<p>Article</p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">I</span></span></u></b><b><u><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">-</span></span></u></b><b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Introduction</span></span></u></b><b><u><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">:</span></span></u></b></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent: 35.4pt; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Aujourd&rsquo;hui, &agrave; l&rsquo;aube du 21&egrave;me si&egrave;cle, les entreprises &eacute;voluent dans un environnement de plus en plus complexe et changeant. En effet, la mondialisation des &eacute;changes, la globalisation des march&eacute;s et les innovations technologiques exacerbent les conditions de la concurrence de ces derni&egrave;res. C&rsquo;est dans ces conditions qu&rsquo;est apparue &laquo;<i>la nouvelle &eacute;conomie</i> &raquo; <b>(BOUNFOUR A,2000)</b>, dont les ressources critiques sont plut&ocirc;t de nature immat&eacute;rielle. De ce fait, la maitrise de l&rsquo;information devient un enjeu concurrentiel pour les entreprises en qu&ecirc;te de performance.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent: 35.4pt; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">La performance est un terme polys&eacute;mique puisque il poss&egrave;de plusieurs d&eacute;finitions. De nombreux chercheurs ont essay&eacute; d&rsquo;attribuer une d&eacute;finition &agrave; ce concept (<b>Bourguignon (1995), Bourguignon (1997), Bessire (1999), Bergeron (2000), Lorino (2003), Saulquin &amp; Schier (2007), Salgado (2013), Chadlia (2015), Chadlia (2015))</b>, mais il reste ambigu et peu pr&eacute;cis. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent: 35.4pt; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">&nbsp;Par ailleurs, il existe plusieurs types de performances. Nous distinguons la performance marketing, commerciale, humaine, manag&eacute;riale, environnementale, sociale, etc. Dans ce travail, nous nous int&eacute;ressons, particuli&egrave;rement, &agrave; la performance organisationnelle. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent: 35.4pt; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">La performance organisationnelle est conditionn&eacute;e par la pr&eacute;sence d&rsquo;un ensemble de facteurs, telle que la communication interne et les technologies d&rsquo;information et de la communication <b>(Botton, C., Jobin M.-H. et Haithem N. (2012)).</b> </span></span><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Dans ce cadre, La communication interne prend donc tout son sens actuellement. Elle est un des piliers essentiels de l&rsquo;entreprise. Par ailleurs, la communication interne permis de partager de l&rsquo;information beaucoup plus rapidement, et &agrave; beaucoup plus grande &eacute;chelle <b>(</b></span></span><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Detrie P., Meslin-Broyez Cath. (2002))</span></span></b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">. </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">A ce niveau, les technologies actuelles permettent une meilleure qualit&eacute; de communication interne. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent: 35.4pt; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Les TIC peuvent am&eacute;liorer d&#39;une part, le service fourni &agrave; la client&egrave;le, et d&#39;autre part les proc&eacute;dures de travail. Les TIC en tant qu&#39;outil ouvert et multidimensionnel peuvent donc &ecirc;tre un facteur int&eacute;ressant dans d&eacute;veloppement des performances des entreprises <b>(BRUNO H. et MAURICE I.,2002.</b></span></span><b> </b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">SAADOUN M., 1998)</span></span></b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">. Cependant, elles ne pourront jouer ce r&ocirc;le que si leur introduction est accompagn&eacute;e de changement adapt&eacute; dans les processus organisationnels et la gestion des ressources humaines.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent: 35.4pt; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;">&nbsp;<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Si cette r&eacute;alit&eacute; est vrais pour routes les entreprises, elle est encours plus pour les entreprise qui s&rsquo;engagent &agrave; l&rsquo;international.</span></span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">L&rsquo;avantage comparatif et le positionnement concurrentiel d&rsquo;une entreprise r&eacute;sultent g&eacute;n&eacute;ralement d&rsquo;orientations strat&eacute;giques longuement r&eacute;fl&eacute;chies et d&rsquo;un plan d&rsquo;action efficace.</span></span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Alors avant de se lancer, mieux vaut appr&eacute;hender le ou les march&eacute;s. Cela n&eacute;cessite d&rsquo;avoir recours &agrave; une veille strat&eacute;gique afin de saisir les opportunit&eacute;s &agrave; l&rsquo;international <b>(</b></span></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Laghzaoui, S. &amp; Monnoyer-Long&eacute;, M. 2013)</span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">. Donc, </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">sans connaissance approfondie et sans &nbsp;partage des information ,a travers une communication interne, pas de plan strat&eacute;gique donc pas d&rsquo;internationalisation r&eacute;ussie.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent: 35.4pt; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Ce constat th&eacute;orique nous a amen&eacute;s &agrave; poser dans le cadre de ce travail, la question suivante : <b>Quelle est l&rsquo;influence des r&eacute;seaux technologiques sur la performance des entreprises exportatrices hors hydrocarbures alg&eacute;riennes&nbsp;dans un cadre de veille strat&eacute;gique ?</b></span></span><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Pour r&eacute;pondre &agrave; notre probl&eacute;matique nous avons suppos&eacute; l&rsquo;hypoth&egrave;se g&eacute;n&eacute;rale suivant&nbsp;: <b>les entreprises exportatrices les plus performantes sont celles qui ont d&eacute;velopp&eacute; leur communication interne &agrave; travers l&rsquo;int&eacute;gration des technologies de l&rsquo;information et la communication de r&eacute;seau</b>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent: 35.4pt; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">L&rsquo;objectif de cette communication est de mesurer l&rsquo;impact des r&eacute;seaux technologiques sur la performance entreprise exportatrices hors hydrocarbures alg&eacute;riennes pratiquant des activit&eacute;s de veille strat&eacute;gique. D&rsquo;ailleurs, la communication interne rev&ecirc;t d&rsquo;une importance capitale dans a pratique de veille strat&eacute;gique, selon &hellip;&hellip;.. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent: 35.4pt; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">En utilisant la m&eacute;thode des &eacute;quations structurelles selon l&rsquo;approche PLS (Partial Least Square) via le logiciel PLS Smart. Cette &eacute;tude est de nature empirique, elle s&rsquo;est bas&eacute;e sur des enqu&ecirc;tes via des questionnaires administr&eacute;s aupr&egrave;s des entreprises exportatrices hors hydrocarbures alg&eacute;riennes.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent: 35.4pt; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Cet article est </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">organis&eacute; en deux parties. La premi&egrave;re contient un cadre th&eacute;orique pour fournir un panorama conceptuel li&eacute; aux technologies de l&rsquo;information et de la communication, a la performance organisationnelle et la communication interne. Nous aborderons dans la seconde partie la m&eacute;thodologie de recherche, la pr&eacute;sentation des r&eacute;sultats.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent: 35.4pt; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Il convient donc d&rsquo;embl&eacute;e de pr&eacute;ciser que nous avons consid&eacute;rons dans ce travail la communication interne comme variable m&eacute;diatrice entre les r&eacute;seaux technologiques de l&rsquo;entreprise et la performance.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <h1 dir="RTL" style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:16pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span dir="LTR" lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span style="font-weight:normal">I.1. </span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Fondements th&eacute;oriques de la recherche</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h1> <p style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">La fin des ann&eacute;es quatre &ndash;vingt- dix a &eacute;t&eacute; caract&eacute;ris&eacute;e par une vigoureuse reprise &eacute;conomique dans les entreprises les plus industrialis&eacute;es, dont le moteur a &eacute;t&eacute; essentiellement constitu&eacute; par les nouvelles technologies de l&rsquo;information et de la communication (TIC), n&eacute;es gr&acirc;ce &agrave; la conjonction de l&rsquo;informatique et des t&eacute;l&eacute;communications et l&rsquo;apparition de l&rsquo;Internet.