<div style="page-break-after: always"><span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></div> <p cke-list-id="3" cke-list-level="1" class="COSSI-titre1" style="text-indent:0cm">&nbsp;</p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">&laquo;&nbsp;Archive-moi si tu peux&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">&Agrave; la recherche du patrimoine nativement num&eacute;rique de la pand&eacute;mie en M&eacute;diterran&eacute;e et MENA</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><br /> &nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Le 25 avril 2020, au moment o&ugrave; plusieurs pays d&rsquo;Europe ont impos&eacute; un confinement, un collectif de chercheurs de l&rsquo;Universit&eacute; de Gen&egrave;ve a diffus&eacute; une tribune dans&nbsp;<i>Lib&eacute;ration</i>&nbsp;visant &agrave; conserver les traces publi&eacute;es en ligne afin de permettre l&rsquo;&eacute;dification d&rsquo;une &laquo;&nbsp;m&eacute;moire ordinaire de l&rsquo;extraordinaire<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a>&nbsp;&raquo;. Les signataires appelaient alors &agrave; la plus grande vigilance quant au risque de surrepr&eacute;sentation ou d&rsquo;invisibilisation de groupes sociaux que pouvaient entrainer les choix d&rsquo;archivage. L&rsquo;argumentaire illustre une prise de conscience du caract&egrave;re patrimonial des traces nativement num&eacute;riques publi&eacute;es en ligne, y compris s&rsquo;agissant des contenus vernaculaires, le web &eacute;tant per&ccedil;u comme l&rsquo;environnement privil&eacute;gi&eacute; pour la prise de parole de groupes sociaux domin&eacute;s ou marginalis&eacute;s. Sans pour autant les mentionner, le texte t&eacute;moigne &eacute;galement du chemin parcouru depuis les premi&egrave;res initiatives confidentielles d&rsquo;archivage du Web n&eacute;es &agrave; la fin des ann&eacute;es 1990. En effet, sur les pas d&rsquo;Internet Archive, plusieurs dispositifs d&rsquo;archivage du Web ont &eacute;t&eacute; d&eacute;ploy&eacute;s dans diff&eacute;rents &eacute;tats au d&eacute;but des ann&eacute;es 2000, encourag&eacute;s par l&rsquo;UNESCO &agrave; travers la &laquo;&nbsp;Charte pour le patrimoine num&eacute;rique&nbsp;&raquo; de 2003. En France, la Biblioth&egrave;que nationale de France (BnF) et l&rsquo;Institut National de l&rsquo;Audiovisuel (INA) ont conduit des exp&eacute;rimentations en ce sens d&egrave;s 2002, avant de disposer du cadre juridique fix&eacute; par le d&eacute;p&ocirc;t l&eacute;gal du web cr&eacute;&eacute; par la loi DADVSI en 2006. Ces institutions participent &agrave; la dynamique internationale structur&eacute;e autour de l&rsquo;IIPC -&nbsp;<i>International Internet Preservation Consortium&nbsp;</i>(2006) et travaillent en collaboration avec des chercheurs en SHS comme en sciences de l&rsquo;informatique. Face &agrave; la pand&eacute;mie, cette communaut&eacute; en pleine essor, pr&eacute;occup&eacute;e par les modalit&eacute;s de collecte et d&rsquo;analyse de ces &laquo;&nbsp;archives pas comme les autres &raquo; (Musiani et&nbsp;<i>al.</i>, 2019) a ainsi impuls&eacute; plusieurs projets autour de l&rsquo;archivage des traces en ligne li&eacute;es au coronavirus.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Dans cet article, je prendrai pour exemple les projets auxquels j&rsquo;ai particip&eacute;, en tant qu&rsquo;historienne des usages m&eacute;moriels en ligne mobilisant les archives du web comme source dans mes travaux depuis une dizaine d&rsquo;ann&eacute;es. Il s&rsquo;agit d&rsquo;abord du projet WARCnet (<i>Web ARChive studies network researching web domains and events</i>), lanc&eacute; au d&eacute;but de l&rsquo;ann&eacute;e 2020 par des chercheurs pionniers dans la r&eacute;flexion sur les archives du web en sciences humaines et sociales. Coordonn&eacute; par le Pr. Niels Br&uuml;gger (Universit&eacute; de Aarhus), &eacute;paul&eacute; par les Pr. Val&eacute;rie Schafer (Universit&eacute; du Luxembourg) et Jane Winters (Universit&eacute; de Londres), le projet regroupe une centaine d&rsquo;individus, membres de plusieurs universit&eacute;s et de huit institutions d&rsquo;archive. Le comit&eacute; de pilotage t&eacute;moigne de la collaboration &eacute;troite tiss&eacute;e entre les archivistes et les chercheurs, puisqu&rsquo;il rassemble les trois&nbsp;<i>principal investigators</i>&nbsp;ainsi qu&rsquo;Ulrich Karstoft Have (Aarhus University), Kees Teszelszky (Dutch Web archive) et moi-m&ecirc;me. L&rsquo;objectif initial est &laquo;&nbsp;de promouvoir une recherche internationale afin d&rsquo;&eacute;tudier l&#39;histoire des domaines web et des &eacute;v&eacute;nements transnationaux sur le web, en s&#39;appuyant sur le patrimoine culturel num&eacute;rique de plus en plus important conserv&eacute; dans les archives web nationales<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a>&nbsp;&raquo;. Lors du lancement du projet, divers &eacute;v&eacute;nements avaient &eacute;t&eacute; retenus collectivement comme objets d&rsquo;&eacute;tude&nbsp;: les comm&eacute;morations, les comp&eacute;titions sportives, ou encore l&rsquo;<i>Europ Pride</i>. Pris dans la pand&eacute;mie &agrave; laquelle nous &eacute;tions tous confront&eacute;s, le projet s&rsquo;est naturellement orient&eacute; vers l&rsquo;&eacute;tude des collections archiv&eacute;es autour du coronavirus, glissant ainsi d&rsquo;une &eacute;tude du web pass&eacute; &agrave; une r&eacute;flexion sur la patrimonialisation en train de se faire. Outre l&rsquo;analyse des conditions de la collecte, nous avons obtenu une s&eacute;rie de m&eacute;tadonn&eacute;es d&eacute;crivant les contenus archiv&eacute;s par les diff&eacute;rentes institutions membres de WARCnet&nbsp;:&nbsp;<i>Royal Danish Library</i>, BnF, NSL (<i>National Sz&eacute;ch&eacute;nyi Library, Hungary</i>), IIPC, BnL, KB (<i>Koninklijke Bibliotheek</i>, Pays-Bas), UKWA (<i>UK Web Archive</i>). Ce travail a d&eacute;bouch&eacute; sur un second projet port&eacute; par Val&eacute;rie Schafer et financ&eacute; par l&rsquo;Universit&eacute; d&rsquo;Ottawa, intitul&eacute; AWAC 2,&nbsp;<i>Analysing Web Archives of the COVID-19 Crisis</i><a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a>&nbsp; qui doit permettre d&rsquo;approfondir l&rsquo;&eacute;tude de la collection rassembl&eacute;e par l&rsquo;IIPC en partenariat avec Internet Archive, gr&acirc;ce aux outils du programme&nbsp;<i>The Archive Unleashed</i>&nbsp;(Ruest et al., 2020). Ces recherches permettent de dresser un &eacute;tat des lieux des sites et des contenus ayant &eacute;t&eacute; collect&eacute;s par les diff&eacute;rentes institutions, mais aussi d&rsquo;enrichir l&rsquo;indispensable r&eacute;flexion &eacute;pist&eacute;mologique et m&eacute;thodologique li&eacute;e &agrave; l&rsquo;usage des archives du web en SHS (Gebeil, 2021).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Je m&rsquo;int&eacute;resserai ici plus particuli&egrave;rement &agrave; la repr&eacute;sentation des sph&egrave;res web du bassin m&eacute;diterran&eacute;en et de la r&eacute;gion MENA<a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a>&nbsp;dans les collections des projets WARCnet et AWAC2. La patrimonialisation du web est une dynamique principalement impuls&eacute;e depuis les pays anglo-saxons et europ&eacute;ens, m&ecirc;me si ces derni&egrave;res ann&eacute;es la Chine, la Cor&eacute;e du Sud, ou encore la Malaisie ont investi dans la pr&eacute;servation de leur patrimoine nativement num&eacute;rique. Or en M&eacute;diterran&eacute;e, l&rsquo;archivage du web reste balbutiant (figure n&deg; 1), y compris au sein d&rsquo;&Eacute;tats membres de l&rsquo;Union Europ&eacute;enne (Italie, Espagne), et constitue pourtant un enjeu historique et g&eacute;opolitique majeur<a href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a>. Dans ces conditions, le risque de perte des traces publi&eacute;es en ligne durant la pand&eacute;mie qui a particuli&egrave;rement frapp&eacute; les pays arabes du bassin m&eacute;diterran&eacute;en<a href="#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a>, est &eacute;lev&eacute;. Marqu&eacute;es par des fragilit&eacute;s &eacute;conomiques et politiques pr&eacute;existantes, les exp&eacute;riences num&eacute;riques v&eacute;cues par les populations des pays du Sud et de l&rsquo;Est de la M&eacute;diterran&eacute;e sont en proie au risque d&rsquo;invisibilisation, faute de collecte syst&eacute;matique. Face &agrave; ce constat, des contenus ont toutefois d&eacute;j&agrave; &eacute;t&eacute; identifi&eacute;s dans les collections explor&eacute;es au sein des projets WARCnet et AWAC2. Cet article &eacute;tudiera donc la part des traces issues des web nationaux des pays du pourtour m&eacute;diterran&eacute;en et de la zone MENA dans ces collections. &Agrave; travers une premi&egrave;re exploration du cas de la pr&eacute;servation des contenus nativement num&eacute;riques &eacute;manant de ces espaces, cet article interrogera les d&eacute;fis qui restent &agrave; relever dans la constitution et l&rsquo;&eacute;tude du patrimoine num&eacute;rique recr&eacute;e (<i>reborn digital heritage</i>).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">En explorant une collection marginale dans une vaste entreprise d&rsquo;archivage, cet article entend &eacute;clairer le processus de patrimonialisation num&eacute;rique li&eacute; &agrave; la pand&eacute;mie, tout en interrogeant les limites induites par sa gouvernance, plus particuli&egrave;rement sa capacit&eacute; &agrave; reproduire les disparit&eacute;s &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;chelle du bassin m&eacute;diterran&eacute;en. Pour ce faire, je reviendrai d&rsquo;abord sur la strat&eacute;gie mise en place par l&rsquo;IIPC en 2020 dans le cadre de la collecte sp&eacute;ciale d&eacute;di&eacute;e &agrave; la Covid-19 et ce afin de mieux en cerner les finalit&eacute;s mais aussi les limites. Ensuite, je dresserai un &eacute;tat des lieux de la pr&eacute;sence des traces de la zone MENA (Middle East and North Africa) et de la M&eacute;diterran&eacute;e dans cette collection, avant de tirer les enseignements de cette exploration ainsi que les principales perspectives d&rsquo;&eacute;tude en faveur d&rsquo;une histoire des usages observ&eacute;s en ligne pendant la pand&eacute;mie au Moyen-Orient et au Maghreb.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; margin-left:95px">&nbsp;</p> <ol start="4" style="list-style-type:lower-alpha"> <li class="COSSI-titre1" value="2144"><span style="font-size:16pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-weight:bold">de l&rsquo;&eacute;cran, la fabrique des collectes d&rsquo;urgence d&eacute;di&eacute;es au coronavirus en 2020&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></li> </ol> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Depuis les initiatives pionni&egrave;res d&rsquo;archivage du web de la fin des ann&eacute;es 1990, une communaut&eacute; de recherche pluridisciplinaire (sciences humaines et sociales, sciences de l&rsquo;informatique) et pluri-cat&eacute;gorielle (universitaires, archivistes, conservateurs, biblioth&eacute;caires, informaticiens) s&rsquo;est structur&eacute;e autour de r&eacute;seaux europ&eacute;ens et nord-am&eacute;ricains, anim&eacute;s par Internet Archive, l&rsquo;IIPC, l&rsquo;Universit&eacute; de Waterloo au Canada et l&rsquo;infrastructure de recherche RESAW (<i>Research Infrastructure for the Study of Archived Web Materials</i>). Au d&eacute;but de l&rsquo;ann&eacute;e 2000, alors que le coronavirus se propageait en Europe, ces acteurs des&nbsp;<i>Web archives studies</i>&nbsp;ont mis &agrave; profit leurs comp&eacute;tences pour collecter les traces en ligne li&eacute;es &agrave; la Covid-19 et proposer des pistes de r&eacute;flexion sur l&rsquo;&eacute;dification et l&rsquo;&eacute;tude du patrimoine num&eacute;rique de la pand&eacute;mie, &agrave; diff&eacute;rentes &eacute;chelles et selon des conditions h&eacute;t&eacute;rog&egrave;nes.