<p>Article</p> <h1 style="border:medium none; margin-top:32px"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;, serif"><span style="color:#365f91"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:&quot;Footlight MT Light&quot;,serif">Introduction</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h1> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Il semble qu&rsquo;&eacute;tudier l&rsquo;appropriation d&rsquo;artefacts num&eacute;riques implique de prendre en compte les possibilit&eacute;s qu&rsquo;offrent ces artefacts en termes de transformation de l&rsquo;environnement socioculturel (<a name="_Hlk129423236">Tshimpaka Bodumbu, 2022</a>). Cette articulation peut &ecirc;tre abord&eacute;e sous l&rsquo;angle de l&rsquo;affordance (<a name="_Hlk129423297">Gibson, 1986&nbsp;; Norman, 1988&nbsp;; Cooper, 2007&nbsp;; Morgagni, 2011</a>), dans sa dimension socioculturelle (Morgagni, 2011&nbsp;; Simonian et al., 2016&nbsp;; <a name="_Hlk129423515">Simonian, 2022</a>), puisque l&rsquo;affordance serait une mani&egrave;re de mettre en &eacute;vidence les possibilit&eacute;s d&rsquo;action que fournissent les artefacts num&eacute;riques au sein de l&rsquo;environnement &eacute;ducatif mais aussi au niveau social. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">De mani&egrave;re g&eacute;n&eacute;rale, il est admis que les artefacts num&eacute;riques sont consid&eacute;r&eacute;s comme des instruments culturels (<a name="_Hlk129423569">Vygotski, 1934 ; Simondon, 1958 ; Rabardel, 1995b ; Albero, 2010</a>a,b) &agrave; partir du moment o&ugrave; ils s&rsquo;inscrivent dans un usage (Hussenot, 2006&nbsp;; 2009&nbsp;; <a name="_Hlk129423595">Jou&euml;t, 2000&nbsp;; Proulx et al., 2007&nbsp;</a>;&nbsp; Simonian et al., 2016). Dans cette perspective, l&rsquo;appropriation est une mani&egrave;re d&rsquo;analyser des usages tenant compte des sp&eacute;cificit&eacute;s de l&rsquo;environnement et des situations auxquelles sont confront&eacute;es les usagers. Dans le contexte particulier de l&rsquo;enseignement en R&eacute;publique D&eacute;mocratique du Congo (RDC), un tel positionnement suscite deux interrogations : quelles dynamiques d&rsquo;appropriation des artefacts num&eacute;riques peuvent &ecirc;tre identifi&eacute;es chez les enseignants congolais&nbsp;? </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Quelles sont les potentialit&eacute;s per&ccedil;ues par ces artefacts en termes d&rsquo;environnement &eacute;ducatif et, plus largement, socioculturel&nbsp;? </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <h1 style="border:medium none; margin-top:32px"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;, serif"><span style="color:#365f91"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:&quot;Footlight MT Light&quot;,serif">1. </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Footlight MT Light&quot;,serif">A</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Footlight MT Light&quot;,serif">cc&egrave;s aux artefacts num&eacute;riques </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h1> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">En RDC, les artefacts num&eacute;riques semblent offrir des informations pour pallier l&rsquo;obsolescence ou la raret&eacute; des ressources p&eacute;dagogiques &laquo;&nbsp;traditionnelles&nbsp;&raquo;, favoriser le d&eacute;ploiement d&rsquo;un r&eacute;seau d&rsquo;entraide entre coll&egrave;gues et la possibilit&eacute; de r&eacute;pondre &agrave; la demande des familles souhaitant que leurs enfants apprennent &agrave; utiliser les artefacts num&eacute;riques (</span></span></span><a name="_Hlk129423681"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Peraya, 1999&nbsp;; Depover et al., 2008</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">). La revue de la litt&eacute;rature scientifique montre aussi que les conditions dans lesquelles travaillent les enseignants en RDC ne leur permettent pas un acc&egrave;s facile aux&nbsp;artefacts num&eacute;riques (<a name="_Hlk129423699">Kupelesa, 2006 ; Brandt, 2014 ; Thibeault, 2014</a>). En effet, l&rsquo;enseignant congolais est victime des d&eacute;lestages (coupures d&rsquo;&eacute;lectricit&eacute; tr&egrave;s r&eacute;guli&egrave;rement) et des coupures intempestives d&rsquo;Internet </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">(Tshimpaka Bodumbu, 2022)</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">.