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">La litt&eacute;rature du management, on constate qu&rsquo;il n&rsquo;y a pas un consensus sur la d&eacute;finition des TIC, vu leur h&eacute;t&eacute;rog&eacute;n&eacute;it&eacute; et leur complexit&eacute;. Selon <b>l&rsquo;OCDE</b> <b>(1998)</b>, le secteur des TIC &laquo; comprend les secteurs manufacturiers et des services qui facilitent la transmission, le stockage et le traitement de l&rsquo;information par des moyens &eacute;lectroniques &raquo;.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">CHARPENTIER P. (1997)</span></span></b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> propose la d&eacute;finition suivante &laquo; <i>Les technologies de l&rsquo;information regroupent les techniques permettant de collecter, stocker, traiter et transmettre des informations ; elles sont fond&eacute;es sur le principe de base du codage &eacute;lectronique de l&rsquo;information</i> &raquo;.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Selon <b>BRUNO H.</b>,<b> (2002)</b> les TIC sont d&eacute;finis comme &eacute;tant &laquo; <i>l&rsquo;ensemble des outils permettant d&rsquo;acc&eacute;der &agrave; l&rsquo;information, sous toutes ses formes, de la manipuler et de la transmettre</i> &raquo;. Cette d&eacute;finition ce base sur le r&ocirc;le des TIC dans l&rsquo;organisation et se montre la plus ad&eacute;quate &agrave; notre probl&eacute;matique, de ce fait, elle sera l&rsquo;axe de recherche de la suite de ce m&eacute;moire Le terme technologie se r&eacute;f&egrave;re aux mat&eacute;riels et aux techniques utilis&eacute;es dans l&#39;entreprise &agrave; des fins de production au sens large, de distribution, et de gestion. Le terme information est entendu au sens large. Il comprend tout ce qui peut &ecirc;tre num&eacute;ris&eacute; et trait&eacute; par l&#39;outil informatique (textes, images, sons, ensemble combinant plusieurs de ces &eacute;l&eacute;ments gr&acirc;ce &agrave; un outil multim&eacute;dia).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Selon <b>BRUNO O., (2007)</b> &laquo; <i>la communication est un terme r&eacute;serv&eacute; &agrave; l&rsquo;ensemble des processus d&rsquo;&eacute;change de messages entre les hommes et entre les groupes sociaux</i> &raquo;, le terme communication renvoie &agrave; l&#39;ensemble des techniques qui permettent l&#39;&eacute;mission et la r&eacute;ception </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">quasi imm&eacute;diate d&#39;une information, audio (t&eacute;l&eacute;phonie) &eacute;crite et num&eacute;ris&eacute;e (t&eacute;l&eacute;copie, messagerie &eacute;lectronique, visuelle - vid&eacute;oconf&eacute;rence).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Le traitement de l&#39;information re&ccedil;ue peut &ecirc;tre plus au moins automatis&eacute; (transferts, r&eacute;ponses automatiques, classements automatiques). <b>LAFITTE M. in DE REMUR D.B., (2006)</b> ajoute &laquo;<i> le d&eacute;but des ann&eacute;es 2000 a vu l&rsquo;explosion des r&eacute;seaux de communication et, &agrave; travers l&rsquo;Internet, leur capacit&eacute; &agrave; mailler potentiellement l&rsquo;ensemble de la plan&egrave;te&hellip;</i> &raquo;.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Dans ce contexte, les TIC regroupent tous les outils permettant d&rsquo;utiliser, de transf&eacute;rer ou de partager des donn&eacute;es num&eacute;riques (textes, images, sons,). Etant donn&eacute; que le processus informationnel est un processus communiquant et pour qu&rsquo;il y ait information, il faut qu&rsquo;il y ait communication, ce qui correspond &agrave; l&rsquo;aspect immat&eacute;riel des TIC. De ce fait, La communication de l&rsquo;information, sa m&eacute;morisation, sans inscription dans le sens informatique du terme la trace, la m&eacute;moire et l&rsquo;inscription renvoient &agrave; un dispositif bas&eacute; sur diverses technologies qui augmentent la cr&eacute;ation, le stockage, le traitement, la communication et la diffusion d&#39;information, ce qui repr&eacute;sente l&rsquo;aspect mat&eacute;riel des TIC.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">LAFITTE.M in DE REMUR D.B., (2006)</span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> r&eacute;sume l&rsquo;apport des technologies de l&rsquo;information et de la communication en quatre points :</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">- Compression du temps : la vitesse de traitement se chiffre en million d&rsquo;op&eacute;rations par seconde, ce qui permet de r&eacute;aliser dans un temps plus court des op&eacute;rations auparavant effectu&eacute;s manuellement ;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">- Compression de l&rsquo;espace : facilite la transmission quasi-instantan&eacute;e des donn&eacute;es entre n&rsquo;importe quel point du globe car les donn&eacute;es num&eacute;riques circulent &agrave; la vitesse de la lumi&egrave;re sur des r&eacute;seaux accessibles de partout ;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">- Capacit&eacute; de stockage : la technologie magn&eacute;tique et optique permet de stocker de grandes quantit&eacute;s d&rsquo;information dans un volume r&eacute;duit ;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">- Flexibilit&eacute; d&rsquo;usage : la num&eacute;risation des donn&eacute;es permet de leurs appliquer diff&eacute;rents traitements et de les restituer sous des formes et sur des supports divers.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 8px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b>I. </b><b>1.1. Les outils technologiques&nbsp;: </b></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Les TIC permettent </span></span></span><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">&agrave; la foi, de refl&eacute;ter les objectifs et les ambitions d&rsquo;une entreprise, mais &eacute;galement un moyen de mieux comprendre et &eacute;changer l&rsquo;information avec les employ&eacute;s de celle-ci. Grace aux TIC, la communication est devenue un moyen permettant de donner de la visibilit&eacute; aux collaborateurs. Plusieurs auteurs</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">ont donn&eacute; des d&eacute;finition &agrave; diff&eacute;rentes technologie de l&rsquo;information et de la communication <b>(ANGLEBERT.J, et al. (2000).&nbsp;</b></span></span></span><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Arcand, G. (2006). </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">BEZER P., et al. (2003). Bouquin, H. (1997), GOVARE V. (2002). GUNIA N. (2002). JAKOBIAK F. (2001). LEQUEUX. J.L. (2008).</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">PATERYON E. A, SALAMON.R.(1996). QUELENNEC C.(2007))</span></span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">.</span></span></span> <span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Le tableau, ci-dessous, r&eacute;sume certaines technologies de l&rsquo;information et de la communication :</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Tableau (1)&nbsp;: Les technologies de l&rsquo;information et de la communication</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></p> <table class="Table" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:130px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:312px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:215px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:130px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Technologique t&eacute;l&eacute;phonique</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:312px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Le t&eacute;l&eacute;phone est un appareil de communication qui permet de transmettre la voix pour une conversation &agrave; distance. Nous avons class&eacute; le t&eacute;l&eacute;phone dans le domaine des TIC m&ecirc;me s&rsquo;il a plus d&rsquo;un si&egrave;cle d&rsquo;existence</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:215px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">T&eacute;l&eacute;phone fixe</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">T&eacute;l&eacute;phone mobile</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Fax</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:130px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Les r&eacute;seaux</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:312px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">&laquo;&nbsp;Un r&eacute;seau est un syst&egrave;me </span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">permettant de relier des ordinateurs entre eux. Il est constitu&eacute; d&rsquo;un ensemble de c&acirc;bles en cuivre et en fibre optique v&eacute;hiculant des signaux. Un signal repr&eacute;sente une unit&eacute; d&rsquo;information (le bit) &eacute;mise par un ordinateur. Une s&eacute;rie de bits permet d&rsquo;identifier de mani&egrave;re unique une information<i>&nbsp;&raquo; (</i></span></span><span style="font-size:6.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">26</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">MONTAGNER J.L., 2001)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:215px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Extranet, Intranet I</span></span></b><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">internet</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:130px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Les outils de gestion de donn&eacute;es</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:312px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;">&nbsp;repr&eacute;sente les technologies servant &agrave; stocker, &agrave; manipuler ou g&eacute;rer, et &agrave; partager des informations dans une <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_de_donn%C3%A9es" title="Base de données"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="text-underline:none">base de donn&eacute;es</span></span></a>, en garantissant la qualit&eacute;, la p&eacute;rennit&eacute; et la confidentialit&eacute; des informations, tout en cachant la complexit&eacute; des op&eacute;rations.