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">En France, le cadre juridique du d&eacute;p&ocirc;t l&eacute;gal et l&rsquo;expertise d&eacute;velopp&eacute;e par la BnF et l&rsquo;INA qui se partagent la mission d&rsquo;archivage du web national depuis la loi DADVSI de 2006, a donn&eacute; lieu &agrave; des collectes sp&eacute;cifiques, en plus du moissonnage du p&eacute;rim&egrave;tre propre &agrave; chaque institution. Ces strat&eacute;gies de collecte, expliqu&eacute;es et diffus&eacute;es en ligne par la BnF et l&rsquo;INA, conditionnent en partie les contours de la m&eacute;moire nativement num&eacute;rique nationale de la pand&eacute;mie. Pour les chercheurs qui mobilisent ou mobiliseront ces collections, il est indispensable de comprendre comment la s&eacute;lection s&rsquo;est op&eacute;r&eacute;e et d&rsquo;en &eacute;valuer la repr&eacute;sentativit&eacute;. Une s&eacute;rie d&rsquo;enqu&ecirc;tes orales a donc &eacute;t&eacute; r&eacute;alis&eacute;e dans le cadre du projet WARCnet aupr&egrave;s de plus d&rsquo;une trentaine d&rsquo;institutions d&rsquo;archivage. Du c&ocirc;t&eacute; de la BnF, l&rsquo;&eacute;quipe du d&eacute;p&ocirc;t l&eacute;gal num&eacute;rique a lanc&eacute;, en compl&eacute;ment des collectes courantes, une collecte cibl&eacute;e &agrave; partir de f&eacute;vrier 2020 mobilisant, en plus des d&eacute;partements et des services traditionnellement impliqu&eacute;s, 58 correspondants en r&eacute;gion, y compris pendant les phases de confinement (Gebeil, Schafer, Benoist, et al. 2020). Du c&ocirc;t&eacute; de l&rsquo;INA, outre la collecte syst&eacute;matique du domaine m&eacute;diatique, l&rsquo;&eacute;quipe pilot&eacute;e par J&eacute;r&ocirc;me Thi&egrave;vre s&rsquo;est attel&eacute;e &agrave; archiver les tweets relatifs &agrave; la pand&eacute;mie &agrave; partir de f&eacute;vrier 2020 (Schafer, Thièvre, Blanckemane, 2020). &Agrave; l&rsquo;image de la France, les collectes ont &eacute;t&eacute; conduites principalement &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;chelle nationale, selon des modalit&eacute;s qui varient selon le cadre juridique, les moyens allou&eacute;s, et le type de gouvernance<a href="#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a>. La collecte collaborative impuls&eacute;e par l&rsquo;IIPC, en f&eacute;vrier 2020, f&ucirc;t alors l&rsquo;occasion pour des pays ne disposant pas d&rsquo;organisme de collecte d&eacute;di&eacute;, de participer &agrave; la conservation des traces de la pand&eacute;mie.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Rompu aux collectes concernant des &eacute;v&eacute;nements transnationaux, le Groupe de D&eacute;veloppement de Contenu de l&rsquo;IIPC pilot&eacute; par Nicola Bingham (UK Web Archive) et Alex Thurman (Colombia Universitary Libraries) a mis en place un dispositif de collecte exceptionnel en accord avec Internet Archive (Bingham &amp; Geeraert, 2020). La fondation &eacute;tats-unienne a en effet augment&eacute; le budget de stockage d&eacute;di&eacute;e &agrave; l&rsquo;IIPC, passant de 3 To &agrave; 5To. L&rsquo;identification des pages Web &agrave; collecter en ligne en vue de la cr&eacute;ation, via Archive-It, d&rsquo;une collection accessible sur le site de la fondation &eacute;tats-unienne<a href="#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a>. Le moissonnage des contenus s&rsquo;est bas&eacute; sur une double dynamique. D&rsquo;une part, les membres de l&rsquo;IIPC se sont vus adresser un guide de collecte ciblant des th&egrave;mes privil&eacute;gi&eacute;s (origine du coronavirus, information sur les sympt&ocirc;mes, confinements, restrictions, aspects m&eacute;dicaux, sociaux, &eacute;conomiques et politiques) afin de pouvoir ensuite proposer des adresses URLs pertinentes rep&eacute;r&eacute;es en ligne. Les suggestions &eacute;taient recens&eacute;es dans un tableur collaboratif au sein duquel les membres devaient renseigner des m&eacute;tadonn&eacute;es basiques concernant les URLs s&eacute;lectionn&eacute;es&nbsp;: titre, langage, description, extension du nom de domaine, pays, nom du moissonneur, p&eacute;rim&egrave;tre de collecte (totalit&eacute; du site h&ocirc;te ou bien seulement une page). D&rsquo;autre part, l&rsquo;IIPC a diffus&eacute; un questionnaire en anglais r&eacute;alis&eacute; sous Google Form, ouvert au public, permettant &agrave; tout internaute ou institution non membre de l&rsquo;IIPC de donner des suggestions en renseignant les informations cit&eacute;es pr&eacute;c&eacute;demment pour chaque URL propos&eacute;e. L&rsquo;ensemble &eacute;tait mod&eacute;r&eacute; par Nicola Bingham et Alex Thurman manuellement. En effet, en raison du processus mais aussi des limites de stockage, le moissonnage n&rsquo;est pas automatis&eacute; contrairement aux collectes larges effectu&eacute;es par la BNF ou l&rsquo;INA dans le cadre de l&rsquo;archivage du web national. Les pages Web &eacute;taient privil&eacute;gi&eacute;es par rapport aux contenus issus des r&eacute;seaux socionum&eacute;riques.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Le caract&egrave;re participatif r&eacute;pond &agrave; la volont&eacute; d&rsquo;&eacute;largir autant que possible la dimension internationale, Nicola Bingham explique d&rsquo;ailleurs que la mod&eacute;ration a impos&eacute; de demander &agrave; certaines institutions d&rsquo;archivage tr&egrave;s dynamiques et g&eacute;n&eacute;reuses de r&eacute;duire le nombre de suggestions afin de veiller &agrave; laisser de la place pour certains espaces habituellement peu pr&eacute;sents&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;nous voulions repr&eacute;senter toutes les r&eacute;gions et tous les pays&nbsp;&raquo; (2020, p.6). &Agrave; l&rsquo;automne 2020, apr&egrave;s mod&eacute;ration et v&eacute;rification des suggestions une par une, c&rsquo;est plus de 10000 contenus qui ont &eacute;t&eacute; collect&eacute;s rassemblant 21600104 documents et fichiers, repr&eacute;sentant 3,3 To<a href="#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a>(Bingham &amp; Geeraert, 2020). Contrairement &agrave; l&rsquo;acc&egrave;s soumis &agrave; la r&egrave;glementation du d&eacute;p&ocirc;t l&eacute;gal, les contenus collect&eacute;s sont accessibles en ligne, ce qui a conduit les responsables &agrave; s&eacute;lectionner la qualit&eacute; des informations afin d&rsquo;&eacute;viter de contribuer &agrave; la diffusion de rumeurs.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <ol start="13" style="list-style-type:upper-alpha"> <li class="COSSI-titre1" value="1000"><span style="font-size:16pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-weight:bold">et la M&eacute;diterran&eacute;e dans la collecte de l&rsquo;IIPC, une pr&eacute;sence discr&egrave;te</span></span></span></span></li> </ol> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-left:24px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Dans le cadre des projets WARCNet (dir. Niels Br&uuml;gger) et AWAC2 (dir. Val&eacute;rie Schafer), l&rsquo;&eacute;quipe de recherche a eu acc&egrave;s au tableur pr&eacute;sentant les URLs collect&eacute;es et les m&eacute;tadonn&eacute;es associ&eacute;es. Ces informations permettent de r&eacute;aliser des filtres de premier niveau, compl&eacute;t&eacute;s par des traitements statistiques et des tableaux crois&eacute;s dynamiques sur Excel.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">La collection rassemble 10664 contenus concernent 137 pays dans 51 langages distincts. Ceux-ci proviennent principalement de pays europ&eacute;ens (Danemark, France, Norv&egrave;ge, Hollande, Espagne, Portugal) et am&eacute;ricains (&Eacute;tats-Unis, Br&eacute;sil, P&eacute;rou, Uruguay), les &Eacute;tats-Unis repr&eacute;sentant pr&egrave;s d&rsquo;un cinqui&egrave;me des contenus (figure n&deg; 2). Cela correspond en partie &agrave; des institutions membres de l&rsquo;IIPC particuli&egrave;rement actives au sein du r&eacute;seau, mais on constate aussi des fournisseurs hors IIPC figurant parmi les 10 pays les plus repr&eacute;sent&eacute;s &agrave; l&rsquo;image du Br&eacute;sil et du P&eacute;rou. Cette surrepr&eacute;sentation europ&eacute;enne et am&eacute;ricaine se retrouve dans les langages r&eacute;f&eacute;renc&eacute;s&nbsp;ind&eacute;pendamment du pays de publication&nbsp;: 31% de la collection est en anglais, 25% en espagnol, 18% en portugais, 7% en fran&ccedil;ais (figure n&deg; 3).&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Dans le cadre du projet AWAC2 fond&eacute; sur l&rsquo;exploitation des fichiers collect&eacute;s par l&rsquo;IIPC en 2020, l&rsquo;une des questions de recherche est de savoir si la collection permet de documenter les pays qui n&rsquo;ont pas d&rsquo;archivage du web national et constituent ainsi des angles morts de ce patrimoine nativement num&eacute;rique. &Agrave; ce titre l&rsquo;espace m&eacute;diterran&eacute;en&nbsp; et ses marges dans la r&eacute;gion MENA fournit une &eacute;chelle particuli&egrave;rement riche d&rsquo;enseignements.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Tout d&rsquo;abord, l&rsquo;archivage du web y est peu d&eacute;velopp&eacute;, y compris sur la rive europ&eacute;enne o&ugrave; seuls la France, l&rsquo;Espagne, la Gr&egrave;ce, la Croatie et la Slov&eacute;nie disposent d&rsquo;un archivage du web syst&eacute;matique, ce qui n&rsquo;est pas le cas de l&rsquo;Italie par exemple. Du c&ocirc;t&eacute; de la zone MENA l&rsquo;Egypte est le seul pays disposant d&rsquo;un syst&egrave;me de collecte port&eacute; par la Biblioth&egrave;que d&rsquo;Alexandrie en partenariat avec Internet Archive. Except&eacute; Isra&euml;l qui s&rsquo;est dot&eacute; de son propre projet de sauvegarde sans &ecirc;tre membre de l&rsquo;IIPC<a href="#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a>, l&rsquo;&Eacute;gypte la France, l&rsquo;Espagne, la Gr&egrave;ce, la Croatie et la Slov&eacute;nie sont engag&eacute;s dans le consortium. Malgr&eacute; un &eacute;largissement progressif du r&eacute;seau dans cette direction depuis sa cr&eacute;ation en 2006, MENA et la M&eacute;diterran&eacute;e demeurent sous-repr&eacute;sent&eacute;s au sein de l&rsquo;IIPC.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Dans le monde arabe, les universit&eacute;s et les GLAM jouent un r&ocirc;le moteur dans une r&eacute;flexion sur l&rsquo;archivage digital en lien avec le d&eacute;veloppement des humanit&eacute;s num&eacute;riques. Cependant ces initiatives, centr&eacute;es sur la num&eacute;risation et le codage de l&rsquo;alphabet arabe, sont moins m&eacute;diatis&eacute;es au regard des projets occidentaux conduits dans la r&eacute;gion. L&rsquo;instabilit&eacute; politique, les diff&eacute;rentes crises et conflits arm&eacute;s de ces derni&egrave;res ann&eacute;es ont mis &agrave; mal la pr&eacute;servation du patrimoine culturel, qu&rsquo;il s&rsquo;agisse de la d&eacute;gradation des archives jusqu&rsquo;aux destructions d&eacute;lib&eacute;r&eacute;es&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;Le monde arabe est face &agrave; un v&eacute;ritable d&eacute;fi : jamais son patrimoine n&#39;a &eacute;t&eacute; expos&eacute; &agrave; tant de menaces diff&eacute;rentes&nbsp;&raquo; (Bayoumi &amp; Oliveau, 2020, p.16). Dans ces conditions la collecte de l&rsquo;IIPC est une opportunit&eacute; pour pr&eacute;server les traces de pays majoritairement exclus des initiatives d&rsquo;archivage du Web. Si le moissonnage est toujours en cours, un regard sur les donn&eacute;es de septembre 2020 permettent d&rsquo;envisager les principales tendances et caract&eacute;ristiques de cette archive en construction.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Le premier constat qui s&rsquo;impose est la faible repr&eacute;sentation des pays m&eacute;diterran&eacute;es et MENA.