garamond">[6]</span></span></b></span></span></b></span></a><span style="font-family:Garamond">, &eacute;tablit un constat en forme de &laquo;&nbsp;<i><span style="color:green">mode d&rsquo;emploi&nbsp;</span></i>&raquo; pour l&rsquo;entreprise (</span><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter="">1987</span></span><span style="font-family:Garamond">)&nbsp;: elle doit s&rsquo;adapter &agrave; de multiples changements, &agrave; la fois technologique (informatisation), &eacute;conomique (financiarisation), commercial (mondialisation) et social (participation). En une formule, le monde change et l&rsquo;entreprise doit changer, se moderniser. Des sociologues d&rsquo;autre part qui, partant des m&ecirc;mes observations, jugent utile de r&eacute;inventer les outils d&rsquo;analyse sociologique de l&rsquo;entreprise afin de voir en quoi celle-ci &laquo;&nbsp;<i><span style="color:green">&eacute;volue dans son rapport &agrave; la soci&eacute;t&eacute; et contribue, ou non, au changement dans la soci&eacute;t&eacute;&nbsp;</span></i>&raquo; (</span><b><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures:normal"><span style="font-variant-numeric:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:small-caps"><span style="font-variant-alternates:normal"><span style="font-variant-position:normal"><span style="font-variant-east-asian:normal">Sainsaulieu &amp; Segrestin,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter="">1986</span></span><span style="font-family:Garamond">). L&rsquo;entreprise n&rsquo;est plus seulement une organisation parmi d&rsquo;autres, mais devient une &laquo;&nbsp;<i><span style="color:green">institution&nbsp;</span></i>&raquo; et tend m&ecirc;me &agrave; &laquo;&nbsp;<i><span style="color:green">repr&eacute;senter le rep&egrave;re institutionnel central&nbsp;</span></i>&raquo; de notre soci&eacute;t&eacute; (</span><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures:normal"><span style="font-variant-numeric:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:small-caps"><span style="font-variant-alternates:normal"><span style="font-variant-position:normal"><span style="font-variant-east-asian:normal">idem</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Garamond">). La sociologie de l&rsquo;entreprise est invent&eacute;e et pr&eacute;sent&eacute;e clairement comme une sociologie du changement afin de &laquo;&nbsp;<i><span style="color:green">comprendre et analyser les changements structurels des entreprises&nbsp;</span></i>&raquo; (</span><b><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures:normal"><span style="font-variant-numeric:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:small-caps"><span style="font-variant-alternates:normal"><span style="font-variant-position:normal"><span style="font-variant-east-asian:normal">Sainsaulieu,&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter="">1988</span></span><span style="font-family:Garamond">). Dor&eacute;navant, l&rsquo;entreprise s&rsquo;adapte, voire adapte son environnement &agrave; ses besoins<a name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Garamond">[7]</span></span></b></span></b></span></a>, et il s&rsquo;agit de&nbsp;<i>faire adh&eacute;rer</i>l&rsquo;ensemble des salari&eacute;s &agrave; ce mouvement. L&rsquo;int&eacute;r&ecirc;t de communiquer est alors &eacute;vident et la communication devient petit &agrave; petit une activit&eacute; normale et normalis&eacute;e, productrice en premi&egrave;re instance d&rsquo;images pour toucher les imaginaires.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Garamond">Depuis lors, le changement&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:Garamond">s&rsquo;est intensifi&eacute; pour devenir un&laquo;&nbsp;<i><span style="color:green">mouvement permanent&nbsp;</span></i>&raquo; (</span><b><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures:normal"><span style="font-variant-numeric:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:small-caps"><span style="font-variant-alternates:normal"><span style="font-variant-position:normal"><span style="font-variant-east-asian:normal">Alter,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter="">2000</span></span><span style="font-family:Garamond">), tant et si bien que l&rsquo;on parle &agrave; pr&eacute;sent de transformation. Celle-ci n&rsquo;est&nbsp;pas qu&rsquo;un ensemble de d&eacute;cisions&nbsp;&agrave; caract&egrave;re organisationnel qu&rsquo;il faut mettre en place, c&rsquo;est un processus qui&nbsp;mobilise les individus. L&rsquo;entreprise est un&nbsp;syst&egrave;me social, c&rsquo;est-&agrave;-dire un ensemble d&rsquo;individus (diff&eacute;rents), en interaction dynamique, organis&eacute;s en fonction d&rsquo;un but collectif (celui de l&rsquo;entreprise) mais dont chacun poursuit pourtant un but personnel en fonction de ses int&eacute;r&ecirc;ts propres. Il est alors n&eacute;cessaire, m&ecirc;me si difficile, de trouver un sens commun pour tous &agrave; cette transformation et une des missions de la CI est d&rsquo;y aider&nbsp;: donner du sens au travail, permettre le travail d&rsquo;organisation, faciliter le d&eacute;passement des logiques individuelles pour aller vers une logique plus collective. D&rsquo;hier &agrave; aujourd&rsquo;hui, la CI s&rsquo;est d&eacute;velopp&eacute;e et a &eacute;volu&eacute;. Du temps de l&rsquo;&eacute;closion &agrave; celui de la professionnalisation puis des remises en question<b>(</b></span><b><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures:normal"><span style="font-variant-numeric:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:small-caps"><span style="font-variant-alternates:normal"><span style="font-variant-position:normal"><span style="font-variant-east-asian:normal">Auteur &amp; Charpentier,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter="">2013</span></span><b><span style="font-family:Garamond">)</span></b><span style="font-family:Garamond">, elle a atteint aujourd&rsquo;hui un &acirc;ge de maturit&eacute;&nbsp;; et cette maturit&eacute; prend trois formes&nbsp;: une structuration renforc&eacute;e, une &eacute;valuation g&eacute;n&eacute;ralis&eacute;e, une &eacute;volution de sa perception.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Garamond">Structuration renforc&eacute;e d&rsquo;abord, car l</span><span style="font-family:Garamond">a CI est devenue une ligne M&eacute;tiers identifi&eacute;e et identifiable dans la fonction Communication. Ainsi, cette activit&eacute; a connu une structuration, une segmentation en plusieurs postes, rendant possible une progression de carri&egrave;re. De fait,&nbsp;38% des r&eacute;pondants exercent leur activit&eacute; uniquement en CI (versus 32% en 2012), ou encore 63% des r&eacute;pondants consacrent au moins les trois quarts de leur temps &agrave; la CI&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:Garamond">(</span><b><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures:normal"><span style="font-variant-numeric:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:small-caps"><span style="font-variant-alternates:normal"><span style="font-variant-position:normal"><span style="font-variant-east-asian:normal">Afci,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter="">2019</span></span><span style="font-family:Garamond">)</span><span style="font-family:Garamond">. Un autre crit&egrave;re significatif&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:Garamond">renforce ce constat&nbsp;: l&rsquo;effectif des services de CI augmente, lentement mais r&eacute;guli&egrave;rement. &Agrave; pr&eacute;sent,&nbsp;plus de la moiti&eacute; des services ont un effectif de 2 &agrave; 4 personnes (versus 37% en 2009) et un tiers m&ecirc;me ont un effectif d&rsquo;au moins 5 personnes (</span><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures:normal"><span style="font-variant-numeric:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:small-caps"><span style="font-variant-alternates:normal"><span style="font-variant-position:normal"><span style="font-variant-east-asian:normal">idem</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Garamond">)</span><span style="font-family:Garamond">.&nbsp;Pour autant,la CI n&rsquo;est&nbsp;pas un choix premierdans la trajectoire professionnelle des praticiens, elle est plut&ocirc;t d&eacute;couverte chemin faisant. Mais, force est de constater que, lorsqu&rsquo;elle est d&eacute;couverte, on en devient rapidement un adepte voire un militant, plus exactement une militantecar il s&rsquo;agit toujours d&rsquo;une activit&eacute; essentiellement f&eacute;minine&nbsp;: plus des trois quarts des r&eacute;pondants sont des r&eacute;pondantes&nbsp;(</span><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures:normal"><span style="font-variant-numeric:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:small-caps"><span style="font-variant-alternates:normal"><span style="font-variant-position:normal"><span style="font-variant-east-asian:normal">idem</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Garamond">)</span><span style="font-family:Garamond">.</span><span style="font-family:Garamond">En outre, il existe une plus grande porosit&eacute; des fronti&egrave;res entre communication interne et externe<a name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Garamond">[8]</span></span></b></span></b></span></a>. Toutefois, une diff&eacute;rence majeure est d&eacute;fendue co&ucirc;te que co&ucirc;te par les praticiens&nbsp;:la relation aux salari&eacute;s. Cette diff&eacute;rence revient &agrave; de nombreuses reprises dans nos entretiens, &agrave; tel point qu&rsquo;on peut la formuler comme un mantra&nbsp;:&nbsp;un salari&eacute; n&rsquo;est pas un client, la communication interne n&rsquo;est pas de la communication externe en plus petit&nbsp;! La CI se place&nbsp;au c&oelig;ur du maillage constitu&eacute; par les strates de l&rsquo;entreprise.