</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:215px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Datawarehouse, Datamining</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Entreprise Ressource Planning (ERP)</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Echange de Donn&eacute;es Informatis&eacute;es (EDI)</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Source</span></span></b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">&nbsp;: R&eacute;alis&eacute; par les auteurs &agrave; travers la revus de la litt&eacute;rature</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; D&rsquo;apr&egrave;s <b>BENABDESLAM C., et BOUKRIF M., (2018)</b>&nbsp;&laquo;&nbsp;</span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Gr&acirc;ce &agrave; un progr&egrave;s technologiques continu, l&rsquo;internet est devenu la place de partage de donn&eacute;es de diffusion d&rsquo;informations. Il est le moyen le plus utilis&eacute; pour communiquer dans le monde des affaires</span></span></i> <span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">&raquo;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Les TIC ont r&eacute;volutionn&eacute;es le monde des affaires et ont d&eacute;velopp&eacute;es les techniques et m&eacute;thodes utilis&eacute;es dans les organisations &laquo; Ce d&eacute;veloppement ne pourra &ecirc;tre r&eacute;alis&eacute; que gr&acirc;ce &agrave; une grande vigilance vis-&agrave;-vis des nouveaut&eacute;s techniques d&rsquo;abord (c&rsquo;est la veille technologique), et aussi, parall&egrave;lement et en permanence ; vis-&agrave;-vis des concurrents actuels</span></span><i> </i><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">(</span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">c&rsquo;est la veille concurrentielle), en d&eacute;tectant, le cas &eacute;ch&eacute;ant, l&rsquo;arriv&eacute;e de nouveaux acteurs pouvant pr&eacute;senter un danger&raquo; <b>(JAKOBIAK F.,2001).</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Les TIC, notamment les r&eacute;seau technologique, facilitent l&rsquo;&eacute;mergence de nouveaux modes de travail provoquant la disparition d&rsquo;un certain mode de travail traditionnel ou transforme celui existant. La num&eacute;risation offre une capacit&eacute; exponentielle pour l&rsquo;accroissement de la productivit&eacute;. Elle permet l&rsquo;accessibilit&eacute; &agrave; une diversit&eacute; de savoirs, &agrave; une diversit&eacute; de points de vue qui stimulent les &eacute;changes. Elle tisse une forme diff&eacute;rente &laquo; <i>d&rsquo;intelligence collective</i> <b>&raquo; (</b></span></span><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">GUILHON</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> B. et LEVET J.L.,2003</span></span></b><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">)</span></span></b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> c&rsquo;est-&agrave;-dire &laquo; <i>une intelligence partout distribu&eacute;e, sans cesse valoris&eacute;e, coordonn&eacute;e en temps r&eacute;el, qui aboutit &agrave; une mobilisation effective des comp&eacute;tences</i> &raquo; <b>(</b></span></span><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">GUILHON B. et LEVET J.L.,2003).</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">La technologie apporte la puissance et la souplesse dans la production, et d&eacute;veloppe des fa&ccedil;ons de collaborer qui s&rsquo;inscrivent dans la diversit&eacute; des partenariats institutionnels financiers, scientifiques, acad&eacute;miques et sociaux nombreux.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Dor&eacute;navant, l&rsquo;imp&eacute;ratif est de g&eacute;rer la mati&egrave;re premi&egrave;re qu&rsquo;est devenue la connaissance. Qu&rsquo;on la retienne pour se prot&eacute;ger ou qu&rsquo;on la qu&ecirc;te pour se renforcer, elle cause l&rsquo;enrichissement des entreprises et la prosp&eacute;rit&eacute; des nations ; sans compter les gisements d&rsquo;emploi qu&rsquo;elle octroie, forgeant une culture du renseignement avec ses aspects d&eacute;fensifs et offensifs au sein des firmes, quelle que soit leur taille, elle constitue une approche d&rsquo;aide &agrave; la d&eacute;cision et suscite un bouleversement culturel qui fait surgir un monde virtuel dans lequel les technologies agissent en synergie.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 8px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b>I. </b><b>1.</b><b>3. </b><b>La communication interne dans l&rsquo;entreprise</b></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Une nouvelle puissance &eacute;merge au sein des entreprises, celle de la communication interne<i>.</i></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">La communication fait&nbsp;&nbsp; partie&nbsp;&nbsp; des&nbsp;&nbsp; pratiques quotidiennes indispensables interne. Elle&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; est une d&eacute;marche essentielle dans la vie des entreprises modernes. Elle permet &agrave; chacun de se situer dans l&rsquo;organisation en comprenant mieux la strat&eacute;gie g&eacute;n&eacute;rale, les activit&eacute;s et les objectifs fix&eacute;s aux autres services. Elle&nbsp;&nbsp; devient&nbsp;&nbsp; imp&eacute;rative&nbsp;&nbsp; de&nbsp;&nbsp; bien&nbsp;&nbsp; informer&nbsp;&nbsp; dans l&rsquo;organisation afin de mobiliser les &eacute;nergies et d&#39;obtenir l&#39;adh&eacute;sion des intelligences &agrave; des objectifs communs. </span></span><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Nicole Aubert (2002)</span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">, D&eacute;finie la communication comme &eacute;tant &laquo; un processus qui consiste &agrave; instaurer une relation d&#39;&eacute;change, cr&eacute;atrice de valeur, entre des personnes et/ou des groupes. Pour que cette cr&eacute;ation de valeur soit effective, l&#39;&eacute;change doit non seulement porter sur un contenu (des messages, des informations), mais aussi sur des relations (des sensibilit&eacute;s, des modes de pens&eacute;es et des visions du monde) &raquo;. Donc, la communication d&eacute;pend des personnes, des contenus, des attentes et des probl&egrave;mes &agrave; r&eacute;soudre. Pour r&eacute;sumer, nous pouvons avancer que la communication interne est une pratique organisationnelle qui permettent l&rsquo;&eacute;change de donn&eacute;es, d&rsquo;informations, de connaissance entre les membres de l&rsquo;entreprise. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">&laquo; La communication interne </span></span></i><i><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">conna&icirc;t&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; une&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; expansion&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; continue. Son d&eacute;veloppement s&rsquo;observe dans un nombre consid&eacute;rable d&rsquo;organisations, priv&eacute;es ou publiques [...]. &raquo;&nbsp; </span></span></i><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">(KACIAF, LEGAVRE, 2011</span></span></b><i><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">).&nbsp; </span></span></i><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Comme nous le d&eacute;montre cette citation, la communication fait d&eacute;sormais partie int&eacute;grante de la vie des entreprises. Elle prend de plus en plus d&rsquo;importance, elle est au c&oelig;ur de la strat&eacute;gie de l&rsquo;entreprise.&nbsp; D&eacute;sormais&nbsp;&nbsp; la communication interne accompagne le changement, pr&eacute;vient les conflits et les d&eacute;samorce. Elle est transverse, entre la direction et les salari&eacute;s, entre le marketing et le management. C&rsquo;est donc une fonction encore m&eacute;connue mais devenue essentielle. L&rsquo;&eacute;volution de communication interne est li&eacute;e au d&eacute;veloppement de plusieurs facteurs<i>&nbsp;:</i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">En premier lieu, les &eacute;volutions technologiques des moyens de communication sont une des principales sources de mutations de la fonction de communication interne (<b>BEAL, FROMMER, LESTOCART,2011).</b> Elles ont permis de partager de l&rsquo;information beaucoup plus rapidement, et &agrave; beaucoup plus grande &eacute;chelle. En deuxi&egrave;me lieu l&rsquo;internationalisation, qui est sujets&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &agrave;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; de&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; grandes transformations depuis quelques dizaines d&rsquo;ann&eacute;es avec la mondialisation, la mont&eacute;e du capitalisme. En effet L&rsquo;ouverture &agrave; la concurrence, internationalisation...&nbsp; Les &eacute;volutions &eacute;conomiques touchent directement et profond&eacute;ment les salari&eacute;s.