&nbsp; De plus, tr&egrave;s souvent, il ne b&eacute;n&eacute;ficie pas d&rsquo;infrastructures num&eacute;riques au sein de son &eacute;tablissement. Pour consulter l&rsquo;Internet, l&rsquo;enseignant doit se rendre dans un cybercaf&eacute; ou partager la connexion d&rsquo;un autre utilisateur. </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">La plupart des enseignants acc&egrave;de aux contenus num&eacute;riques gr&acirc;ce &agrave; la t&eacute;l&eacute;phonie mobile (<i>via</i> Internet) et aux logiciels non payants (Par exemple, les logiciels &laquo;&nbsp;transversaux&nbsp;&raquo;&nbsp;: <i>Encarta</i> et <i>Encyclop&eacute;die Universalis</i>&nbsp;et les logiciels &laquo;&nbsp;sp&eacute;cifiques&nbsp;&raquo;&nbsp;: <i>Excel</i>, <i>Publisher</i>) (<a name="_Hlk129423748">Tchameni Ngamo, 2007</a>&nbsp;; </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Djeumeni-Tchamabe, 2010). Mais, l&rsquo;acc&egrave;s &agrave; l&rsquo;Internet demeure exorbitant, comparativement aux revenus tr&egrave;s modestes des enseignants. Rappelons &eacute;galement que la formation est quasi-inexistante de l&rsquo;enseignant &agrave; l&rsquo;usage p&eacute;dagogique des artefacts num&eacute;riques (Tshimpaka Bodumbu, 2022). </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Les &eacute;l&eacute;ments les plus visibles du &laquo;&nbsp;foss&eacute;&nbsp;&raquo; num&eacute;rique caract&eacute;risant l&rsquo;enseignant congolais se traduit par &laquo; <i>une combinaison de facteurs socio-&eacute;conomiques plus vastes, en particulier l&rsquo;insuffisance des infrastructures, le co&ucirc;t &eacute;lev&eacute; de l&rsquo;acc&egrave;s, le manque de cr&eacute;ation locale de contenus et la capacit&eacute; in&eacute;gale de tirer parti, aux niveaux &eacute;conomique et social, d&rsquo;activit&eacute;s &agrave; forte intensit&eacute; d&rsquo;information</i>&nbsp;&raquo; <a name="_Hlk129423763">(Elie, 2001</a>, p. 32).</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&Agrave; cela, s&rsquo;ajoutent le co&ucirc;t souvent &eacute;lev&eacute; des &eacute;quipements, la faible connectivit&eacute;, le faible soubassement technique (disponibilit&eacute; du r&eacute;seau et absence de plate-forme) pour supporter l&rsquo;installation des infrastructures num&eacute;riques. Pourtant, au vu de l&rsquo;engouement pour l&rsquo;usage de l&rsquo;Internet dans les &laquo;&nbsp;cybercaf&eacute;s&nbsp;&raquo; ou &agrave; domicile et pour les t&eacute;l&eacute;phones cellulaires mobiles, il existerait plus de raisons d&rsquo;esp&eacute;rer que de d&eacute;sesp&eacute;rer (Tchameni Ngamo, 2007). </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <h1 style="border:medium none; margin-top:32px"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;, serif"><span style="color:#365f91"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:&quot;Footlight MT Light&quot;,serif">2. Fondements th&eacute;oriques </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h1> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Afin d&rsquo;identifier et analyser les dynamiques d&rsquo;appropriation et les potentialit&eacute;s qu&rsquo;offrent les artefacts num&eacute;riques dans le contexte sp&eacute;cifique de l&rsquo;enseignement en RDC, nous pr&eacute;senterons succinctement trois acceptions&nbsp;: &nbsp;environnement num&eacute;rique,&nbsp; appropriation et affordance socioculturelle.