<h2><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Introduction</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></h2> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Aujourd&rsquo;hui, &agrave; l&rsquo;aube du 21&egrave;me si&egrave;cle, les entreprises &eacute;voluent dans un environnement de plus en plus complexe et changeant. En effet, la mondialisation des &eacute;changes, la globalisation des march&eacute;s et les innovations technologiques exacerbent les conditions de la concurrence de ces derni&egrave;res. C&rsquo;est dans ces conditions qu&rsquo;est apparue &laquo;<i>&nbsp;la nouvelle &eacute;conomie</i>&nbsp;&raquo; <b>(BOUNFOUR A, 2000)</b>, dont les ressources critiques sont plut&ocirc;t de nature immat&eacute;rielle. De ce fait, la maitrise de l&rsquo;information devient un enjeu concurrentiel pour les&nbsp; entreprises en qu&ecirc;te de performance</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">La performance est un terme polys&eacute;mique puisqu&rsquo;il poss&egrave;de plusieurs d&eacute;finitions. De nombreux chercheurs ont essay&eacute; d&rsquo;attribuer une d&eacute;finition &agrave; ce concept (<b>Bourguignon (1995), Bourguignon (1997 ), Bourguignon (2000), Lorino (2003), Saulquin &amp; Schier (2007),Chadlia (2015))</b>, mais il reste ambigu et peu pr&eacute;cis. Par ailleurs, il existe plusieurs types de performances. Nous distinguons la performance marketing, commerciale, humaine, manag&eacute;riale, environnementale, sociale, etc </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">La performance est conditionn&eacute;e par la pr&eacute;sence d&rsquo;un ensemble de facteurs, tels que la communication interne et les technologies d&rsquo;information et de la communication <b>(Botton, C., Jobin M.-H. et Haithem N. (2012)).</b> </span></span><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Dans ce cadre, la communication interne prend donc tout son sens actuellement. Elle est un des piliers essentiels de l&rsquo;entreprise. Par ailleurs, la communication interne permit de partager de l&rsquo;information beaucoup plus rapidement, et &agrave; beaucoup plus grande &eacute;chelle <b>(</b></span></span><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Detrie P., Meslin-Broyez Cath. (2002))</span></span></b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">. </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&Agrave; ce niveau, les technologies actuelles permettent une meilleure qualit&eacute; de communication interne </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Les TIC peuvent am&eacute;liorer d&rsquo;une part, le service fourni &agrave; la client&egrave;le, et d&rsquo;autre part les proc&eacute;dures de travail. Les TIC en tant qu&rsquo;outil ouvert et multidimensionnel peuvent donc &ecirc;tre un facteur int&eacute;ressant dans d&eacute;veloppement des performances des entreprises <b>(BRUNO H. et MAURICE I., 2002.</b></span></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> SAADOUN M., 1998)</span></span></b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">. Cependant, elles ne pourront jouer ce r&ocirc;le que si leur introduction est accompagn&eacute;e de changement adapt&eacute; dans les processus organisationnels et la gestion des ressources humaines</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Si cette r&eacute;alit&eacute; est vraie pour toutes les entreprises, elle est encours plus pour les entreprises qui s&rsquo;engagent &agrave; l&rsquo;international.</span></span> <span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">L&rsquo;internationalisation est sujette &agrave; de grandes transformations depuis quelques dizaines d&rsquo;ann&eacute;es avec la mondialisation, la mont&eacute;e du capitalisme.</span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">L&rsquo;avantage</span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">comparatif et le positionnement concurrentiel d&rsquo;une entreprise r&eacute;sultent g&eacute;n&eacute;ralement d&rsquo;orientations strat&eacute;giques longuement r&eacute;fl&eacute;chies et d&rsquo;un plan d&rsquo;action efficace.</span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Alors avant de se lancer, mieux vaut appr&eacute;hender le ou les march&eacute;s. Cela n&eacute;cessite d&rsquo;avoir recours &agrave; une veille strat&eacute;gique afin de saisir les opportunit&eacute;s &agrave; l&rsquo;international <b>(</b></span></span><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Laghzaoui, S. &amp; Monnoyer-Long&eacute;, M. 2013)</span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">. Donc, sans connaissance approfondie et sans partage des informations, &agrave; travers une communication interne, pas de plan strat&eacute;gique donc pas d&rsquo;internationalisation r&eacute;ussie.<b> </b></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;La communication interne a donc un r&ocirc;le extr&ecirc;mement important &agrave; jouer, &agrave; accompagner et s&rsquo;adapter aux changements</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">En effet, dans un cadre de veille strat&eacute;gique,<b> </b>la communication interne rev&ecirc;t d&rsquo;une importance capitale, d&rsquo;apr&egrave;s <b>Elsa, D. et al. (2015),</b> c&rsquo;est l&rsquo;utilisation de l&rsquo;information issue des activit&eacute;s de veille qui rendrait la veille &laquo;&nbsp;strat&eacute;gique&nbsp;&raquo; d&egrave;s lors qu&rsquo;elle est utilis&eacute;e dans une d&eacute;cision strat&eacute;gique. Donc, la veille ne sert &agrave; rien si l&rsquo;information issue des activit&eacute;s de veille n&rsquo;est pas partag&eacute;e avec les collaborateurs de l&rsquo;entreprise pour des fins de prise de d&eacute;cision strat&eacute;gique</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Ce constat th&eacute;orique nous a amen&eacute;s &agrave; poser dans le cadre de ce travail, la question suivante&nbsp;: <b>quelle est l&rsquo;influence des r&eacute;seaux technologiques sur la performance des entreprises exportatrices hors hydrocarbures alg&eacute;riennes&nbsp;?</b> Pour r&eacute;pondre &agrave; notre probl&eacute;matique, nous avons suppos&eacute; l&rsquo;hypoth&egrave;se g&eacute;n&eacute;rale suivante&nbsp;: <b>les entreprises exportatrices les</b></span></span><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> plus performantes sont celles qui ont d&eacute;velopp&eacute; leur communication interne &agrave; travers l&rsquo;int&eacute;gration des technologies de l&rsquo;information et la communication de r&eacute;seau</span></span></b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">L&rsquo;objectif de cette communication est de mesurer l&rsquo;impact des r&eacute;seaux technologiques sur la performance des entreprises exportatrices hors hydrocarbures alg&eacute;riennes pratiquant des activit&eacute;s de veille strat&eacute;gique. Il convient donc d&rsquo;embl&eacute;e de pr&eacute;ciser que nous consid&eacute;rons dans ce travail la communication interne comme variable m&eacute;diatrice entre les r&eacute;seaux technologiques de l&rsquo;entreprise et la performance</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">En utilisant la m&eacute;thode des &eacute;quations structurelles selon l&rsquo;approche PLS (Partial Least Square) via le logiciel PLS Smart. Cette &eacute;tude est de nature empirique, elle s&rsquo;est bas&eacute;e sur des enqu&ecirc;tes via des questionnaires administr&eacute;s aupr&egrave;s des entreprises exportatrices hors hydrocarbures alg&eacute;riennes</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Cet article est </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">organis&eacute; en deux parties. La premi&egrave;re contient un cadre th&eacute;orique pour fournir un panorama conceptuel li&eacute; aux technologies de l&rsquo;information et de la communication, a la performance organisationnelle et la communication interne. Nous aborderons dans la seconde partie la m&eacute;thodologie de recherche, la pr&eacute;sentation des r&eacute;sultats</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <h2 dir="LTR" style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px;"><span style="font-size:16pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span cambria="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Fondements th&eacute;oriques de la recherche</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h2> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">La fin des ann&eacute;es quatre &ndash; vingt &mdash; dix a &eacute;t&eacute; caract&eacute;ris&eacute;e par une vigoureuse reprise &eacute;conomique dans les entreprises les plus industrialis&eacute;es, dont le moteur a &eacute;t&eacute; essentiellement constitu&eacute; par les nouvelles technologies de l&rsquo;information et de la communication (TIC), n&eacute;e gr&acirc;ce &agrave; la conjonction de l&rsquo;informatique et des t&eacute;l&eacute;communications et l&rsquo;apparition de l&rsquo;Internet</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">La litt&eacute;rature du management, on constate qu&rsquo;il n&rsquo;y a pas un consensus sur la d&eacute;finition des TIC, vu leur h&eacute;t&eacute;rog&eacute;n&eacute;it&eacute; et leur complexit&eacute;. Selon <b>l&rsquo;OCDE</b> <b>(1998)</b>, le secteur des TIC &laquo;&nbsp;comprend les secteurs manufacturiers et des services qui facilitent la transmission, le stockage et le traitement de l&rsquo;information par des moyens &eacute;lectroniques&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">CHARPENTIER P. (1997)</span></span></b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> propose la d&eacute;finition suivante &laquo;&nbsp;Les technologies de l&rsquo;information regroupent les techniques permettant de collecter, stocker, traiter et transmettre des informations&nbsp;; elles sont fond&eacute;es sur le principe de base du codage &eacute;lectronique de l&rsquo;information&raquo;&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Selon <b>BRUNO H.