<p class="MsoTitle" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:8px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoTitle" style="margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">INTRODUCTION </span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">La transition num&eacute;rique avance &agrave; grands pas et ne laisse aucun acteur indiff&eacute;rent, ses d&eacute;fenseurs ne manquent pas d&rsquo;arguments pour promouvoir ses vertus &eacute;conomiques pour l&rsquo;entreprise. Toutefois son adoption bouleverse profond&eacute;ment&nbsp; ses pratiques notamment communicationnelles longtemps &eacute;tablies par les mod&egrave;les d&rsquo;organisations classiques du travail.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Ces derni&egrave;res ann&eacute;es, un exemple concret pourrait illustrer parfaitement cette disruption num&eacute;rique, qui n&rsquo;est autre que le BIM &laquo;&nbsp;building information modeling&raquo;, pour ses int&eacute;r&ecirc;ts &eacute;conomiques pour l&rsquo;entreprise notamment en mati&egrave;re de r&eacute;duction des co&ucirc;ts, de gains de temps r&eacute;sultant des nouveaux modes collaboratifs des &eacute;quipes et, d&rsquo;une mani&egrave;re g&eacute;n&eacute;rale, la promesse d&rsquo;acc&eacute;l&eacute;ration de la comp&eacute;titivit&eacute; des entreprises publiques et/ou priv&eacute;es qui s&rsquo;y mettent. Seulement l&rsquo;impact du BIM sur le volet communication organisationnelle de l&rsquo;entreprise n&rsquo;est pas encore totalement approfondi et m&eacute;rite un travail de recherche &agrave; ce sujet.&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Ainsi et devant l&rsquo;&eacute;mergence de nouveaux besoins exprim&eacute;s par les usagers de b&acirc;timents en termes de r&eacute;activit&eacute;, de niveau de confort, de flexibilit&eacute; et de s&eacute;curit&eacute;, les actants du secteur b&acirc;timents sont de plus en plus interpell&eacute;s sur la pertinence de leur choix d&rsquo;outils de travail, de processus organisationnels et de pratiques communicationnelles.&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">La probl&eacute;matique de l&#39;usage des NTIC<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a> a une r&eacute;sonance non seulement &eacute;conomique mais surtout sociale&nbsp;incitant le regroupement des comp&eacute;tences et la facilitation&nbsp; du processus communicationnel (Comtet, 2007). </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">La vision classique de la conception, de la r&eacute;alisation et de l&rsquo;exploitation des b&acirc;timents bas&eacute;e essentiellement sur la performance des outils informatiques en mati&egrave;re de conception, d&rsquo;ordonnancement des interventions, de gestion des approvisionnements et de reporting, ne pourra plus &agrave; elle seule r&eacute;pondre d&rsquo;une mani&egrave;re factuelle aux besoins pr&eacute;cit&eacute;s.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Ainsi, et pour r&eacute;pondre &agrave; ces questionnements, il devient opportun de chercher des solutions innovantes permettant d&rsquo;une part, d&rsquo;exploiter le flux important et continu de donn&eacute;es issues du cycle de vie du b&acirc;timent provenant des DOE<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a> remis au moment de la livraison, des fiches </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">techniques livr&eacute;es avec les &eacute;quipements&nbsp; et des bases de donn&eacute;es GMAO<a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a>&nbsp;; et d&rsquo;autre part, de requalifier les rapports collaboratifs r&eacute;gissant les actants impliqu&eacute;s dans l&rsquo;&eacute;cosyst&egrave;me du b&acirc;timent qui seront la pierre angulaire de la r&eacute;ussite de ces solutions.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Dans cette perspective, le BIM comme processus collaboratif autour d&rsquo;une maquette nu</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">m&eacute;rique permettant des &eacute;changes d&rsquo;informations de fa&ccedil;on d&eacute;mat&eacute;rialis&eacute;e entre les acteurs, promet de r&eacute;elles pistes d&rsquo;am&eacute;lioration largement d&eacute;montr&eacute;es dans plusieurs projets en phase conception-r&eacute;alisation des b&acirc;timents. </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">La pr&eacute;sente recherche s&rsquo;appuiera ainsi sur trois enqu&ecirc;tes de mensuration du d&eacute;ploiement du processus BIM dans le secteur du b&acirc;timent r&eacute;alis&eacute;es entre 2015 et 2018, et se propose donc d&rsquo;&eacute;tudier le niveau d&rsquo;adoption et d&rsquo;appropriation du processus BIM dans le secteur b&acirc;timent &agrave; une &eacute;chelle europ&eacute;enne et en particulier en France&nbsp;; dans l&rsquo;objectif d&rsquo;en tirer les enseignements possibles en termes d&rsquo;impacts soci&eacute;taux et &eacute;conomiques sur l&rsquo;entreprise (ce qui se traduit entre autres par les efforts d&rsquo;investissements engag&eacute;s pour se procurer les outils num&eacute;riques, la mise &agrave; niveau des comp&eacute;tences RH et le r&eacute;ajustement des pratiques communicationnelles).</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="color:black">ADOPTION DU BIM&nbsp;DANS LE SECTEUR DE LA CONSTRUCTION&nbsp;: ETAT DES LIEUX </span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Partout dans le monde et en Europe aussi et &agrave; des degr&eacute;s plus au moins avanc&eacute;s, le ph&eacute;nom&egrave;ne BIM est plac&eacute; aujourd&rsquo;hui au c&oelig;ur des priorit&eacute;s de la transition num&eacute;rique du secteur b&acirc;timent. Les acteurs concern&eacute;s par la sph&egrave;re du b&acirc;timent (Pouvoirs publics, Editeurs de logiciel, Entreprises, MOA<a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a>, MOE<a href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a>, fabricants&hellip;.) sont mis &agrave; contribution pour le d&eacute;ploiement massif du BIM eu &eacute;gard aux gains escompt&eacute;s.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Les principaux &eacute;diteurs des outils BIM (Autodesk &laquo;&nbsp;revit&nbsp;&raquo; , Graphisoft &laquo;&nbsp;archicad&nbsp;&raquo;, .&hellip;) promettent tous une r&eacute;volution sans pr&eacute;c&eacute;dents dans la gestion des donn&eacute;es b&acirc;timents en introduisent la notion de partage int&eacute;gral du projet,&nbsp; permettant un usage simultan&eacute; aux diff&eacute;rents intervenants dans l&rsquo;acte de b&acirc;tir et en offrant des outils param&eacute;triques d&rsquo;aide &agrave; la d&eacute;cision &agrave; diff&eacute;rents niveaux du projet de la conception en passant par les contr&ocirc;les de qualit&eacute; et de conformit&eacute; jusqu&rsquo;&agrave; la phase d&rsquo;exploitation.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Tout cela, sous la promesse de gain de temps &agrave; tous les stades d&rsquo;&eacute;volution du projet et particuli&egrave;rement au niveau de l&rsquo;ex&eacute;cution longtemps consid&eacute;r&eacute;e comme une phase ou les contres performances en termes de d&eacute;lais et/ou de qualit&eacute; sont per&ccedil;ues comme &eacute;tant la r&egrave;gle.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Certes, sur un plan technique, l&rsquo;apport du BIM est novateur et g&eacute;n&eacute;rateur de valeur &eacute;conomique pour les acteurs du secteur b&acirc;timent, mais des questionnements l&eacute;gitimes m&eacute;ritent d&rsquo;&ecirc;tre d&eacute;battus sur son degr&eacute; de maturit&eacute; pour assurer les promesses tenues surtout que ses interactions bouleversent profond&eacute;ment les pratiques communicationnelles des intervenants de l&rsquo;&eacute;cosyst&egrave;me b&acirc;timents.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Pour trouver des pistes de r&eacute;ponses &agrave; ces questionnements, il nous para&icirc;t essentiel de s&rsquo;int&eacute;resser &agrave; la compr&eacute;hension du poids et caract&eacute;ristiques du secteur de la construction en faisant le point avec le degr&eacute; d&rsquo;int&eacute;gration du BIM dans son &eacute;cosyst&egrave;me.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><i><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="color:black">Poids et caract&eacute;ristiques du secteur de la construction</span></span></i></b></span></span></span></p> <p class="Default" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Pour appr&eacute;hender les chiffres du secteur b&acirc;timent qui nous permettrons par la suite d&rsquo;appr&eacute;cier les enjeux de l&rsquo;adoption du BIM pour ce secteur, il est utile de recueillir tout d&rsquo;abord les chiffres cl&eacute;s de sa contribution dans la production globale et dans le march&eacute; d&rsquo;emploi &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;chelle des pays.