&nbsp; Elles supposent des changements parfois radicaux dans leur mode de travail, dans leur vie personnelle avec des mutations etc.&nbsp; La communication interne a donc un r&ocirc;le extr&ecirc;mement important &agrave; jouer, &agrave; accompagner le changement.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">I. </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">1.4. L</span></span></b><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">a performance des entreprises</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b>&nbsp;</b></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">La performance est un concept pluridimensionnel, car il est difficilement s&eacute;parable du contexte dans lequel il est utilis&eacute;. La performance rejoint l&rsquo;habilet&eacute; d&rsquo;une organisation &agrave; d&eacute;gager de la valeur dans le futur <b>(Botton et <i>al</i>., 2000)</b>. Plusieurs d&eacute;finitions de la performance &eacute;mergent dans la litt&eacute;rature. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:yellow"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">D&rsquo;apr&egrave;s Kalia (1988), la performance organisationnelle repr&eacute;sente &laquo; les mesures portant directement sur la structure organisationnelle et non pas sur ses cons&eacute;quences &eacute;ventuelles de nature sociale ou &eacute;conomique. Ces indicateurs sont int&eacute;ressants dans la mesure o&ugrave; ils permettent de discerner les difficult&eacute;s organisationnelles au travers de leurs premi&egrave;res manifestations, avant que les effets induits par celles-ci ne soient ressentis d&rsquo;un point de vue &eacute;conomique &raquo;. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:yellow"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Sicotte et <i>al</i>. (1999) et Giauque et <i>al</i>. (2008)</span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:yellow"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">, quant &agrave; eux identifient quatre dimensions pour d&eacute;finir la performance : l&rsquo;accomplissement de la mission de l&rsquo;organisation ; l&rsquo;acquisition et le contr&ocirc;le des ressources et comp&eacute;tences ; la d&eacute;livrance de services de qualit&eacute; ; le d&eacute;veloppement et le maintien d&rsquo;une culture et de valeurs communes.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:yellow"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Dans le cadre de cette &eacute;tude, en consid&eacute;rant l&rsquo;approche de ces diff&eacute;rents auteurs, nous consid&eacute;rons la performance organisationnelle comme la mani&egrave;re dont l&rsquo;entreprise est organis&eacute;e pour atteindre ses objectifs et la fa&ccedil;on dont elle parvient &agrave; les atteindre. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:yellow"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Figure </span></span></span><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:yellow"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">1</span></span></span><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:yellow"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> La performance organisationnelle </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><img height="402" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_486_1_image-20200321195806-1.png" width="500" /></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:yellow"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Source&nbsp;: </span></span></span></b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:yellow"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Lusthaus, C. (1998). Am&eacute;liorer la performance organisationnelle : manuel d&#39;auto &eacute;valuation. IDRC.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:yellow"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">La performance d&rsquo;une organisation se manifeste dans les activit&eacute;s men&eacute;es pour accomplir sa mission. Les r&eacute;sultats et leurs effets en sont les aspects les plus ais&eacute;ment observables.la performance de l&rsquo;entreprise renvoie &agrave; l&rsquo;efficacit&eacute;, l&rsquo;efficience la pertinence et la variabilit&eacute; financi&egrave;re de l&rsquo;organisation.</span></span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">I. </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">1.5. </span></span></b><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Les liens th&eacute;oriques entre les TIC, communication interne et la performance organisationnelle </span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Le capital humain de l&rsquo;organisation appara&icirc;t comme une ressource strat&eacute;gique dans la mesure o&ugrave; les connaissances, les comp&eacute;tences et les aptitudes qu&rsquo;il repr&eacute;sente sont rares, imparfaitement imitables et non substituables <b>(Barney, 1991 ; Arcand, 2006)</b>. Des travaux ont pu montrer que, la performance organisationnelle des PME passe n&eacute;cessairement par la prise en compte de la communication interne (</span></span><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Phillipe D&eacute;trie et Catherine Meslin- Broyez(2002),&nbsp; </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Alex Mucchielli(1983),</span></span></b><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Peter Drucker</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> (1999)</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">)</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Phillipe D&eacute;trie et Catherine Meslin- Broyez(2002)</span></span></b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> ont une approche originale qui place la communication interne au c&oelig;ur de la nouvelle comp&eacute;titivit&eacute;. Pour eux, l&#39;absence de coh&eacute;sion interne est flagrante dans le management de nombreuses organisations. Ces auteurs expliquent cette situation par le fait que l&#39;entreprise n&#39;est pas une addition de comp&eacute;tences, mais une multiplication des comp&eacute;tences. Une seule erreur peut donc &ecirc;tre pr&eacute;judiciable &agrave; la performance de l&#39;entreprise. De ces constats, ils assignent &agrave; la communication interne les r&ocirc;les suivants :&nbsp;&laquo;&nbsp;encourager<i> les comportements d&#39;&eacute;coute, faire circuler l&#39;information, faciliter le travail en commun, promouvoir l&#39;esprit de coop&eacute;ration. En un mot, d&eacute;velopper le sens du collectif<a name="fnref11"></a>&nbsp;&raquo;</i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><i><sup>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </sup></i><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Alex Mucchielli (1983)<i> </i></span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">dresse un am&egrave;re constat<b><i> </i></b>des cons&eacute;quences que le dysfonctionnement de la communication interne peut engendrer. Il s&#39;agit entre autres des surcharges d&#39;informations &agrave; r&eacute;percuter, de l&#39;inattention de collaborateurs d&eacute;bord&eacute;s, de l&#39;inefficacit&eacute; des outils d&#39;information interne, de la circulation de rumeurs, de la valse des audits et des projets inutiles... </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Face &agrave; de tels ph&eacute;nom&egrave;nes, l&#39;auteur estime que les bonnes intentions, ne suffisent pas. Un effort in&eacute;dit de compr&eacute;hension s&#39;impose si l&#39;on veut que la communication interne puisse jouer le r&ocirc;le grandissant que lui conf&egrave;rent les attentes des salari&eacute;s et les besoins des managers dans les entreprises du XXIe si&egrave;cle.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">De son c&ocirc;t&eacute; <b>Peter Drucker (1999)</b>, pr&eacute;cise que l&#39;actif le plus pr&eacute;cieux d&#39;une entreprise au 20&egrave; si&egrave;cle &eacute;tait son &eacute;quipement de production. Au 21 &egrave; si&egrave;cle, ce sera ses travailleurs du savoir et leur productivit&eacute;. Peter Drucker pense qu&#39;une entreprise n&#39;est pas seulement une addition de produits et de services. Il s&#39;agit selon lui, avant tout, d&#39;une soci&eacute;t&eacute; humaine qui g&eacute;n&egrave;re certaines formes culturelles. Et ceci implique le renoncement &agrave; l&#39;autoritarisme&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;<i>Aucun syst&egrave;me fond&eacute; sur un cloisonnement rigide qui confie la prise de d&eacute;cisions &agrave; la seule classe de &laquo;&nbsp;ceux qui savent&nbsp;&raquo; n&#39;est en mesure de r&eacute;pondre avec rapidit&eacute; et flexibilit&eacute; aux exigences du client. Cela signifie &eacute;galement qu&#39;il faut rompre avec certains types de m&eacute;taphores comme les &laquo;&nbsp;bras&nbsp;&raquo; de l&#39;entreprise. Le service du client fait appel &agrave; toutes les capacit&eacute;s humaines, les bras, la t&ecirc;te, le c&oelig;ur&nbsp;&raquo;</i>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">A travers les TIC, la communication interne est am&eacute;lior&eacute;e et offre une ma&icirc;trise de l&rsquo;information meilleurs. Ce qui permet &agrave; l&rsquo;entreprise de contr&ocirc;ler ses syst&egrave;mes productifs, de gestion commerciale, financi&egrave;re, humaine et informationnelle. D&egrave;s lors, par le biais des TIC, le syst&egrave;me d&rsquo;information est de communication repr&eacute;sente une nouvelle variable cl&eacute; de comp&eacute;titivit&eacute; au sein des entreprises dans le court, le moyen et le long terme.