</b>,<b> (2002)</b> les TIC sont d&eacute;finis comme &eacute;tant &laquo;&nbsp;l&rsquo;ensemble des outils permettant d&rsquo;acc&eacute;der &agrave; l&rsquo;information, sous toutes ses formes, de la manipuler et de la transmettre&nbsp;&raquo;. Cette d&eacute;finition se base sur le r&ocirc;le des TIC dans l&rsquo;organisation et se montre la plus ad&eacute;quate &agrave; notre probl&eacute;matique </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Dans ce contexte, les TIC regroupent tous les outils permettant d&rsquo;utiliser, de transf&eacute;rer ou de partager des donn&eacute;es num&eacute;riques (textes, images, sons,). &Eacute;tant donn&eacute; que le processus informationnel est un processus communiquant et pour qu&rsquo;il y ait information, il faut qu&rsquo;il y ait communication, ce qui correspond &agrave; l&rsquo;aspect immat&eacute;riel des TIC. De ce fait, la communication de l&rsquo;information, sa m&eacute;morisation, sans inscription dans le sens informatique du terme la trace, la m&eacute;moire et l&rsquo;inscription renvoient &agrave; un dispositif bas&eacute; sur diverses technologies qui augmentent la cr&eacute;ation, le stockage, le traitement, la communication et la diffusion d&rsquo;information, ce qui repr&eacute;sente l&rsquo;aspect mat&eacute;riel des TIC</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">LAFITTE.M in DE REMUR D.B., (2006)</span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> r&eacute;sume l&rsquo;apport des technologies de l&rsquo;information et de la communication en quatre points </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;Compression du temps&nbsp;: la vitesse de traitement se chiffre en million d&rsquo;op&eacute;rations par seconde, ce qui permet de r&eacute;aliser dans un temps plus court des op&eacute;rations auparavant effectu&eacute; manuellement </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;Compression de l&rsquo;espace&nbsp;: facilite la transmission quasi instantan&eacute;e des donn&eacute;es entre n&rsquo;importe quel point du globe, car les donn&eacute;es num&eacute;riques circulent &agrave; la vitesse de la lumi&egrave;re sur des r&eacute;seaux accessibles de partout </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;Capacit&eacute; de stockage&nbsp;: la technologie magn&eacute;tique et optique permet de stocker de grandes quantit&eacute;s d&rsquo;information dans un volume r&eacute;duit&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Flexibilit&eacute; d&rsquo;usage&nbsp;: la num&eacute;risation des donn&eacute;es permet de leur appliquer diff&eacute;rents traitements et de les restituer sous des formes et sur des supports divers</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <h3 class="MsoBodyText" dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 8px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b>Les outils technologiques&nbsp; </b></span></span></span></span></h3> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Les TIC permettent &agrave; la foi de refl&eacute;ter les objectifs et les ambitions d&rsquo;une entreprise, mais &eacute;galement un moyen de mieux comprendre et &eacute;changer l&rsquo;information avec les employ&eacute;s de celle-ci. Gr&acirc;ce aux TIC, la communication est devenue un moyen permettant de donner de la visibilit&eacute; aux collaborateurs. Plusieurs auteurs</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> ont donn&eacute; des d&eacute;finitions &agrave; diff&eacute;rente technologie de l&rsquo;information et de la communication <b>(ANGLEBERT.J, et al. (2000). </b></span></span></span><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Arcand, G. (2006). </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">BEZER P., et al. (2003). Bouquin, H. (1997), GOVARE V. (2002). GUNIA N. (2002). JAKOBIAK F. (2001). LEQUEUX. J.L. (2008).</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> PATERYON E. A, SALAMON.R.(1996). QUELENNEC C.(2007))</span></span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">.</span></span></span><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Le tableau, ci-dessous, r&eacute;sume certaines technologies de l&rsquo;information et de la communication </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Tableau 1 . Les technologies de l&rsquo;information et de la communication</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></p> <div align="left" dir="ltr"> <table align="left" class="Table" style="border-collapse:collapse;border:none;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:130px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px; text-align: left;">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:312px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px; text-align: left;">D&eacute;finition</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:215px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px; text-align: left;">Types</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:130px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Technologique t&eacute;l&eacute;phonique</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:312px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Le t&eacute;l&eacute;phone est un appareil de communication qui permet de transmettre la voix pour une conversation &agrave; distance. Nous avons class&eacute; le t&eacute;l&eacute;phone dans le domaine des TIC m&ecirc;me s&rsquo;il a plus d&rsquo;un si&egrave;cle d&rsquo;existence</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:215px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">T&eacute;l&eacute;phone fixe</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">T&eacute;l&eacute;phone mobile</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Fax</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:130px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:148px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Les r&eacute;seaux</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:312px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:148px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&laquo;&nbsp;Un r&eacute;seau est un syst&egrave;me </span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">permettant de relier des ordinateurs entre eux. Il est constitu&eacute; d&rsquo;un ensemble de c&acirc;bles en cuivre et en fibre optique v&eacute;hiculant des signaux. Un signal repr&eacute;sente une unit&eacute; d&rsquo;information (le bit) &eacute;mise par un ordinateur. Une s&eacute;rie de bits permet d&rsquo;identifier de mani&egrave;re unique une information<i>&nbsp;&raquo; </i><b>(</b></span></span><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">MONTAGNER J.L., 2001)</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:215px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:148px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Extranet, Intranet I</span></span></b><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">internet</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px; text-align: left;">&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:130px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Les outils de gestion de donn&eacute;es</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:312px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Repr&eacute;sentent les technologies servant &agrave; stocker, &agrave; manipuler ou g&eacute;rer, et &agrave; partager des informations dans une <u><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_de_donn%C3%A9es" style="color:#628000; text-decoration:underline" title="Base de données"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="text-underline:none">base de donn&eacute;es</span></span></a>,</u> en garantissant la qualit&eacute;, la p&eacute;rennit&eacute; et la confidentialit&eacute; des informations, tout en cachant la complexit&eacute; des op&eacute;rations</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:215px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Datawarehouse, Datamining</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Entreprise Ressource Planning (ERP)</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px; text-align: left;">&nbsp;</p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&Eacute;change de Donn&eacute;es informatis&eacute;es (EDI)</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px; text-align: center;">&nbsp;</p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px; text-align: center;">&nbsp;</p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px; text-align: center;">&nbsp;</p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px; text-align: center;">&nbsp;</p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px; text-align: center;">&nbsp;</p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px; text-align: center;">&nbsp;</p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px; text-align: center;">&nbsp;</p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px; text-align: center;">&nbsp;</p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px; text-align: center;">&nbsp;</p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px; text-align: center;">&nbsp;</p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px; text-align: center;">&nbsp;</p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px; text-align: center;">&nbsp;</p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px; text-align: center;">&nbsp;</p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px; text-align: center;">&nbsp;</p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px; text-align: center;">&nbsp;</p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px; text-align: center;">&nbsp;</p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px; text-align: left;">&nbsp;<span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Source</span></span></b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;: R&eacute;alis&eacute; par les auteurs &agrave; travers la revue de la litt&eacute;rature</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Lors de notre travail nous allons, nous int&eacute;ress&eacute; aux r&eacute;seaux technologiques, &agrave; savoir, l&rsquo;internet, l&rsquo;intranet et l&rsquo;extranet. D&rsquo;apr&egrave;s <b>BENABDESLAM C., et BOUKRIF M., (2018)</b>&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&laquo;&nbsp;</span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Gr&acirc;ce &agrave; un progr&egrave;s technologiques continus, l&rsquo;internet est devenu la place de partage de donn&eacute;es de diffusion d&rsquo;informations. Il est le moyen le plus utilis&eacute; pour communiquer dans le monde des affaires</span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> en Alg&eacute;rie</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Le r&eacute;seau technologique facilite l&rsquo;&eacute;mergence de nouveaux modes de travail provoquant la disparition d&rsquo;un certain mode de travail traditionnel ou transforme celui existant. Elle offre une capacit&eacute; exponentielle pour l&rsquo;accroissement de la productivit&eacute;. Elle permet l&rsquo;accessibilit&eacute; &agrave; une diversit&eacute; de savoirs, &agrave; une diversit&eacute; de points de vue qui stimulent les &eacute;changes. Elle tisse une forme diff&eacute;rente &laquo;&nbsp;d&rsquo;intelligence collective&nbsp;<b>&raquo; (</b></span></span><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">GUILHON</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> B. et LEVET J.L., 2003</span></span></b><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">).C</span></span></b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&rsquo;est-&agrave;-dire <i>&laquo;&nbsp;</i>une intelligence partout distribu&eacute;e, sans cesse valoris&eacute;e, coordonn&eacute;e en temps r&eacute;el, qui aboutit &agrave; une mobilisation effective des comp&eacute;tences&nbsp;&raquo; <b>(</b></span></span><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">GUILHON B. et LEVET J.L., 2003)</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">La technologie de r&eacute;seau apporte la puissance et la souplesse dans la production, et d&eacute;veloppe des fa&ccedil;ons de collaborer qui s&rsquo;inscrivent dans la diversit&eacute; des partenariats institutionnels financiers, scientifiques, acad&eacute;miques et sociaux nombreux. Dor&eacute;navant, l&rsquo;imp&eacute;ratif est de g&eacute;rer la mati&egrave;re premi&egrave;re qu&rsquo;est devenue la connaissance. Qu&rsquo;on la retienne pour se prot&eacute;ger ou qu&rsquo;on la qu&ecirc;te pour se renforcer, elle cause l&rsquo;enrichissement des entreprises et la prosp&eacute;rit&eacute; des nations&nbsp;; sans compter les gisements d&rsquo;emploi qu&rsquo;elle octroie, forgeant une culture du renseignement avec ses aspects d&eacute;fensifs et offensifs au sein des firmes, quelle que soit leur taille, elle constitue une approche d&rsquo;aide &agrave; la d&eacute;cision et suscite un bouleversement culturel qui fait surgir un monde virtuel dans lequel les technologies agissent en synergie</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <h3 class="MsoBodyText" dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 8px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b>La communication interne dans l&rsquo;entreprise</b></span></span></span></span></h3> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Une nouvelle puissance &eacute;merge au sein des entreprises, celle de la communication interne<i>.</i></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">La communication fait partie des&nbsp;&nbsp; pratiques quotidiennes indispensables internes. Elle est une d&eacute;marche essentielle dans la vie des entreprises modernes. Elle permet &agrave; chacun de se situer dans l&rsquo;organisation en comprenant mieux la strat&eacute;gie g&eacute;n&eacute;rale, les activit&eacute;s et les objectifs fix&eacute;s aux autres services. Elle devient imp&eacute;rative de bien informer dans l&rsquo;organisation afin de mobiliser les &eacute;nergies et d&rsquo;obtenir l&rsquo;adh&eacute;sion des intelligences &agrave; des objectifs communs</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;<b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Nicole Aubert (2002)</span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">, d&eacute;finis la communication comme &eacute;tant &laquo;&nbsp;un processus qui consiste &agrave; instaurer une relation d&rsquo;&eacute;change, cr&eacute;atrice de valeur, entre des personnes et/ou des groupes. Pour que cette cr&eacute;ation de valeur soit effective, l&rsquo;&eacute;change doit non seulement porter sur un contenu (des messages, des informations), mais aussi sur des relations (des sensibilit&eacute;s, des modes de pens&eacute;es et des visions du monde)&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Selon <b>BRUNO O., (2007)</b> &laquo;&nbsp;la communication est un terme r&eacute;serv&eacute; &agrave; l&rsquo;ensemble des processus d&rsquo;&eacute;change de messages entre les hommes et entre les groupes sociaux&nbsp;&raquo;, le terme communication renvoie &agrave; l&rsquo;ensemble des techniques qui permettent l&rsquo;&eacute;mission et la r&eacute;ception </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">quasi imm&eacute;diate d&rsquo;une information, audio (t&eacute;l&eacute;phonie) &eacute;crite et num&eacute;ris&eacute;e (t&eacute;l&eacute;copie, messagerie &eacute;lectronique, visuelle &mdash; vid&eacute;oconf&eacute;rence)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Dans ce cadre, le capital humain de l&rsquo;organisation appara&icirc;t comme une ressource strat&eacute;gique dans la mesure o&ugrave; les connaissances, les comp&eacute;tences et les aptitudes qu&rsquo;il repr&eacute;sente sont rares, imparfaitement imitables et non substituables <b>(Barney, 1991&nbsp;; Arcand, 2006)</b>. Des travaux ont pu montrer que, la performance des entreprises passe n&eacute;cessairement par la prise en compte de la communication interne (</span></span><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Phillipe D&eacute;trie et Catherine Meslin &mdash; Broyez (2002),</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Alex Mucchielli(1983),</span></span></b><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Peter Drucker</span></span></b><b> </b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(1999)</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">)</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Phillipe D&eacute;trie et Catherine Meslin &mdash; Broyez (2002)</span></span></b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> ont une approche originale qui place la communication interne au c&oelig;ur de la nouvelle comp&eacute;titivit&eacute;. Pour eux, l&rsquo;absence de coh&eacute;sion interne est flagrante dans le management de nombreuses organisations. Ces auteurs expliquent cette situation par le fait que l&rsquo;entreprise n&rsquo;est pas une addition de comp&eacute;tences, mais une multiplication des comp&eacute;tences. Une seule erreur peut donc &ecirc;tre pr&eacute;judiciable &agrave; la performance de l&rsquo;entreprise. De ces constats, ils assignent &agrave; la communication interne les r&ocirc;les suivants&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;encourager les comportements d&rsquo;&eacute;coute, faire circuler l&rsquo;information, faciliter le travail en commun, promouvoir l&rsquo;esprit de coop&eacute;ration. En un mot, d&eacute;velopper le sens du collectif<i>&nbsp;&raquo;</i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i><sup>&nbsp;</sup></i><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Alex Mucchielli (1983)<i> </i></span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">dresse un amer constat<b><i> </i></b>des cons&eacute;quences que le dysfonctionnement de la communication interne peut engendrer. Il s&rsquo;agit entre autres des surcharges d&rsquo;informations &agrave; r&eacute;percuter, de l&rsquo;inattention de collaborateurs d&eacute;bord&eacute;s, de l&rsquo;inefficacit&eacute; des outils d&rsquo;information interne, de la circulation de rumeurs, de la valse des audits et des projets inutiles </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Face &agrave; de tels ph&eacute;nom&egrave;nes, l&rsquo;auteur estime que les bonnes intentions ne suffisent pas. Un effort in&eacute;dit de compr&eacute;hension s&rsquo;impose si l&rsquo;on veut que la communication interne puisse jouer le r&ocirc;le grandissant que lui conf&egrave;rent les attentes des salari&eacute;s et les besoins des managers dans les entreprises du XXIe si&egrave;cle</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">De son c&ocirc;t&eacute; <b>Peter Drucker (1999)</b>, pr&eacute;cise que l&rsquo;actif le plus pr&eacute;cieux d&rsquo;une entreprise au 20&egrave; si&egrave;cle &eacute;tait son &eacute;quipement de production. Au 21 &egrave; si&egrave;cle, ce sera ses travailleurs du savoir et leur productivit&eacute;. Peter Drucker pense qu&rsquo;une entreprise n&rsquo;est pas seulement une addition de produits et de services. Il s&rsquo;agit selon lui, avant tout, d&rsquo;une soci&eacute;t&eacute; humaine qui g&eacute;n&egrave;re certaines formes culturelles. Et ceci implique le renoncement &agrave; l&rsquo;autoritarisme&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;Aucun