&nbsp;Ce positionnement complexe, en &eacute;quilibre, est sans nulle doute une&nbsp;richesse du m&eacute;tier&nbsp;:&nbsp;<i>&laquo;&nbsp;<span style="color:#ff6600">Quand on est en communication externe, on est finalement tr&egrave;s vite dans de l&rsquo;image. Il faut que le message soit simple. En CI, on va emmener les gens &agrave; se poser des questions, &agrave; avoir&nbsp;une approche plus complexe des choses...&nbsp;</span>&raquo;</i><a name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Garamond">[9]</span></span></b></span></b></span></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Garamond">Une &eacute;valuation g&eacute;n&eacute;ralis&eacute;e des actions ensuite, car&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:Garamond">cette structuration renforce la visibilit&eacute; et la lisibilit&eacute; de la CI aupr&egrave;s des salari&eacute;s. Mais cela renforce aussi leur exigence vis-&agrave;-vis des actions men&eacute;es par la CI. Les directions g&eacute;n&eacute;rales suivent le mouvement et demandent de fa&ccedil;on quasi-syst&eacute;matique d&eacute;sormais, reporting et &eacute;valuation aux praticiens&nbsp;; et la n&eacute;cessit&eacute; de cette &eacute;valuation s&rsquo;accroit encore d&egrave;s lors queces praticiens ont &agrave; g&eacute;rer un budget propre &agrave; la CI&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:Garamond">(</span><b><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures:normal"><span style="font-variant-numeric:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:small-caps"><span style="font-variant-alternates:normal"><span style="font-variant-position:normal"><span style="font-variant-east-asian:normal">Afci,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter="">2019</span></span><span style="font-family:Garamond">)</span><span style="font-family:Garamond">. Le temps est bien r&eacute;volu o&ugrave; un communicateur pouvait dire, l&rsquo;&eacute;valuation, &laquo;&nbsp;<i><span style="color:#ff6600">personne ne nous la demande vraiment&nbsp;</span></i>&raquo;&hellip; Signe que la CI est bien devenue une fonction M&eacute;tier comme une autre.&nbsp;Pour autant, cette &eacute;valuation pose question.Hier, dans unecommunication majoritairement&laquo;&nbsp;<i><span style="color:green">int&eacute;gratrice</span></i>&nbsp;&raquo; (</span><b><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures:normal"><span style="font-variant-numeric:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:small-caps"><span style="font-variant-alternates:normal"><span style="font-variant-position:normal"><span style="font-variant-east-asian:normal">Giroux,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter="">1994</span></span><span style="font-family:Garamond">), l&rsquo;&eacute;valuation de la&nbsp;performanceportait sur l&rsquo;usage des outils, la compr&eacute;hension du projet de l&rsquo;entreprise par les salari&eacute;s, sur l&rsquo;adh&eacute;sion aux valeurs construites par le haut (<i>faire adh&eacute;rer</i>), sur le niveau d&rsquo;engagement des salari&eacute;s. La mesure de la performance passait par la &laquo;&nbsp;<i><span style="color:green">mesure des inputs</span></i>&raquo; (publications, &eacute;v&egrave;nements) et le &laquo;&nbsp;<i><span style="color:green">chiffrage des outputs</span></i>&nbsp;&raquo; (fr&eacute;quentation, satisfaction)&nbsp;; c&rsquo;&eacute;tait un exercice &laquo;&nbsp;<i><span style="color:green">obligatoire mais non d&eacute;finitoire</span></i>&raquo; de la CI (</span><b><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures:normal"><span style="font-variant-numeric:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:small-caps"><span style="font-variant-alternates:normal"><span style="font-variant-position:normal"><span style="font-variant-east-asian:normal">L&eacute;pine,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter="">2015</span></span><span style="font-family:Garamond">).&nbsp;Aujourd&rsquo;hui,dans une communication plus&laquo;&nbsp;<i><span style="color:green">organisante</span></i>&raquo; (</span><b><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures:normal"><span style="font-variant-numeric:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:small-caps"><span style="font-variant-alternates:normal"><span style="font-variant-position:normal"><span style="font-variant-east-asian:normal">Giroux,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter="">1994</span></span><span style="font-family:Garamond">), les praticiens ont d&eacute;laiss&eacute; la &laquo;&nbsp;<i><span style="color:#ff6600">vantardise par l&rsquo;audimat</span></i>&raquo;. Il s&rsquo;agit plut&ocirc;t de v&eacute;rifier l&rsquo;existence de dispositifs de dialogues, d&rsquo;identifier les dynamiques &agrave; l&rsquo;&oelig;uvre, de comprendre ce qu&rsquo;elles produisent (participation, coop&eacute;ration, coordination). De fait, en mati&egrave;re d&rsquo;&eacute;valuation, un basculement s&rsquo;op&egrave;re de la performance &ndash; vue comme une production, une r&eacute;alit&eacute; concr&egrave;te et achev&eacute;e &ndash; vers la performativit&eacute; &ndash; vue comme un &laquo;&nbsp;<i><span style="color:green">ensemble de pratiques situ&eacute;es qui transforment la r&eacute;alit&eacute;&nbsp;</span></i>&raquo; (</span><b><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures:normal"><span style="font-variant-numeric:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:small-caps"><span style="font-variant-alternates:normal"><span style="font-variant-position:normal"><span style="font-variant-east-asian:normal">Aggeri,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter="">2017</span></span><span style="font-family:Garamond">).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Garamond">Une &eacute;volution de la perception de la CI enfin, de la part des salari&eacute;s comme des praticiens. Pour les premiers, &ecirc;tre bien inform&eacute; ne doit plus &ecirc;tre un privil&egrave;ge mais un droit collectif&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:Garamond">(</span><b><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures:normal"><span style="font-variant-numeric:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:small-caps"><span style="font-variant-alternates:normal"><span style="font-variant-position:normal"><span style="font-variant-east-asian:normal">Afci</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter="">, 2019</span></span><span style="font-family:Garamond">)</span><span style="font-family:Garamond">. L&rsquo;id&eacute;e qui pr&eacute;vaut est &ldquo;la fa&ccedil;on dont l&rsquo;entreprise communique avec&nbsp;moi, m&rsquo;indique la&nbsp;fa&ccedil;on dont elle me consid&egrave;re&rdquo;. Ainsi,l&rsquo;exp&eacute;rience globaledu salari&eacute; dans l&rsquo;entreprise va le d&eacute;cider (ou pas) &agrave; s&rsquo;engager.&nbsp;De fait, la question de l&rsquo;engagement s&rsquo;impose dans l&rsquo;entreprise. &Agrave; la recherche d&rsquo;innovations afin de&nbsp;faire face &agrave; des environnements mouvants, incertains, voire contradictoires, les directions d&rsquo;entreprise n&rsquo;ont de choix que de s&rsquo;adresser &agrave; leurs salari&eacute;s pour se saisir de leur potentiel de cr&eacute;ativit&eacute; et de leur capacit&eacute; de mobilisation&nbsp;; en bref, de s&rsquo;adresser &agrave; eux pour &laquo;&nbsp;<i><span style="color:green">obtenir ce bon vouloir sans lequel [l&rsquo;entreprise] ne peut fonctionner convenablement&nbsp;</span></i>&raquo; (</span><b><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures:normal"><span style="font-variant-numeric:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:small-caps"><span style="font-variant-alternates:normal"><span style="font-variant-position:normal"><span style="font-variant-east-asian:normal">Crozier &amp; Friedberg,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter="">1977</span></span><span style="font-family:Garamond">). Le livre est d&eacute;j&agrave; ancien, mais il appara&icirc;t toujours utile aujourd&rsquo;hui si l&rsquo;on &eacute;coute les communicateurs&nbsp;:&nbsp;<i>&laquo;&nbsp;<span style="color:#ff6600">Un patron n&rsquo;engage pas, &agrave; proprement parler, son collaborateur. C&rsquo;est en fait ce dernier qui d&eacute;cidera si oui ou non il a envie de le faire. Il peut juste cr&eacute;er les conditions de l&rsquo;engagement</span>.&nbsp;&raquo;</i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Garamond">Pour les seconds &ndash; les praticiens &ndash;, la CI est dor&eacute;navant moins un outillage qu&rsquo;un&nbsp;projet. Outiller n&rsquo;est pas communiquer, il faut&nbsp;faire entendre&nbsp;la complexit&eacute;&nbsp;:&nbsp;<i>&laquo;&nbsp;<span style="color:#ff6600">La CI doit &ecirc;tre totalementstrat&eacute;giqueou elle n&rsquo;a pas de sens.</span></i><span style="color:#ff6600"><i>Ce n&rsquo;est&nbsp;pas de l&rsquo;information pratique.&nbsp;</i></span><i>&raquo;</i>Et si &laquo;&nbsp;<i><span style="color:#ff6600">il n&rsquo;y a pas de&nbsp;sens, il n&rsquo;y a pas de place pour la communication&nbsp;; c&rsquo;est de la propagande&nbsp;</span></i>&raquo;. La difficult&eacute; du travail est donc de trouver un fil conducteur entre la dimension macro &ndash; la complexit&eacute; des enjeux &ndash; et sa traduction en une dimension micro &ndash; une explication &agrave; peu pr&egrave;s claire pour chaque salari&eacute;&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;<i><span style="color:#ff6600">Mon m&eacute;tier consiste &agrave; cr&eacute;er les conditions d&rsquo;explication et de dialogue</span></i>(autour de la strat&eacute;gie d&rsquo;entreprise)&nbsp;<i><span style="color:#ff6600">en m&rsquo;assurant que l&rsquo;on en soit pas d&eacute;connect&eacute; des attentes des salari&eacute;s&nbsp;</span></i>&raquo;. La&nbsp;priorit&eacute; de la CI est alors triple&nbsp;:donner un sens au travail de chacun&nbsp;et donc travailler &agrave; la&nbsp;coh&eacute;sion&nbsp;des individus,&nbsp;favoriser les transformations&nbsp;et donc travailler &agrave; la&nbsp;coh&eacute;rence&nbsp;de l&rsquo;entreprise, et bien s&ucirc;r&nbsp;informeret donc travailler &agrave; la connaissance de l&rsquo;information.