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-size:13.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Footlight MT Light&quot;,serif">2. 1 Environnement num&eacute;rique</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p class="yiv1857312342ydp3d2faefe" style="border:medium none; text-align:justify; margin-top:7px; margin-bottom:7px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="yiv1857312342ydp3d2faefemsoacetate" style="border:medium none; text-align:justify; margin-top:7px; margin-bottom:7px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black">Selon le Programme de recherche sur les In&eacute;galit&eacute;s &Eacute;ducatives (<a name="_Hlk129423781">INEDUC, 2018</a>), l&rsquo;environnement num&eacute;rique d&eacute;signe l&rsquo;ensemble des mat&eacute;riels assurant les diff&eacute;rentes fonctions technologiques. En sciences de l&rsquo;&eacute;ducation et de la formation, de nombreux auteurs appr&eacute;hendent cet environnement selon une approche anthropocentr&eacute;e fond&eacute;e sur le d&eacute;veloppement humain et son &eacute;mancipation (<a name="_Hlk129423799">Linard, 1989&nbsp;; Rabardel, 1995&nbsp;; Albero, 2010a&nbsp;; Pierrat, 2012&nbsp;; Simonian, 2020</a>&nbsp;; Tshimpaka Bodumbu, 2022). L&rsquo;environnement num&eacute;rique comporte un espace structur&eacute; qui regroupe les artefacts num&eacute;riques tels que&nbsp;les logiciels, les moteurs de recherches, l&rsquo;espace num&eacute;rique de travail, le bureau virtuel ou encore les espaces web. Ils permettent aux acteurs d&rsquo;acc&eacute;der aux ressources num&eacute;riques (Albero, 2010a&nbsp;; Pierrat, 2012). Mais l&rsquo;environnement num&eacute;rique n&rsquo;est pas d&eacute;tach&eacute; de l&rsquo;environnement socioculturel, il en est un composant. Il s&rsquo;inscrirait donc dans un ensemble technique et humain lui agissant sur ce qu&rsquo;il permet de faire (Linard, 1989&nbsp;; <a name="_Hlk129423847">Hutchins, 1995</a>&nbsp;; Albero, 2010a&nbsp;; Pierrat, 2012&nbsp;; Simonian, 2020&nbsp;; Simonian, 2022). Une telle acception de l&rsquo;environnement permet de comprendre que certaines propri&eacute;t&eacute;s des artefacts num&eacute;riques peuvent produire ou non des transformations en fonction de l&rsquo;environnement dans lequel il se situe. </span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoAcetate" style="border:medium none; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoAcetate" style="border:medium none; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Segoe UI&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><b><span style="font-size:13.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Footlight MT Light&quot;,serif">2. 2 Appropriation </span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Le concept d&rsquo;appropriation est mobilis&eacute; pour comprendre la mani&egrave;re dont les individus et les organisations interagissent avec les artefacts num&eacute;riques (Jou&euml;t, 2000&nbsp;; <a name="_Hlk129423868">Surman et Reilly, 2003&nbsp;; Lohento, 2004&nbsp;; Olsson, 2006&nbsp;; Phillippi et Pe&ntilde;a, 2010</a>). Dans le secteur &eacute;ducatif et formatif, ce concept est mobilis&eacute; pour comprendre la mani&egrave;re dont les enseignants int&egrave;grent les artefacts num&eacute;riques dans les situations d&rsquo;enseignement-apprentissage (<a name="_Hlk129423909">Laffey, 2004&nbsp;; Lund, 2009&nbsp;; Coen et Schumacher, 2006</a>). En Afrique, il est mobilis&eacute; pour &eacute;tudier la mani&egrave;re dont les Africains empruntent diverses traditions pour proposer de nouvelles options culturelles (<a name="_Hlk129423950">van Binsbergen, 2004&nbsp;</a>; Tshimpaka Bodumbu, 2022), c&rsquo;est-&agrave;-dire, en &laquo;&nbsp;domestiquant&nbsp;&raquo; les artefacts num&eacute;riques (Smith, 2018).