syst&egrave;me fond&eacute; sur un cloisonnement rigide qui confie la prise de d&eacute;cisions &agrave; la seule classe de &ldquo;ceux qui savent&rdquo; n&rsquo;est en mesure de r&eacute;pondre avec rapidit&eacute; et flexibilit&eacute; aux exigences du client. Cela signifie &eacute;galement qu&rsquo;il faut rompre avec certains types de m&eacute;taphores comme les &ldquo;bras&rdquo; de l&rsquo;entreprise. Le service du client fait appel &agrave; toutes les capacit&eacute;s humaines, les bras, la t&ecirc;te, le c&oelig;ur<i>&nbsp;&raquo;</i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Donc, la communication d&eacute;pend des personnes, des contenus, des attentes et des probl&egrave;mes &agrave; r&eacute;soudre. Pour r&eacute;sumer, nous pouvons avancer que la communication interne est une pratique organisationnelle qui permet l&rsquo;&eacute;change de donn&eacute;es, d&rsquo;informations, de connaissance entre les membres de l&rsquo;entreprise. Selon <b>KACIAF</b></span></span><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">, LEGAVRE, (2011</span></span></b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">)&nbsp;</span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&laquo;&nbsp;</span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">La communication interne </span></span><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">conna&icirc;t&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; une&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; expansion&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; continue. Son d&eacute;veloppement s&rsquo;observe dans un nombre consid&eacute;rable d&rsquo;organisations, priv&eacute;es ou publiques [...]<i>&nbsp;&raquo;. </i>Comme nous le d&eacute;montre cette citation, la communication fait d&eacute;sormais partie int&eacute;grante de la vie des entreprises. Elle prend de plus en plus d&rsquo;importance, elle est au c&oelig;ur de la strat&eacute;gie de l&rsquo;entreprise. D&eacute;sormais la communication interne accompagne le changement, pr&eacute;vient les conflits et les d&eacute;samorce. Elle est transverse, entre la direction et les salari&eacute;s, entre le marketing et le management. C&rsquo;est donc une fonction encore m&eacute;connue, mais devenue essentielle</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&Agrave; travers les TIC, la communication interne est am&eacute;lior&eacute;e et offre une ma&icirc;trise de l&rsquo;information meilleure. Ce qui permet &agrave; l&rsquo;entreprise de contr&ocirc;ler ses syst&egrave;mes productifs, de gestion commerciale, financi&egrave;re, humaine et informationnelle. Les &eacute;volutions technologiques des moyens de communication sont une des principales sources de mutations de la fonction de communication interne (<b>BEAL, FROMMER, LESTOCART, 2011).</b> Elles ont permis de partager de l&rsquo;information beaucoup plus rapidement, et &agrave; beaucoup plus grande &eacute;chelle. D&egrave;s lors, par le biais des TIC, le syst&egrave;me d&rsquo;information est de communication repr&eacute;sente une nouvelle variable cl&eacute; de comp&eacute;titivit&eacute; au sein des entreprises dans le court, le moyen et le long terme</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <h3 dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">L</span></span></b><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">a performance des entreprises</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></h3> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">La performance d&rsquo;entreprise est une notion centrale en sciences de gestion. Depuis les ann&eacute;es&nbsp;80. </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">La performance est un concept pluridimensionnel, car il est difficilement s&eacute;parable du contexte dans lequel il est utilis&eacute;. La performance rejoint l&rsquo;habilet&eacute; d&rsquo;une organisation &agrave; d&eacute;gager de la valeur dans le futur <b>(Botton et <i>al</i>. 2000)</b>. Plusieurs d&eacute;finitions de la performance &eacute;mergent dans la litt&eacute;rature</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Selon <b>Bourguignon (2000),</b> la performance de l&rsquo;entreprise repr&eacute;sente &laquo; La r&eacute;alisation des objectifs organisationnels, quelles que soient la nature et la vari&eacute;t&eacute; de ses objectifs. Cette r&eacute;alisation peut se comprendre au sens strict (r&eacute;sultat, aboutissement) ou au sens large du processus qui m&egrave;ne au r&eacute;sultat (action)&hellip;.&raquo;, selon cet auteur, la performance regroupe &agrave; la fois l&rsquo;action, ses r&eacute;sultats et son suc&eacute;e</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Aujourd&rsquo;hui il est commun&eacute;ment accept&eacute; que la performance recherch&eacute;e au sein de l&rsquo;entreprise soit la performance globale qui tient compte de plusieurs dimensions, notamment, la dimension &eacute;conomique, sociale et environnementale (<b>Baret, 2006</b>). Selon <b>Ittner et Larcker, 1998</b>, la performance est un construit multidimensionnel qui ne peut pas &ecirc;tre &eacute;valu&eacute; sur la seule base d&rsquo;indicateurs financiers. En effet,</span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">il est bon de rappeler que pendant tr&egrave;s longtemps la performance a &eacute;t&eacute; r&eacute;duite au seul crit&egrave;re financier.</span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Mais aujourd&rsquo;hui, cette acceptation a &eacute;volu&eacute;. D&rsquo;autres dimensions sont d&eacute;sormais consid&eacute;r&eacute;es pour appr&eacute;hender la performance de l&rsquo;entreprise &agrave; savoir des indicateurs financier et non financier (<b>Brulhart et Moncef (2010&nbsp;;</b></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:TimesNewRomanPSMT"> <b>Germain, 2004</b></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">)). On conclut qu&rsquo;il est indispensable de compl&eacute;ter l&rsquo;analyse de la performance par la consid&eacute;ration d&rsquo;autres crit&egrave;res tels que la qualit&eacute;, l&rsquo;innovation, la part de march&eacute; ou la satisfaction du client, le nombre de march&eacute;s p&eacute;n&eacute;tr&eacute; &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;tranger</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <h2 dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">M&eacute;thodes et Mat&eacute;riels&nbsp;</span></span></b><b> </b></span></span></span></span></span></h2> <p class="CxSpMiddle" dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 8px; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Pour r&eacute;pondre &agrave; notre probl&eacute;matique, nous avons effectu&eacute; une enqu&ecirc;te du terrain. </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">L&rsquo;&eacute;chantillon est construit &agrave; partir des r&eacute;sultats du recensement d&rsquo;entreprises exportatrices hors hydrocarbures alg&eacute;riennes. &Agrave; partir de la liste d&rsquo;entreprises exportatrices hors hydrocarbures fournis par l&rsquo;organisme d&rsquo;appui aux exportations ALGEX (</span></span><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Agence nationale de promotion du commerce ext&eacute;rieur</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">), nous avons constitu&eacute; un &eacute;chantillon final de 33 entreprises exportatrices hors hydrocarbure est qui pratique de la veille strat&eacute;gique. Le questionnaire qui a servi &agrave; la r&eacute;alisation de l&rsquo;enqu&ecirc;te comporte environ 50 questions principales</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Pour le traitement des donn&eacute;es, nous avons choisi la mod&eacute;lisation par les moindres carr&eacute;s partiels (PLS), cette m&eacute;thode est en ad&eacute;quation avec le caract&egrave;re causal de notre probl&eacute;matique</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">La figure 1 repr&eacute;sente le mod&egrave;le structurel de notre recherche. La variable ind&eacute;pendante est la technologie de l&rsquo;information et de la communication, tandis que la variable d&eacute;pendante est la performance des entreprises. Nous avons utilis&eacute; la communication interne comme &eacute;tant ne variable m&eacute;diatrice entre les TIC et la performance de l&rsquo;entreprise</span></span></span></p> <h3 class="CxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Les variables de notre mod&egrave;le th&eacute;orique</span></span></b></span></span></h3> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&Agrave; travers notre revue de la litt&eacute;rature, nous avons retenu un ensemble de variables manifestantes nos permettons de mesurer nos variables latentes. Le tableau&nbsp;2 r&eacute;sume les diff&eacute;rentes variables de notre mod&egrave;le</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Tableau 2. Repr&eacute;sentation des variables manifestes et des variables latentes</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></p> <div align="left" dir="ltr"> <table align="center" class="Table" style="border-collapse:collapse;border:none;margin-left:6px;margin-right:6px;" width="621"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; width:115px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:56px; border-top:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:1px solid #bfbfbf" valign="top"> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Les variables latentes du mod&egrave;le</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&xi; j= (1&agrave;3)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; width:244px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:56px; border-top:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Les variables manifestes du