&nbsp;En une formule, il s&rsquo;agit de&nbsp;<i>faire entreprise</i>comme on fait soci&eacute;t&eacute;.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Garamond">De l&rsquo;une &agrave; l&rsquo;autre de ces trois formes, la maturit&eacute; est bien pr&eacute;sente. Le vocabulaire utilis&eacute; change (installer les conditions d&rsquo;un dialogue interne), moins positiviste &ndash;&nbsp;<i>faire</i><i>adh&eacute;rer&nbsp;</i>(expliquer, pr&eacute;parer, informer, relayer) &ndash;, plus constructiviste &ndash;&nbsp;<i>faire ensemble</i>(construire, partager, relier, accompagner, valoriser).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt; margin-bottom:8px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size:medium"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><b><span style="font-size:14pt"><span arial="" narrow="" style="font-family:">Ce qu&rsquo;est le r&ocirc;le du praticien:&nbsp;</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:medium"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><b><span style="font-size:14pt"><span arial="" narrow="" style="font-family:">un acteur d&rsquo;interface</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt">&nbsp;</p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Garamond">Cette maturit&eacute; de la CI a modifi&eacute; l&rsquo;&eacute;quilibre de son activit&eacute;,&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:Garamond">d&rsquo;une gestion des messages et de l&rsquo;image &agrave; une gestion des relations</span><span style="font-family:Garamond">. Mais une question demeure&nbsp;: n&rsquo;est-ce pas un m&eacute;tier, si ce n&rsquo;est impossible &ndash;&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:Garamond">un &laquo;&nbsp;<i><span style="color:#ff6600">m&eacute;tier o&ugrave; l&rsquo;on br&ucirc;le de l&rsquo;int&eacute;rieur&nbsp;</span></i>&raquo;</span><span style="font-family:Garamond">&ndash;</span><span style="font-family:Garamond">, &agrave; tout le moins difficile &ndash; &laquo;&nbsp;<i><span style="color:#ff6600">c&rsquo;est un peu un sacerdoce&nbsp;</span></i>&raquo;&nbsp;? Quoi qu&rsquo;il en soit de la r&eacute;ponse, les communicateurs posent un regard lucide semble-t-il sur leur m&eacute;tier, et cette lucidit&eacute; prend trois formes &eacute;galement&nbsp;: un m&eacute;tier de relation et de proximit&eacute; d&rsquo;une part, un m&eacute;tier de r&eacute;flexion et de distance en m&ecirc;me temps, un m&eacute;tier de passion et d&rsquo;engagement en tout cas.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Garamond">M&eacute;tier de relation et de proximit&eacute; d&rsquo;abord, car, pour l&rsquo;un d&rsquo;eux, la CI c&rsquo;est, &laquo;&nbsp;<i><span style="color:#ff6600">des rencontres et des hommes&nbsp;</span></i>&raquo;. Surench&eacute;rissant, un autre pr&eacute;cise que la CI, c&rsquo;est &laquo;&nbsp;<i><span style="color:#ff6600">faire en sorte que des collaborateurs viennent au travail le matin en comprenant pourquoi ils font ce travail l&agrave;, en se sentant valoris&eacute;s, en se sentant faire partie</span></i><i><span style="color:#ff6600">d&rsquo;une &eacute;quipe, en ayant la capacit&eacute; de&nbsp;</span></i><span style="color:#ff6600">(&hellip;)<i>faire avancer</i></span><i><span style="color:#ff6600">un projet collectif</span></i>&raquo;. O&ugrave; l&rsquo;on retrouve l&rsquo;id&eacute;e de projet collectif &eacute;voqu&eacute;e pr&eacute;c&eacute;demment. Dans un contexte de transformations, il est sans doute vain de chercher une coh&eacute;sion interne g&eacute;n&eacute;ralisante, englobant chacun et tout le monde de fa&ccedil;on uniforme. L&rsquo;enjeu est plut&ocirc;t de cr&eacute;er les conditions d&rsquo;un &eacute;change collectif sur le travail et son organisation. Les repr&eacute;sentations individuelles ont toutes les chances d&rsquo;&ecirc;tre contradictoires. Il s&rsquo;agit moins de les percevoir comme l&rsquo;expression d&rsquo;une r&eacute;sistance au changement, que comme des points de vue &agrave; exploiter pour changer, pour r&eacute;aliser ces transformations. Vecteur incontournable de celles-ci, les salari&eacute;s ont d&rsquo;ailleurs la volont&eacute; de &laquo;&nbsp;<i><span style="color:green">donner&nbsp;</span></i>&raquo; &agrave; l&rsquo;entreprise, ont besoin de s&rsquo;engager dans leur travail, de coop&eacute;rer avec les autres pour l&rsquo;effectuer (</span><b><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures:normal"><span style="font-variant-numeric:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:small-caps"><span style="font-variant-alternates:normal"><span style="font-variant-position:normal"><span style="font-variant-east-asian:normal">Alter,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter="">2009</span></span><span style="font-family:Garamond">)<a name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Garamond">[10]</span></span></b></span></b></span></a>. Au communicateur alors de se situer en forte proximit&eacute; des autres salari&eacute;s, qu&rsquo;ils soient managers ou op&eacute;rationnels, pour faire en sorte que ce don soit re&ccedil;u et reconnu par l&rsquo;entreprise et &eacute;tablir ainsi une relation de confiance&nbsp;: les trois quarts des praticiens jugent important de savoir &ecirc;tre en relation avec tous les acteurs de l&rsquo;entreprise&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:Garamond">(</span><b><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures:normal"><span style="font-variant-numeric:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:small-caps"><span style="font-variant-alternates:normal"><span style="font-variant-position:normal"><span style="font-variant-east-asian:normal">Afci,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter="">2019</span></span><span style="font-family:Garamond">).&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:Garamond">Plus que la plupart des autres acteurs, le communicateur est en contact avec l&rsquo;ensemble du corps social et en prise avec les questions centrales pos&eacute;es dans et aux organisations. Exer&ccedil;ant un m&eacute;tier de contact, il est au service de la transversalit&eacute; dans l&rsquo;entreprise. Il est le liant, il est un acteur d&rsquo;interface</span><span style="font-family:Garamond">qui &laquo;<i>&nbsp;<span style="color:green">se d&eacute;ploie aux fronti&egrave;res de l&rsquo;organisation et mobilise une multiplicit&eacute; de ressources&nbsp;: r&eacute;seau, contr&ocirc;le de l&rsquo;information, r&egrave;gles et moyens&nbsp;</span></i>&raquo; (</span><b><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures:normal"><span style="font-variant-numeric:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:small-caps"><span style="font-variant-alternates:normal"><span style="font-variant-position:normal"><span style="font-variant-east-asian:normal">Osty &amp; alii,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter="">2007</span></span><span style="font-family:Garamond">).&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:Garamond">En fait,</span><span style="font-family:Garamond">il est&nbsp;un marginal s&eacute;cant, &laquo;<i>&nbsp;<span style="color:green">un acteur qui est partie prenante dans plusieurs syst&egrave;mes d&rsquo;action en relation les unes avec les autres et qui peut, de ce fait, jouer ler&ocirc;le indispensable d&rsquo;interm&eacute;diaire et d&rsquo;interpr&egrave;teentre des logiques&nbsp;</span></i>&raquo; (</span><b><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures:normal"><span style="font-variant-numeric:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:small-caps"><span style="font-variant-alternates:normal"><span style="font-variant-position:normal"><span style="font-variant-east-asian:normal">Crozier &amp; Friedberg,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter="">1977</span></span><span style="font-family:Garamond">).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Garamond">M&eacute;tier de r&eacute;flexion et de distance &eacute;galement, car il s&rsquo;agit de trouver la bonne distance avec l&rsquo;entreprise &ndash; &laquo;&nbsp;<i><span style="color:#ff6600">&ecirc;tre &agrave; la fois dans et &agrave; distance de l&rsquo;entreprise&nbsp;</span></i>&raquo; &ndash; comme avec les individus, pour ne pas &ecirc;tre le &laquo;&nbsp;<i><span style="color:#ff6600">couteau suisse&nbsp;</span></i>&raquo; des autres services, des autres directions.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:Garamond">Pour cela, il est n&eacute;cessaire de savoir prendre du recul pour&nbsp;pouvoir &laquo;&nbsp;<i><span style="color:green">bien faire</span></i>&raquo; son travail(</span><b><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures:normal"><span style="font-variant-numeric:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:small-caps"><span style="font-variant-alternates:normal"><span style="font-variant-position:normal"><span style="font-variant-east-asian:normal">Clot,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter="">2010</span></span><span style="font-family:Garamond">)&nbsp;:&nbsp;<i>&laquo;&nbsp;<span style="color:#ff6600">Les conditions d&rsquo;exercice sont telles que&hellip; enfin, j&rsquo;en ai un peu marre quoi&hellip; alors que j&rsquo;aime vraiment ce que je fais. Il suffirait juste d&rsquo;avoir</span></i><span style="color:#ff6600"><i>un peu plus de s&eacute;r&eacute;nit&eacute;, un peu moins de pression, un peu plus de&nbsp;tempspour faire les choses</i></span><i>.