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Au sein de la collection IIPC de 2020, en cherchant au sein de la collection les pays de la zone MENA avec ceux qui sont riverains de la M&eacute;diterran&eacute;e, 1733 r&eacute;f&eacute;rences sont identifi&eacute;es, soit environ 17% de la collection. Cependant, parmi ces 1733 contenus archiv&eacute;s, 97 % ont &eacute;t&eacute; publi&eacute;s sur des web de pays de la rive europ&eacute;enne (1672) contre moins de 3% pour les pays MENA (61), y compris en int&eacute;grant ce qui ne sont pas directement riverains de la mer M&eacute;diterran&eacute;e (figure n&deg; 4).&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Face &agrave; ces disparit&eacute;s, comment les conditions d&rsquo;archivage national et le fait d&rsquo;&ecirc;tre membre ou non de l&rsquo;IIPC jouent dans pr&eacute;sence des diff&eacute;rents &eacute;tats au sein de la collection&nbsp;? Sans surprise, les pays les plus repr&eacute;sent&eacute;s disposent d&rsquo;organisme d&rsquo;archivage et sont membres de l&rsquo;IIPC, &agrave; l&rsquo;image de l&rsquo;Espagne qui est pr&eacute;sente &agrave; travers 319 contenus collect&eacute;s contre 46 pour l&rsquo;Italie. Cependant, malgr&eacute; la pr&eacute;sence, &agrave; la Biblioth&egrave;que d&rsquo;Alexandrie, du seul dispositif d&rsquo;archivage du web au sein de la zone MENA, par ailleurs membre de l&rsquo;IIPC, seuls 3 contenus collect&eacute;s proviennent du web &eacute;gyptien. Ce chiffre interroge.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Si une cinquantaine de contenus provenant de la zone MENA ont le m&eacute;rite d&rsquo;int&eacute;grer dans une collecte transnationale d&rsquo;archivage du web des pays qui ne disposent pas d&rsquo;organisme d&rsquo;archivage du web &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;chelle nationale, la surrepr&eacute;sentation europ&eacute;enne est criante.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Parmi les pages collect&eacute;es depuis des domaines nationaux de la zone MENA, les disparit&eacute;s sont assez faibles, allant de 1 &agrave; 7 par pays (figure n&deg;5). Les &Eacute;mirats arabes unis, le Qatar la Jordanie pr&eacute;sentent plus de 6 contenus contre moins de deux pour la Tunisie, l&rsquo;Arabie saoudite, Oman, la Lybie, l&rsquo;Irak ou l&rsquo;Alg&eacute;rie. En dehors du pays de publication, il est &eacute;galement possible de rechercher la pr&eacute;sence de contenus collect&eacute;s en langue arabe. Cela correspond &agrave; 31 contenus (la collection en comptait 41 en f&eacute;vrier 2022), soit moins de 0,3% de la collection, tous publi&eacute;s sur des web de la zone MENA, except&eacute;s 2 d&rsquo;entre eux provenant des &Eacute;tats-Unis et de la Cor&eacute;e du Sud (figure n&deg;6). En croisant le pays de publication avec la langue utilis&eacute;e, on observe que les contenus en lange latine sont mieux repr&eacute;sent&eacute;s&nbsp;: sur 61 contenus collect&eacute;s, seuls 27 sont en langue arabe, contre 23 en anglais, 6 en fran&ccedil;ais, 2 en hongrois et 3 en portugais. Cela soul&egrave;ve de multiples questions sur la collecte, notamment sur le r&ocirc;le &eacute;ventuellement jou&eacute; par les diasporas, ou par la volont&eacute; de donner &agrave; voir les contenus les plus visibles et compr&eacute;hensibles. Cela rel&egrave;ve aussi des difficult&eacute;s de mod&eacute;ration rencontr&eacute;es face aux alphabets non latins, comme l&rsquo;a rappel&eacute;e Nicola Bingham. Ceci contribue &agrave; valoriser les domaines nationaux qui proposent des versions anglaises de leurs pages web.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Outre cette faible pr&eacute;sence linguistique et nationale, un second constat r&eacute;side dans la nature sp&eacute;cifique des pages collect&eacute;es qui diff&egrave;re &eacute;galement des caract&eacute;ristiques de l&rsquo;ensemble de la collection, notamment concernant la cat&eacute;gorie d&rsquo;acteur repr&eacute;sent&eacute;e. La comparaison montre une surrepr&eacute;sentation des acteurs institutionnels et gouvernementaux pour les quelques pages MENA. Sur l&rsquo;ensemble de la collection, 35% des pages sont celles d&rsquo;acteurs gouvernementaux nationaux (20%) ou locaux (15%) contre 64% pour les sites MENA. Inversement, l&rsquo;ensemble de la collecte propose 43% de contenus m&eacute;diatiques contre 28% pour les pages MENA (figure n&deg;7). Cela signifie qu&rsquo;il y a aussi une part plus importante d&rsquo;&eacute;l&eacute;ments de propagande plus que de traces issues d&rsquo;initiatives de la soci&eacute;t&eacute; civile dans des pays bien souvent non d&eacute;mocratiques. Les pages archiv&eacute;es sont principalement issues des sites des minist&egrave;res de la sant&eacute; ainsi que des sites d&eacute;di&eacute;s, cr&eacute;&eacute;s sp&eacute;cifiquement pour faire face &agrave; la pand&eacute;mie, parfois h&eacute;berg&eacute;s sur les plateformes des agences gouvernementales, visant &agrave; expliquer aux populations les m&eacute;canismes, les sympt&ocirc;mes du virus mais aussi les gestes barri&egrave;res ou les m&eacute;canismes de la vaccination (figure n&deg; 8). Malgr&eacute; leur caract&egrave;re marginal, ces mat&eacute;riaux constituent n&eacute;anmoins des sources pr&eacute;cieuses pour une histoire de la communication politique et sanitaire &agrave; destination des populations, et ouvrent plusieurs perspectives d&rsquo;&eacute;tudes sp&eacute;cifiques concernant la r&eacute;gion MENA.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <ol start="4" style="list-style-type:lower-roman"> <li class="COSSI-titre1" value="5278684703"><span style="font-size:16pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-weight:bold">et perspectives d&rsquo;&eacute;tude du patrimoine nativement num&eacute;rique de la pand&eacute;mie dans la zone MENA&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></li> </ol> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">La recherche des traces en ligne publi&eacute;es dans les domaines nationaux de la zone MENA appara&icirc;t comme un chantier &agrave; ciel ouvert. La r&eacute;gion a &eacute;t&eacute; particuli&egrave;rement impact&eacute;e par la pand&eacute;mie, y compris au niveau &eacute;conomique avec des cons&eacute;quences sociales lourdes, de surcro&icirc;t dans les pays qui &eacute;taient d&eacute;j&agrave; fragilis&eacute;s (Syrie, Liban, Lybie). &Agrave; partir des contenus archiv&eacute;s par l&rsquo;IIPC, il sera ici question d&rsquo;envisager des perspectives d&rsquo;&eacute;tude concernant l&rsquo;histoire des pratiques en ligne d&eacute;ploy&eacute;es par les soci&eacute;t&eacute;s moyen-orientales et maghr&eacute;bines durant la pand&eacute;mie de Covid-19. Un tel dessein repose d&rsquo;une part sur la n&eacute;cessit&eacute; d&rsquo;identifier des strat&eacute;gies d&rsquo;enrichissement du corpus &agrave; partir d&rsquo;autres collections du web archiv&eacute;. D&rsquo;autre part, l&rsquo;histoire du Web passe par la contextualisation des sources nativement num&eacute;riques au regard des informations concernant l&rsquo;impact de la pand&eacute;mie dans la r&eacute;gion.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <ol> <li class="COSSI-titre2" value="36348825102"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-weight:bold">les corpus web archiv&eacute;s concernant la pand&eacute;mie dans la r&eacute;gion MENA</span></span></span></span></li> </ol> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">L&rsquo;enrichissement du corpus concernant la zone MENA peut s&rsquo;appuyer sur trois strat&eacute;gies compl&eacute;mentaires. La premi&egrave;re rel&egrave;ve de l&rsquo;identification de contenus nativement num&eacute;riques concernant la r&eacute;gion au sein de jeux de donn&eacute;es disponibles en ligne, rassembl&eacute;es principalement par des chercheurs ou des archivistes, &agrave; l&rsquo;image des collections de Tweet recens&eacute;es par Fr&eacute;d&eacute;ric Clavert dans son blog scientifique &agrave; travers un appel aux internautes (2020). La deuxi&egrave;me piste consiste &agrave; identifier des pages web toujours en ligne, soit en &agrave; travers une enqu&ecirc;te ethnographique ou une recherche via les moteurs de recherche, soit en rep&eacute;rant des initiatives d&rsquo;archives vivantes produites par des amateurs, notamment sur les m&eacute;dias sociaux, afin de cr&eacute;er une collection issue du web vivant aupr&egrave;s d&rsquo;un organisme d&rsquo;archivage. Dans cette qu&ecirc;te de contenus &eacute;parpill&eacute;s dans des collections internationales concernant la r&eacute;gion MENA, le Web archiv&eacute; offre un troisi&egrave;me et dernier gisement de sources. Cela recouvre d&rsquo;abord les collections accessibles en ligne sur le site d&rsquo;Internet Archive. Si l&rsquo;IIPC est l&rsquo;une des rares organisations &agrave; avoir constitu&eacute; via Archive-It une collection internationale d&eacute;di&eacute;e au coronavirus, il existe par ailleurs d&rsquo;autres collectes ciblant l&rsquo;&eacute;chelle globale concernant des th&eacute;matiques ou des espaces plus cibl&eacute;s. Archive-It compte au 15 mars 2022, 275 collections int&eacute;grant le descripteur &laquo;&nbsp;Covid&nbsp;&raquo; principalement d&eacute;pos&eacute;es par des institutions de recherche ou des GLAM &eacute;tats-uniens et canadiens (encart n&deg; 1), &agrave; l&rsquo;image la petite collection de l&rsquo;Universit&eacute; du Massachusetts<a href="#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a>. Fait notable la Biblioth&egrave;que r&eacute;gionale d&rsquo;Ath&egrave;nes (<i>Athens, Georgia Area COVID-19 Response</i>) a mis &agrave; disposition un ensemble de 134 pages concernant la pand&eacute;mie sur le web grec et g&eacute;orgiens. Surtout, deux initiatives de grande ampleur conduites depuis les &Eacute;tats-Unis, respectivement par la Biblioth&egrave;que nationale de M&eacute;decine (NLM) et l&rsquo;Universit&eacute; de l&rsquo;Illinois, proposent quelques pages et contenus en provenance de la zone MENA. La collection &laquo;&nbsp;Global Health Events Web archive&nbsp;&raquo; du NLM a &eacute;t&eacute; lanc&eacute;e en 2014 afin de documenter l&rsquo;&eacute;pid&eacute;mie d&rsquo;Ebola. Concernant le coronavirus, elle propose des sites Web et des m&eacute;dias sociaux d&#39;organisations gouvernementales, d&rsquo;ONG, de journalistes, de travailleurs de la sant&eacute; et de scientifiques, dont une trentaine &eacute;manant de webs nationaux de la zone MENA et 7 vid&eacute;os d&rsquo;explication des gestes barri&egrave;res en langue arabe<a href="#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a>. Du c&ocirc;t&eacute; de l&rsquo;Universit&eacute; de l&rsquo;Illinois, la collection &laquo;&nbsp;Global Civil Society Organization Responses to COVID-19&nbsp;&raquo; comprend 29 sites et des sous-sites, pr&eacute;sent&eacute;s comme un &eacute;chantillon repr&eacute;sentatif des r&eacute;ponses &agrave; l&#39;&eacute;pid&eacute;mie de la part d&rsquo;ONG du monde entier. Plus de la moiti&eacute; de la collection cible la zone MENA &agrave; l&rsquo;image du site de&nbsp;<i>l&rsquo;Arab Council for Chilhood and Development</i>&nbsp;ou de celui du&nbsp;<i>Palestinian Centre for Human Right<a href="#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[13]</span></span></span></b></span></span></a></i>. Pour terminer ce tour d&rsquo;horizon des collections d&rsquo;Archive-It, soulignons &eacute;galement la centaine de sites, de pages, de contenus repertori&eacute;s dans la collection &laquo;&nbsp;<i>Muftiships Web archive</i>&nbsp;&raquo; qui couvre les r&eacute;ponses des principales autorit&eacute;s religieuses musulmanes face au coronavirus et illustre &laquo;&nbsp;la fa&ccedil;on dont la loi islamique est administr&eacute;e &agrave; l&#39;&egrave;re num&eacute;rique&nbsp;&raquo; au Moyen-Orient comme ailleurs. La moiti&eacute; des contenus sont en langue arabe et une large partie concerne la r&eacute;gion MENA selon une perspective exclusivement islamique. Tous ces projets d&rsquo;archivage, s&rsquo;ils int&egrave;grent parfois des organisations du monde arabe, partent bien souvent des &Eacute;tats-Unis ou de l&rsquo;Europe. Les collections d&rsquo;archives web nationales contiennent d&rsquo;ailleurs parfois, au gr&eacute; des p&eacute;r&eacute;grinations du logiciel de capture, des pages issues de pays &eacute;trangers, ce qui offre &eacute;galement une piste &agrave; poursuivre concernant le web archiv&eacute; (Aasman, Bingham, Brügger, et al., 2020). Par exemple, dans les collections sp&eacute;ciales fournies par les partenaires du projet WARCnet en provenance de la France, du Danemark, du Luxembourg, de la Hongrie, de la Hollande et du Royaume-Uni, une cinquantaine de pages web publi&eacute;es depuis la r&eacute;gion MENA ont &eacute;t&eacute; archiv&eacute;es, notamment issues d&rsquo;agences de presse et de m&eacute;dias comme l&rsquo;Agence tunisienne Afrique Presse (<a href="https://www.tap.info.tn/" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline">https://www.tap.info.tn</a>) archiv&eacute; par le la BNL au Luxembourg ou encore le m&eacute;dia en ligne palestinien Metronews (www.metronews.ps) collect&eacute; par les archives web danoises<a href="#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a>. Pour pallier l&rsquo;absence de dispositif de collecte syst&eacute;matique dans la r&eacute;gion MENA, c&rsquo;est donc une entreprise colossale d&rsquo;identification, de rassemblement et de reconstitution qu&rsquo;il s&rsquo;agirait de conduire, faisant &eacute;cho au monumental travail r&eacute;alis&eacute; par Anat Ben-David dans sa reconstitution du web yougoslave apr&egrave;s sa disparition en 2010 (2016).