</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Default" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">En Europe, le secteur de la construction de l&rsquo;Allemagne, la Grande-Bretagne et la France repr&eacute;sentaient en 2015, &agrave; eux trois, plus de la moiti&eacute; de la production soit 571,6 milliards d&rsquo;euros<a href="#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="color:black">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a>.</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Default" style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <table class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none" width="637"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:117px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:33px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:110px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:33px; background-color:#fde9d9; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Classement Europ&eacute;en</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:210px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:33px; background-color:#fde9d9; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Production du secteur de la construction en 2015 </span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">&laquo;&nbsp;milliards d&rsquo;euros&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:200px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:33px; background-color:#fde9d9; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Contribution de la construction au PIB en 2015</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:117px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:23px; background-color:#daeef3; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"> <p class="Default"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="color:#365f91">Allemagne</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:110px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:23px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">1<sup>er</sup></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:210px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:23px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">262,9</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:200px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:23px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">9,8%</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:117px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:24px; background-color:#daeef3; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"> <p class="Default"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="color:#365f91">Royaume uni</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:110px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:24px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">2<sup>&egrave;me</sup></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:210px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:24px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">153,0</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:200px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:24px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">&nbsp;6,3%</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:117px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:24px; background-color:#daeef3; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"> <p class="Default"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="color:#365f91">France</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:110px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:24px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">3<sup>&egrave;me</sup></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:210px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:24px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">152,8</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:200px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:24px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">&nbsp;8,0%</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><u><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="color:black">Tableau 1&nbsp;: Importance du secteur de la construction dans l&rsquo;&eacute;conomie europ&eacute;enne.</span></span></u></span></span></span></p> <p class="Default" style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p class="Default" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">L&rsquo;Allemagne est le plus gros march&eacute; de l&rsquo;Europe pour les entreprises de construction. Et avec un tissu d&rsquo;entreprises constitu&eacute; majoritairement (environ 90%) d&rsquo;entreprises de moins de 20 salari&eacute;s.</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Default" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Le secteur de la construction britannique, quoique touch&eacute; par la chute de la livre sterling, poursuit son d&eacute;veloppement, dop&eacute; par la r&eacute;alisation de grands projets d&rsquo;infrastructures et comptabilise un niveau d&rsquo;emploi de 2,11 millions de travailleurs en 2015. </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="color:black">Pour la France, m&ecirc;me si le constat g&eacute;n&eacute;ral que le secteur de la construction est domin&eacute; par des g&eacute;ants comme Vinci, Eiffage et Bouygues, le secteur compte 600000 entreprises en 2018, et emploie 1 million de personnes. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="color:black">Ainsi, et si on s&rsquo;int&eacute;resse au seul secteur du b&acirc;timent, la France est caract&eacute;ris&eacute;e par un tissu entrepreneurial particulier, en effet le nombre d&rsquo;entreprises fran&ccedil;aises du secteur b&acirc;timent de mois de 20 salari&eacute;s repr&eacute;sentait 98% des 559139 entreprises identifi&eacute;es en 2015<a href="#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="color:black">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a>.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <table align="left" class="Table" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none; margin-left:6px; margin-right:6px" width="631"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:315px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; height:29px; background-color:#f2dbdb; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Nombre de salari&eacute;s</span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:315px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; height:29px; background-color:#f2dbdb; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Nombre d&rsquo;entreprises</span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:315px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; height:19px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="color:#943634">&nbsp;&nbsp; Moins de 20 salari&eacute;s</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:315px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; height:19px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="right" style="text-align:right; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="color:#943634">549 969</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:315px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; height:19px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-indent:28.6pt; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">De &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;20 &nbsp;&nbsp;&agrave; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;49 salari&eacute;s</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:315px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; height:19px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="right" style="text-align:right; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">7 251</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:315px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; height:19px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-indent:28.6pt; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">De&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;50&nbsp; &nbsp;&agrave; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;99 salari&eacute;s</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:315px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; height:19px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="right" style="text-align:right; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">1 