&nbsp;&raquo;</i></span><span style="font-family:Garamond">Savoir se situer, &ecirc;tre &agrave; la fois &laquo;&nbsp;<i><span style="color:#ff6600">dedans et dehors</span></i>&nbsp;&raquo;, adopter une&nbsp;posture d&rsquo;entre-deux&nbsp;; on retrouve par ces termes l&rsquo;acteur d&rsquo;interface caract&eacute;ris&eacute; auparavant. Loin d&rsquo;&ecirc;tre jug&eacute;e comme stigmatisante, cette position singuli&egrave;re satisfait a priori les praticiens&nbsp;: 88% des r&eacute;pondants s&rsquo;estiment tr&egrave;s satisfaits de leur autonomie, 80% sont tr&egrave;s satisfaits de la fa&ccedil;on dont ils donnent du sens &agrave; leur travail (</span><b><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures:normal"><span style="font-variant-numeric:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:small-caps"><span style="font-variant-alternates:normal"><span style="font-variant-position:normal"><span style="font-variant-east-asian:normal">Afci</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter="">, 2019</span></span><span style="font-family:Garamond">). M&eacute;tier de distance aussi car c&rsquo;est un m&eacute;tier de&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:Garamond">l&rsquo;&eacute;crit. Dans les propos, on retrouve comme r&eacute;currence le go&ucirc;t prononc&eacute; pour&nbsp;l&rsquo;&eacute;criture&nbsp;:&laquo;&nbsp;<i><span style="color:#ff6600">La colonne vert&eacute;brale de tout communicant,</span></i><i><span style="color:#ff6600">c&rsquo;est l&rsquo;&eacute;criture&nbsp;</span></i>&raquo;. Ce&nbsp;go&ucirc;t est de toute fa&ccedil;on une n&eacute;cessit&eacute; du m&eacute;tier&nbsp;:&nbsp;<i>&laquo;&nbsp;<span style="color:#ff6600">&eacute;crire un article, d&eacute;finir un angle, titrer, r&eacute;sumer, raconter une histoire&hellip; &Ccedil;a s&rsquo;apprend.&nbsp;</span>&raquo;</i>Sans surprise, cette app&eacute;tence pour l&rsquo;&eacute;criture se retrouve dans leur profil de formation&nbsp;: fr&eacute;quemment des &eacute;tudes universitaires, souvent en sciences humaines et sociales (sociologie, sciences politiques, histoire, information et communication) ou en litt&eacute;rature. Ces quelques caract&eacute;ristiques, quand elles manquent, g&eacute;n&egrave;rent de fa&ccedil;on quasi-syst&eacute;matique un probl&egrave;me si on les &eacute;coute&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;<i><span style="color:#ff6600">On en a une qui a un Bac+5, une &eacute;cole de commerce, mais elle ne sait pas &eacute;crire en fait&hellip;&nbsp;</span></i>&raquo;,&nbsp;&laquo;&nbsp;<i><span style="color:#ff6600">Dans mon &eacute;quipe, j&rsquo;ai au moins deux personnes sur quatre qui, de par leur parcours&nbsp;</span></i>(&eacute;cole de communication)<i><span style="color:#ff6600">, n&rsquo;ont pas du tout &eacute;t&eacute; form&eacute;es &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;criture&nbsp;</span></i>&raquo;</span><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Garamond">&nbsp;; et&nbsp;</span></span><i><span style="font-family:Garamond">&laquo;&nbsp;<span style="color:#ff6600">quelqu&rsquo;un qui ne sait pas &eacute;crire, pour moi, il n&rsquo;a pas sa place en communication, c&rsquo;est &eacute;vident&nbsp;!&nbsp;</span>&raquo;&nbsp;</span></i><span style="font-family:Garamond">Quelques uns poussent m&ecirc;me leur singularit&eacute; en choisissant de se d&eacute;nommer &laquo;&nbsp;<i><span style="color:#ff6600">Writing and Editing Professionnal&nbsp;</span></i>&raquo;, mettant en avant une comp&eacute;tence particuli&egrave;re &ndash; ma&icirc;trise de l&rsquo;&eacute;criture &ndash; pour l&rsquo;exercice de leur activit&eacute; en communication.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Garamond">M&eacute;tier de passion et d&rsquo;engagement en tout cas, car &laquo;&nbsp;<i><span style="color:#ff6600">ce n&rsquo;est pas un job qu&rsquo;on range au porte-manteaux le soir en rentrant&nbsp;</span></i>&raquo;. Plus que pour d&rsquo;autres salari&eacute;s au sein de l&rsquo;entreprise, le travail du communicateur met en jeu des &eacute;motions. Or, les &eacute;motions sont &laquo;&nbsp;<i><span style="color:green">fondamentalement des cons&eacute;quences de la relation</span>&nbsp;</i>&raquo; (</span><b><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures:normal"><span style="font-variant-numeric:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:small-caps"><span style="font-variant-alternates:normal"><span style="font-variant-position:normal"><span style="font-variant-east-asian:normal">Bernard,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter="">2017</span></span><span style="font-family:Garamond">). M&eacute;tier de relation, la CI est donc &eacute;galement un m&eacute;tier de passion. Si l&rsquo;on con&ccedil;oit qu&rsquo;une &eacute;motion n&rsquo;est pas juste une r&eacute;action m&eacute;canique &agrave; un &eacute;v&eacute;nement, alors il faut croire que les &eacute;motions &laquo;&nbsp;<i><span style="color:green">engagent</span></i><span style="color:green">(&hellip;)<i>une interpr&eacute;tation des situations&nbsp;</i>(&hellip;)<i>largement conditionn&eacute;e par des facteurs socioculturels&nbsp;</i></span>&raquo; (</span><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures:normal"><span style="font-variant-numeric:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:small-caps"><span style="font-variant-alternates:normal"><span style="font-variant-position:normal"><span style="font-variant-east-asian:normal">idem</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Garamond">)&nbsp;; ce qu&rsquo;un praticien traduit &agrave; sa fa&ccedil;on par&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;<i><span style="color:#ff6600">Il faut&nbsp;s&rsquo;engager pour engager</span></i>&nbsp;&raquo;. Cette formule r&eacute;sume bien la mission du communicateur de tenir ensemble les diff&eacute;rentes strates de l&rsquo;entreprise, de l&rsquo;op&eacute;rationnel &agrave; la direction en passant par les managers, de donner &agrave; voir la dr&ocirc;le de &laquo;&nbsp;<i><span style="color:green">soci&eacute;t&eacute; en soi&nbsp;</span></i>&raquo; qu&rsquo;est l&rsquo;entreprise (</span><b><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures:normal"><span style="font-variant-numeric:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:small-caps"><span style="font-variant-alternates:normal"><span style="font-variant-position:normal"><span style="font-variant-east-asian:normal">Sainsaulieu,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter="">1988</span></span><span style="font-family:Garamond">).<i>&laquo;&nbsp;<span style="color:#ff6600">Je suis l&agrave; pour aider la direction dans ses projets, tout en prenant en compte&nbsp;ce que je sais de la r&eacute;alit&eacute; des salari&eacute;s, de leurs r&eacute;actions, de leurs comportements, de leur rapport au travail.&nbsp;</span>&raquo;</i>Un travail hautement &eacute;motionnel donc, au croisement de la biographie des individus, de leurs trajectoires professionnelle et personnelle comme de la structure sociale de l&rsquo;entreprise. Dans une certaine mesure, le praticien cherche &agrave; comprendre la &laquo;&nbsp;<i><span style="color:#ff6600">logique des autres&nbsp;</span></i>&raquo; tandis que la CI n&rsquo;est rien d&rsquo;autre que la construction sociale de l&rsquo;entreprise. Exer&ccedil;ant &agrave; la crois&eacute;e entre le social et l&rsquo;individuel, peut-on consid&eacute;rer le communicateur comme une sorte d&rsquo;id&eacute;al-type de &laquo;&nbsp;<i><span style="color:green">la mani&egrave;re dont le social nous travaille &eacute;motionnellement&nbsp;</span></i>&raquo; et de la mani&egrave;re dont les &eacute;motions travaillent, si ce n&rsquo;est la soci&eacute;t&eacute;, tout au moins l&rsquo;entreprise (</span><b><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures:normal"><span style="font-variant-numeric:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:small-caps"><span style="font-variant-alternates:normal"><span style="font-variant-position:normal"><span style="font-variant-east-asian:normal">Bernard,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter="">2017</span></span><span style="font-family:Garamond">).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Garamond">De fa&ccedil;on plus pragmatique, l&rsquo;exercice de ce m&eacute;tier hybride oblige le praticien &agrave; occuper des r&ocirc;les multiples. Nous avons vu qu&rsquo;il est investi et que cet investissement, notamment subjectif, dans l&rsquo;activit&eacute; le distingue assur&eacute;ment d&rsquo;autres m&eacute;tiers de la communication. Cet investissement est source de satisfaction et de souffrance, de confiance et de doutes ce qui fait que l&rsquo;agir du praticien est toujours dans un &eacute;quilibre &agrave; la stabilit&eacute; fragile. Pourtant, une fois en poste, peu souhaitent quitter la fonction&nbsp;: les deux tiers des r&eacute;pondants s&rsquo;estiment satisfaits de la reconnaissance re&ccedil;ue, dont 20% sont m&ecirc;me tr&egrave;s satisfaits (</span><b><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures:normal"><span style="font-variant-numeric:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:small-caps"><span style="font-variant-alternates:normal"><span style="font-variant-position:normal"><span style="font-variant-east-asian:normal">Afci,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter="">2019</span></span><span style="font-family:Garamond">). L&rsquo;attachement au travail est fort, voire tr&egrave;s fort, confirmant l&rsquo;analyse d&rsquo;un &laquo;&nbsp;<i><span style="color:green">investissement affectif&nbsp;</span></i>&raquo; au travail tr&egrave;s marqu&eacute; en France (</span><b><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures:normal"><span style="font-variant-numeric:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:small-caps"><span style="font-variant-alternates:normal"><span style="font-variant-position:normal"><span style="font-variant-east-asian:normal">M&eacute;da &amp; Vendramin</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter="">, 2013</span></span><span style="font-family:Garamond">). Le travail lui-m&ecirc;me est per&ccedil;u comme une relation vivante &ndash; un &laquo;&nbsp;<i><span style="color:#ff6600">souffle&nbsp;</span></i>&raquo; &ndash;, v&eacute;cu comme une interaction avec autrui afin de le comprendre, de l&rsquo;&eacute;couter et de l&rsquo;impliquer dans la vie de l&rsquo;entreprise en lui montrant sa place et son r&ocirc;le. Exemple&nbsp;:&nbsp;<i>&laquo;&nbsp;<span style="color:#ff6600">&Agrave; l&rsquo;occasion des 50 ans de la bo&icirc;te, il y a eu des prises de parole et l&agrave;, ils se sont dits &ldquo;</span></i><span style="color:#ff6600">&Ccedil;a ne va plus, plus personne ne sait v&eacute;ritablement ce que fait l&rsquo;autre&hellip; On a grandi tellement vite&hellip;<i>&rdquo; Les gens ne se connaissent plus, personne n&rsquo;est capable finalement de&nbsp;raconter les histoires de notre boiteet ce qu&rsquo;on fait, pourquoi on le fait.