mod&egrave;le</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; width:170px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:56px; border-top:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Nom des variables manifestes Xjh</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; width:92px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:56px; border-top:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; width:115px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:49px; background-color:#f2f2f2; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:1px solid #bfbfbf" valign="top"> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Les r&eacute;seaux</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; width:244px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:49px; background-color:#f2f2f2; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">L&rsquo;Internet</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">L&rsquo;Intranet </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">L&rsquo;extranet</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; width:170px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:49px; background-color:#f2f2f2; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Internet</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Intranet </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Extranet</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; width:92px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:49px; background-color:#f2f2f2; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">h= (1&agrave;3)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; width:115px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:55px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:1px solid #bfbfbf" valign="top"> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">La communication interne</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; width:244px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:55px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">La circulation verticale de l&rsquo;information</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">La circulation horizontale de l&rsquo;information</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">L&rsquo;am&eacute;lioration de la communication</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; width:170px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:55px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Cerinfoverlb</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Cirdinforzbn</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Cirdinfoam</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; width:92px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:55px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">h= (1&agrave;3)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; width:115px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:84px; background-color:#f2f2f2; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:1px solid #bfbfbf" valign="top"> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">La performance</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; width:244px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:84px; background-color:#f2f2f2; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Intervalle du chiffre d&rsquo;affaires</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Taux du chiffre d&rsquo;affaires &agrave; l&rsquo;export</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Le nombre de march&eacute;s &eacute;trangers p&eacute;n&eacute;tr&eacute; </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; width:170px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:84px; background-color:#f2f2f2; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">ICA</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Texport</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">nbrM</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; width:92px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:84px; background-color:#f2f2f2; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">h= (1&agrave;3)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; width:115px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:56px; background-color:#f2f2f2; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:1px solid #bfbfbf" valign="top"> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Mode de repr&eacute;sentativit&eacute;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; width:414px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:56px; background-color:#f2f2f2; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; R&eacute;flectif&nbsp; Xjh= &lambda;jh &xi;j +&epsilon;jh</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:87%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&xi; j= (1&agrave;3)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf; width:92px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:56px; background-color:#f2f2f2; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Source</span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;:<b> </b>R&eacute;alis&eacute; par nous m&ecirc;me &agrave; travers la revue de la litt&eacute;rature</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Pour mesurer les technologies de l&rsquo;information et de la communication, dans notre mod&egrave;le, nous avons opt&eacute; pour les r&eacute;seaux technologiques &agrave; savoir&nbsp;: l&rsquo;Internet, l&rsquo;Intranet, et l&rsquo;Extranet. Nous nous sommes content&eacute;s de ces trois technologies par ce qu&rsquo;au niveau des entreprises alg&eacute;riennes ne poss&egrave;dent pas de technologies plus avanc&eacute;es pour &eacute;largir l&rsquo;&eacute;tude</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Afin de mesurer la performance des entreprises, nous avons utilis&eacute; le chiffre d&rsquo;affaires, le taux du chiffre d&rsquo;affaire li&eacute;e aux exportations et le nombre de march&eacute;s p&eacute;n&eacute;tr&eacute;s par l&rsquo;entreprise interview&eacute;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Enfin, nous avons estim&eacute; apr&egrave;s notre revue de la litt&eacute;rature que la communication interne dans l&rsquo;entreprise joue un r&ocirc;le interm&eacute;diaire entre les TIC et la performance. </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Les variables manifestantes du mod&egrave;le de recherche sont au nombre de 3 &agrave; savoir&nbsp;: les TIC, la communication interne et performance de l&rsquo;entreprise. Les variables latentes du mod&egrave;le de recherche sont au nombre de 9, dont 3 variables sont r&eacute;serv&eacute;es pour les TIC, 3 autres pour la communication interne et 3 autres sp&eacute;cifiques &agrave; la performance de l&rsquo;entreprise</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Les variables TIC et communications internes sont op&eacute;rationnalis&eacute;es &agrave; l&rsquo;aide des diff&eacute;rents items qui sont formul&eacute;s sous forme de questions. Ces items ont &eacute;t&eacute; collect&eacute;s sur des &eacute;chelles de Likert de cinqui&egrave;me degr&eacute; allant de &laquo;&nbsp;Tr&egrave;s faible&nbsp;&raquo; jusqu&rsquo;&agrave; &laquo;&nbsp;Tr&egrave;s &eacute;lev&eacute;&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Figure 1. Le mod&egrave;le structurel de recherche</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><img src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_486_1_image-20200328075806-12.png" style="height: 266px; width: 600px;" /></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Source</span></span></b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">&nbsp;: R&eacute;alis&eacute; par nous-m&ecirc;mes gr&acirc;ce au logiciel PLS Smart&nbsp;3.0</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <h2 dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">R&eacute;sultats et Discussion</span></span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> </span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></h2> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Avant de passer &agrave; tester la validit&eacute; interne et externe du mod&egrave;le conceptuel, des analyses de fiabilit&eacute; des &eacute;chelles et des v&eacute;rifications de l&rsquo;unidimensionnalit&eacute; ont &eacute;t&eacute; faites. Examiner la fiabilit&eacute; des mesures revoit &agrave; examiner la consistance interne des items de chaque facteur &agrave; l&rsquo;aide du coefficient alpha de Cronbach. Pour chaque dimension, la valeur de cette consistance interne est sup&eacute;rieure &agrave; 0.5 (</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">voir figure (2))</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> sauf pour la variable nombres de march&eacute; p&eacute;n&eacute;tr&eacute; par l&rsquo;entreprise qui est n&eacute;gatif. Donc, pour satisfaire la validit&eacute; convergente nous avons supprim&eacute; cette variable. Et ce, suite aux recommandations de <b>Bourguiba (2007).