309</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:315px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; height:19px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-indent:28.6pt; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">De &nbsp;&nbsp;100&nbsp; &nbsp;&agrave; &nbsp;&nbsp;499 salari&eacute;s</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:315px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; height:19px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="right" style="text-align:right; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">586</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:315px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; height:19px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-indent:28.6pt; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">De &nbsp;&nbsp;500 &nbsp;&nbsp;&agrave; &nbsp;&nbsp;999 salari&eacute;s</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:315px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; height:19px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="right" style="text-align:right; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">21</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:315px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; height:19px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-indent:28.6pt; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">De 1000 &nbsp;salari&eacute;s et plus</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:315px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; height:19px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="right" style="text-align:right; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">3</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:315px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; height:19px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="color:#943634">&nbsp;&nbsp; Plus&nbsp; de 20 salari&eacute;s</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:315px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; height:19px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="right" style="text-align:right; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="color:#943634">9 170</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:315px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; height:19px; background-color:#dbe5f1; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Total</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:315px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; height:19px; background-color:#dbe5f1; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="right" style="text-align:right; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">559 139</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><u><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="color:black">Tableau 2&nbsp;: Nombre d&rsquo;entreprises fran&ccedil;aises du secteur b&acirc;timent par taille</span></span></u></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="color:black">Les entreprises du secteur b&acirc;timent de mois de 20 salari&eacute;s emploie 630&nbsp;994 salari&eacute;s soit 60% des effectifs du b&acirc;timent, 8% des effectifs du b&acirc;timent sont des ing&eacute;nieurs et assimil&eacute;s cadres<a href="#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="color:black">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a>. Elles assurent la formation de 55334 apprentis soit 79% des apprentis du b&acirc;timent. C&ocirc;t&eacute; chiffre d&rsquo;affaires, elles r&eacute;alisent 82,2 milliards d&rsquo;euros soit 64% du chiffre d&rsquo;affaires de la profession<a href="#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="color:black">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a>. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><i><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="color:#17365d">Maturit&eacute; du BIM dans le secteur du b&acirc;timent</span></span></i></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="color:black">Pour contextualiser la maturit&eacute; du BIM, nous nous int&eacute;ressons &agrave; deux indicateurs qui permettent de mieux la cerner &agrave; savoir le lancement des premi&egrave;res initiatives du BIM en Europe et le taux d&rsquo;&eacute;quipement des salari&eacute;s en ordinateurs.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></p> <table class="MsoTableGrid" style="width:643px; border-collapse:collapse; border:none" width="643"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:107px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:43px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:193px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:43px; background-color:#fde9d9; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Nombre d&rsquo;entreprises BTP dans top 50 Europe (2017)</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:171px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:43px; background-color:#fde9d9; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Pourcentage des salari&eacute;s &eacute;quip&eacute;s d&rsquo;ordinateur</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:172px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:43px; background-color:#fde9d9; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Lancement des premi&egrave;res initiatives du BIM</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:107px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:24px; background-color:#daeef3; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"> <p class="Default"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="color:#365f91">Allemagne</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:193px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:24px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">1</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:171px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:24px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">40%</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:172px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:24px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">2015</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:107px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:20px; background-color:#daeef3; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"> <p class="Default"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="color:#365f91">Royaume uni</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:193px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">12</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:171px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">57%</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:172px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">2011</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:107px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:20px; background-color:#daeef3; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"> <p class="Default"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="color:#365f91">France</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:193px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">3</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:171px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">43%</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:172px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">2014</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:107px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:20px; background-color:#daeef3; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"> <p class="Default"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="color:#365f91">Su&egrave;de</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:193px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">4</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:171px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">65%</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:172px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">2009</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><u><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="color:black">Tableau 3&nbsp;: Lancement du BIM et niveau d&rsquo;&eacute;quipement du secteur de la construction d&rsquo;ordinateurs.</span></span></u></span></span></span></p> <p class="Default" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">En effet, le taux d&rsquo;&eacute;quipement <span style="color:black">des salari&eacute;s en ordinateurs, nous para&icirc;t aussi un indicateur important pour juger de la pr&eacute;disposition des acteurs</span> &agrave; l&rsquo;adoption du BIM. La disparit&eacute; des taux d&rsquo;&eacute;quipements entre les pays europ&eacute;ens &eacute;tudi&eacute;s, confirme la corr&eacute;lation entre la maturit&eacute; du BIM et le niveau d&rsquo;&eacute;quipement des salari&eacute;s.