&nbsp;</i></span><i>&raquo;&nbsp;</i>Le r&ocirc;le du communicateur est alors de rendre visible le&nbsp;&laquo;&nbsp;<i><span style="color:green">syst&egrave;me d&rsquo;actions concret</span></i>&nbsp;&raquo; de l&rsquo;entreprise, c&rsquo;est-&agrave;-dire les diff&eacute;rents mondes sociaux qui la composent et la fa&ccedil;on dont ils sont interconnect&eacute;s pour participer &agrave; la r&eacute;alisation du bien ou du service propos&eacute; par l&rsquo;entreprise(</span><b><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures:normal"><span style="font-variant-numeric:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:small-caps"><span style="font-variant-alternates:normal"><span style="font-variant-position:normal"><span style="font-variant-east-asian:normal">Crozier &amp; Friedberg,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter="">1977</span></span><span style="font-family:Garamond">). Il s&rsquo;agit plus simplement de montrer &agrave; chacun de quelle fa&ccedil;on ce qu&rsquo;il fait, s&rsquo;inscrit dans un ensemble coh&eacute;rent qui a une finalit&eacute; bien pr&eacute;cise&nbsp;: la production d&rsquo;un bien ou d&rsquo;un service. En bref, il s&rsquo;agit de redonner &agrave; chaque acteur une vision globale de l&rsquo;entreprise et une vision strat&eacute;gique de son travail<a name="_ftnref11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Garamond">[11]</span></span></b></span></b></span></a>. On comprend alors que l&rsquo;&eacute;coute et la compr&eacute;hension du corps social doivent &ecirc;tre une part importante du travail du praticien. L&rsquo;enqu&ecirc;te laisse appara&icirc;tre que l&rsquo;on est encore loin du compte m&ecirc;me si le r&eacute;sultat s&rsquo;am&eacute;liore<a name="_ftnref12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Garamond">[12]</span></span></b></span></b></span></a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt; margin-bottom:8px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size:medium"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><b><span style="font-size:14pt"><span arial="" narrow="" style="font-family:">Conclusion &ndash; Ce que former &agrave;&nbsp;</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:medium"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><b><span style="font-size:14pt"><span arial="" narrow="" style="font-family:">la communication interne signifie</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt">&nbsp;</p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Garamond">La CI est une fonction qui a &eacute;t&eacute; professionnalis&eacute;e depuis plus de trente ans. De fait, il existe &agrave; pr&eacute;sent dans les entreprises une CI plus structur&eacute;e, des praticiens mieux form&eacute;s et plus comp&eacute;tents, ce qui rend la fonction mieux identifi&eacute;e et plus reconnue. Mais, aujourd&rsquo;hui,&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:Garamond">tout le monde communique&nbsp;! Que reste-t-il alors au communicateur&nbsp;?</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Garamond">Pour exemple, en trente ans, un saut num&eacute;rique consid&eacute;rable a &eacute;t&eacute; op&eacute;r&eacute;. Nombre de dispositifs ont &eacute;t&eacute; d&eacute;velopp&eacute;s qui ont modifi&eacute; pour le moins la fa&ccedil;on de relayer l&rsquo;information et de relier les salari&eacute;s. Cette &eacute;volution technologique s&rsquo;est accompagn&eacute;e d&rsquo;un changement de perspective. D&rsquo;une approche majoritairement positiviste<a name="_ftnref13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Garamond">[13]</span></span></b></span></b></span></a>, la pratique de la communication appara&icirc;t dor&eacute;navant bien plus constructiviste, en phase avec son &eacute;poque. La premi&egrave;re, dans le contexte actuel, n&rsquo;est plus acceptable et ne produit que de la d&eacute;fiance, des salari&eacute;s comme des managers, vis-&agrave;-vis de la parole de l&rsquo;entreprise. Expliquer ne suffit plus, il faut s&rsquo;expliquer, favorisant ainsi une seconde vision de la communication, moins monologique plus dialogique, moins con&ccedil;ue comme processus de transmission que comme processus de construction de sens (</span><b><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures:normal"><span style="font-variant-numeric:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:small-caps"><span style="font-variant-alternates:normal"><span style="font-variant-position:normal"><span style="font-variant-east-asian:normal">Vidaillet,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter="">2003</span></span><span style="font-family:Garamond">)&nbsp;:&nbsp;<i>&laquo;&nbsp;<span style="color:#ff6600">Plus on se transforme, plus on &eacute;volue&nbsp;; plus la compr&eacute;hension du sens, des contraintes et des finalit&eacute;s deviennent essentielles.&nbsp;</span>&raquo;</i>Ainsi, &agrave; une &eacute;poque o&ugrave; tout le monde communique, le communicateur ne peut pas se contenter du r&ocirc;le de fournisseur de contenus pour des dispositifs num&eacute;riques pl&eacute;thoriques. Il ne le souhaite pas d&rsquo;ailleurs si l&rsquo;on se fie &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;tude de l&rsquo;Afci&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;<i><span style="color:green">Le poids du faire&nbsp;</span></i><span style="color:green">[&hellip;]&nbsp;<i>cannibalise&nbsp;</i></span>&raquo; le temps de travail du praticien (</span><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter="">2019</span></span><span style="font-family:Garamond">). Avec une belle unanimit&eacute;, les praticiens consid&egrave;rent la production de contenus comme leur &laquo;&nbsp;<i><span style="color:green">sale boulot&nbsp;</span></i>&raquo; pour reprendre l&rsquo;expression d&rsquo;</span><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter="">E.C.</span></span><b><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures:normal"><span style="font-variant-numeric:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:small-caps"><span style="font-variant-alternates:normal"><span style="font-variant-position:normal"><span style="font-variant-east-asian:normal">Hughes</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b><span style="font-family:Garamond">(</span><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter="">1962</span></span><span style="font-family:Garamond">), c&rsquo;est-&agrave;-dire comme une activit&eacute; n&eacute;cessaire mais qui est devenue fastidieuse car r&eacute;p&eacute;titive&nbsp;:&nbsp;</span><i><span style="font-family:Garamond">&laquo;&nbsp;<span style="color:#ff6600">La difficult&eacute; est surtout de&nbsp;collecter l&rsquo;information. Je passe un temps fou &agrave; collecter l&rsquo;information.&nbsp;</span>&raquo;</span></i><span style="font-family:Garamond">Et consacrant trop de temps &agrave; la collecte et &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;laboration de l&rsquo;information, ils en ont moins pour &eacute;couter et comprendre le corps social ou &ecirc;tre en conseil des managers, leur cheval de bataille.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Garamond">&Agrave; la fois m&eacute;tier de la transmission et m&eacute;tier du lien, la CI semble avoir un bel avenir si l&rsquo;on &eacute;coute les praticiens. Confiants donc, mais lucides, ils pestent contre le manque de ma&icirc;trise de leur temps &ndash;&nbsp;<i>&laquo;&nbsp;<span style="color:#ff6600">Je suis au four et au moulin&nbsp;!&nbsp;</span>&raquo;</i>&ndash; et donc le manque d&rsquo;efficacit&eacute; de la CI &ndash;&nbsp;<i>&laquo;&nbsp;<span style="color:#ff6600">J&rsquo;ai le sentiment que la CI gaspille son temps, trop d&rsquo;informations&nbsp;!&nbsp;</span>&raquo;</i>Dans ce contexte, les praticiens se per&ccedil;oivent comme&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:Garamond">accompagnateur, accoucheur, catalyseur, facilitateur, m&eacute;diateur, orchestrateur, organisateur, passeur, vigile ou encore le fluide qui permet de cr&eacute;er les conditions d&rsquo;explication et de dialogue autour du projet d&rsquo;entreprise, autour des m&eacute;tiers pour l&rsquo;organiser, autour du travail pour le mettre en &oelig;uvre.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Garamond">Ce regard r&eacute;flexif des praticiens vient nourrir ma propre r&eacute;flexion de responsable de master en communication&nbsp;: comment forme-t-on &agrave; la CI&nbsp;? Cette question est simple mais redoutable. Selon l&rsquo;&eacute;tude de l&rsquo;Afci (</span><span style="font-size:11pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter="">2019</span></span><span style="font-family:Garamond">), 44% des r&eacute;pondants ont une&nbsp;formation initiale sp&eacute;cifique en communication(versus 39% en 2012)</span><span style="font-family:Garamond">. De fa&ccedil;on compl&eacute;mentaire, on constate&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:Garamond">que&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:Garamond">les praticiens ne sont que peu form&eacute;s &agrave; la CI (cursus divers, mais Bac+5) ou mal form&eacute;s (&eacute;cole de communication) ou pas assez form&eacute;s (formations courtes en communication). Pourtant, leurs propos rel&egrave;vent la n&eacute;cessit&eacute; de ma&icirc;triser des comp&eacute;tences pour faire (&eacute;crire notamment) et pour comprendre la complexit&eacute; des organisations. Or, cette compr&eacute;hension demande une formation pouss&eacute;e (bac+5) aux sciences humaines et sociales ou en litt&eacute;rature en g&eacute;n&eacute;ral, &agrave; la communication en particulier, voire &agrave; la CI tr&egrave;s pr&eacute;cis&eacute;ment.