</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">Figure 2. Corr&eacute;lations entre variables manifestes et variables latentes</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><img src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_486_1_image-20200328064547-8.png" style="width: 676px; height: 301px;" /></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">Source&nbsp;: R&eacute;alis&eacute; par nous-m&ecirc;mes gr&acirc;ce au logiciel PLS Smart&nbsp;3.0</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">D&rsquo;apr&egrave;s le</span></span> <span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">tableau (3), ci-dessous, les valeurs de l&rsquo;alpha de<b> </b>Gronbach et rho de dillon goldstein sont sup&eacute;rieur<b>es </b>au seuil de repr&eacute;sentativit&eacute; (sup&eacute;rieur &agrave; 70&nbsp;%), la m&eacute;thode de l&rsquo;analyse en composante principale montre que le mod&egrave;le est unidimensionnel. Ce qui<b> </b>signifie que les variables manifestes malgr&eacute; leur diversit&eacute; traduisent une seule et m&ecirc;me variable latente. Donc, les variables latentes de notre mod&egrave;le peuvent &ecirc;tre consid&eacute;r&eacute;es comme une variable unique</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">Tableau 3. L&rsquo;unidimensionnalit&eacute;</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <div align="left" dir="ltr"> <table align="left" class="Table" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none; margin-left:6px; margin-right:6px"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:124px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:47px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:124px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:47px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">Cronbach&rsquo;s Alpha</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:124px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:47px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">Rho_A</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:124px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:47px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">Composite reliability</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:124px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:47px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">Average Variance Extracted(AVE)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:124px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:62px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">La communication interne</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:124px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:62px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">0.868</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:124px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:62px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">0.955</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:124px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:62px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">0.915</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:124px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:62px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">0.782</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:124px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:49px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">La performance</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:124px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:49px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">0.896</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:124px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:49px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">0.851</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:124px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:49px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">0.706</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:124px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:49px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">0.553</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:124px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:37px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">Les TIC</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:124px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:37px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">0.792</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:124px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:37px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">0.848</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:124px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:37px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">0.871</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:124px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:37px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">0.694</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">Source&nbsp;:</span></span></b><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> R&eacute;alis&eacute; par nous-m&ecirc;mes &agrave; travers le logiciel Smart PLS version&nbsp;3</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">La validit&eacute; convergente a &eacute;t&eacute; examin&eacute;e en observant la variance moyenne extraite (AVE). On constate, selon le tableau (3), des seuils acceptables d&rsquo;AVE (&gt; 0.5) pour chaque facteur en termes de directives de <b>Fornell et Larcker (1981)</b>, ce qui correspond &agrave; une bonne validit&eacute; convergente. Autrement dit, chaque item standardis&eacute; devrait partager plus de variances avec son construit latent qu&rsquo;avec son erreur de mesure. Le coefficient rho de D.G. apparait aussi significatif pour tous les mod&egrave;les de mesure, ce qui confirme &agrave; nouveau la bonne validit&eacute; convergente de notre mod&egrave;le</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Ces r&eacute;sultats, nous poussent &agrave; consid&eacute;rer que les blocs formant notre mod&egrave;le sont unidimensionnels. En effet, Le coefficient rho apparait significatif pour tous les mod&egrave;les de mesure, ce qui confirme &agrave; nouveau la bonne validit&eacute; convergente de notre mod&egrave;le</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">La validit&eacute; discriminante du mod&egrave;le est test&eacute;e conform&eacute;ment aux recommandations de <b>Chin (2010).</b> Pour &eacute;valuer ladite validit&eacute;, on compare la racine carr&eacute;e de la variance moyenne extraite (AVE), pour chaque facteur (Variable Latente), avec la Corr&eacute;lation entre les facteurs deux &agrave; deux. Si la racine carr&eacute;e de l&rsquo;AVE est sup&eacute;rieure aux corr&eacute;lations entre les facteurs, la validit&eacute; discriminante est assur&eacute;e. Cette validit&eacute; est acquise si les variables manifestes partagent plus de variances avec leurs Variables Latentes qu&rsquo;avec d&rsquo;autres. En d&rsquo;autres termes, les items mesurant un ph&eacute;nom&egrave;ne doivent &ecirc;tre faiblement corr&eacute;l&eacute;s aux items mesurant d&rsquo;autres construits (Variables latentes) </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">Tableau 4. La validit&eacute; discriminante</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></p> <div align="left" dir="ltr"> <table align="center" class="Table" style="border-collapse:collapse;border:none;margin-left:6px;margin-right:6px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:136px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:37px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:172px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:37px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">La communication interne </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:132px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:37px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">La performance</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:94px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:37px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">Les TIC</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:89px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:37px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">AVE</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:136px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:57px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">LA communication interne </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:172px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:57px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">0.884</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:132px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:57px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:94px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:57px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:89px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:57px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">0.782</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:136px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:37px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">La performance</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:172px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:37px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">0.449</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:132px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:37px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">0.744</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:94px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:37px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:89px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:37px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">0.553</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:136px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:52px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">Les TIC </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:172px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:52px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">0.453</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:132px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:52px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">0.465</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:94px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:52px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">0.833</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:89px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:52px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">0.694</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">Source&nbsp;:</span></span></b><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> R&eacute;alis&eacute; par nous-m&ecirc;mes &agrave; travers le logiciel Smart PLS version&nbsp;3</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Les r&eacute;sultats du </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">tableau (4) montrent</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> bien que la racine carr&eacute;e de l&rsquo;AVE de chaque facteur d&eacute;passe les corr&eacute;lations entre les facteurs deux par deux, ce qui confirme bien la validit&eacute; discriminante</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Apr&egrave;s avoir test&eacute; la validit&eacute; discriminante est la validit&eacute; convergente du mod&egrave;le, nous passons &agrave; la v&eacute;rification des hypoth&egrave;ses.