&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Les premiers corpus exploratoires ici esquiss&eacute;s constituent des sources pour l&rsquo;&eacute;tude de la fa&ccedil;on dont les gouvernements et les populations ont fait face aux difficult&eacute;s sanitaires, &eacute;conomiques et sociales dues &agrave; la pand&eacute;mie, et ce dans une perspective diachronique.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <ol> <li> <ol> <li class="COSSI-titre3" value="13863"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-weight:bold">histoire du Web de la r&eacute;gion MENA au prisme des politiques publiques et des usages num&eacute;riques concernant les questions de genre et la jeunesse</span></span></span></span></li> </ol> </li> </ol> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Outre les sources nativement num&eacute;riques, les enqu&ecirc;tes produites par les chercheurs et les rapports &eacute;manant des organisations internationales concernant la zone MENA permettent d&rsquo;envisager des pistes d&rsquo;&eacute;tude &agrave; poursuivre.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">En privil&eacute;giant les sites web institutionnels par rapport aux m&eacute;dias sociaux, l&rsquo;archive web de l&rsquo;IIPC &eacute;claire les dispositifs num&eacute;riques mis en &oelig;uvre par les &eacute;tats visant &agrave; garantir la continuit&eacute; des services publics&nbsp;: comme le rapportait le journal en ligne&nbsp;<i>African Manager</i>&nbsp;en mai 2020, face aux fils d&rsquo;attente induites aux guichets des postes en vue du versement des d&eacute;caissements, le gouvernement tunisien a inaugur&eacute; son premier portefeuille num&eacute;rique<a href="#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;Plus sp&eacute;cifiquement, cette collection documente les strat&eacute;gies de communication des gouvernements sur le Web et les m&eacute;dias sociaux, en compl&eacute;ment des campagnes t&eacute;l&eacute;visuelles et radiophoniques. Outre les sites sp&eacute;cifiquement d&eacute;di&eacute;s visant &agrave; accompagner les populations vers une meilleure connaissance du virus, des dispositifs de d&eacute;pistage et des gestes barri&egrave;res, les sources encore accessibles en ligne permettraient d&rsquo;envisager le recours aux m&eacute;dias sociaux, y compris par la mobilisation de personnalit&eacute;s populaires dans les sph&egrave;res nationales concern&eacute;es. Le rapport de l&rsquo;OCDE cite notamment l&rsquo;exemple du minist&egrave;re de la Culture jordanien qui a engag&eacute; plusieurs acteurs m&eacute;diatiques et influenceurs pour produire une campagne de vid&eacute;os en r&eacute;ponse &agrave; la crise sanitaire. Figures bien connues des jordaniens, ces acteurs ont prodigu&eacute; des conseils et ont propos&eacute; des occupations aux enfants pendant le confinement de mars 2020<a href="#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Par ailleurs, les premi&egrave;res observations concernant l&rsquo;impact de la Covid dans une r&eacute;gion marqu&eacute;e par de fortes in&eacute;galit&eacute;s &eacute;conomiques et sociales ouvre &eacute;galement des perspectives de recherche &agrave; partir du web vivant et archiv&eacute; concernant les questions de genre et la jeunesse. En effet, l&rsquo;enqu&ecirc;te de l&rsquo;OCDE souligne le risque de mettre &agrave; mal les efforts fournis en mati&egrave;re d&rsquo;&eacute;galit&eacute; de genre et la place des jeunes dans les soci&eacute;t&eacute;s MENA. &Agrave; travers le monde, les populations jeunes, habituellement moins soumises aux risques mentaux et sanitaires, sont particuli&egrave;rement impact&eacute;es par la pand&eacute;mie, en termes de sant&eacute; mentale, d&rsquo;inqui&eacute;tude pour leur avenir &eacute;conomique, professionel, et pour le respect de leurs libert&eacute;s fondamentales<a href="#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></a>. Dans la r&eacute;gion MENA, leur situation &eacute;tait d&eacute;j&agrave; d&eacute;favorable sur le march&eacute; du travail avant la pand&eacute;mie, les pays de la zone poss&eacute;dant les taux de ch&ocirc;mage des jeunes parmi les plus &eacute;lev&eacute;s au monde, associ&eacute;s &agrave; une g&eacute;n&eacute;ralisation du travail informel qui concernerait pr&egrave;s de 80 % d&rsquo;entre eux. Selon l&rsquo;OCDE, cette situation est corr&eacute;l&eacute;e &agrave; une plus faible confiance accord&eacute;e aux gouvernements&nbsp;: une enqu&ecirc;te de l&rsquo;Arab Barometer Data indiquait en 2018 que seuls 32% des jeunes avaient confiance en leurs dirigeants dans la zone MENA contre 46% pour l&rsquo;ensemble des pays de l&rsquo;OCDE. Dans ce contexte difficile, les traces en ligne permettent d&rsquo;interroger les modes d&rsquo;information et d&rsquo;engagement des jeunes durant la pand&eacute;mie. 50 % des jeunes de la zone MENA utilisent les m&eacute;dias sociaux comme premi&egrave;re source d&rsquo;information, or ces plateformes constituent des lieux propices &agrave; la diffusion de rumeurs et seraient &agrave; l&rsquo;origine de 88% des contenus de d&eacute;sinformation li&eacute;e &agrave; la pand&eacute;mie (Brennen J. S. et al, 2020). De plus, les informations en ligne en langue arabe diffus&eacute;es en 2020 au sujet du coronavirus sont particuli&egrave;rement peu fiables&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;la quasi-totalit&eacute; des informations sanitaires au sujet de la covid-19 les plus facilement accessibles en langue arabe, ne r&eacute;pondent pas aux normes de qualit&eacute; reconnues, quel que soit leur niveau de lisibilit&eacute; et leur capacit&eacute; &agrave; &ecirc;tre comprises par la population g&eacute;n&eacute;rale des arabophones&nbsp;&raquo; (Halboub, Al-Ak&rsquo;hali, Al-Mekhlafi, et al., 2020). Ce constat invite, &agrave; partir du web vivant et archiv&eacute;, &agrave; approfondir l&rsquo;&eacute;tude de la circulation de l&rsquo;information sur les m&eacute;dias sociaux pendant la pand&eacute;mie du point de vue de la zone MENA, en dehors des seules initiatives gouvernementales sur ces plateformes. Dans le m&ecirc;me temps, les m&eacute;dias sociaux ont aussi &eacute;t&eacute; le lieu de pratiques d&rsquo;engagement des jeunes, &agrave; l&rsquo;image de la page Facebook de l&rsquo;association libanaise&nbsp;<i>Masar</i>&nbsp;qui, durant les confinements de Mars et de Mai, a &eacute;t&eacute; mobilis&eacute;e pour proposer des formations sur la sant&eacute; mentale &agrave; destination des jeunes, sugg&eacute;rer des jeux aux familles, r&eacute;aliser des vid&eacute;os &agrave; distance comme source d&rsquo;occupation<a href="#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Dans la zone MENA comme ailleurs, les groupes d&eacute;favoris&eacute;s ou d&eacute;j&agrave; vuln&eacute;rables ont &eacute;t&eacute; les plus touch&eacute;s par la pand&eacute;mie. La place des femmes dans les soci&eacute;t&eacute;s des pays MENA , principalement caract&eacute;ris&eacute;es par des &eacute;conomies en d&eacute;veloppement corr&eacute;l&eacute;es &agrave; des l&eacute;gislations et des normes sociales in&eacute;galitaires, ont, d&rsquo;apr&egrave;s l&rsquo;OCDE&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;expos&eacute; les femmes &agrave; des difficult&eacute;s suppl&eacute;mentaires en termes de perte d&#39;emploi et de revenu, auxquelles s&rsquo;ajoutent le fardeau des soins et l&#39;escalade de la violence sexiste, entre autres&nbsp;<a href="#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[19]</span></span></span></span></span></a>&raquo;. Les sources nativement num&eacute;riques constituent des mat&eacute;riaux pr&eacute;cieux pour &eacute;tudier d&rsquo;une part les mesures prises en ce sens par les gouvernements, mais aussi le v&eacute;cu exprim&eacute; par les femmes habitant au Moyen-Orient et au Maghreb sur les plateformes de m&eacute;dias sociaux, au moment o&ugrave;, comme partout dans le monde, elles &eacute;taient en premi&egrave;re ligne face &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;pid&eacute;mie, qu&rsquo;il s&rsquo;agisse du maintien d&rsquo;emplois de service, du soin, ou de la prise en charge des probl&eacute;matiques familiales. Par exemple, en Alg&eacute;rie, le confinement a donn&eacute; lieu &agrave; la diffusion de vid&eacute;os mettant en sc&egrave;ne sur les m&eacute;dias sociaux les hommes ou les jeunes gar&ccedil;ons en train de cuisiner, principalement &eacute;manant de familles urbaines et favoris&eacute;es, prenant ainsi &agrave; rebours certains st&eacute;r&eacute;otypes de genre. Dans le cadre du projet AWAC2, apr&egrave;s un sondage en ligne &agrave; partir d&rsquo;un billet de blog publi&eacute; sur le site de l&rsquo;IIPC, cette th&eacute;matique du genre a &eacute;t&eacute; retenue pour explorer en profondeur les fichiers archiv&eacute;s (Schafer, Aasman, Br&uuml;gger et al., 2021). En mati&egrave;re d&rsquo;&eacute;ducation, les gouvernements de la zone MENA ont mis en place des ressources p&eacute;dagogiques et des dispositifs de cours &agrave; distance, comme l&rsquo;illustre le site lanc&eacute; par le minist&egrave;re de l&rsquo;&eacute;ducation &eacute;gyptien d&egrave;s mars 2020<a href="#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[20]</span></span></span></span></span></a>. Cependant la fermeture des &eacute;tablissements scolaires a augment&eacute; les in&eacute;galit&eacute;s et a notamment entrav&eacute; le parcours scolaire des jeunes filles, tout en augmentant la charge des m&egrave;res du fait de l&rsquo;&eacute;cole &agrave; la maison. Ainsi la place des femmes dans le travail scolaire des enfants en contexte de fermeture des &eacute;coles dans la r&eacute;gion MENA, en prenant en consid&eacute;ration le fait qu&rsquo;elles ont moins acc&egrave;s &agrave; Internet que les hommes, constitue un objet d&rsquo;investigation privil&eacute;gi&eacute;. En effet, outre les archives en provenance des pays du Moyen-Orient et du Maghreb, les fouilles de donn&eacute;es &agrave; venir au sein des fichiers collect&eacute;s par l&rsquo;IIPC &ndash; et plus seulement les m&eacute;tadonn&eacute;es &ndash; pr&eacute;vues dans le cadre du projet AWAC2, devraient permettre d&rsquo;identifier de nouvelles sources et d&rsquo;envisager la m&eacute;diatisation des situations v&eacute;cues sur les web diasporiques.