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Garamond">En France, le&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:Garamond">paysage actuel des formations universitaires a &eacute;t&eacute; fa&ccedil;onn&eacute; en f&eacute;vrier 2014 par un arr&ecirc;t&eacute; du minist&egrave;re de l&rsquo;Enseignement sup&eacute;rieur et de la recherche. Depuis cette date, le cadre national des formations distingue quatre domaines, 253 mentions de masters et plusieurs milliers de parcours.</span><span style="font-family:Garamond">Une petite dizaine de mentions rel&egrave;vent de la communication. Elles se structurent autour d&rsquo;un m&eacute;tier (journalisme), d&rsquo;un champ (communication publique et politique), d&rsquo;un secteur (communication, publicit&eacute;) ou restent tr&egrave;s g&eacute;n&eacute;rale (information-communication). Parmi elles, la mention&nbsp;<i>Communication des organisations</i>m&eacute;rite notre attention car c&rsquo;est la plus en phase avec la CI. Toutefois, dans cette mention, il n&rsquo;est possible d&rsquo;identifier qu&rsquo;une petite trentaine de masters dont la d&eacute;nomination pr&eacute;sage d&rsquo;un rapport avec la communication et l&rsquo;entreprise. Difficile d&rsquo;&ecirc;tre plus pr&eacute;cis car en d&eacute;finitive le qualificatif&nbsp;<i>interne</i>n&rsquo;appara&icirc;t que dans un seul (<i>Communication interne et externe</i>, Lille 3), mais au m&ecirc;me titre que le qualificatif&nbsp;externe d&rsquo;ailleurs&hellip; &Eacute;largissant notre regard, nous n&rsquo;avons pas plus de chance avec le terme RH qui n&rsquo;appara&icirc;t qu&rsquo;&agrave; trois reprises (<i>Communication et management des RH</i>, Lille 3&nbsp;;&nbsp;<i>Communication, RH et conseil</i>, Celsa Sorbonne universit&eacute; et&nbsp;<i>Communication et RH</i>, Sorbonne Paris Nord). De m&ecirc;me, le qualificatif&nbsp;<i>organisationnelle</i>est utilis&eacute; &agrave; deux reprises seulement (<i>Communication organisationnelle</i>, Nice et&nbsp;<i>Communication organisationnelle et innovation num&eacute;rique</i>, Rennes 2).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Garamond">Force est donc de constater qu&rsquo;il n&rsquo;existe pas&nbsp;de master universitaire formant exclusivement &agrave; la CI,&nbsp;et bien peu de masters universitaires formant &agrave; la CI parmi d&rsquo;autres aspects de la communication. Est-ce grave&nbsp;? Compte tenu de l&rsquo;&eacute;tat des lieux de la fonction CI port&eacute; par l&rsquo;&eacute;tude de l&rsquo;Afci et de notre propre d&eacute;veloppement, est-il n&eacute;cessaire de cr&eacute;er des formations ad hoc&nbsp;? Vaste question que je laisserai ouverte dans cet article. Mais ma propre exp&eacute;rience de responsable de master et de chercheur m&rsquo;a appris que des savoir-faire sans savoirs sont tr&egrave;s insuffisants au niveau master et pour l&rsquo;exercice professionnel de la CI. D&rsquo;autant que les deux sont compl&eacute;mentaires&nbsp;: les premiers sont n&eacute;cessaires &agrave; court terme pour l&rsquo;insertion professionnelle, quand les seconds sont indispensables, rapidement, pour la trajectoire professionnelle. Il y a donc n&eacute;cessit&eacute; de d&eacute;velopper une formation en communication &agrave; la fois comme universitaire (importance des savoirs), centr&eacute;e sur les sciences de l&rsquo;information et de la communication, mais certainement interdisciplinaire (importance des sciences humaines et sociales).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Garamond">Au fond, les communicateurs ne disent pas autre chose. Leurs propos t&eacute;moignent qu&rsquo;on ne peut plus penser la CI en dehors des savoirs qui concernent tant le rapport de l&rsquo;entreprise &agrave; la soci&eacute;t&eacute; que les syst&egrave;mes sociaux internes. Nous l&rsquo;avons vu, le praticien affirme sa diff&eacute;rence (la CI n&rsquo;est pas de la communication externe en plus petit, le salari&eacute; n&rsquo;est pas un client interne, moins une partie prenante comme les autres qu&rsquo;une partie constituante) et celle-ci passe par une professionnalisation qui n&eacute;cessite moins un recours &agrave; des savoir-faire qu&rsquo;un d&eacute;tour par des savoirs. Ce sont ces savoirs, et non les savoir-faire, qui donnent des cl&eacute;s pour identifier ce qui est continuit&eacute; ou rupture dans le changement permanent auquel est confront&eacute;e l&rsquo;entreprise. Ils permettent de comprendre les&nbsp;liaisons entre le pass&eacute;, les cultures collectives, les compromis sociaux et leur avenir. Hier comme aujourd&rsquo;hui, les communicateurs ont besoin de cette capacit&eacute; &agrave; d&eacute;coder<sup>&nbsp;&nbsp;</sup>les collectifs m&eacute;tier ancr&eacute;s dans une histoire et une culture, les r&eacute;seaux qui se font et se d&eacute;font au gr&eacute; des projets, les dynamiques communicationnelles &agrave; l&rsquo;&oelig;uvre et ce qu&rsquo;elles produisent comme sens et organisation.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <div style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp; <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1"> <p align="left" class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:left; text-indent:-11.35pt; margin-left:15px"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-family:-webkit-standard"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:8pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><a name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span style="font-size:9pt"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[1]</span></span></b></span></span></b></span></a><b><span style="font-size:9pt">..</span></b><span style="font-size:9pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter="">J-L.&nbsp;<span style="font-variant-ligatures:normal"><span style="font-variant-numeric:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:small-caps"><span style="font-variant-alternates:normal"><span style="font-variant-position:normal"><span style="font-variant-east-asian:normal">Letouz&eacute;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:9pt">, pr&eacute;sident de l&rsquo;association&nbsp;<i>Communication &amp; Entreprise</i></span><span style="font-size:9pt">(<i>Strat&eacute;gies</i>, 3 septembre 2015).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn2"> <p align="left" class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:left; text-indent:-11.35pt; margin-left:15px"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-family:-webkit-standard"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:8pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><a name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span style="font-size:9pt"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[2]</span></span></b></span></span></b></span></a><b><span style="font-size:9pt">..</span></b><span style="font-size:9pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter="">P.&nbsp;<span style="font-variant-ligatures:normal"><span style="font-variant-numeric:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:small-caps"><span style="font-variant-alternates:normal"><span style="font-variant-position:normal"><span style="font-variant-east-asian:normal">Auberger</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:9pt">, directeur de la communication du groupe Bouygues (<i>Medium.com</i>, 7 mars 2018).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn3"> <p align="left" class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:left; text-indent:-11.35pt; margin-left:15px"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-family:-webkit-standard"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:8pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><a name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span style="font-size:9pt"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[3]</span></span></b></span></span></b></span></a><b><span style="font-size:9pt">..&nbsp;</span></b><span style="font-size:9pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter="">F.&nbsp;<span style="font-variant-ligatures:normal"><span style="font-variant-numeric:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:small-caps"><span style="font-variant-alternates:normal"><span style="font-variant-position:normal"><span style="font-variant-east-asian:normal">Fougerat</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:9pt">, alors directeur de la communication de Foncia, sur son compte Twitter (juin 2018).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn4"> <p align="left" class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:left; text-indent:-11.35pt; margin-left:15px"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-family:-webkit-standard"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:8pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><a name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span style="font-size:9pt"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[4]</span></span></b></span></span></b></span></a><b><span style="font-size:9pt">..&nbsp;</span></b><span style="font-size:9pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures:normal"><span style="font-variant-numeric:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:small-caps"><span style="font-variant-alternates:normal"><span style="font-variant-position:normal"><span style="font-variant-east-asian:normal">Habib, L.