</span></span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Afin de verifier la </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">capacit&eacute;</span></span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">de la variable </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">exog&egrave;ne &agrave; expliquer la variable endog&egrave;ne du mod&egrave;le de recherche, nous pr&eacute;sentons les r&eacute;sultats du coefficient de d&eacute;termination&nbsp;R<sup>2</sup>. Selon Chin (1998), si R<sup>2</sup> est moins de 19&nbsp;%, elle est rejet&eacute;e, si sa valeur est plus de 67&nbsp;%, elle est tr&egrave;s significative</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> et si sa valeur est de 33&nbsp;%, elle est faible, mais significative. </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Dans notre cas, l&rsquo;int&eacute;gration des r&eacute;seaux technologiques ont une influence sur la communication interne</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> (R<sup>2= </sup>%&nbsp;0.205) </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">d&rsquo;un c&ocirc;t&eacute;, et de l&rsquo;autre c&ocirc;t&eacute; la communication interne influence positivement la performance de l&rsquo;entreprise (R<sup>2= </sup>%&nbsp;0.202). D&rsquo;apr&egrave;s, nos R&eacute;sultats nous confirment les hypoth&egrave;ses&nbsp;H1.1 et H1.2 (</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">voir la figure (3))</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">Figure 3. Corr&eacute;lations entre variables manifestes et variables latentes</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><v:shape adj="122" id="Accolade_x0020_fermante_x0020_2" o:gfxdata="UEsDBBQABgAIAAAAIQC2gziS/gAAAOEBAAATAAAAW0NvbnRlbnRfVHlwZXNdLnhtbJSRQU7DMBBF 90jcwfIWJU67QAgl6YK0S0CoHGBkTxKLZGx5TGhvj5O2G0SRWNoz/78nu9wcxkFMGNg6quQqL6RA 0s5Y6ir5vt9lD1JwBDIwOMJKHpHlpr69KfdHjyxSmriSfYz+USnWPY7AufNIadK6MEJMx9ApD/oD OlTrorhX2lFEilmcO2RdNtjC5xDF9pCuTyYBB5bi6bQ4syoJ3g9WQ0ymaiLzg5KdCXlKLjvcW893 SUOqXwnz5DrgnHtJTxOsQfEKIT7DmDSUCaxw7Rqn8787ZsmRM9e2VmPeBN4uqYvTtW7jvijg9N/y JsXecLq0q+WD6m8AAAD//wMAUEsDBBQABgAIAAAAIQA4/SH/1gAAAJQBAAALAAAAX3JlbHMvLnJl bHOkkMFqwzAMhu+DvYPRfXGawxijTi+j0GvpHsDYimMaW0Yy2fr2M4PBMnrbUb/Q94l/f/hMi1qR JVI2sOt6UJgd+ZiDgffL8ekFlFSbvV0oo4EbChzGx4f9GRdb25HMsYhqlCwG5lrLq9biZkxWOiqY 22YiTra2kYMu1l1tQD30/bPm3wwYN0x18gb45AdQl1tp5j/sFB2T0FQ7R0nTNEV3j6o9feQzro1i OWA14Fm+Q8a1a8+Bvu/d/dMb2JY5uiPbhG/ktn4cqGU/er3pcvwCAAD//wMAUEsDBBQABgAIAAAA IQBkLhXd8AEAALkDAAAOAAAAZHJzL2Uyb0RvYy54bWysU9Fu2yAUfZ+0f0C8L3bSJmutONXWqHuZ tkrtPuAWYxsJuIjL4uTvd8FZ1m1v0/yAgMs9nHM43t4dnRUHHcmgb+VyUUuhvcLO+KGV354f3t1I QQl8Bxa9buVJk7zbvX2znUKjVzii7XQUDOKpmUIrx5RCU1WkRu2AFhi052KP0UHiZRyqLsLE6M5W q7reVBPGLkRUmoh393NR7gp+32uVvvY96SRsK5lbKmMs40seq90WmiFCGI0604B/YOHAeL70ArWH BOJ7NH9BOaMiEvZpodBV2PdG6aKB1SzrP9Q8jRB00cLmULjYRP8PVn05PEZhulZeSeHB8RN9UAot dFr0ml33SYtVtmkK1PDpp/AYzyviadZ87KMTEdnb9XWdv+IEaxPHYvTpYrQ+JqF48+r95vp2I4Xi 0nq93myWy3xFNWNlzBApfdLoRJ60MpphTB8jqGwHNHD4TGlu+Hkwb3t8MNbyPjTWi4nzeFuv+dUV cLJ6C4mnLrBW8oMUYAeOrEqxQBJa0+X23E0nurdRHIBTw2HrcHpm6lJYoMQF1jPrnCn81pr57IHG ubmU5pA5kzjp1rhW3rzutj7fqEtWz6qy1bO5efaC3YnfKCZ7j3OKwasRmUXmninkU5yPYuA5yzmA r9fl1K8/bvcDAAD//wMAUEsDBBQABgAIAAAAIQCIHsNR2gAAAAQBAAAPAAAAZHJzL2Rvd25yZXYu eG1sTI/BTsMwEETvSPyDtUjcqBNQoE3jVKgSFTdEywds4sVJG68j220DX4/hUi4rjWY087ZaTXYQ J/Khd6wgn2UgiFunezYKPnYvd3MQISJrHByTgi8KsKqvryostTvzO5220YhUwqFEBV2MYyllaDuy GGZuJE7ep/MWY5LeSO3xnMrtIO+z7FFa7DktdDjSuqP2sD1aBTvzOjQU38x+vfje5JsDelOgUrc3 0/MSRKQpXsLwi5/QoU5MjTuyDmJQkB6Jfzd586ciB9EoKBYPIOtK/oevfwAAAP//AwBQSwECLQAU AAYACAAAACEAtoM4kv4AAADhAQAAEwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAW0NvbnRlbnRfVHlwZXNdLnht bFBLAQItABQABgAIAAAAIQA4/SH/1gAAAJQBAAALAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAC8BAABfcmVscy8ucmVs c1BLAQItABQABgAIAAAAIQBkLhXd8AEAALkDAAAOAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAC4CAABkcnMvZTJvRG9j LnhtbFBLAQItABQABgAIAAAAIQCIHsNR2gAAAAQBAAAPAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAEoEAABkcnMvZG93 bnJldi54bWxQSwUGAAAAAAQABADzAAAAUQUAAAAA " strokeweight="1.5pt" style="position:absolute; left:0; text-align:left; margin-left:315px; margin-top:108px; width:39.8pt; height:224.95pt; rotation:90; z-index:251659264; v-text-anchor:middle" type="#_x0000_t88"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> </v:stroke></v:shape></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><img src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_486_1_image-20200328071601-11.png" style="width: 600px; height: 263px;" /></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">Source&nbsp;: R&eacute;alis&eacute; par nous-m&ecirc;mes gr&acirc;ce au logiciel PLS Smart&nbsp;3.0</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Concernant l&rsquo;influence des r&eacute;seaux technologiques sur la performance, une influence indirecte a &eacute;t&eacute; d&eacute;tect&eacute;e dont la corr&eacute;lation est de 0.204. Ce dernier r&eacute;sultat nous permet de valid&eacute; l&rsquo;hypoth&egrave;se&nbsp;H1</span></span> (<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">voir la figure (3))</span></span><span arial="" style="font-family:">. </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">D&rsquo;apr&egrave;s nos r&eacute;sultats, la valeur liant les TIC ave la communication d&rsquo;un c&ocirc;t&eacute;, et la communication interne avec la performance de l&rsquo;autre c&ocirc;t&eacute; sont positives et significatives. Elles repr&eacute;sentent respectivement 0.453 et 0.449. Finalement, nos r&eacute;sultats confirment notre hypoth&egrave;se g&eacute;n&eacute;rale</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <h3 dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Discussions des r&eacute;sultats</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></h3> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Les r&eacute;sultats que nous avons obtenus valident l&rsquo;existence d&rsquo;un effet positif entre les TIC et la fonction de communication interne, autrement dit, les technologies en r&eacute;seau soutiennent la circulation des informations et la coordination du travail. Donc, les outils internet, intranet et l&rsquo;extranet soutiennent la communication interne.</span></span><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Ses r&eacute;sultats sont en ad&eacute;quation avec les r&eacute;sultats de <b>BENABDESLAM C.et BOUKHDOUNI O., (2019)</b>. D&rsquo;apr&egrave;s les travaux des auteurs les TIC, dont nous trouvons les r&eacute;seaux technologiques, facilitent</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> la communication, le partage et l&rsquo;&eacute;change d&rsquo;information</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&Eacute;galement, Les r&eacute;sultats valident l&rsquo;existence d&rsquo;un impact positif de la communication interne sur la performance des entreprises. La communication constitue un facteur cl&eacute; de succ&egrave;s pour l&rsquo;entreprise, elle facilite les interactions entre le personnel de l&rsquo;entreprise, am&eacute;liore la coordination, r&eacute;duit les conflits et facilite la conduite des r&eacute;unions. Nos r&eacute;sultats sont conformes aux r&eacute;sultats de <b><span style="color:black">Souad RAFIQ, (2016)</span> et </b></span></span><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">BOULESNANE S., BOUZIDI L. (2016)</span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Enfin, les r&eacute;sultats confirment l&rsquo;existence d&rsquo;un lien indirect entre les TIC et la performance de l&rsquo;entreprise. Cependant, selon <b><span style="color:black">MEBARKI N. (2013)</span></b><span style="color:black">,</span> ce n&rsquo;est pas l&rsquo;introduction des TIC qui influence la performance, mais son utilisation dans la communication qui impacte la performance de l&rsquo;entreprise.