</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">L&rsquo;appropriation serait ici synonyme d&rsquo;internalisation d&rsquo;un objet venu de l&rsquo;ext&eacute;rieur (Rogoff, 1995). De ce point de vue, l&rsquo;appropriation laisse supposer que le sujet &laquo;&nbsp;s&rsquo;arrache &agrave; sa condition premi&egrave;re et cherche &agrave; se hisser &agrave; des sph&egrave;res jusque-l&agrave; hors d&rsquo;atteinte&nbsp;&raquo; Chaumier (2010, p. 21). Ainsi, l&rsquo;appropriation sera vue comme un </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">processus compos&eacute; de trois p&ocirc;les&nbsp;: int&eacute;gration au monde propre, au corps propre et &agrave; la culture propre de l&rsquo;acteur (Poizat, 2014).</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="yiv1857312342ydp3d2faefe" style="border:medium none; text-align:justify; margin-top:7px; margin-bottom:7px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="yiv1857312342ydp3d2faefe" style="border:medium none; text-align:justify; margin-top:7px; margin-bottom:7px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black">En s&rsquo;appropriant les artefacts num&eacute;riques &agrave; des fins p&eacute;dagogiques, les enseignants engagent leur perception, leurs croyances et leurs valeurs. Ils fa&ccedil;onnent ces artefacts et sont, en m&ecirc;me temps, fa&ccedil;onn&eacute;s par eux. &Agrave; travers un processus actif, l&rsquo;appropriation constitue l&rsquo;enracinement de la nouveaut&eacute; en soi et dans le milieu culturel (<a name="_Hlk129424000">Hountondji, 2002&nbsp;; Toure, 2009&nbsp;; 2020</a>). Lors de ce processus d&rsquo;appropriation, l&rsquo;artefact est mis au service d&rsquo;objectifs bien contextualis&eacute;s (Jou&euml;t, 2000&nbsp;; Hountondji, 2002&nbsp;; Toure, 2020). </span></span></span></span></p> <p class="yiv1857312342ydp3d2faefe" style="border:medium none; text-align:justify; margin-top:7px; margin-bottom:7px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="yiv1857312342ydp3d2faefe" style="border:medium none; text-align:justify; margin-top:7px; margin-bottom:7px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black">Le processus de gen&egrave;se instrumentale met justement en &eacute;vidence le couplage structurel sujet/num&eacute;rique comme une relation r&eacute;currente et r&eacute;cursive, de sorte qu&rsquo;&agrave; chaque instant, l&rsquo;organisation de l&rsquo;acteur est transform&eacute;e par le flux de leur couplage (Rabardel, 1995a&nbsp;; <a name="_Hlk129424039">Depover et Strebelle, 1996 ; 1997 ; Proulx, 2001a </a>; Coen et Schumacher, 2006&nbsp;; Tshimpaka Bodumbu, 2022). Cette hypoth&egrave;se a une cons&eacute;quence importante lorsqu&rsquo;il s&rsquo;agit de probl&eacute;matiser les dynamiques d&rsquo;appropriation (Coen et Schumacher, 2006&nbsp;; <a name="_Hlk129424060">Poizat et al., 2013&nbsp;</a>; Tshimpaka Bodumbu, 2022)&nbsp;: en tant qu&rsquo;&ecirc;tres vivants, les humains sont des syst&egrave;mes dot&eacute;s des capacit&eacute;s de se construire eux-m&ecirc;mes. Cette perspective met en avant la conception de l&rsquo;appropriation comme une transformation de l&rsquo;usage de l&rsquo;artefact num&eacute;rique, une transformation des individus, de leur environnement, de leur identit&eacute;, et de leurs pratiques. </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Plusieurs mod&egrave;les sont &eacute;voqu&eacute;s pour analyser les dynamiques d&rsquo;appropriation des artefacts num&eacute;riques. Citons entre autres les mod&egrave;les de Depover et Strebelle (1997), <a name="_Hlk129424083">Guir (2002)</a>, Coen et Schumacher (2006) ainsi que <a name="_Hlk129424098">Lameul et ses collaborateurs (2011). </a>Le mod&egrave;le de Depover et Strebelle (1997) diff&eacute;rencie trois phases d&rsquo;appropriation&nbsp;: l&rsquo;adoption, l&rsquo;implantation et la routinisation. Guir (2002) d&eacute;cline un mod&egrave;le d&rsquo;appropriation en trois phases&nbsp;: le d&eacute;marrage, l&rsquo;adaptation&nbsp; et la