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:9pt">(2011).&nbsp;<i>La Communication transformative&nbsp;: pour en finir avec les id&eacute;es vaines</i>. Paris&nbsp;: PUF, 2011.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn5"> <p align="left" class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:left; text-indent:-11.35pt; margin-left:15px"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-family:-webkit-standard"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:8pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><a name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span style="font-size:9pt"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[5]</span></span></b></span></span></b></span></a><b><span style="font-size:9pt">..</span></b><span style="font-size:9pt">Ni &eacute;tude de terrain &agrave; proprement parler, ni revue de litt&eacute;rature, ma r&eacute;flexion est construite &agrave; partir de l&rsquo;analyse du barom&egrave;tre Afci de cette ann&eacute;e (2019) et des deux pr&eacute;c&eacute;dents (2012 et 2009), d&rsquo;une &eacute;tude sur l&rsquo;identit&eacute; professionnelle du communicant men&eacute;e par nos soins dans le cadre de la m&ecirc;me association (2013), ainsi que sur des propos de praticiens r&eacute;colt&eacute;s par entretien depuis plus de dix ans.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn6"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-11.35pt; margin-left:15px"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-family:-webkit-standard"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:8pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><a name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span style="font-size:9pt"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[6]</span></span></b></span></span></b></span></a><b><span style="font-size:9pt">..</span></b><span style="font-size:9pt">Alors p-dg du groupe BSN, qui deviendra Danone en 1994.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn7"> <p align="left" class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:left; text-indent:-11.35pt; margin-left:15px"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-family:-webkit-standard"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:8pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><a name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="font-variant-ligatures:normal"><span style="font-variant-numeric:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:small-caps"><span style="font-variant-alternates:normal"><span style="font-variant-position:normal"><span style="font-variant-east-asian:normal"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[7]</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></a><b><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="font-variant-ligatures:normal"><span style="font-variant-numeric:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:small-caps"><span style="font-variant-alternates:normal"><span style="font-variant-position:normal"><span style="font-variant-east-asian:normal">..</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:9pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter="">M.<span style="font-variant-ligatures:normal"><span style="font-variant-numeric:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:small-caps"><span style="font-variant-alternates:normal"><span style="font-variant-position:normal"><span style="font-variant-east-asian:normal">Crozier</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:9pt">a ainsi observ&eacute; (pr&eacute;dit&nbsp;?) que &laquo;&nbsp;<i><span style="color:green">ce qui sera d&eacute;cisif, ce n&rsquo;est pas l&rsquo;impact de l&rsquo;environnement sur l&rsquo;entreprise, mais la fa&ccedil;on dont l&rsquo;entreprise deviendra active dans l&rsquo;environnement&nbsp;</span></i>&raquo; (<i>L&rsquo;Entreprise &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;coute</i>. Paris&nbsp;: Inter&eacute;ditions, 1989).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn8"> <p align="left" class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:left; text-indent:-11.35pt; margin-left:15px"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-family:-webkit-standard"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:8pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><a name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span style="font-size:9pt"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[8]</span></span></b></span></span></b></span></a><b><span style="font-size:9pt">..</span></b><span style="font-size:9pt">Notamment dans les grandes entreprises car, plus&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size:9pt">l&rsquo;entreprise est grande, plus la communication interne est rattach&eacute;e &agrave; la direction de la Communication&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size:9pt">(</span><b><span style="font-size:9pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures:normal"><span style="font-variant-numeric:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:small-caps"><span style="font-variant-alternates:normal"><span style="font-variant-position:normal"><span style="font-variant-east-asian:normal">Afci,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:9pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter="">2019</span></span><span style="font-size:9pt">)</span><span style="font-size:9pt">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn9"> <p align="left" class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:left; text-indent:-11.35pt; margin-left:15px"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-family:-webkit-standard"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:8pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><a name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span style="font-size:9pt"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[9]</span></span></b></span></span></b></span></a><b><span style="font-size:9pt">..</span></b><span style="font-size:9pt">Ce verbatim, sans indication d&rsquo;auteur, est issu des entretiens que nous avons men&eacute;s. Il en sera de m&ecirc;me pour les suivants.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn10"> <p align="left" class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:left; text-indent:-11.35pt; margin-left:15px"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-family:-webkit-standard"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:8pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><a name="_ftn10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span style="font-size:9pt"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[10]</span></span></b></span></span></b></span></a><b><span style="font-size:9pt">..</span></b><span style="font-size:9pt">Mais dans le m&ecirc;me temps,&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size:9pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter="">N.<span style="font-variant-ligatures:normal"><span style="font-variant-numeric:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:small-caps"><span style="font-variant-alternates:normal"><span style="font-variant-position:normal"><span style="font-variant-east-asian:normal">Alter</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:9pt">remarque que la plupart des entreprises ne reconnaissent pas ces pratiques de dons et d&rsquo;&eacute;changes, elles &laquo;&nbsp;<i><span style="color:green">ne les c&eacute;l&egrave;brent pas&nbsp;</span></i>&raquo;&nbsp;<b>(</b></span><span style="font-size:9pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter="">2009</span></span><b><span style="font-size:9pt">)</span></b><span style="font-size:9pt">. En cause, selon lui, le &laquo;&nbsp;<i><span style="color:green">management par l&rsquo;amont [qui] interdit de donner&nbsp;</span></i>&raquo; (</span><span style="font-size:9pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures:normal"><span style="font-variant-numeric:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:small-caps"><span style="font-variant-alternates:normal"><span style="font-variant-position:normal"><span style="font-variant-east-asian:normal">idem</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:9pt">).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn11"> <p align="left" class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:left; text-indent:-11.35pt; margin-left:15px"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-family:-webkit-standard"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:8pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><a name="_ftn11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span style="font-size:9pt"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[11]</span></span></b></span></span></b></span></a><b><span style="font-size:9pt">..</span></b><span style="font-size:9pt">Pour aller plus loin, voir le travail d&rsquo;un directeur de la communication pour mettre en &eacute;vidence le syst&egrave;me d&rsquo;action concret de l&rsquo;entreprise dans laquelle il agit&nbsp;:&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size:9pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures:normal"><span style="font-variant-numeric:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:small-caps"><span style="font-variant-alternates:normal"><span style="font-variant-position:normal"><span style="font-variant-east-asian:normal">Auteur</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:9pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter="">&amp;&nbsp;<span style="font-variant-ligatures:normal"><span style="font-variant-numeric:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:small-caps"><span style="font-variant-alternates:normal"><span style="font-variant-position:normal"><span style="font-variant-east-asian:normal">Robert-Tanguy, P.