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">A notre niveau, nous voulons surtout d&eacute;montrer que les technologies de l&rsquo;information et de la communication influencent positivement la communication interne de l&rsquo;entreprise et que la communication interne de l&rsquo;entreprise influence positivement la performance des entreprises. Sachant que le personnel doit donc &ecirc;tre la premi&egrave;re cible des actions de communication de l&#39;entreprise pour mieux s&#39;approprier ses objectifs afin de promouvoir et de d&eacute;fendre ses grandes causes ils doivent int&eacute;gr&eacute; et maitris&eacute; les TIC. Faute de cette d&eacute;marche, l&#39;entreprise court de nombreux risques de contre- performances. Aujourd&#39;hui en effet, l&#39;efficacit&eacute; de l&#39;entreprise ne d&eacute;pend pas seulement de sa capacit&eacute; &agrave; produire mais &eacute;galement de son habilit&eacute; &agrave; communiquer, &agrave; &eacute;tablir des relations de confiance avec tous les acteurs dont d&eacute;pend son &eacute;quilibre. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b><u><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">II</span></span></u></b><b><u><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> &ndash;</span></span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">M&eacute;thodes et Mat&eacute;riels&nbsp;:</span></span></u></b><b><u> </u></b></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Pour r&eacute;pondre &agrave; notre probl&eacute;matique nous avons effectu&eacute; une enqu&ecirc;te du terrain. </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">L&rsquo;&eacute;chantillon est construit &agrave; partir des r&eacute;sultats du recensement d&rsquo;entreprises exportatrices hors hydrocarbures alg&eacute;riennes. A partir de la liste d&rsquo;entreprises exportatrices hors hydrocarbures fournies par l&rsquo;organisme d&rsquo;appui aux exportations ALGEX (</span></span><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Agence nationale de promotion du commerce ext&eacute;rieur</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">), nous avons constitu&eacute; un &eacute;chantillon final de 33 entreprises exportatrices hors hydrocarbure est qui pratique de la veille strat&eacute;gique. Le questionnaire qui a servi &agrave; la r&eacute;alisation de l&rsquo;enqu&ecirc;te comporte environ 50 questions principales. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Pour le traitement des donn&eacute;es nous avons choisi la mod&eacute;lisation par les moindres carr&eacute;s partiels (PLS), cette m&eacute;thode est en ad&eacute;quation avec le caract&egrave;re causal de notre probl&eacute;matique.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">La figure 2 repr&eacute;sente le mod&egrave;le structurel de notre recherche. La variable ind&eacute;pendante est la technologie de l&rsquo;information et de la communication, tandis que la variable d&eacute;pendante est la performance des entreprises. Nous avons utilis&eacute; la communication interne comme &eacute;tant ne variable m&eacute;diatrice entre les TIC et la performance de l&rsquo;entreprise.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> <p class="CxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 35.45pt; margin-bottom: 8px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">II</span></span></b><b> </b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">.1. </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Les variables de notre mod&egrave;le th&eacute;orique</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 35.45pt; margin-bottom: 8px;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent: 35.45pt; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">A travers notre revue de la litt&eacute;rature, nous avons retenu un ensemble de variable manifestantes nos permettons de mesurer nos variables latentes. Le tableau, ci-dessous, r&eacute;sumes les diff&eacute;rentes variables de notre mod&egrave;le.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Tableau (2)&nbsp;: repr&eacute;sentation des variables manifestes et des variables latentes</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> <table align="left" class="Table" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none; margin-left:6px; margin-right:6px" width="633"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; width:115px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:55px; border-top:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:1px solid #bfbfbf" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Les variables latentes du mod&egrave;le</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">&xi; j= (1&agrave;3)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; width:244px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:55px; border-top:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Les variables manifestes du mod&egrave;le</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; width:170px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:55px; border-top:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Nom des variables manifestes Xjh</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; width:104px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:55px; border-top:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; width:115px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:75px; background-color:#f2f2f2; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:1px solid #bfbfbf" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Les r&eacute;seaux</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; width:244px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:75px; background-color:#f2f2f2; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">L&rsquo;Internet</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">L&rsquo;Intranet </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">L&rsquo;extranet</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; width:170px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:75px; background-color:#f2f2f2; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Internet</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Intranet </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Extranet</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; width:104px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:75px; background-color:#f2f2f2; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">h= (1&agrave;3)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; width:115px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:55px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:1px solid #bfbfbf" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">La communication interne</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; width:244px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:55px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">La circulation verticale de l&rsquo;information</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">La circulation Horizontale de l&rsquo;information</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">L&rsquo;am&eacute;lioration de la communication</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; width:170px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:55px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Cerinfoverlb</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Cirdinforzbn</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Cirdinfoam</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; width:104px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:55px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">h= (1&agrave;3)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; width:115px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:84px; background-color:#f2f2f2; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:1px solid #bfbfbf" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">La performance</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; width:244px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:84px; background-color:#f2f2f2; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Intervalle du chiffre d&rsquo;affaire</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Taux du chiffre d&rsquo;affaire &agrave; l&rsquo;export</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Le nombre de march&eacute; &eacute;tranger p&eacute;n&eacute;tr&eacute; </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; width:170px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:84px; background-color:#f2f2f2; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">ICA</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Texport</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">nbrM</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; width:104px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:84px; background-color:#f2f2f2; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">h= (1&agrave;3)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; width:115px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:56px; background-color:#f2f2f2; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:1px solid #bfbfbf" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Mode de repr&eacute;sentativit&eacute;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; width:414px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:56px; background-color:#f2f2f2; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; R&eacute;flectif&nbsp; Xjh= &lambda;jh &xi;j +&epsilon;jh</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">&xi; j= (1&agrave;3)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; width:104px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:56px; background-color:#f2f2f2; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Source</span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">&nbsp;:<b> </b>R&eacute;alis&eacute; par nous m&ecirc;me &agrave; travers la revue de la litt&eacute;rature</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Pour mesurer les technologies de l&rsquo;information et de la communication, dans notre mod&egrave;le, nous avons opt&eacute; les r&eacute;seaux technologiques &agrave; savoir&nbsp;: l&rsquo;Internet, l&rsquo;Intranet, et l&rsquo;Extranet. Nous nous somme content&eacute; de ces trois technologies par ce qu&rsquo;au niveau des entreprises alg&eacute;riennes ne poss&egrave;dent pas de technologies plus avanc&eacute; pour &eacute;largir l&rsquo;&eacute;tude. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Afin de mesurer la performance des entreprises nous avons utilis&eacute; le chiffre d&rsquo;affaire, le taux du chiffre d&rsquo;affaire li&eacute;e aux exportations et le nombre de march&eacute;s p&eacute;n&eacute;tr&eacute;s par l&rsquo;entreprise interview&eacute;.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Enfin, nous avons estim&eacute; apr&egrave;s notre revue de la litt&eacute;rature que la communication interne dans l&rsquo;entreprise joue un r&ocirc;le interm&eacute;diaire entre les TIC et la performance. </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Les variables manifestantes du mod&egrave;le de recherche sont au nombre de 3 &agrave; savoir&nbsp;: les TIC, la communication interne et performance de l&rsquo;entreprise. Les variables latentes du mod&egrave;le de recherche sont au nombre de 9, dont 3 variables sont r&eacute;serv&eacute;es pour les TIC, 3 autre pour la communication interne et 3 autre sp&eacute;cifiques &agrave; la performance de l&rsquo;entreprises</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Les variables TIC et communication interne sont op&eacute;rationnalis&eacute;es &agrave; l&rsquo;aide des diff&eacute;rents items qui sont formul&eacute;s sous forme de questions.&nbsp; Ces items ont &eacute;t&eacute; collect&eacute;s sur des &eacute;chelles de Likert de cinqui&egrave;me degr&eacute; allant de &laquo; Tr&egrave;s faible &raquo; jusqu&rsquo;&agrave; &laquo; Tr&egrave;s &eacute;lev&eacute; &raquo;.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Figure ( 2)&nbsp;: Le mod&egrave;le structurelle de recherche</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><v:shape filled="f" id="ZoneTexte_x0020_7" o:gfxdata="UEsDBBQABgAIAAAAIQC2gziS/gAAAOEBAAATAAAAW0NvbnRlbnRfVHlwZXNdLnhtbJSRQU7DMBBF 90jcwfIWJU67QAgl6YK0S0CoHGBkTxKLZGx5TGhvj5O2G0SRWNoz/78nu9wcxkFMGNg6quQqL6RA 0s5Y6ir5vt9lD1JwBDIwOMJKHpHlpr69KfdHjyxSmriSfYz+USnWPY7AufNIadK6MEJMx9ApD/oD OlTrorhX2lFEilmcO2RdNtjC5xDF9pCuTyYBB5bi6bQ4syoJ3g9WQ0ymaiLzg5KdCXlKLjvcW893 SUOqXwnz5DrgnHtJTxOsQfEKIT7DmDSUCaxw7Rqn8787ZsmRM9e2VmPeBN4uqYvTtW7jvijg9N/y JsXecLq0q+WD6m8AAAD//wMAUEsDBBQABgAIAAAAIQA4/SH/1gAAAJQBAAALAAAAX3JlbHMvLnJl bHOkkMFqwzAMhu+DvYPRfXGawxijTi+j0GvpHsDYimMaW0Yy2fr2M4PBMnrbUb/Q94l/f/hMi1qR JVI2sOt6UJgd+ZiDgffL8ekFlFSbvV0oo4EbChzGx4f9GRdb25HMsYhqlCwG5lrLq9biZkxWOiqY 22YiTra2kYMu1l1tQD30/bPm3wwYN0x18gb45AdQl1tp5j/sFB2T0FQ7R0nTNEV3j6o9feQzro1i OWA14Fm+Q8a1a8+Bvu/d/dMb2JY5uiPbhG/ktn4cqGU/er3pcvwCAAD//wMAUEsDBBQABgAIAAAA IQDvEz+AmAEAABUDAAAOAAAAZHJzL2Uyb0RvYy54bWysUk1PGzEQvSP1P1i+N7ugktBVNgiK6KUC JOiFm+O1s5bWHnfGyW7+fcdOCFV7q7h41zPj5/fh5fXkB7EzSA5CK89ntRQmaOhc2LTy58v95ysp KKnQqQGCaeXekLxefTpbjrExF9DD0BkUDBKoGWMr+5RiU1Wke+MVzSCawE0L6FXiLW6qDtXI6H6o Lup6Xo2AXUTQhoird4emXBV8a41Oj9aSSWJoJXNLZcWyrvNarZaq2aCKvdNHGuo/WHjlAl96grpT SYktun+gvNMIBDbNNPgKrHXaFA2s5rz+S81zr6IpWtgciieb6ONg9cPuCYXrWslBBeU5olcO6sVM yYhFtmeM1PDUc+S5NN3CxDG/1YmLWfVk0ecv6xHcZ6P3J3MZSWguzuuv85o7mluXV18Wi8uMUr0f jkjpuwEv8k8rkbMrlqrdD0qH0beRfFeAezcMuZ4ZHpjkvzStpyLoxHIN3Z7Jj5xyK+nXVqGRAtPw DcqjyGAUb7aJAcs9GeVw5gjO3hemx3eSw/1zX6beX/PqNwAAAP//AwBQSwMEFAAGAAgAAAAhAJ30 x8PXAAAAAwEAAA8AAABkcnMvZG93bnJldi54bWxMj09PwzAMxe9IfIfIk7ixtJOYoDSdJv5IHLiw lbvXmKZa41RNtnbfHsMFLraenvX8e+Vm9r060xi7wAbyZQaKuAm249ZAvX+9vQcVE7LFPjAZuFCE TXV9VWJhw8QfdN6lVkkIxwINuJSGQuvYOPIYl2EgFu8rjB6TyLHVdsRJwn2vV1m21h47lg8OB3py 1Bx3J28gJbvNL/WLj2+f8/vz5LLmDmtjbhbz9hFUojn9HcMPvqBDJUyHcGIbVW9AiqTfKd7DWtRB 9ioHXZX6P3v1DQAA//8DAFBLAQItABQABgAIAAAAIQC2gziS/gAAAOEBAAATAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAABbQ29udGVudF9UeXBlc10ueG1sUEsBAi0AFAAGAAgAAAAhADj9If/WAAAAlAEAAAsAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAALwEAAF9yZWxzLy5yZWxzUEsBAi0AFAAGAAgAAAAhAO8TP4CYAQAAFQMAAA4AAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAALgIAAGRycy9lMm9Eb2MueG1sUEsBAi0AFAAGAAgAAAAhAJ30x8PXAAAAAwEAAA8A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA8gMAAGRycy9kb3ducmV2LnhtbFBLBQYAAAAABAAEAPMAAAD2BAAAAAA= " stroked="f" style="position:absolute; left:0; text-align:left; margin-left:209px; margin-top:135px; width:40.15pt; height:21.45pt; z-index:251656192" type="#_x0000_t202"> <v:textbox> </v:textbox></v:shape></span></span></span></span></span></p> <table width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <div> <p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="color:black">H1.1</span></span></b></span></span></p> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <div> <p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="color:black">H1.2</span></span></b></span></span></p> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><img height="301" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_486_1_image-20200321195806-2.png" width="676" /></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><v:shape filled="f" id="_x0000_s1029" o:gfxdata="UEsDBBQABgAIAAAAIQC2gziS/gAAAOEBAAATAAAAW0NvbnRlbnRfVHlwZXNdLnhtbJSRQU7DMBBF 90jcwfIWJU67QAgl6YK0S0CoHGBkTxKLZGx5TGhvj5O2G0SRWNoz/78nu9wcxkFMGNg6quQqL6RA 0s5Y6ir5vt9lD1JwBDIwOMJKHpHlpr69KfdHjyxSmriSfYz+USnWPY7AufNIadK6MEJMx9ApD/oD OlTrorhX2lFEilmcO2RdNtjC5xDF9pCuTyYBB5bi6bQ4syoJ3g9WQ0ymaiLzg5KdCXlKLjvcW893 SUOqXwnz5DrgnHtJTxOsQfEKIT7DmDSUCaxw7Rqn8787ZsmRM9e2VmPeBN4uqYvTtW7jvijg9N/y JsXecLq0q+WD6m8AAAD//wMAUEsDBBQABgAIAAAAIQA4/SH/1gAAAJQBAAALAAAAX3JlbHMvLnJl bHOkkMFqwzAMhu+DvYPRfXGawxijTi+j0GvpHsDYimMaW0Yy2fr2M4PBMnrbUb/Q94l/f/hMi1qR JVI2sOt6UJgd+ZiDgffL8ekFlFSbvV0oo4EbChzGx4f9GRdb25HMsYhqlCwG5lrLq9biZkxWOiqY 22YiTra2kYMu1l1tQD30/bPm3wwYN0x18gb45AdQl1tp5j/sFB2T0FQ7R0nTNEV3j6o9feQzro1i OWA14Fm+Q8a1a8+Bvu/d/dMb2JY5uiPbhG/ktn4cqGU/er3pcvwCAAD//wMAUEsDBBQABgAIAAAA IQDvEz+AmAEAABUDAAAOAAAAZHJzL2Uyb0RvYy54bWysUk1PGzEQvSP1P1i+N7ugktBVNgiK6KUC JOiFm+O1s5bWHnfGyW7+fcdOCFV7q7h41zPj5/fh5fXkB7EzSA5CK89ntRQmaOhc2LTy58v95ysp KKnQqQGCaeXekLxefTpbjrExF9DD0BkUDBKoGWMr+5RiU1Wke+MVzSCawE0L6FXiLW6qDtXI6H6o Lup6Xo2AXUTQhoird4emXBV8a41Oj9aSSWJoJXNLZcWyrvNarZaq2aCKvdNHGuo/WHjlAl96grpT SYktun+gvNMIBDbNNPgKrHXaFA2s5rz+S81zr6IpWtgciieb6ONg9cPuCYXrWslBBeU5olcO6sVM yYhFtmeM1PDUc+S5NN3CxDG/1YmLWfVk0ecv6xHcZ6P3J3MZSWguzuuv85o7mluXV18Wi8uMUr0f jkjpuwEv8k8rkbMrlqrdD0qH0beRfFeAezcMuZ4ZHpjkvzStpyLoxHIN3Z7Jj5xyK+nXVqGRAtPw DcqjyGAUb7aJAcs9GeVw5gjO3hemx3eSw/1zX6beX/PqNwAAAP//AwBQSwMEFAAGAAgAAAAhAJ30 x8PXAAAAAwEAAA8AAABkcnMvZG93bnJldi54bWxMj09PwzAMxe9IfIfIk7ixtJOYoDSdJv5IHLiw lbvXmKZa41RNtnbfHsMFLraenvX8e+Vm9r060xi7wAbyZQaKuAm249ZAvX+9vQcVE7LFPjAZuFCE TXV9VWJhw8QfdN6lVkkIxwINuJSGQuvYOPIYl2EgFu8rjB6TyLHVdsRJwn2vV1m21h47lg8OB3py 1Bx3J28gJbvNL/WLj2+f8/vz5LLmDmtjbhbz9hFUojn9HcMPvqBDJUyHcGIbVW9AiqTfKd7DWtRB 9ioHXZX6P3v1DQAA//8DAFBLAQItABQABgAIAAAAIQC2gziS/gAAAOEBAAATAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAABbQ29udGVudF9UeXBlc10ueG1sUEsBAi0AFAAGAAgAAAAhADj9If/WAAAAlAEAAAsAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAALwEAAF9yZWxzLy5yZWxzUEsBAi0AFAAGAAgAAAAhAO8TP4CYAQAAFQMAAA4AAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAALgIAAGRycy9lMm9Eb2MueG1sUEsBAi0AFAAGAAgAAAAhAJ30x8PXAAAAAwEAAA8A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA8gMAAGRycy9kb3ducmV2LnhtbFBLBQYAAAAABAAEAPMAAAD2BAAAAAA= " stroked="f" style="position:absolute; left:0; text-align:left; margin-left:367px; margin-top:24px; width:33.1pt; height:21.45pt; z-index:251658240" type="#_x0000_t202"> <v:textbox> </v:textbox></v:shape></span></span></span></span></span></p> <table width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <div> <p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="color:black">H1</span></span></b></span></span></p> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Source</span></span></b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">&nbsp;: R&eacute;alis&eacute; par nous-m&ecirc;me gr&acirc;ce au logiciel PLS Smart 3.0</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">III</span></span></u></b><b><u><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">-</span></span></u></b><b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">R&eacute;sultats et Discussion</span></span></u></b><b><u><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">: </span></span></u></b></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Avant de passer &agrave; tester la validit&eacute; interne et externe du mod&egrave;le conceptuel, des analyses de fiabilit&eacute; des &eacute;chelles et des v&eacute;rifications de l&rsquo;unidimensionnalit&eacute; ont &eacute;t&eacute; faites. Examiner la fiabilit&eacute; des mesures revoie &agrave; examiner la consistance interne des items de chaque facteur &agrave; l&rsquo;aide du coefficient alpha de Cronbach. Pour chaque dimension, la valeur de cette consistance interne est sup&eacute;rieure &agrave; 0.5 (</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">voir figure (3))</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> sauf pour la variable nombres de march&eacute; p&eacute;n&eacute;tr&eacute; par l&rsquo;entreprise qui est n&eacute;gatif. Donc, pour satisfaire la validit&eacute; convergente nous avons supprim&eacute; cette variable. Et ce, suite aux recommandations de <b>Bourguiba (2007).