&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="color:black">Les entreprises de moins de 20 salari&eacute;s sont encore sous-&eacute;quip&eacute;es en outils num&eacute;riques notamment les ordinateurs, environ 21% des TPE ne poss&egrave;dent pas d&#39;ordinateurs, et 95% n&#39;ont pas de tablettes tactiles<a href="#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="color:black">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a>. Constat qui ne manque pas d&#39;enseignements, surtout pour agir sur ce taux, il faut que l&rsquo;int&eacute;r&ecirc;t pour l&rsquo;entreprise soit parfaitement compris et assimil&eacute;s par les chefs des TPE et leurs collaborateurs. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="color:black">L&rsquo;acc&egrave;s &agrave; Internet constitue aussi un vrai enjeu pour l&rsquo;adoption du BIM pour l&rsquo;entreprise. Ainsi pour les acteurs situ&eacute;s dans des zones peu et/ou mal couvertes par une connexion &agrave; internet fiable, peut s&rsquo;av&eacute;rer compliquer pour les collaborateurs lanc&eacute;s dans la collaboration via des outils BIM. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Default" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">La plupart des pays europ&eacute;ens ne sont pas les pr&eacute;curseurs en mati&egrave;re d&rsquo;initiative BIM &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;chelle mondiale. Le Royaume Uni par exemple, s&rsquo;est lanc&eacute; dans le BIM en 2011, en s&rsquo;appuyant sur un &eacute;cosyst&egrave;me de partenaires pour accompagner le secteur de la construction dans sa mutation. Mais le vrai d&eacute;clic a &eacute;t&eacute; l&rsquo;entr&eacute;e en vigueur en avril 2016, du &laquo;&nbsp;UK BIM Mandate&nbsp;&raquo; qui exige l&rsquo;usage du BIM de niveau 2 pour les march&eacute;s publics, pour &nbsp;pousser au travail collaboratif entre les diff&eacute;rents acteurs d&rsquo;un m&ecirc;me projet. </span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Default" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Cette transition s&rsquo;accompagne &eacute;galement par la cr&eacute;ation d&rsquo;un site web d&eacute;di&eacute; au conseil des acteurs dans leur d&eacute;marche d&rsquo;appropriation du BIM. </span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Default" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Le BIM Task Group, cr&eacute;&eacute; en 2011 sur initiative gouvernementale, &nbsp;&eacute;quipe comp&eacute;tente sur toutes les questions touchant au BIM, devient l&rsquo;interlocuteur de r&eacute;f&eacute;rence pour les professionnels en mati&egrave;re BIM.</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Default" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">La formation n&rsquo;est pas en reste, puisque le gouvernement s&rsquo;est appuy&eacute; sur un important r&eacute;seau d&rsquo;universit&eacute;s proposant des formations en BIM, dans le cadre de la feuille de route mise au point par le BIM Academic Forum et visant &agrave; rendre les &eacute;tudiants op&eacute;rationnels d&egrave;s leur sortie d&rsquo;&eacute;cole.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="Default" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">M&ecirc;me si l&rsquo;Allemagne s&rsquo;est engag&eacute;e tardivement dans le BIM &laquo;&nbsp;2015&nbsp;&raquo;, le gouvernement via le minist&egrave;re des Transports allemand s&rsquo;est appuy&eacute; sur un groupement priv&eacute;, dont les membres, reconnus pour leur expertise, &oelig;uvraient au d&eacute;ploiement du BIM dans le secteur de la construction. </span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Default" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Le gouvernement allemand appelle aux acteurs de l&rsquo;industrie pour la cr&eacute;ation d&rsquo;une &laquo;nouvelle culture de la construction&raquo;. Cette derni&egrave;re aura pour objectif de consacrer le BIM comme &laquo;nouveau standard pour les infrastructures&raquo; &agrave; l&rsquo;horizon 2020&nbsp;; et s&rsquo;appuie sur des &laquo;champions&raquo; pour vulgariser le BIM aupr&egrave;s des petites et moyennes entreprises qui trouvent beaucoup de difficult&eacute;s pour s&rsquo;inscrire dans la transition num&eacute;rique.</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Default" style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="color:black">Pour la France, l&rsquo;ann&eacute;e 2015 reste l&rsquo;ann&eacute;e de r&eacute;f&eacute;rence du BIM &agrave; travers&nbsp; la mise en place du Plan Transition Num&eacute;rique dans le B&acirc;timent (PTNB).&nbsp; Ce plan vient pour r&eacute;pondre aux attentes exprim&eacute;es par les organisations professionnelles du secteur du b&acirc;timent en d&eacute;veloppant les usages du num&eacute;rique, en vue d&rsquo;une construction meilleure, plus rapide et moins ch&egrave;re, pendant toute la dur&eacute;e de vie des b&acirc;timents. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="color:black">L&rsquo;objectif de g&eacute;n&eacute;ralisation de la transition num&eacute;rique et du BIM voulu par le gouvernement a fait l&rsquo;objet d&rsquo;une feuille de route visant &agrave; convaincre et &agrave; donner envie &agrave; tous les acteurs, &agrave; encourager le d&eacute;veloppement de la formation professionnelle notamment celle destin&eacute;e aux PME, et enfin installer un climat de confiance &agrave; travers la normalisation.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Default" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">La signature de la charte &laquo;Objectifs BIM 2022<a href="#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="color:black">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a>&raquo; qui marque l&#39;engagement volontaire de l&#39;ensemble de la fili&egrave;re du b&acirc;timent &agrave; d&eacute;ployer et massifier les outils de construction num&eacute;rique &agrave; l&rsquo;horizon 2022.</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Default" style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p class="Default" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Par ailleurs, certains pays europ&eacute;ens se sont lanc&eacute;s relativement t&ocirc;t dans le BIM &agrave; l&rsquo;instar des pays scandinaves (Norv&egrave;ge, Danemark, Finlande et Su&egrave;de) : ils ont &eacute;t&eacute; parmi les premiers &agrave; adopter les technologies BIM.</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Default" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">La Su&egrave;de s&rsquo;est lanc&eacute;e en 2009, l&rsquo;usage du BIM est fortement encourag&eacute; dans le secteur public. Parall&egrave;lement, l&rsquo;agence publique su&eacute;doise en charge de la gestion des infrastructures de transport, impose le BIM dans tous les nouveaux projets d&rsquo;investissement depuis 2015. </span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Default" style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p class="Default" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">En r&eacute;sum&eacute;, le tableau n&deg;1 ci-dessous,&nbsp; dresse un &eacute;tat des lieux sans &eacute;quivoque sur l&rsquo;avancement de la d&eacute;marche BIM dans les 4 pays objet de notre benchmark. Le mot d&rsquo;ordre est que les pouvoirs publics et les instances repr&eacute;sentatives du secteur b&acirc;timent sont d&eacute;termin&eacute;s plus ce que jamais &agrave; promouvoir l&rsquo;adoption du BIM sans pour autant maitriser ses r&eacute;percussions sur ceux qui tardent &agrave; se lancer ou ratent carr&eacute;ment la vague du BIM. </span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Default" style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <table align="left" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none; margin-left:6px; margin-right:6px" width="631"> <tbody> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:206px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:17px; background-color:#fde9d9; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Objectifs du BIM</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:189px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:17px; background-color:#fde9d9; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Enjeux de la transition num&eacute;rique BIM</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:236px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:17px; background-color:#fde9d9; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Niveau de maturit&eacute; BIM</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:none; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none; width:0px">&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:none; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none; width:0px">&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:631px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"> <p class="Default"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="color:#365f91">Allemagne</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:none; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none; width:0px">&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:206px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:131px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-7.1pt; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">- </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Nouvelle culture num&eacute;rique de la construction.