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <ol start="51" style="list-style-type:lower-roman"> <li class="COSSI-titre1" value="13887757782666">&nbsp;</li> </ol> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Le cas de la pr&eacute;servation des traces en ligne r&eacute;sultant des exp&eacute;riences v&eacute;cues par les populations m&eacute;diterran&eacute;ennes et plus particuli&egrave;rement de la r&eacute;gion MENA durant la pand&eacute;mie, &eacute;v&eacute;nement n&eacute; num&eacute;rique et ayant donn&eacute; lieu &agrave; une profusion massive d&rsquo;information en ligne, documente la fabrique du patrimoine nativement num&eacute;rique recr&eacute;&eacute; tout en &eacute;tablissant les d&eacute;fis qui restent &agrave; relever en la mati&egrave;re. Malgr&eacute; des initiatives internationales d&rsquo;une ampleur in&eacute;dite, l&rsquo;archivage du web demeure confront&eacute; &agrave; de fortes disparit&eacute;s en mati&egrave;re de repr&eacute;sentativit&eacute;. Sur ce point la pand&eacute;mie renforce les tendances existantes m&ecirc;me si l&rsquo;approche par les marges ne doit masquer l&rsquo;&eacute;norme travail fourni par l&rsquo;IIPC&nbsp;: pour la premi&egrave;re fois certains pays sont visibles dans un programme de collecte international d&rsquo;archivage du web de grande ampleur aux c&ocirc;t&eacute;s de plus de 130 web nationaux.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Concernant la r&eacute;gion MENA, le recours accru aux technologies digitales, depuis les robots soignants en Arabie Saoudite jusqu&rsquo;&agrave; la mise en place de l&rsquo;enseignement &agrave; distance et du recours aux visioconf&eacute;rences, n&rsquo;a pas donn&eacute; lieu &agrave; un &laquo;&nbsp;effet&nbsp;pand&eacute;mie&nbsp;&raquo; qui aurait accentu&eacute; la mise en place d&rsquo;archivage du web. Marginalis&eacute;e au sein de cette dynamique transnationale, la sous-repr&eacute;sentation spatiale se couple d&rsquo;une minorisation des contenus vernaculaires. Les traces en ligne &eacute;manant de la soci&eacute;t&eacute; civile sont invisibilis&eacute;es au profit de la communication politique. Ce sont des bribes de MENA qui surgissent dans la collecte de l&rsquo;IIPC qui a pourtant le m&eacute;rite d&rsquo;&ecirc;tre l&rsquo;une des plus compl&egrave;te en termes de repr&eacute;sentation des diff&eacute;rents continents. Les explications sont multiples. Il y a d&rsquo;abord des facteurs internes &agrave; la situation des pays du Maghreb et du Moyen-Orient&nbsp;: l&rsquo;instabilit&eacute; politique, le manque de moyen financier, des pratiques de censure de l&rsquo;Internet, entravent la mise en place d&rsquo;une politique d&rsquo;archivage qui n&rsquo;appara&icirc;t pas comme un axe d&rsquo;investissement prioritaire. Ensuite, cette absence rel&egrave;ve aussi de facteurs li&eacute;s aux logiques de r&eacute;seau propres &agrave; la gouvernance de l&rsquo;archivage du Web autour de l&rsquo;IIPC, qui pour l&rsquo;instant atteint peu la zone MENA, malgr&eacute; le souci de couvrir le plus de web nationaux possibles propre &agrave; travers cette initiative de grande ampleur.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Ces difficult&eacute;s ont &eacute;t&eacute; point&eacute;es de longue date par les chercheurs et les archivistes au sein des&nbsp;<i>Web archives studies</i>&nbsp;confront&eacute;s aux angles morts du patrimoine nativement num&eacute;rique, et ce malgr&eacute; l&rsquo;infrastructure globale d&rsquo;Internet. Il reste en effet complexe d&rsquo;archiver des contenus vernaculaires et pas seulement les aspects institutionnels ou majoritaires<a href="#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[21]</span></span></span></span></span></a>. Apr&egrave;s la prouesse technique de parvenir &agrave; collecter et donner acc&egrave;s au web du pass&eacute;, ces derni&egrave;res ann&eacute;es ont &eacute;t&eacute; marqu&eacute;es par la mise en &oelig;uvre de dispositifs de moissonnage des m&eacute;dias sociaux, lieux de propagation d&rsquo;&oelig;uvres propres aux cultures num&eacute;riques et &agrave; la viralit&eacute;. Ainsi, pour la France les vid&eacute;os d&rsquo;applaudissements des soignants diffus&eacute;es par les internautes sur les RSN ont fait l&rsquo;objet d&rsquo;une attention particuli&egrave;re. Reste que les restrictions et les contraintes techniques propres aux plateformes ou aux applications mobiles rend la t&acirc;che difficile par rapport &agrave; la collecte de sites institutionnels ou de grands m&eacute;dias.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Face &agrave; ces d&eacute;fis, plusieurs strat&eacute;gies peuvent &ecirc;tre d&eacute;ploy&eacute;es par les chercheurs en croisant les diff&eacute;rentes collections archiv&eacute;es, en compl&eacute;tant les corpus par des sources issues du web vivant, ou encore en ayant recours aux archives vivantes vernaculaires constitu&eacute;es par des internautes, &agrave; l&rsquo;image des archives militantes de la r&eacute;volution tunisienne ou derni&egrave;rement des mus&eacute;es en ligne d&eacute;di&eacute;s aux exp&eacute;riences de confinement. Cependant, la p&eacute;rennisation de ces sources issues du web sont bien souvent port&eacute;es par des organisations ext&eacute;rieures comme l&rsquo;illustrent les collectes cibl&eacute;es mises en place en France concernant le web diasporique dans le cadre du projet e-diasporas (INA) ou les archives des printemps arabes. Dans le cadre de projets de recherche, les institutions europ&eacute;ennes ou &eacute;tats-uniennes se sont attel&eacute;es &agrave; p&eacute;renniser certains segments du patrimoine n&eacute; num&eacute;rique m&eacute;diterran&eacute;en, &agrave; l&rsquo;image de la collecte des vid&eacute;os de la r&eacute;volution syrienne d&eacute;pos&eacute;e &agrave; la BnF ou encore de l&rsquo;int&eacute;gration du site&nbsp;<i>The Memory of the Syrian Revolution</i>au sein des collections num&eacute;riques du MUCEM<a href="#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[22]</span></span></span></span></span></a>. Outre l&rsquo;&eacute;pineuse question des donn&eacute;es personnelles, les chercheurs europ&eacute;ens ou &eacute;tats-uniens sont confront&eacute;s &agrave; des questions &eacute;thiques sur fond de discussions sur la d&eacute;colonisation des archives. &Agrave; ce jour, gr&acirc;ce au service Archive-It, une large partie du patrimoine n&eacute; num&eacute;rique de la zone MENA est pr&eacute;serv&eacute;e par la fondation Internet Archive tandis que plusieurs pays de la r&eacute;gion sont officiellement en guerre contre les &Eacute;tats-Unis.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Malgr&eacute; les imperfections, ce bref aper&ccedil;u des contenus archiv&eacute;s issus des web nationaux du Maghreb et du Moyen-Orient ouvre de nombreuses perspectives d&rsquo;&eacute;tude concernant l&rsquo;histoire des usages num&eacute;riques institutionnels et vernaculaires au sein de ces soci&eacute;t&eacute;s. &Agrave; l&rsquo;image de nombre de projets cit&eacute;s pr&eacute;c&eacute;demment, les probl&eacute;matiques propres &agrave; l&rsquo;archivage du web invitent &agrave; conduire des recherches dans le cadre de la coop&eacute;ration internationale &agrave; l&rsquo;heure o&ugrave; se d&eacute;ploie dans les universit&eacute;s de la r&eacute;gion des services d&eacute;di&eacute;s aux humanit&eacute;s num&eacute;riques, dont l&rsquo;une des vis&eacute;es est aussi la capacit&eacute; des centres de recherche &agrave; sauvegarder la m&eacute;moire digitale de l&rsquo;humanit&eacute; (Bayoumi, Oliveau, 2020, p. 17). Cette perspective coop&eacute;rative pourra &eacute;galement s&rsquo;appuyer sur des r&eacute;seaux pr&eacute;existants mobilis&eacute;s concernant notamment la pr&eacute;servation des archives t&eacute;l&eacute;visuelles m&eacute;diterran&eacute;ennes, &agrave; l&rsquo;image du projet Med-Mem<a href="#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[23]</span></span></span></span></span></a>&nbsp;qui avait r&eacute;uni il y a une dizaine d&rsquo;ann&eacute;es autour de dix-huit partenaires (Gebeil, 2017). Enfin, l&rsquo;initiative de l&rsquo;IIPC, en ouvrant le dispositif de collecte &agrave; tout internaute et en mettant en ligne la collection ainsi constitu&eacute;e, peut aussi contribuer &agrave; susciter un int&eacute;r&ecirc;t croissant pour l&rsquo;archivage du Web en M&eacute;diterran&eacute;e et dans la r&eacute;gion MENA.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <ol start="18" style="list-style-type:lower-alpha"> <li class="COSSI-titre1" value="204041259">&nbsp;</li> </ol> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Aasman S., Bingham N., Brügger N., De Wild K., Gebeil S., Schafer V. (2021).&nbsp;<i>Chicken and Egg: Reporting from a Datathon Exploring Datasets of the COVID- 19 Special Collections</i>, Warcnet Papers,&nbsp;<a href="https://cc.au.dk/fileadmin/dac/Projekter/WARCnet/Aasman_et_al_Chicken_and_Egg.pdf" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline">https://cc.au.dk/fileadmin/dac/Projekter/WARCnet/Aasman_et_al_Chicken_and_Egg.pdf</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Bayoumi, H. &amp;&nbsp;Oliveau, S. (2020). Digital archiving in the Arab world: Assessment and challenges.&nbsp;<i>&Eacute;gypte/Monde arabe</i>, 22, 13-20.&nbsp;<a href="https://doi.org/10.4000/ema.13141" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline">https://doi.org/10.4000/ema.13141</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Ben-David, A., Amram, A., &amp; R. Bekkerman. (2016). The colors of the national Web: Visual data analysis of the historical Yugoslav Web domain. International Journal on Digital Libraries, DOI: 10.0007/s00799-016-0202-6.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Brennen, J. S., Simon, F. M., Howard, P. N., &amp; Nielsen, R. K. (2020).&nbsp;Types, sources, and claims of COVID-19 misinformation (Doctoral dissertation, University of Oxford).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Br&uuml;gger, N., &amp; Milligan, I. (Eds.). (2018).&nbsp;<i>The SAGE handbook of web history</i>. Sage.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Br&uuml;gger, N., &amp; Schroeder, R. (Eds.). (2017).&nbsp;<i>The web as history: Using web archives to understand the past and the present</i>.&nbsp;UCL Press.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Clavert F. (2020) Pr&eacute;server la m&eacute;moire d&rsquo;une pand&eacute;mie, L&rsquo;histoire contemporaine &agrave; l&rsquo;&egrave;re num&eacute;rique, Carnet de recherche Hypotheses,&nbsp;<a href="https://histnum.hypotheses.org/3274" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline">https://histnum.hypotheses.org/3274</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Gebeil S., Schafer V., Benoist D., Faye A., Tanesie P. (2020).&nbsp;Exploring special web archive collections related to COVID-19: The case of the French National Library (BnF),&nbsp;<a href="https://cc.au.dk/en/warcnet/warcnet-papers" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline">https://cc.au.dk/en/warcnet/warcnet-papers</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Gebeil, S. (2021).&nbsp;<i>Website story : Histoire, m&eacute;moires et archives du web</i>. INA.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Gebeil, S (2017). Les politiques de coop&eacute;ration audiovisuelle en M&eacute;diterran&eacute;e (1995-2010). M. Crivello, K. Dir&egrave;che,&nbsp;<i>Travers&eacute;es des m&eacute;moires en M&eacute;diterran&eacute;e : la r&eacute;invention du &quot;lien&quot; XIXe-XXe</i>, Presses Universitaires de Provence.