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:9pt">(</span><span style="font-size:9pt"><span american="" condensed="" style="font-family:" typewriter="">2015</span></span><span style="font-size:9pt">). Communiquer en sociologue (Entretien avec R.Berrivin).<i>Sociologies pratiques</i>, n&deg;30, 84-93.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn12"> <p align="left" class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:left; text-indent:-11.35pt; margin-left:15px"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-family:-webkit-standard"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:8pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><a name="_ftn12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span style="font-size:9pt"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[12]</span></span></b></span></span></b></span></a><b><span style="font-size:9pt">..</span></b><span style="font-size:9pt">Parmi les 5 grandes activit&eacute;s en CI,&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size:9pt">12% du temps est consacr&eacute; &agrave; &eacute;couter et comprendre le corps social alors qu&rsquo;ils aimeraient y consacrer 17% de leur temps, un &eacute;cart n&eacute;gatif de 5 points (versus 7,5 en 2012). Cela s&rsquo;am&eacute;liore un peu&hellip;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn13"> <p align="left" class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:left; text-indent:-11.35pt; margin-left:15px"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-family:-webkit-standard"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:8pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><a name="_ftn13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span style="font-size:9pt"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span style="font-size:9pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[13]</span></span></b></span></span></b></span></a><b><span style="font-size:9pt">..</span></b><span style="font-size:9pt">Bas&eacute;e sur le fameux sch&eacute;ma canonique de la communication (&eacute;metteur/ r&eacute;cepteur), cette approche per&ccedil;oit la communication comme un processus de transmission d&rsquo;informations et d&rsquo;explications afin de mobiliser, de faire adh&eacute;rer, les salari&eacute;s. Par suite, le travail du communicant est alors de mettre en mots l&rsquo;information (en respectant les&nbsp;<i>&eacute;l&eacute;ments de langage</i>) et de la transmettre &agrave; des&nbsp;<i>cibles</i>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="left" class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:left; text-indent:-11.35pt; margin-left:15px">&nbsp;</p> <p align="left" class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:left; text-indent:-11.35pt; margin-left:15px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size:medium"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span arial="" bold="" narrow="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">BIBLIOGRAHIE</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:4px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><b><span style="font-family:Garamond">Afci &ndash; Association fran&ccedil;aise de communication interne&nbsp;</span></b><span style="font-family:Garamond">(2019).&nbsp;<i>30 ans de communication interne&nbsp;!</i>Enqu&ecirc;te Occurrence pour Afci, mars 2019.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:4px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><b><span style="font-family:Garamond">Aggeri, F.&nbsp;</span></b><span style="font-family:Garamond">(2017). Qu&rsquo;est-ce que la performativit&eacute; peut apporter aux recherches en management et sur les organisations&nbsp;?&nbsp;<i>Management</i>, vol.20, n&deg;1, 28-69.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:4px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><b><span style="font-family:Garamond">Alter, N.</span></b><span style="font-family:Garamond">(2009).&nbsp;<i>Donner et prendre&nbsp;: la coop&eacute;ration en entreprise</i>. Paris&nbsp;: La D&eacute;couverte, 2009.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:4px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><b><span style="font-family:Garamond">Bernard, J.&nbsp;</span></b><span style="font-family:Garamond">(2017).&nbsp;<i>La Concurrence des sentiments. Une sociologie des &eacute;motions</i>. Paris&nbsp;: M&eacute;taill&eacute;, 2017.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:4px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><b><span style="font-family:Garamond">Bernas, S.&nbsp;</span></b><span style="font-family:Garamond">(2006).&nbsp;<i>La Croyance dans l&rsquo;image</i>. Paris&nbsp;: L&rsquo;Harmattan, 2006.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:4px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><b><span style="font-family:Garamond">Auteur</span></b><b><span style="font-family:Garamond">&amp;&nbsp;Charpentier, J-M.&nbsp;</span></b><span style="font-family:Garamond">(2013).&nbsp;<i>Refonder la communication en entreprise&nbsp;: de l&rsquo;image au social</i>. Limoges&nbsp;: Fyp, 2013.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:4px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><b><span style="font-family:Garamond">Bunel, J.&nbsp;</span></b><span style="font-family:Garamond">(1986). Le r&eacute;-enchantement de l&rsquo;entreprise.&nbsp;<i>Sociologie du travail</i>, vol.28, n&deg;3, 251-264.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:4px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><b><span style="font-family:Garamond">Callon, M., Lascoumes, P. &amp; Barthe, Y.</span></b><span style="font-family:Garamond">(2001).&nbsp;<i>Agir dans un monde incertain&nbsp;: essai sur la d&eacute;mocratie technique</i>. Paris&nbsp;: Seuil, 2001.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:4px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><b><span style="font-family:Garamond">Cauvin-Renault, C. &amp; Giust-Desprairies, F.&nbsp;</span></b><span style="font-family:Garamond">(2019).&nbsp;<i>La Construction de soi comme communicant</i>. &Eacute;tude psychosociale pour Afci, avril 2019.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:4px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><b><span style="font-family:Garamond">Chauvin, D.</span></b><span style="font-family:Garamond">(2010).&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:Garamond">La fonction communication interne en crise&nbsp;?&nbsp;<i>Communication &amp; Organisation</i>, vol.2, n&deg;38, 147-170.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:4px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><b><span style="font-family:Garamond">Clot, Y.&nbsp;</span></b><span style="font-family:Garamond">(2010).&nbsp;<i>Le Travail &agrave; c&oelig;ur&nbsp;: pour en finir avec les risques psychosociaux</i>. Paris&nbsp;: La D&eacute;couverte, 2010.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:4px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><b><span style="font-family:Garamond">Crozier, M. &amp; Friedberg, E.</span></b><span style="font-family:Garamond">(1977).&nbsp;<i>L&rsquo;Acteur et le syst&egrave;me&nbsp;: les contraintes de l&rsquo;action collective</i>. Paris&nbsp;: Seuil, 1981 (1<sup>e</sup>&eacute;d. 1977).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:4px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><b><span style="font-family:Garamond">Giroux, N.</span></b><span style="font-family:Garamond">(1994). La communication interne&nbsp;: une d&eacute;finition en &eacute;volution.&nbsp;<i>Communication &amp; Organisation</i>, n&deg;5, 17-46.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:4px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><b><span style="font-family:Garamond">Hughes, E.C.</span></b><span style="font-family:Garamond">(1962). Les honn&ecirc;tes gens et le sale boulot.&nbsp;<i>Travailler</i>, vol.2, n&deg;24, 21-34 (1<sup>e</sup>&eacute;d. Good People and Dirty Work.&nbsp;<i>Social Problems</i>, 1962, vol.10, n&deg;1, 3-11).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:4px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><b><span style="font-family:Garamond">Le Mo&euml;nne, C.</span></b><span style="font-family:Garamond">(2008)&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:Garamond">L&rsquo;organisation imaginaire&nbsp;?&nbsp;<i>Communication &amp; Organisation</i>, vol.2, n&deg;34, 130-152.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:4px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><b><span style="font-family:Garamond">L&eacute;pine, V.&nbsp;</span></b><span style="font-family:Garamond">(2015). Mesure et &eacute;valuation de la communication interne&nbsp;: quelles pratiques et quels enjeux&nbsp;?&nbsp;<i>Sociologies pratiques</i>, n&deg;30, 55-62.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:4px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><b><span style="font-family:Garamond">M&eacute;da, D. &amp; Vendramin, P.</span></b><span style="font-family:Garamond">(2013).&nbsp;<i>R&eacute;inventer le travail</i>. Paris&nbsp;: PUF, 2013.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:4px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><b><span style="font-family:Garamond">Osty, F., Sainsaulieu, R. &amp; Uhalde, M.</span></b><span style="font-family:Garamond">(2007).&nbsp;<i>Les Mondes sociaux de l&rsquo;entreprise&nbsp;: penser le d&eacute;veloppement des organisations</i>. Paris&nbsp;: La D&eacute;couverte, 2007.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:4px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><b><span style="font-family:Garamond">Riboud, A.&nbsp;</span></b><span style="font-family:Garamond">(1987).&nbsp;</span><i><span style="font-family:Garamond">Modernisation&nbsp;: mode d&rsquo;emploi</span></i><span style="font-family:Garamond">. 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