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-7.1pt; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">- </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Nouveaux standards pour les infrastructures.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-7.1pt; margin-bottom:13px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">- </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Livraison des projets &agrave; temps et meilleure transparence des co&ucirc;ts engag&eacute;s.</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:189px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:131px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="Default" style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p class="Default" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Soutien de la transition num&eacute;rique pour pr&eacute;server le leadership du pays dans le secteur de construction Europ&eacute;en.</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:236px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:131px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="Default">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-7.1pt; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">- </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Le niveau global de sensibilit&eacute; au BIM des entreprises de construction allemandes reste mod&eacute;r&eacute;.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-7.1pt; margin-bottom:13px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">- </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Plan gouvernemental visant d&rsquo;imposer le BIM dans le domaine public.</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:none; height:131px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none; width:0px">&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:631px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:23px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="color:#365f91">Royaume Uni</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:none; height:23px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none; width:0px">&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:206px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">R&eacute;duction des co&ucirc;ts de construction engag&eacute;s par les projets de ma&icirc;trise d&rsquo;ouvrage publique</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:189px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-7.1pt; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">- </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Adoption progressive du BIM et des logiciels aff&eacute;rents</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-7.1pt; margin-bottom:13px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="color:#4bacc6">- </span></span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Animation des r&eacute;seaux locaux d&rsquo;acteurs de la construction et encouragement du retour d&rsquo;exp&eacute;rience</span> </span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:236px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="color:black">Niveau de maturit&eacute; tr&egrave;s avanc&eacute;&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Etude NBS (2016)&nbsp;: 96% se disent au courant de l&rsquo;existence du BIM (communication r&eacute;ussie) et 48% affirment utiliser le BIM en conception et r&eacute;alisation de projets.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="color:black">*Plan gouvernemental imposant</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">le BIM dans le domaine public</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:none; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none; width:0px"> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">&nbsp;</span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:631px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:24px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="color:#365f91">France</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:none; height:24px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none; width:0px">&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:206px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-7.1pt; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="color:black">- </span></span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="color:black">G&eacute;n&eacute;raliser la commande en BIM dans l&#39;ensemble de la construction.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-7.1pt; margin-bottom:13px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="color:black">- </span></span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="color:black">D&eacute;ployer le BIM dans les territoires en soutenant la mont&eacute;e en comp&eacute;tences de tous ces professionnels.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:189px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-8.8pt; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="color:black">- </span></span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="color:black">Basculement dans l&rsquo;&egrave;re du travail collaboratif</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-8.8pt; margin-bottom:13px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="color:#4bacc6">- </span></span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="color:black">Fracture entre les grandes structures ayant les moyens d&rsquo;investir et de se former aux NTIC et les PME tr&egrave;s nombreuses, qui auront plus de difficult&eacute;s &agrave; s&rsquo;adapter.</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:236px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="color:black">Le niveau de maturit&eacute; de l&rsquo;utilisation du BIM dans les entreprises fran&ccedil;aises est mod&eacute;r&eacute;.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:none; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none; width:0px"> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">&nbsp;</span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:631px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="color:#365f91">Su&egrave;de</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:none; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none; width:0px">&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:206px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-7.1pt; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">- </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Mettre en &oelig;uvre des&nbsp;programmes durables, </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-7.1pt; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">- </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Avoir des&nbsp;b&acirc;timents toujours plus performants, &nbsp;plus rapides &agrave; construire et moins chers.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-7.1pt; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">- </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Obtenir des&nbsp;r&eacute;sultats plus pr&eacute;visibles&nbsp;(r&eacute;duction du risque)</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-7.1pt; margin-bottom:13px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">- </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Avoir des&nbsp;b&acirc;timents &agrave; haute performance &eacute;nerg&eacute;tique.