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Geeraert Friedel and Bingham Nicola: Exploring special web archives collections related to COVID-19: The case of the IIPC Collaborative collectio, WARCnet Papers ISSN 2597-0615,&nbsp;<a href="https://cc.au.dk/fileadmin/user_upload/WARCnet/Geeraert_et_al_COVID-19_IIPC__1_.pdf" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline">https://cc.au.dk/fileadmin/user_upload/WARCnet/Geeraert_et_al_COVID-19_IIPC__1_.pdf</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Halboub Esam, Al-Ak&rsquo;hali Mohammed Sultan, Al-Mekhlafi Hesham, Alhajj Mohammed Nasser. Quality and readability of web-based Arabic health information on COVID-19: an infodemiological study.&nbsp;<i>BMC Public Health</i>, BioMed Central, 2021, 21, pp.151.&nbsp;<a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10218-9" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" target="_blank"><span cambria="" math="" style="font-family:">&lang;</span>10.1186/s12889-021-10218-9<span cambria="" math="" style="font-family:">&rang;</span></a>.&nbsp;<a href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03163840" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" target="_blank"><span cambria="" math="" style="font-family:">&lang;</span>hal-03163840<span cambria="" math="" style="font-family:">&rang;</span></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/types-sources-and-claims-covid-19-misinformation</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Musiani, F., &amp; Schafer, V. (2016). Digital heritage and heritagization.&nbsp;<i>RESET. Recherches en sciences sociales sur Internet</i>, (6).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Musiani, F., Paloque-Berg&egrave;s, C., Schafer, V., &amp; G. Thierry, B. 2019.&nbsp;<i>Qu&rsquo;est-ce qu&rsquo;une archive du web&nbsp;?</i>Marseille&nbsp;: OpenEdition Press. doi&nbsp;:10.4000/books.oep.8713&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Ruest, N., Lin, J., Milligan, I., &amp; Fritz, S. (2020).&nbsp;The archives unleashed project: Technology, process, and community to improve scholarly access to web archives.&nbsp;<i>Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries in 2020</i>, 157‑166.&nbsp;<a href="https://doi.org/10.1145/3383583.3398513" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline">https://doi.org/10.1145/3383583.3398513</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Schafer V., Aasman S., Br&uuml;gger N., Clavert F., De Wild K., Gebeil S., Analysing Web Archives of the COVID-19 Crisis through the IIPC collaborative collection, IIPC,&nbsp;<a href="https://netpreserveblog.wordpress.com/2021/11/02/analysing-web-archives-of-the-covid-19-crisis-through-the-iipc-collaborative-collection-early-findings-and-further-research-questions/" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline">https://netpreserveblog.wordpress.com/2021/11/02/analysing-web-archives-of-the-covid-19-crisis-through-the-iipc-collaborative-collection-early-findings-and-further-research-questions/</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Schafer V., Thièvre J. and Blanckemane B. (2020). Exploring special web archives collections related to COVID-19: The case of INA,&nbsp;<a href="https://cc.au.dk/en/warcnet/warcnet-papers" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline">https://cc.au.dk/en/warcnet/warcnet-papers</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Schafer, V., &amp; Thierry, B. (2015). L&rsquo;ogre et la Toile. Le rendez-vous de l&rsquo;histoire et des archives du Web.&nbsp;<i>Socio. La nouvelle revue des sciences sociales</i>, (4), 75-95.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="COSSI-corpsdetexte" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:italic"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Figure n&deg; 1&nbsp;: carte de l&rsquo;archivage du Web en Europe, M&eacute;diterran&eacute;e, MENA</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:italic"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><img alt="Une image contenant carte Description générée automatiquement" src="blob:https://numerev.com/9d857eab-f5e0-41f4-b245-16cd58d9787d" style="width:454px; height:273px" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:italic"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Figure n&deg; 2&nbsp;: les dix pays les plus repr&eacute;sent&eacute;s dans la collection de l&rsquo;IIPC</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:italic"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><img src="blob:https://numerev.com/276d5a24-6508-430b-920f-5a211198706d" style="width:454px; height:354px" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:italic"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Figure n&deg; 3&nbsp;: les dix langages les plus repr&eacute;sent&eacute;s dans la collection de l&rsquo;IIPC</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:italic"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><img src="blob:https://numerev.com/c1afcd7a-79c4-44aa-8f94-dbcca4550d53" style="width:454px; height:283px" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:italic"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Figure n&deg; 4&nbsp;: M&eacute;diterran&eacute;e et MENA dans la collecte de l&rsquo;IIPC</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:italic"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><img src="blob:https://numerev.com/6e8ae69e-d723-4ccc-b2e5-2b804b3e1fde" style="width:454px; height:203px" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:italic"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Figure n&deg;5&nbsp;: MENA dans la collection IIPC</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:italic"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><img src="blob:https://numerev.com/06705647-075c-4bed-86a2-231b3b5743b5" style="width:454px; height:220px" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:italic"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Figure n&deg; 6&nbsp;: r&eacute;partition des contenus de langue arabe archiv&eacute;s par domaines nationaux</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:italic"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><img src="blob:https://numerev.com/70cd9a5e-8cd9-464c-81f7-62e72f42c76f" style="width:453px; height:273px" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:italic"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Figure n&deg; 7&nbsp;: comparaison des cat&eacute;gories d&rsquo;acteur</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:italic"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><img src="blob:https://numerev.com/dbb09668-b5ba-4727-bf32-7e2d50432ec2" style="width:442px; height:262px" /><img src="blob:https://numerev.com/95f64543-d204-44e8-b96a-9719b98953ca" style="width:444px; height:260px" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:italic"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Figure n&deg; 8&nbsp;: captures d&rsquo;&eacute;cran de sites et de pages collect&eacute;s</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="COSSI-corpsdetexte" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">De gauche &agrave; droite&nbsp;:&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="left" class="COSSI-corpsdetexte" style="text-align:left; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Site du minist&egrave;re de la Sant&eacute; du Maroc,&nbsp;<a href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/13529/20200403164733/https:/www.sante.gov.ma/sites/Ar/Pages/AccueilAr.aspx" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline">://www.sante.gov.ma</a>, version du 3 avril 2020, Internet Archive&nbsp;:&nbsp;<a href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/13529/20200403164733/https:/www.sante.gov.ma/sites/Ar/Pages/AccueilAr.aspx" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline">https://wayback.archive-it.org/13529/20200403164733/https://www.sante.gov.ma/sites/Ar/Pages/AccueilAr.aspx</a>,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="COSSI-corpsdetexte" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Sous-site d&eacute;di&eacute;, cr&eacute;&eacute; par le minist&egrave;re de la Sant&eacute; de Jordanie,&nbsp;<a href="https://corona.moh.gov.jo/" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline">https://corona.moh.gov.jo</a>, version du 4 juin 2020, Internet Archive&nbsp;:&nbsp;<a href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20200604221329/https:/corona.moh.gov.jo/ar" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline">https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20200604221329/https://corona.moh.gov.jo/ar</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="COSSI-corpsdetexte" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="COSSI-corpsdetexte" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Sous-site d&eacute;di&eacute;, cr&eacute;&eacute; par le minist&egrave;re de la Sant&eacute; de Tunisie,&nbsp;<a href="http://coronavirus.rns.tn/" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline">http://coronavirus.rns.tn</a>, version du 3 avril 2020, Internet Archive&nbsp;:&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="COSSI-corpsdetexte" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><a href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/13529/20200403031642/http:/coronavirus.rns.tn/" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline">https://wayback.archive-it.org/13529/20200403031642/http://coronavirus.rns.tn/</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="COSSI-corpsdetexte" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="COSSI-corpsdetexte" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Sous-site d&eacute;di&eacute;, cr&eacute;&eacute; par le minist&egrave;re de la Sant&eacute; du Liban,&nbsp;<a href="https://corona.ministryinfo.gov.lb/" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline">https://corona.ministryinfo.gov.lb</a>, version du 27 mars 2020, Internet Archive&nbsp;:&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="COSSI-corpsdetexte" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><a href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/13529/20200327180224/https:/corona.ministryinfo.gov.lb/" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline">https://wayback.archive-it.org/13529/20200327180224/https://corona.ministryinfo.gov.lb/</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="COSSI-corpsdetexte" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="COSSI-corpsdetexte" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="COSSI-corpsdetexte" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="COSSI-corpsdetexte" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="COSSI-corpsdetexte" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><img align="left" hspace="12" src="blob:https://numerev.com/04695c93-da60-428e-9320-f43ba2e7810b" style="width:229px; height:191px" /><img src="blob:https://numerev.com/34407fdc-4979-4477-8cd9-623e90a72d74" style="width:258px; height:155px" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="COSSI-corpsdetexte" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><img alt="Une image contenant table Description générée automatiquement" src="blob:https://numerev.com/86963f22-1fb6-4c63-94f9-8ca24f8c740c" style="width:310px; height:161px" /><img align="left" hspace="12" src="blob:https://numerev.com/3f02dfba-a8b3-4ecb-94e9-81b747368ad5" style="width:255px; height:154px" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="COSSI-corpsdetexte" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="COSSI-corpsdetexte" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="COSSI-corpsdetexte" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:italic"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Encart n&deg; 1 - Liste des collections dont le sujet principal est la pand&eacute;mie de Covid-19 Archive-It, le 15 mars 2022. Sont indiqu&eacute;s entre parenth&egrave;se le nombre de collections disponibles par sujet.