transformation. Lameul et ses collaborateurs (2011) ont, quant &agrave; eux, propos&eacute; aussi un mod&egrave;le d&rsquo;appropriation qui met en &eacute;vidence le processus d&rsquo;&laquo;&nbsp;instrumentation&nbsp;&raquo;. Leur mod&egrave;le se d&eacute;cline en six &eacute;tapes (d&eacute;marrage, adoption, adaptation, implantation, transformation, routinisation). Selon ces auteurs, ce mod&egrave;le est r&eacute;ducteur dans son aspect artificiellement lin&eacute;aire. Cependant, son principal int&eacute;r&ecirc;t consiste &agrave; offrir des jalons en termes d&rsquo;appropriation et surtout de pr&eacute;ciser que cette derni&egrave;re est tributaire &agrave; la fois de l&rsquo;instrumentation et de l&rsquo;instrumentalisation des artefacts num&eacute;riques disponibles dans l&rsquo;environnement des enseignants. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Plus largement, t</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">ous les cadres d&rsquo;analyse susmentionn&eacute;s ont en commun la &laquo;&nbsp;transformation&nbsp;&raquo; du sujet et de son environnement. L&rsquo;hypoth&egrave;se privil&eacute;gi&eacute;e est donc que l&rsquo;appropriation se rep&egrave;re lorsqu&rsquo;une transformation du sujet est effective. En revanche, les recherches sur l&rsquo;appropriation mobilisent peu de variables environnementales au sens large. Le mod&egrave;le de Coen et Schumacher (2006) rev&ecirc;t comme int&eacute;r&ecirc;t d&rsquo;analyser l&rsquo;appropriation comme un couplage structurel (sujet/num&eacute;rique) &agrave; partir de quatre dimensions : technologique, psychologique, sociale et p&eacute;dagogique.<b> </b>Ce qui est aussi int&eacute;ressant dans ce mod&egrave;le concernent les indicateurs propos&eacute;s qui permettent de se focaliser sur le sujet dans ses diff&eacute;rents rapports &agrave; l&rsquo;environnement.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Le mod&egrave;le de Coen et Schumacher (2006) permet d&rsquo;analyser l</span></span></span><span lang="FR-BE" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&rsquo;appropriation en prenant en consid&eacute;ration des contraintes propres aux artefacts num&eacute;riques et les possibilit&eacute;s d&rsquo;action qu&rsquo;ils offrent. En d&rsquo;autres termes, ce mod&egrave;le semble permettre d&rsquo;&eacute;tudier diff&eacute;rents couplages structurels comme constitutifs des dynamiques d&rsquo;appropriation &agrave; partir de quatre caract&eacute;ristiques&nbsp;: p&eacute;dagogique, technologique, psychologique et sociale. Chacune de ces caract&eacute;ristiques &eacute;tant une mani&egrave;re de s&rsquo;approprier une partie de l&rsquo;environnement ext&eacute;rieur au sujet en mobilisant un artefact num&eacute;rique, sachant que ces deux entit&eacute;s (sujet et artefact) sont pr&eacute;sentes au sein de ce m&ecirc;me environnement. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Les dynamiques de l&rsquo;appropriation sont analys&eacute;es en prenant en consid&eacute;ration les caract&eacute;ristiques suivantes&nbsp;: p&eacute;dagogiques, technologiques, psychologiques et sociales. Pour chacune de ces caract&eacute;ristiques, le mod&egrave;le d&rsquo;appropriation de Coen et Schumacher (2006) indique trois phases&nbsp;: adoption, implantation et routinisation&nbsp;: </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="15" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_3084_17_image-20230614112917-1.png" width="15" /><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Symbol"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Adoption se rapportant &agrave; une d&eacute;cision de changer ses pratiques par conviction personnelle ou sous une pression externe. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="15" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_3084_17_image-20230614112917-2.png" width="15" /><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Symbol"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Implantation correspondant &agrave; la mise en ex&eacute;cution, sur le terrain, de la volont&eacute; affirm&eacute;e lors de la phase d&rsquo;adoption. Cela consiste &agrave; s&rsquo;engager dans un processus conduisant &agrave; une modification des pratiques &eacute;ducatives. Naturellement, cette phase se traduit par des modifications perceptibles au niveau des pratiques &eacute;ducatives mais aussi de l&rsquo;environnement dans lequel ces pratiques prennent place. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="15" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_3084_17_image-20230614112917-3.png" width="15" /><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Symbol"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Routinisation se caract&eacute;risant par le fait que le recours aux artefacts num&eacute;riques s&rsquo;op&egrave;re sur une base r&eacute;guli&egrave;re et int&eacute;gr&eacute;e aux activit&eacute;s scolaires habituelles. Ce recours n&rsquo;exige pas une intervention externe de la part d&rsquo;une &eacute;quipe de recherche ou d&rsquo;animation p&eacute;dagogique.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px; margin-left:48px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span lang="FR-BE" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Coen et Schumacher (2006) envisagent l&rsquo;appropriation des artefacts num&eacute;riques dans une dynamique de transformation (<a name="_Hlk129424120">Fi&egrave;vez, 2017</a>). Celle-ci concerne la modification des pratiques &eacute;ducatives, mais aussi de l&rsquo;environnement dans lequel ces pratiques prennent place (<a name="_Hlk129424137">Karsenti et al., 2001&nbsp;</a>; Coen et Schumacher, 2006&nbsp;; Tshimpaka Bodumbu, 2022). De ce fait, leur mod&egrave;le constitue un apport int&eacute;ressant pour comprendre la mani&egrave;re dont les enseignants agissent avec et par les artefacts num&eacute;riques pour transformer leurs pratiques, tout en tenant compte des potentialit&eacute;s de ces artefacts et des sp&eacute;cificit&eacute;s de leur environnement (Badillo, 2008&nbsp;; Tshimpaka Bodumbu, 2022).</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Footlight MT Light&quot;,serif">2. 3 Affordance socioculturelle</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Le concept d&rsquo;affordance part du principe qu&rsquo;&agrave; travers leurs actions, les &ecirc;tres vivants participent &agrave; transformer leur environnement (<a name="_Hlk129424176">Gibson, 1979&nbsp;</a>; Heft, 2022). Plus sp&eacute;cifiquement, pour Kavanagh et ses collaborateurs (2016), les affordances (de l&rsquo;anglais <em>affordance</em>, du verbe <em>to afford </em>&laquo;&nbsp;permettre&nbsp;&raquo;) peuvent &ecirc;tre consid&eacute;r&eacute;es comme des propri&eacute;t&eacute;s per&ccedil;ues de l&rsquo;environnement en vue d&rsquo;une action. Ces propri&eacute;t&eacute;s seraient interd&eacute;pendantes de la mani&egrave;re dont un &ecirc;tre vivant peut agir dans un contexte donn&eacute; en fonction de ce qu&rsquo;il consid&egrave;re comme un possible b&eacute;n&eacute;fice ou danger. Ainsi, les affordances sont conjointement d&eacute;termin&eacute;es par les propri&eacute;t&eacute;s d&rsquo;un objet et par des processus sensoriels et, pour les humains, des processus s&eacute;miotiques (OQLF-GDT, 1995&nbsp;; <a name="_Hlk129424227">Reed, 1988&nbsp;; Niveleau, 2006&nbsp;</a>; Morgagni, 2011&nbsp;; Simonian, 2022). De ce fait, l&rsquo;affordance se traduit en termes des possibilit&eacute;s d&rsquo;action que fournit l&rsquo;environnement et quitte une orientation comportementale pour &eacute;tudier les processus de signification dans ce qui relie sujet-objet-environnement (Norman, 1988&nbsp;; Morgagni, 2011&nbsp;; Heft, 2022&nbsp;; Simonian, 2022). </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Pour