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:189px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="Default" style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p class="Default" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Les grands groupes de construction su&eacute;dois sont les premiers &agrave; titrer les b&eacute;n&eacute;fices de l&rsquo;utilisation du BIM. Forts de leur expertise, ils poussent &agrave; la transition num&eacute;rique du b&acirc;timent </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:236px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="Default" style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p class="Default" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">L&rsquo;adoption du BIM est tellement r&eacute;pandue en Su&egrave;de que les meilleurs exemples se sont d&eacute;velopp&eacute;s malgr&eacute; l&rsquo;absence de directives claires de la part du gouvernement</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:none; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none; width:0px"> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">&nbsp;</span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><u><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="color:black">Tableau 4&nbsp;: Benchmark des objectifs, enjeux et maturit&eacute; du BIM en Europe</span></span></u><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="color:black">.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="color:black">LE BIM ET LES PRATIQUES COMMICATIONNELLES EN ENTREPRISES</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p class="Default" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Durant toutes les&nbsp; phases de mise en &oelig;uvre d&rsquo;un projet BIM, de la construction de la maquette inform&eacute;e, en passant par la formation du personnel concern&eacute;, &agrave; l&rsquo;exploitation du rendu final, l&rsquo;accent est mis principalement sur l&rsquo;identification et l&rsquo;&eacute;valuation des ressources engag&eacute;es pour comprendre le sens &eacute;conomique&nbsp;de l&rsquo;investissement engag&eacute; en perspective d&rsquo;une forte attente de rentabilit&eacute; du syst&egrave;me instaur&eacute;. Toutefois le volet communication principal atout de la d&eacute;marche BIM reste le volet le moins touch&eacute; par les politiques publiques pour la promotion du BIM.&nbsp; Le degr&eacute; de collaboration des acteurs concern&eacute;s par le BIM est rel&eacute;gu&eacute; pour l&rsquo;instant aux collaborateurs et aux acteurs eux-m&ecirc;mes pour en tirer les bonnes pratiques. </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><i><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="color:black">Retours d&rsquo;exp&eacute;rience des acteurs du b&acirc;timent sur la pratique du BIM </span></span></i></b></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">En 2015, l&rsquo;AQC<a href="#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a> a d&eacute;voil&eacute; les premiers retours d&rsquo;exp&eacute;rience de son enqu&ecirc;te r&eacute;alis&eacute;e sur une quarantaine de projets utilisant des outils BIM. Les constats font ressortir deux types de remarques, l&rsquo;un d&rsquo;ordre technique li&eacute;s essentiellement &agrave; l&rsquo;interop&eacute;rabilit&eacute; des formats d&rsquo;&eacute;change, de la stabilit&eacute; et de la richesse des param&eacute;trages de l&rsquo;outil&nbsp;; et l&rsquo;autre d&rsquo;ordre collaboratif d&eacute;notant le manque d&rsquo;implication des acteurs et la faible maitrise des outils.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Une autre enqu&ecirc;te r&eacute;alis&eacute;e par le centre d&rsquo;expertise CEGIBAT en mai 2018, s&rsquo;est int&eacute;ress&eacute;e &agrave; la pratique du BIM par l&rsquo;un des acteurs du b&acirc;timent (les bureaux d&rsquo;&eacute;tudes), &agrave; travers le t&eacute;moignage de 113 bureaux d&rsquo;&eacute;tudes et le recueil de leur avis sur les atouts et freins de ce processus. Les r&eacute;sultats de l&rsquo;enqu&ecirc;te ont permis de recueillir un certain nombre de constats qui corroborent les points annonc&eacute;s ci-haut&nbsp;:</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">La majorit&eacute; des bureaux d&rsquo;&eacute;tudes (77%) se sont lanc&eacute;s dans l&rsquo;aventure du BIM depuis 3 ans environ et 71% des BET se consid&egrave;rent d&eacute;butants au niveau de maturit&eacute; du BIM.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Les principales motivations des BET pour adopter le BIM sont plut&ocirc;t par crainte d&rsquo;&eacute;ventuelles obligations r&eacute;glementaires d&eacute;cid&eacute;es par les pouvoirs publics et/ou l&rsquo;imposition des ma&icirc;tres d&rsquo;ouvrage concernant l&rsquo;utilisation du BIM pour la construction ou la r&eacute;novation de leurs projets. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">L&rsquo;investissement pour d&eacute;marrer un projet BIM reste l&rsquo;un des freins de taille pour les BET. En effet, avec 12 000 &euro; par collaborateur, l&rsquo;effort financier est important pour se procurer le BIM (formation, logiciels, temps d&rsquo;adaptation lors de la phase de mise en place) </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Les bureaux d&rsquo;&eacute;tudes utilisent le BIM principalement pour le dessin, la conception d&eacute;taill&eacute;e la visualisation 3D, le chiffrage des quantitatifs.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Revit produit de la soci&eacute;t&eacute; am&eacute;ricaine Autodesk est le logiciel le plus r&eacute;pandu chez les BET (76%). </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Les principaux atouts du BIM &eacute;num&eacute;r&eacute;s par les bureaux d&rsquo;&eacute;tudes sont :</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:Symbol">&middot; </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Meilleure collaboration (63%)</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:Symbol">&middot; </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Meilleure qualit&eacute; des projets (61%)</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:Symbol">&middot; </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Simulations facilit&eacute;s (29%)</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:Symbol">&middot; </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Moins de probl&egrave;mes sur chantiers (14%)</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Pour ce qui est des freins &agrave; l&rsquo;adoption du BIM par les acteurs du b&acirc;timent, ceux-ci sont :</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:Symbol">&middot; </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Niveau de comp&eacute;tence des acteurs (86%)</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:Symbol">&middot; </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">D&eacute;faut de valorisation des honoraires (72%) </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:Symbol">&middot; </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Collaboration difficile (51%)</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:Symbol">&middot; </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Demandes des ma&icirc;tres d&rsquo;ouvrage pas claires (49%) l</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:Symbol">&middot; </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Logiciels pas au point (41%)</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:Symbol">&middot; </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Objets BIM pas disponibles (35%)</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><i><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="color:black">Les pratiques communicationnelles et la d&eacute;marche BIM</span></span></i></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">L&rsquo;un des principaux apports de la d&eacute;marche BIM, est la notion de collaboration entre intervenants sur un m&ecirc;me projet, qui constitue une vraie rupture par rapport aux pratiques communicationnelles longtemps &eacute;tablies dans l&rsquo;organisation des entreprises du secteur b&acirc;timent en mati&egrave;re de gestion de projets de construction.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Ainsi la mise &agrave; profit des apports &eacute;conomiques du BIM (gain de de temps, r&eacute;duction des co&ucirc;ts&hellip;), est tributaire de la qualit&eacute; de la communication &eacute;tablie et accept&eacute;e entre le groupe de collaboration du projet. La citation de Serge K. Levan (2016) &laquo;&nbsp;<i>on fabrique une maquette num&eacute;rique avec des logiciels, mais on r&eacute;ussit un projet avec des hommes&nbsp;</i>&raquo; trouve tout son sens ici.