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <table class="MsoTableGrid" style="caret-color:#000000; color:#000000; font-style:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:normal; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:auto; text-align:start; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:auto; word-spacing:0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust:auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-decoration:none; border-collapse:collapse; border:none"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:614px; padding:0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p class="Illustration" style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-style:italic"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt">2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease (2)</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Illustration" style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-style:italic"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt">2019 novel coronavirus disease (1) COVID-19 (Disease) (23)</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Illustration" style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-style:italic"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt">COVID-19 (Disease) -- Social aspects -- Wyoming (1)</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Illustration" style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-style:italic"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt">COVID-19 (Disease)--California--Berkeley (1)</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Illustration" style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-style:italic"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt">COVID-19 (Disease)--Government policy (3)</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Illustration" style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-style:italic"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt">COVID-19 (Disease)--Michigan (2)</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Illustration" style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-style:italic"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt">COVID-19 (Disease)--Newfoundland and Labrador (1)</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Illustration" style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-style:italic"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt">COVID-19 (Disease)--Religious aspects (3)</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Illustration" style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-style:italic"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt">COVID-19 Pandemic (4)</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Illustration" style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-style:italic"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt">COVID-19 Pandemic, 2020- (12)</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Illustration" style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-style:italic"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt">COVID-19 Pandemic, 2020-, News Agencies--Texas (1)</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Illustration" style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-style:italic"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt">COVID-19, Coronavirus, University, State University, pandemic (1) Corona virus (1)</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Illustration" style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-style:italic"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt">Coronavirus (5)</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Illustration" style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-style:italic"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt">Coronavirus Infections (3)</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Illustration" style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-style:italic"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt">Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) (1)</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Illustration" style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-style:italic"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt">Coronavirus diseases (1)</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Illustration" style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-style:italic"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt">Coronavirus epidemics--Blogs--Wisconsin. (1)</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Illustration" style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-style:italic"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt">Coronavirus infections (6)</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Illustration" style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-style:italic"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt">Coronavirus infections -- Social aspects -- United States -- Kentucky (1)</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Illustration" style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-style:italic"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt">Coronavirus infections--Diaries--Wisconsin. (1)</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Illustration" style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-style:italic"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt">Coronavirus, Medical policy, Pandemic relief, Pandemic prevention, Disease outbreak, Indonesia (1)</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Illustration" style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-style:italic"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt">Coronaviruses (8)</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Illustration" style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-style:italic"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt">Covid-19 (28)</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Illustration" style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-style:italic"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt">Covid-19 (Disease) (2)</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Illustration" style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-style:italic"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt">Covid-19 pandemic resources (1)</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Illustration" style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-style:italic"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt">Covid-19(disease) (1)</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Illustration" style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-style:italic"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt">Covid-19; coronovirus; news (1) Epidemics (12)</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Illustration" style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-style:italic"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt">Epidemics -- Safety measures (1)</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Illustration" style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-style:italic"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt">Epidemics -- Social aspects (1)</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Illustration" style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-style:italic"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt">Epidemics--blogs--wisconsin. (1)</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Illustration" style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-style:italic"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt">Epidemics--diaries--wisconsin. (1)</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Illustration" style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-style:italic"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt">Epidemics--michigan (2) Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) (1)</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Illustration" style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-style:italic"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt">Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) in China - Economic aspects (1)</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Illustration" style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-style:italic"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt">Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) in China - Political aspects (1)</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Illustration" style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-style:italic"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt">Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) in China - Social aspects (1)</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Illustration" style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-style:italic"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:10.5pt">Novel Coronavirus (Covid-19) (2)</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Illustration" style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-style:italic"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:10.5pt">Novel Coronavirus 19 (7) Pandemic (10)</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Illustration" style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-style:italic"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt">Pandemic Response (1)</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Illustration" style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-style:italic"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt">Pandemics (3)</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Illustration" style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-style:italic"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt">Public Health, COVID-19, China (1)</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="COSSI-titreillustration" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:italic"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Proditus praesidia deinde parans amnis diebus dux absque amnis deinde</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><img align="left" src="blob:https://numerev.com/a70a8465-3832-4d9d-bfa2-9c669e9da809" style="width:451px; height:170px" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <div style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp; <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="applewebdata://C12A8A9C-E0BE-4ABA-A435-5CFAF110C54D#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>&nbsp;Myriam Piguet et Caroline Montebello, &laquo;&nbsp;Covid-19 : pour une m&eacute;moire ordinaire de l&rsquo;extraordinaire &ndash; Tribune&nbsp;&raquo;, Lib&eacute;ration, 20 avril 2020, https://www.liberation.fr/debats/2020/04/25/covid-19-pour-une-memoire-ordinaire-de-l-extraordinaire_1786299/</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn2"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="applewebdata://C12A8A9C-E0BE-4ABA-A435-5CFAF110C54D#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>&nbsp;Site du projet WARCnet, consult&eacute; le 08.11.2021,&nbsp;<a href="https://cc.au.dk/en/warcnet/about/" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline">https://cc.au.dk/en/warcnet/about/</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn3"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="applewebdata://C12A8A9C-E0BE-4ABA-A435-5CFAF110C54D#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>&nbsp;Schafer et al., &ldquo;Analysing Web Archives of the COVID-19 Crisis&rdquo;,&nbsp;<a href="https://netpreserveblog.wordpress.com/2021/11/02/analysing-web-archives-of-the-covid-19-crisis-through-the-iipc-collaborative-collection-early-findings-and-further-research-questions/" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline">https://netpreserveblog.wordpress.com/2021/11/02/analysing-web-archives-of-the-covid-19-crisis-through-the-iipc-collaborative-collection-early-findings-and-further-research-questions/</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn4"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="applewebdata://C12A8A9C-E0BE-4ABA-A435-5CFAF110C54D#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>&nbsp;MENA&nbsp;: Alg&eacute;rie, Arabie Saoudite, Palestine, Bahre&iuml;n, Djibouti, &Eacute;mirats Arabes Unis, &Eacute;gypte, Irak,&nbsp;&nbsp;Jordanie, Kowe&iuml;t, Liban, Libye, Maroc, Mauritanie, Oman, Qatar, Syrie, Tunisie, Y&eacute;men. Pays riverains de la M&eacute;diterran&eacute;e hors possessions britanniques : Espagne, France, Monaco, Italie, Malte, Slov&eacute;nie, Croatie, Bosnie-Herz&eacute;govine, Mont&eacute;n&eacute;gro, Albanie, Gr&egrave;ce, Turquie, Chypre, Turquie, Syrie, Liban, Isra&euml;l, Palestine, Egypte, Libye, Tunisie, Alg&eacute;rie, Maroc.