&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Les r&eacute;sultats que nous avons obtenus montrent l&rsquo;importance de la communication interne dans un contexte &laquo;&nbsp;d&rsquo;entreprise &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;coute&nbsp;&raquo; </span></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(Crozier, 1997)</span></span></b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">. </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Sp&eacute;cifiquement, la communication interne permet de partage et d&rsquo;alimenter les individus en information (<b>Moreau et Rodrigue 2008</b>) pour les besoin de prise de d&eacute;cision (<b>Houtekier et al 2013</b>), cette action permettras &agrave; son tours d&rsquo;anticip&eacute; les &eacute;volutions de l&rsquo;environnement de l&rsquo;entreprise national et international(<b>Balmisse et Meingan 2008</b>). </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Dans ce contexte,</span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">la communication interne<i> </i>se traduit par un ensemble d&rsquo;actions continues et coordonn&eacute;es entre les membres de </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">l&rsquo;entreprise, concernant le partage de l&rsquo;information entre les diff&eacute;rents niveaux de la hi&eacute;rarchie </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Le partage d&rsquo;informations am&egrave;ne les membres des entreprises &eacute;chantillonn&eacute;es &agrave; construire ensemble, pas &agrave; pas, plusieurs formes de communication interne. En premier</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black"> lieu, <b>la</b> <b>communication descendante</b> </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">partant des besoins potentiels en information. Puis vient la veille info-communicationnelle &agrave; travers une <b>communication interne horizontale</b> <b>et verticale</b> permettant l&rsquo;orientation, la collecte, la m&eacute;morisation des informations. Ensuite, les membres de l&rsquo;entreprise proc&egrave;dent &agrave; <b>une communication ascendante</b> pour permettre le partage de l&rsquo;information, car la veille strat&eacute;gique n&rsquo;a de sens que si cette &eacute;tape est r&eacute;alis&eacute;e avec suce. Enfin vient le traitement de l&rsquo;information de fa&ccedil;on &agrave; la rendre strat&eacute;giquement par la direction de l&rsquo;entreprise</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Lors de la communication interne, quel que soit sa forme, les technologies de l&rsquo;information est de la communication permettent un meilleur partage d&rsquo;information est un gain de temps consid&eacute;rable.</span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Elles permettent une diffusion des informations en temps quasi r&eacute;el aux personnes concern&eacute;es. Cet aspect est d&eacute;terminant de tout syst&egrave;me de veille</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">.</span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">L&rsquo;intranet et l&rsquo;extranet repr&eacute;sentent chez les entreprises &eacute;chantillonn&eacute;es, deux outils extr&ecirc;mement int&eacute;ressants et utiles. Ils facilitent la communication et l&rsquo;&eacute;change d&rsquo;informations. Ce sont deux outils qui assurent la confidentialit&eacute; et la s&eacute;curit&eacute; de l&rsquo;information. Tandis que l&rsquo;internet repr&eacute;sente chez les entreprises &eacute;chantillonn&eacute;es la premi&egrave;re source d&rsquo;information dans le cadre de la veille strat&eacute;gique faute de moyens et de connaissance en mati&egrave;re de veille strat&eacute;gique </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Compte tenu de ces r&eacute;sultats, en peut avancer que l&rsquo;utilisation efficace des TIC dans le processus de communication permet l&rsquo;am&eacute;lioration de la performance des entreprises enqu&ecirc;t&eacute;es, notamment, lors du processus de veille strat&eacute;gique.</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> <b>(Alaoui, 2010)</b> rappelle, &agrave; cet &eacute;gard, que les TIC ne constituent pas, &agrave; eux seuls, le facteur d&eacute;terminant dans la richesse des pratiques manag&eacute;riales des entreprises et signale l&rsquo;importance des variables coordinations et orientations strat&eacute;giques (vision connue et partag&eacute;e, efficacit&eacute; du leadership, facilit&eacute; de la collaboration interne, recours &agrave; des groupes de travail &eacute;trangers, &hellip;) </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <h2 dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b>&nbsp;</b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Conclusion</span></span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#000066"> </span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></h2> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Il est utile de souligner que l&rsquo;objectif principal de cette &eacute;tude empirique. Il s&rsquo;agit de tester l&rsquo;impact des &nbsp;TIC sur la performance des entreprises via la communication interne.</span></span> <span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&Agrave; notre niveau, nous voulons surtout d&eacute;montrer que les technologies de l&rsquo;information et de la communication influencent positivement la communication interne de l&rsquo;entreprise et que la communication interne de l&rsquo;entreprise influence positivement la performance des entreprises. Sachant que le personnel doit donc &ecirc;tre la premi&egrave;re cible des actions de communication de l&rsquo;entreprise pour mieux s&rsquo;approprier ses objectifs afin de promouvoir et de d&eacute;fendre ses grandes causes ils doivent int&eacute;gr&eacute; et maitris&eacute; les TIC. Faute de cette d&eacute;marche, l&rsquo;entreprise court de nombreux risques de contre &mdash; performances. Aujourd&rsquo;hui en effet, l&rsquo;efficacit&eacute; de l&rsquo;entreprise ne d&eacute;pend pas seulement de sa capacit&eacute; &agrave; produire, mais &eacute;galement de son habilit&eacute; &agrave; communiquer, &agrave; &eacute;tablir des relations de confiance avec tous les acteurs dont d&eacute;pend son &eacute;quilibre </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Nos r&eacute;sultats montrent que la communication interne et en relief avec les TIC et la performance de l&rsquo;entreprise. Ce faisant, les TIC am&eacute;liorent la circulation d&rsquo;information qui permet aux capitaux humains de l&rsquo;entreprise de communiquer d&rsquo;une mani&egrave;re efficace et de r&eacute;aliser des performances organisationnelles</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Pour am&eacute;liorer la communication interne de l&rsquo;entreprise, il est imp&eacute;rativement demand&eacute; d&rsquo;introduire les TIC dans l&rsquo;entreprise et d&rsquo;accompagner le personnel de l&rsquo;entreprise, &agrave; travers des formations et de la conduite des changements, dans la maitrise des TIC</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">La communication interne est indispensable pour r&eacute;aliser toutes les fonctions de l&rsquo;organisation, planification, organisation, prise de d&eacute;cision et, notamment, la pratique de la veille strat&eacute;gique. On ne peut pas imaginer le fonctionnement d&rsquo;une activit&eacute; sans la pr&eacute;sence de l&rsquo;information qui signifie sans la pr&eacute;sence de la communication</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Ses entreprises, afin de b&acirc;tir des syst&egrave;mes d&rsquo;information permettant de d&eacute;finir et de dessiner clairement leurs strat&eacute;gies, sont appel&eacute;es &agrave; allouer les ressources n&eacute;cessaires et mettre l&rsquo;accent sur toutes les actions permettant de motiver et d&rsquo;inciter le personnel &agrave; am&eacute;liorer leur communication interne</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="text-indent: 35.45pt; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Il est &agrave; signaler que notre travail se heurte &agrave; certaines limites pour diff&eacute;rentes raisons </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="text-indent: 35.45pt; margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> <ul> <li class="CxSpMiddle" dir="LTR" style="margin-left: 8px;"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">La m&eacute;thode de collecte de donn&eacute;es par voie de questionnaire n&rsquo;est pas exempte de limites. Elle permet uniquement de collecter les donn&eacute;es et informations subjectives (perceptions des dirigeants). </span></span></span></span></li> <li class="CxSpMiddle" dir="LTR" style="margin-left: 8px;"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Il est important de signaler qu&rsquo;il y a aussi d&rsquo;autres pratiques au sein de l&rsquo;entreprise et d&rsquo;autres technologies de l&rsquo;information et de la communication qui peuvent impacter la performance globale. </span></span></span></span></li> <li class="CxSpMiddle" dir="LTR" style="margin-left: 8px;"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">La recherche est restreinte, elle se limite par un nombre restreint d&rsquo;entreprises retenues pour la recherche.</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <p class="CxSpMiddle" dir="LTR">&nbsp;</p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Beaucoup restent encore &agrave; faire pour am&eacute;liorer notre connaissance des liens nou&eacute;s entre TIC, communication interne et performance organisationnelle. Nos r&eacute;sultats pourraient &ecirc;tre am&eacute;lior&eacute;s par une &eacute;tude qualitative. Intuitivement, d&rsquo;autres indicateurs peuvent &ecirc;tre int&eacute;gr&eacute;s dans le mod&egrave;le &agrave; savoir&nbsp;: d&rsquo;autres technologies de l&rsquo;information et de la communication, les autres types de performance </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 8px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b>&nbsp;</b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Referrals and references</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="text-autospace:none"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Alaoui</span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">, A. 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