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Seulement, et si on examine de pr&egrave;s les formats de communications con&ccedil;ues par les &eacute;diteurs de solutions BIM, on constate qu&rsquo;ils privil&eacute;gient davantage l&rsquo;optimisation&nbsp; et la sc&eacute;narisation th&eacute;oriques des actes dans une vision optimis&eacute;e des rapports entre les acteurs. Or, et comme d&eacute;j&agrave; d&eacute;velopp&eacute; pr&eacute;c&eacute;demment, la typologie des entreprises et de leur capital humain se caract&eacute;rise par la diversit&eacute;, le manque de comp&eacute;tence dans les NTIC, l&rsquo;effritement des marges qui dissuade tout nouvel investissement. On se rend compte lors de la mise en exploitation de l&rsquo;outil collaboratif, que la dimension humaine et culturelle de la communication implicite surtout&nbsp; n&rsquo;a pas eu les arbitrages&nbsp; n&eacute;cessaires&nbsp; pour qu&rsquo;elle soit appr&eacute;hend&eacute;e &agrave; sa juste valeur par les concepteurs des outils BIM.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Partant de ce constat, il serait utile d&rsquo;approfondir le sens de la terminologie utilis&eacute;e par la sph&egrave;re du BIM&nbsp; et particuli&egrave;rement le mot communication. Dans notre contexte, nous empruntons la d&eacute;finition du mot communication donn&eacute;e par le sociologue P. Zarifian&nbsp;(2010) : &laquo;&nbsp;<i>Communiquer c&rsquo;est essayer de se comprendre&nbsp; mutuellement, c&rsquo;est essayer de se mettre, au moins partialement, d&rsquo;accord sur quelque chose, c&rsquo;est aussi vouloir se comprendre&nbsp;</i>&raquo;. La communication est donc, la base de la collaboration dans le cadre d&rsquo;une organisation de travail et elle est n&eacute;cessaire &agrave; l&rsquo;aboutissement de l&rsquo;action collective fix&eacute;e par les axes de progr&egrave;s de l&rsquo;organisation.&nbsp; Tout rejet ou manque d&rsquo;implication d&rsquo;un membre du groupe de collaboration mettrait sans aucun doute l&rsquo;avancement projet&eacute; du projet.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Certes, la divergence des int&eacute;r&ecirc;ts des acteurs, d&rsquo;une part ceux qui voient le ph&eacute;nom&egrave;ne BIM comme une opportunit&eacute; &eacute;conomique et de conqu&ecirc;te du march&eacute; de b&acirc;timent, et on peut lister dans cette cat&eacute;gorie les &eacute;diteurs de logiciels qui se livrent &agrave; une vraie guerre de positionnement sur ce secteur, quitte m&ecirc;me &agrave; commercialiser des versions d&rsquo;outils BIM&nbsp; partiellement&nbsp; abouties eu &eacute;gard aux nombres de r&eacute;visions de versions propos&eacute;es par ses derniers sur leurs sites respectifs.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Les industriels et fabricants ne sont pas en reste, puisqu&rsquo;ils essayent du mieux qu&rsquo;ils peuvent d&rsquo;&ecirc;tre pr&eacute;sents, d&rsquo;observer de pr&egrave;s et de placer leurs produits dans les biblioth&egrave;ques d&rsquo;objets pr&eacute;d&eacute;finis dans les logiciels BIM.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Quant &agrave; la maitrise d&rsquo;&oelig;uvre (architecte, BET,&hellip;.) et aux entreprises de r&eacute;alisation des travaux, les choses se complexifient entre l&rsquo;envie d&rsquo;opportunit&eacute; &eacute;conomique, l&rsquo;investissement n&eacute;cessitant l&rsquo;appropriation du BIM et le management du changement des pratiques communicationnelles des collaborateurs. La taille d&rsquo;entreprise dans ces corps de m&eacute;tier est cruciale pour d&eacute;terminer leur habilit&eacute; &agrave; suivre la transition num&eacute;rique du secteur b&acirc;timent. Et plus la taille de l&rsquo;acteur est modeste plus l&rsquo;adoption du BIM serait sujette &agrave; questionnement sur le temps et la qualit&eacute; de sa mise en &oelig;uvre. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">CONCLUSION </span></b></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">L&rsquo;analyse des freins de l&rsquo;adoption du BIM, recueillis par les diff&eacute;rentes enqu&ecirc;tes terrains indiqu&eacute;es pr&eacute;c&eacute;demment, d&eacute;montre que les promoteurs du BIM &nbsp;se sont focalis&eacute;s essentiellement sur l&rsquo;outil BIM, en partant de son co&ucirc;t d&rsquo;investissement jug&eacute; &eacute;lev&eacute; pour les PME, puis le manque de comp&eacute;tences au sein de l&rsquo;entreprise pour l&rsquo;exploiter pleinement, le d&eacute;faut de standardisation des outils et des protocoles, l&rsquo;offre limit&eacute;e d&rsquo;objets BIM suffisamment renseign&eacute;s en plus des probl&egrave;mes de responsabilit&eacute; juridique des actants.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Certes, si tout outil est utilis&eacute; pour simplifier, rentabiliser, optimiser la conception et m&ecirc;me mener des t&acirc;ches impossibles sans celui-ci (McLuhan, 1968),&nbsp;le BIM apporte une rupture de la d&eacute;finition classique de l&rsquo;outil en introduisant la notion de collaboration entre acteurs sur un m&ecirc;me objet. Comme d&eacute;j&agrave; affirm&eacute; par (Dodier, N.1995) &laquo;&nbsp;les liens entre les humains, ou entre les humains et le monde, passent d&eacute;sormais largement par des objets techniques dont la pr&eacute;sence s&rsquo;affirme&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Les particularit&eacute;s du secteur b&acirc;timent, l&rsquo;ont pouss&eacute; &agrave; inventer au fil du temps des formes de communication propres&nbsp; mariant des formes explicites et implicites et privil&eacute;gient l&rsquo;autonomie, le sens des responsabilit&eacute;s&nbsp; et la notion de confiance des acteurs. Ainsi l&rsquo;appropriation du processus BIM doit pouvoir ramener des r&eacute;ponses concr&egrave;tes &agrave; chaque composant de la communication d&eacute;j&agrave; &eacute;tabli en s&rsquo;attardant &agrave; chaque stade sur l&rsquo;apport que la nouvelle forme de communication dict&eacute;e par le BIM aux acteurs et particuli&egrave;rement les collaborateurs sur qui repose le devenir du BIM.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Il est vrai que le consensus quasi g&eacute;n&eacute;ral des pouvoirs publics&nbsp; et des repr&eacute;sentions professionnelles en Europe et partout dans le monde, se nourrit de r&eacute;elles perspectives techniques et &eacute;conomiques pour le secteur du b&acirc;timent en termes d&rsquo;a</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">m&eacute;lioration de la qualit&eacute; de la construction, d&rsquo;optimisation des &eacute;changes entre les acteurs, de r&eacute;duction des co&ucirc;ts et &nbsp;des d&eacute;lais de construction, de renforcement de la comp&eacute;titivit&eacute; des acteurs<span style="color:black"> et de l&rsquo;a</span>cc&egrave;s complet aux informations relatives aux actifs dans le cadre de l&rsquo;exploitation et de la maintenance du b&acirc;timent.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Nous avons constat&eacute; une disparit&eacute; entre les niveaux de maturit&eacute; du BIM proclam&eacute;s entre acteurs du secteur b&acirc;timent suivant leur structure du capital humain et de la nature du m&eacute;tier exerc&eacute;. Ce qui limite les constats sur les retours d&rsquo;exp&eacute;riences analys&eacute;s.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Ensuite, le contexte de recours &agrave; des &eacute;tudes et des enqu&ecirc;tes command&eacute;es dans le cadre de projets gouvernementaux (PTNB) pourrait ne pas repr&eacute;senter la r&eacute;alit&eacute; du terrain de l&rsquo;adoption du BIM et ses interactions collaboratives. &nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">La probl&eacute;matique de l&rsquo;impact de l&rsquo;adoption du BIM sur les pratiques communicationnelles d&eacute;velopp&eacute;es dans ce travail soul&egrave;ve certaines perspectives de recherche en relation avec la sc&eacute;narisation&nbsp; des interactions r&eacute;elles entre les collaborateurs utilisateurs de la d&eacute;marche BIM que ce soit &agrave; l&rsquo;int&eacute;rieur de leur organisation ou entre les organisations actrices du projet, qui doivent, &agrave; notre sens, faire l&rsquo;objet d&rsquo;une &eacute;tude approfondie sur un horizon temporel suffisant permettant de tirer des constats factuels sur les approches collaboratives explor&eacute;es. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Aussi, l&rsquo;identification et la s&eacute;lection des pratiques communicationnelles pourraient &ecirc;tre am&eacute;lior&eacute;es afin d&rsquo;int&eacute;grer un panel plus large de contextes permettant d&rsquo;&eacute;valuer l&rsquo;apport des pratiques collaboratives selon le corps de m&eacute;tier de l&rsquo;acteur ou le stade d&rsquo;avancement du projet exp&eacute;riment&eacute;.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">BIBLIOGRAPHIE</span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Comtet, I. 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Paris&nbsp;: Eyrolles. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Batiactu group, (2018). R&eacute;sultats de la 3&agrave;me enqu&ecirc;te sur l&rsquo;utilisation des outils num&eacute;riques et digitaux par les professionnels du B&acirc;timent.