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn5"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="applewebdata://C12A8A9C-E0BE-4ABA-A435-5CFAF110C54D#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>&nbsp;Sophie Gebeil, &laquo;&nbsp;Archiver les traces num&eacute;riques en M&eacute;diterran&eacute;e, un d&eacute;fi aux multiples enjeux&nbsp;&raquo;,&nbsp;<i>The Conversation France</i>, 19 juillet 2019.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn6"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="applewebdata://C12A8A9C-E0BE-4ABA-A435-5CFAF110C54D#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>&nbsp;&laquo;&nbsp;COVID-19 crisis in the MENA region: impact on gender equality and policy responses&nbsp;&raquo;, 10 juin 2020,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/covid-19-crisis-in-the-mena-region-impact-on-gender-equality-and-policy-responses-ee4cd4f4/" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline">https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/covid-19-crisis-in-the-mena-region-impact-on-gender-equality-and-policy-responses-ee4cd4f4/</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn7"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="applewebdata://C12A8A9C-E0BE-4ABA-A435-5CFAF110C54D#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>&nbsp;Voir la presentation de la collecte sur le blog de l&rsquo;IIPC, https://netpreserveblog.wordpress.com/2021/11/02/analysing-web-archives-of-the-covid-19-crisis-through-the-iipc-collaborative-collection-early-findings-and-further-research-questions/</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn8"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="applewebdata://C12A8A9C-E0BE-4ABA-A435-5CFAF110C54D#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>&nbsp;Novel Coronavirus, IIPC, Archive It, https://archive-it.org/collections/13529</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn9"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="applewebdata://C12A8A9C-E0BE-4ABA-A435-5CFAF110C54D#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>&nbsp;Nous utiliserons ici les donn&eacute;es issues de la premi&egrave;re phase de collecte. En f&eacute;vrier 2022, la collection avait &eacute;t&eacute; enrichie de 15000 contenus.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn10"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="applewebdata://C12A8A9C-E0BE-4ABA-A435-5CFAF110C54D#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif">[10]</span></span></span></span></a>&nbsp;Israel compte en mars 2022 deux pages archiv&eacute;es par l&rsquo;IIPC&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn11"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="applewebdata://C12A8A9C-E0BE-4ABA-A435-5CFAF110C54D#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif">[11]</span></span></span></span></a>&nbsp;<a href="https://archive-it.org/collections/13736" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline">https://archive-it.org/collections/13736</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn12"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="applewebdata://C12A8A9C-E0BE-4ABA-A435-5CFAF110C54D#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif">[12]</span></span></span></span></a>&nbsp;National Library of Medicine (2020). Global Health Events web archive, Archive-It, Internet Archive,&nbsp;<a href="https://archive-it.org/collections/4887?fc=websiteGroup:Coronavirus+disease+(COVID-19)+outbreak" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline">https://archive-it.org/collections/4887?fc=websiteGroup:Coronavirus+disease+(COVID-19)+outbreak</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn13"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="applewebdata://C12A8A9C-E0BE-4ABA-A435-5CFAF110C54D#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif">[13]</span></span></span></span></a>&nbsp;International and Area Studies Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (2020). Global Civil Society Organization Responses to COVID-19, Archive-It, Internet Archive.&nbsp;<a href="https://archive-it.org/collections/14004" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline">https://archive-it.org/collections/14004</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn14"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="applewebdata://C12A8A9C-E0BE-4ABA-A435-5CFAF110C54D#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif">[14]</span></span></span></span></a>&nbsp;Metronews.ps est peu accessible depuis la France mais la page Fecebook du m&eacute;dia peut &ecirc;tre consult&eacute;e,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.facebook.com/metronewsps/about/?ref=page_internal" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline">https://www.facebook.com/metronewsps/about/?ref=page_internal</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn15"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="applewebdata://C12A8A9C-E0BE-4ABA-A435-5CFAF110C54D#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif">[15]</span></span></span></span></a>&nbsp;Mobile payment&nbsp;: new digital wallet, African Manager, 5 mai 2020,&nbsp;<a href="https://en.africanmanager.com/mobile-payment-new-digital-wallet-launched/" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline">https://en.africanmanager.com/mobile-payment-new-digital-wallet-launched/</a>&nbsp;; URL ajout&eacute;e &agrave; la Wayback Machine&nbsp;:&nbsp;<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220311094936/https:/en.africanmanager.com/mobile-payment-new-digital-wallet-launched/" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline">https://web.archive.org/web/20220311094936/https://en.africanmanager.com/mobile-payment-new-digital-wallet-launched/</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn16"> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="applewebdata://C12A8A9C-E0BE-4ABA-A435-5CFAF110C54D#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10pt">&nbsp;Page Facebook du Minist&egrave;re de la culture jordanien,&nbsp;</span><a href="https://www.facebook.com/culture.gov.jo?_rdc=2&amp;_rdr" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:10pt">https://www.facebook.com/culture.gov.jo?_rdc=2&amp;_rdr</span></a><span style="font-size:10pt">&nbsp;, capture effectu&eacute;e par Internet Archive le 15/03/2022&nbsp;:&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn17"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="applewebdata://C12A8A9C-E0BE-4ABA-A435-5CFAF110C54D#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif">[17]</span></span></span></span></a>&nbsp;Youth and Covid-19, Response, Recovery, and Resilience, OCED 2020,&nbsp;<a href="https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/view/?ref=134_134356-ud5kox3g26&amp;title=Youth-and-COVID-19-Response-Recovery-and-Resilience" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline">https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/view/?ref=134_134356-ud5kox3g26&amp;title=Youth-and-COVID-19-Response-Recovery-and-Resilience</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn18"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="applewebdata://C12A8A9C-E0BE-4ABA-A435-5CFAF110C54D#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif">[18]</span></span></span></span></a>&nbsp;ONG Masar,&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-fr.facebook.com/masarlborg/" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline">https://fr-fr.facebook.com/masarlborg/</a>, page ajout&eacute;e &agrave; la Wayback Machine&nbsp;:&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-fr.facebook.com/masarlborg/" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline">https://fr-fr.facebook.com/masarlborg/</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn19"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="applewebdata://C12A8A9C-E0BE-4ABA-A435-5CFAF110C54D#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif">[19]</span></span></span></span></a>&nbsp;L&rsquo;OCDE a ainsi consacr&eacute; une enqu&ecirc;te sp&eacute;cifique&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;COVID-19 crisis in the MENA region: impact on gender equality and policy responses&nbsp;&raquo;, 10 juin 2020,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/covid-19-crisis-in-the-mena-region-impact-on-gender-equality-and-policy-responses-ee4cd4f4/" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline">https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/covid-19-crisis-in-the-mena-region-impact-on-gender-equality-and-policy-responses-ee4cd4f4/</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn20"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="applewebdata://C12A8A9C-E0BE-4ABA-A435-5CFAF110C54D#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif">[20]</span></span></span></span></a>&nbsp;Le site&nbsp;<a href="https://study.ekb.eg/" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline">https://study.ekb.eg/</a>, a &eacute;t&eacute; collect&eacute; par Internet Archive,&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210209205657/https:/study.ekb.eg/" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline">https://web.archive.org/web/20210209205657/https://study.ekb.eg/</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn21"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="applewebdata://C12A8A9C-E0BE-4ABA-A435-5CFAF110C54D#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif">[21]</span></span></span></span></a>&nbsp;Cette question &eacute;tait d&rsquo;ailleurs &agrave; l&rsquo;ordre du jour de la conf&eacute;rence de RESAW IV au Luxembourg qui avait pour th&egrave;me &laquo;&nbsp;Marginal vs Mainstream&nbsp;&raquo;, https://www.resaw2021.net/</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn22"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="applewebdata://C12A8A9C-E0BE-4ABA-A435-5CFAF110C54D#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif">[22]</span></span></span></span></a>&nbsp;Voir le projet ANR Shakk, De la r&eacute;volte &agrave; la guerre en Syrie. Conflits, d&eacute;placements, incertitudes (dir. C&eacute;cile Bo&euml;x),&nbsp;<a href="https://shakk.hypotheses.org/" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline">https://shakk.hypotheses.org</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn23"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="applewebdata://C12A8A9C-E0BE-4ABA-A435-5CFAF110C54D#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif">[23]</span></span></span></span></a>&nbsp;Med-Mem, m&eacute;moires audiovisuelles de la M&eacute;diterran&eacute;e,&nbsp;<a href="http://www.medmem.eu/" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline">http://www.medmem.eu/</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> </div>