</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Figure ( </span></span></b><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">3</span></span></b><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">)&nbsp;: Corr&eacute;lations entre variables manifestes et variables latentes</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><img height="301" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_486_1_image-20200321195806-3.png" width="676" /></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Source&nbsp;: R&eacute;alis&eacute; par nous-m&ecirc;me gr&acirc;ce au logiciel PLS Smart 3.0</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">D&rsquo;apr&egrave;s le</span></span> <span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">tableau (3), les valeurs de l&rsquo;alpha de<b> </b>Gronbac et rho de dillon goldstein sont sup&eacute;rieur<b> </b>au seuil de repr&eacute;sentativit&eacute; (sup&eacute;rieur &agrave; 70%), la m&eacute;thode&nbsp;&nbsp; de l&rsquo;analyse en composante principales montre que le model est unidimensionnel. Ce qui<b> </b>signifie que les variables manifestes malgr&eacute; leur diversit&eacute; traduisent une seule et m&ecirc;me variable latentes. Donc, les variables latentes de notre mod&egrave;le peuvent &ecirc;tre consid&eacute;rer comme une variable unique</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Tableau (3)&nbsp;: L&rsquo;unidimensionnalit&eacute;</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> <table class="Table" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:125px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:125px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Cronbach&rsquo;s Alpha</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:125px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Rho_A</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:125px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Composite reliability</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:125px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Average Variance Extracted(AVE)</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:125px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">La communication interne</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:125px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">0.868</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:125px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">0.955</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:125px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">0.915</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:125px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">0.782</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:125px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">La performance</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:125px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">0.896</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:125px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">0.851</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:125px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">0.706</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:125px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">0.553</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:125px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Les TIC</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:125px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">0.792</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:125px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">0.848</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:125px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">0.871</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:125px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">0.694</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Source&nbsp;:</span></span></b><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"> R&eacute;alis&eacute; par nous-m&ecirc;me &agrave; travers le logiciel Smart PLS version 3</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">La validit&eacute; convergente a &eacute;t&eacute; examin&eacute;e en observant la variance moyenne extraite (AVE). On constate, selon le tableau (3), des seuils acceptables d&rsquo;AVE (&gt; 0.5) pour chaque facteur en termes de directives de <b>Fornell et Larcker (1981)</b>, ce qui correspond &agrave; une bonne validit&eacute; convergente. Autrement dit, chaque item standardis&eacute; devrait partager plus de variance avec son construit latent qu&rsquo;avec son erreur de mesure. Le coefficient rho de D.G. apparait aussi significatif pour tous les mod&egrave;les de mesure, ce qui confirme &agrave; nouveau la bonne validit&eacute; convergente de notre mod&egrave;le</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Ces r&eacute;sultats, nous poussent &agrave; consid&eacute;rer que les blocs formant notre mod&egrave;le sont unidimensionnels. En effet, Le coefficient rho apparait significatif pour tous les mod&egrave;les de mesure, ce qui confirme &agrave; nouveau la bonne validit&eacute; convergente de notre mod&egrave;le.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">La validit&eacute; discriminante du mod&egrave;le est test&eacute;e conform&eacute;ment aux recommandations de <b>Chin (2010).</b> Pour &eacute;valuer ladite validit&eacute;, on compare la racine carr&eacute;e de la variance moyenne extraite (AVE), pour chaque facteur (Variable Latente), avec la Corr&eacute;lation entre les facteurs deux &agrave; deux. Si la racine carr&eacute;e de l&rsquo;AVE est sup&eacute;rieure aux corr&eacute;lations entre les facteurs, la validit&eacute; discriminante est assur&eacute;e. Cette validit&eacute; est acquise si les variables manifestes partagent plus de variances avec leurs Variables Latentes qu&rsquo;avec d&rsquo;autres. En d&rsquo;autres termes, les items mesurant un ph&eacute;nom&egrave;ne doivent &ecirc;tre faiblement corr&eacute;l&eacute;s aux items mesurant d&rsquo;autres construits (Variables Latentes).&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Tableau(4)&nbsp;: La validit&eacute; discriminante</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <table align="left" class="Table" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none; margin-left:6px; margin-right:6px"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:137px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:137px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">La communication interne </span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:132px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">La performance</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:116px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Les TIC</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:104px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">AVE</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:137px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">LA communication interne </span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:137px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">0.884</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:132px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:116px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:104px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">0.782</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:137px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">La performance</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:137px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">0.449</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:132px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">0.744</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:116px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:104px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">0.553</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:137px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:42px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Les TIC </span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:137px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:42px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">0.453</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:132px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:42px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">0.465</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:116px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:42px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">0.833</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:104px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:42px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">0.694</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Source&nbsp;:</span></span></b><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"> R&eacute;alis&eacute; par nous-m&ecirc;me &agrave; travers le logiciel Smart PLS version 3</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Les r&eacute;sultats du </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">tableau (4), ci-dessus, </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">montrent bien que la racine carr&eacute;e de l&rsquo;AVE de chaque facteur d&eacute;passe les corr&eacute;lations entre les facteurs deux par deux, ce qui confirme bien la validit&eacute; discriminante.