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">LGM Group, KYU Lab et ACTH, (2018). Le d&eacute;veloppement du BIM : Benchmark Europ&eacute;en - Etude pour le classement de 17 pays dans le secteur de construction.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Deloitte - Global Powers of Construction (2017), page consult&eacute;e le 30/11/2019.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><a href="https://www.fntp.fr/sites/default/files/content/publication/deloitteconstruction-global-powers-of-construction-2017_09_2018.pdf"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="text-underline:none">https://www.fntp.fr/sites/default/files/content/publication/deloitteconstruction-global-powers-of-construction-2017_09_2018.pdf</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">BIM Scandinavia, page consult&eacute;e le 30/11/2019.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><a href="http://biblus.accasoftware.com/fr/le-bim-dans-le-monde-pour-les-pays-scandinaves-une-pratique-qui-est-consolidee-dans-le-secteur-du-batiment/"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="text-underline:none">http://biblus.accasoftware.com/fr/le-bim-dans-le-monde-pour-les-pays-scandinaves-une-pratique-qui-est-consolidee-dans-le-secteur-du-batiment/</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">L&#39;Allemagne et la France en t&ecirc;te des investissements dans le secteur de la construction en Europe page consult&eacute;e le 30/11/2019.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><a href="https://pole-franco-allemand.fr/tous-les-articles/article/allemagne-france-en-tete-des-investissements-secteur-construction-europe/"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="text-underline:none">https://pole-franco-allemand.fr/tous-les-articles/article/allemagne-france-en-tete-des-investissements-secteur-construction-europe/</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Le BIM en Europe et la situation en Allemagne: le Plan public 2015/2020 et les projets pilotes sur les routes et les voies ferr&eacute;es, page consult&eacute;e le 30/11/2019</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><a href="http://biblus.accasoftware.com/fr/le-bim-en-europe-et-la-situation-en-allemagne-le-plan-public-2015-2020-et-les-projets-pilotes-sur-les-routes-et-les-voies-ferrees/"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="text-underline:none">http://biblus.accasoftware.com/fr/le-bim-en-europe-et-la-situation-en-allemagne-le-plan-public-2015-2020-et-les-projets-pilotes-sur-les-routes-et-les-voies-ferrees/</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">March&eacute; de la construction en Su&egrave;de Principales tendances et opportunit&eacute;s jusqu&rsquo;en 2022</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><a href="https://tribuneoccitanie.com/marche-de-la-construction-en-suede-principales-tendances-et-opportunites-jusquen-2022/"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="text-underline:none">https://tribuneoccitanie.com/marche-de-la-construction-en-suede-principales-tendances-et-opportunites-jusquen-2022/</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">European Construction Sector Observatory: Building Information Modelling in the EU construction sector, page consult&eacute;e le 30/11/2019</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><a href="http://biblus.accasoftware.com/fr/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2019/07/ECSO-BIM-in-construction.pdf"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="text-underline:none">http://biblus.accasoftware.com/fr/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2019/07/ECSO-BIM-in-construction.pdf</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">OCDE: Opportunity now: Europe&rsquo;s mission to innovate, page consult&eacute;e le 30/11/2019</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><a href="http://www.oecd.org/education/ceri/GEIS2016-MadelinReport-Full.pdf"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="text-underline:none">http://www.oecd.org/education/ceri/GEIS2016-MadelinReport-Full.pdf</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Philippe Zarifian, &laquo; La communication dans le travail &raquo;, Communication et organisation [En ligne], 38 | 2010, mis en ligne le 01 d&eacute;cembre 2013, URL : http://journals.openedition.org/communicationorganisation/1462 ; DOI : 10.4000/ communicationorganisation.1462 </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <div>&nbsp; <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a> <i><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Nouvelles technologies d&#39;Information et de Communication regroupant tous les outils &agrave; notre disposition en termes de t&eacute;l&eacute;communication, d&#39;internet, de multim&eacute;dias&hellip;.</span></span></i></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn2"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a> <i><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Dossier des ouvrages ex&eacute;cut&eacute;s qui correspond </span></span></i><i><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span style="color:#222222">au dossier de r&eacute;colement remis au ma&icirc;tre d&rsquo;ouvrage lors de la fin d&#39;un chantier.</span></span></span></span></i></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn3"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a> <i><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Gestion de maintenance assist&eacute;e par ordinateur</span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn4"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><a href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a> <i><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Maitrise d&rsquo;ouvrages</span></span></i></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn5"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><a href="#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a> <i><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Maitrise d&rsquo;&oelig;uvres (architecte, bureau d&rsquo;&eacute;tudes&hellip;..)</span></span></i></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn6"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><a href="#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a> <i><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Etude r&eacute;alis&eacute;e par LGM Group, KYU Lab et ACTH, publi&eacute;e le 26 juin 2018&nbsp;&laquo;&nbsp;Le d&eacute;veloppement du BIM : Benchmark Europ&eacute;en&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></i></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn7"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><a href="#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a> <i><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Source : r&eacute;pertoire SIRENE au 1er&nbsp; janvier&nbsp; 2015 et estimation CAPEB / RSI</span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn8"> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><a href="#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a> <i><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Source : UCF CI BTP, donn&eacute;es 2016</span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn9"> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><a href="#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a> <i><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Sources : estimation CAPEB pour l&rsquo;ann&eacute;e 2016 &agrave; partir des donn&eacute;es CAPEB / I+C et MTes</span></span></i></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText">&nbsp;</p> </div> <div id="ftn10"> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><a href="#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a> <i><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Source&nbsp;:&nbsp;barom&egrave;tre EBP/OpinionWay*, sur les usages num&eacute;riques professionnels (septembre 2011)</span></span></i></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText">&nbsp;</p> </div> <div id="ftn11"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><a href="#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a> <i><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Charte d&#39;engagement volontaire de la fili&egrave;re b&acirc;timent &laquo; Objectif BIM 2022 &raquo; sign&eacute;e par pr&egrave;s de cinquante organismes et&nbsp; le minist&egrave;re de la Coh&eacute;sion des territoires.</span></span></i></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn12"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><a href="#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a> <i><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Agence Qualit&eacute; Construction</span></span></i></span></span></p> </div> </div>