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Apr&egrave;s avoir test&eacute; la validit&eacute; discriminante est la validit&eacute; convergente du mod&egrave;le, nous passons &agrave; la v&eacute;rification des hypoth&egrave;ses.</span></span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Afin de verifier la capacit&eacute; </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">de la variable exog&egrave;ne &agrave; expliquer la variable endog&egrave;ne du mod&egrave;le de recherche, nous pr&eacute;sentons les r&eacute;sultats du coefficient de d&eacute;termination R<sup>2</sup>. Selon </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Chin</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> (1998), si R<sup>2</sup> est moins de 19%, elle est rejet&eacute;, si sa valeur est plus de 67%, elle est tr&egrave;s significatif</span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">et si sa valeur est de&nbsp; 33%, elle est faible mais significatif. &nbsp;</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Dans notre cas, l&rsquo;int&eacute;gration&nbsp; des r&eacute;seau technologique&nbsp; ont une inflencet sur la communication interne (R<sup>2= </sup>%0.205) d&rsquo;un cot&eacute;, et de l&rsquo;autre cot&eacute; la communication interne influence positivement la performance de l&rsquo;entreprise (R<sup>2= </sup>%0.202). d&rsquo;apr&eacute;s nos R&eacute;sultats nous conferment les hypotheses H1.1 et H1.2 (</span></span><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">voir la figure &nbsp;(4))</span></span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent: 36pt; 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left:0; text-align:left; margin-left:299px; margin-top:3px; width:69.8pt; height:28.95pt; z-index:251660288" type="#_x0000_t202"> <v:textbox> </v:textbox></v:shape></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <table width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <div> <p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:18.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="color:black">0.204</span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Source&nbsp;: R&eacute;alis&eacute; par nous-m&ecirc;me gr&acirc;ce au logiciel PLS Smart 3.0</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Concernant l&rsquo;inflence des r&eacute;seaux technologiques sur la performance ,&nbsp; une influence indirecte &agrave; &eacute;t&eacute; detect&eacute; dont la correlation est de 0.204. ce dernier r&eacute;sultat nous permet de valid&eacute; l&rsquo;hypoth&eacute;se H1</span></span> (<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">voir la figure&nbsp; (4) )</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">. </span><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">D&rsquo;apr&egrave;s nos r&eacute;sultats, la valeur liant les TIC ave la communication d&rsquo;un c&ocirc;t&eacute;, et la communication interne avec la performance de l&rsquo;autre c&ocirc;t&eacute; sont positives et significatives. Elles repr&eacute;sentent respectivement 0.453 et 0.449. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Finalement, nos r&eacute;sultats confirment notre hypoth&egrave;se g&eacute;n&eacute;rale.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Les r&eacute;sultats valident l&rsquo;existence d&rsquo;un effet positif entre les TIC et la fonction de communication interne, autrement dit, elles soutiennent la circulation des informations et la coordination du travail. Donc, les outils d&rsquo;internet, intranet et l&rsquo;extranet soutiennent la communication interne.</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> C&rsquo;est r&eacute;sultats sont en ad&eacute;quation avec les r&eacute;sultats de <b>BENABDESLAM C.et BOUKHDOUNI O.,(2019)</b>. D&rsquo;apr&egrave;s les travaux des auteurs les TIC, dons nous trouvons les r&eacute;seaux technologiques, facilitent</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> la communication, le partage et l&rsquo;&eacute;change d&rsquo;information.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Les r&eacute;sultats valident l&rsquo;existence d&rsquo;un impact positif de la communication interne sur la performance des entreprises. La communication constitue un facteur cl&eacute; de succ&egrave;s pour l&rsquo;entreprise, elle facilite les interactions entre le personnel de l&rsquo;entreprise, am&eacute;liore la coordination, r&eacute;duit les conflits et facilite la conduite des r&eacute;unions. Nos r&eacute;sultats sont conformes aux r&eacute;sultats de <b>Souad RAFIQ, 2016 et Yusuf KOCOGLU et Fr&eacute;deric MAATTY 2010.</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Les r&eacute;sultats confirment l&rsquo;existence d&rsquo;un lien positif entre les TIC et la performance de l&rsquo;entreprise. Cependant, selon <b>Nacer MERBARHI</b>, ce n&rsquo;est pas l&rsquo;introduction des TIC qui influence la performance mais son utilisation dans la communication qui impacte la performance de l&rsquo;entreprise.&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Discutions des r&eacute;sultats</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Dans un contexte &laquo;&nbsp;d&rsquo;entreprise &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;coute&nbsp;&raquo; </span></span></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">(Crozier, 1997)</span></span></span></b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">, les r&eacute;sultats que nous avons obtenus montre l&rsquo;importance de la communication interne.</span></span></span> &nbsp;<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span style="color:black">La veille strat&eacute;gique &nbsp;et le partage d&rsquo;informations am&egrave;ne les membres des entreprises &eacute;chantillionn&eacute;es &agrave; construire ensemble, pas &agrave; pas, &nbsp;plusieurs formes de communication interne. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span style="color:black">Dans le context de veille strat&eacute;gique, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">la communication interne<i> </i>se traduit par un ensemble d&rsquo;actions continues et coordonn&eacute;es entre les membres de </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span style="color:black">&nbsp;l&rsquo;entreprise . En premier lieu, <b>la</b> <b>communication descendante</b> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">partant des besoins potentiels en information. Puis viens la veille info-communicationnelle &agrave; travers une <b>communication interne horizontale</b> <b>et verticale</b> permettant l&rsquo;orientation, la collecte, la m&eacute;morisation des informations. Ensuite, les membres de l&rsquo;entreprise proc&egrave;dent &agrave; <b>une communication ascendante</b> pour permettre le partage de l&rsquo;information, car la veille strat&eacute;gique n&rsquo;a de sens que si cette &eacute;tape est r&eacute;alis&eacute; avec suc&eacute;e. Enfin, viens le traitement de l&rsquo;information de fa&ccedil;on &agrave; la rendre strat&eacute;giquement par la direction de l&rsquo;entreprise.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, &quot;serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Lors de la communication interne, quel que soit sa forme, les technologies de l&rsquo;information est de la communication permettent un meilleur partage d&rsquo;information est un gain de temps consid&eacute;rable.</span></span></span> L&rsquo;<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">intranet et l&#39;extranet </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">repr&eacute;sente chez les entreprises &eacute;chantillonn&eacute;es ,</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">deux outils extr&ecirc;mement int&eacute;ressants et utiles. Ils facilitent la communication et l&#39;&eacute;change d&#39;informations. Ce sont deux outils qui assurent la confidentialit&eacute; et la s&eacute;curit&eacute; de l&#39;information. Tandis que l&rsquo;internet , repr&eacute;sente chez les entreprises &eacute;chantillonn&eacute;es la premi&eacute;re source d&rsquo;information dans le cadres de la veille strat&eacute;gique faut de moyens et de connaissance en mati&eacute;re de veille strat&eacute;gique.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>