Norman (1988), l&rsquo;affordance est une inf&eacute;rence construite par un sujet &agrave; partir de ses connaissances sur l&rsquo;environnement socioculturel dans lequel il agit. D&rsquo;autres recherches corroborent cette hypoth&egrave;se selon laquelle l&rsquo;affordance comporte une dimension socioculturelle en fonction des propri&eacute;t&eacute;s et possibilit&eacute;s d&rsquo;action rep&eacute;r&eacute;es par un individu dans un environnement bien d&eacute;termin&eacute; (<a name="_Hlk129424265">Simonian et al., 2016&nbsp;; Simonian, 2019a, 2019b</a>&nbsp;; 2020&nbsp;; 2022), l&rsquo;objet &eacute;tant un m&eacute;diateur de la relation sujet-environnement. De ce point de vue, l&rsquo;affordance socioculturelle permet de comprendre les raisons qui guident la perception et le choix d&rsquo;accepter ou non un objet en fonction de ses valeurs, besoins, cultures, et capacit&eacute;s (Niveleau, 2006&nbsp;; <a name="_Hlk129424294">Kaufmann et Cl&eacute;ment, 2007&nbsp;</a>; Morgagni, 2011&nbsp;; Simonian, 2022). Dans cette perspective, l&rsquo;affordance peut &ecirc;tre comprise comme un double mouvement interd&eacute;pendant&nbsp;: la capacit&eacute; dont dispose un sujet de percevoir les potentialit&eacute;s d&rsquo;un artefact num&eacute;rique et les transformations susceptibles de produire suite &agrave; la mobilisation de cet artefact num&eacute;riques dans son environnement socioprofessionnel (Norman, 1988&nbsp;; Morgagni, 2011&nbsp;; Simonian, 2022). Ainsi, l&rsquo;affordance socioculturelle semble une approche int&eacute;ressante pour analyser la perception des offres art&eacute;factuelles dans un environnement&nbsp;contextualis&eacute;.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">2. 4 </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Footlight MT Light&quot;,serif">Probl&eacute;matique</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Les processus d&rsquo;appropriation d&rsquo;un artefact num&eacute;rique semblent li&eacute;s aux potentialit&eacute;s per&ccedil;ues par des sujets pour r&eacute;pondre &agrave; des besoins sp&eacute;cifiques qui constituent sa relation &agrave; son environnement socioculturel, jusqu&rsquo;&agrave; percevoir le recours &agrave; cet artefact pour transformer son environnement. &nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Le mod&egrave;le de Coen et Schumacher&nbsp;(2006), mobilis&eacute; dans cette &eacute;tude, s&rsquo;int&eacute;resse &agrave; diff&eacute;rentes dimensions </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">des dynamiques d&rsquo;appropriation, &agrave; partir de quatre caract&eacute;ristiques (p&eacute;dagogique, technologique, psychologique et sociale) et trois phases (adoption, implantation, routinisation). Pour le sujet qui s&rsquo;approprie un artefact num&eacute;rique, chacune de ces caract&eacute;ristiques serait une mani&egrave;re d&rsquo;agir sur une partie de son environnement socioculturel.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Figure 1&nbsp;: <u>couplage appropriation et affordance socioculturelle</u></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><v:roundrect arcsize="10923f" id="Rectangle_x00a0__x003a__x0020_coins_x0020_arrondis_x0020_11" o:gfxdata="UEsDBBQABgAIAAAAIQC2gziS/gAAAOEBAAATAAAAW0NvbnRlbnRfVHlwZXNdLnhtbJSRQU7DMBBF 90jcwfIWJU67QAgl6YK0S0CoHGBkTxKLZGx5TGhvj5O2G0SRWNoz/78nu9wcxkFMGNg6quQqL6RA 0s5Y6ir5vt9lD1JwBDIwOMJKHpHlpr69KfdHjyxSmriSfYz+USnWPY7AufNIadK6MEJMx9ApD/oD OlTrorhX2lFEilmcO2RdNtjC5xDF9pCuTyYBB5bi6bQ4syoJ3g9WQ0ymaiLzg5KdCXlKLjvcW893 SUOqXwnz5DrgnHtJTxOsQfEKIT7DmDSUCaxw7Rqn8787ZsmRM9e2VmPeBN4uqYvTtW7jvijg9N/y JsXecLq0q+WD6m8AAAD//wMAUEsDBBQABgAIAAAAIQA4/SH/1gAAAJQBAAALAAAAX3JlbHMvLnJl bHOkkMFqwzAMhu+DvYPRfXGawxijTi+j0GvpHsDYimMaW0Yy2fr2M4PBMnrbUb/Q94l/f/hMi1qR JVI2sOt6UJgd+ZiDgffL8ekFlFSbvV0oo4EbChzGx4f9GRdb25HMsYhqlCwG5lrLq9biZkxWOiqY 22YiTra2kYMu1l1tQD30/bPm3wwYN0x18gb45AdQl1tp5j/sFB2T0FQ7R0nTNEV3j6o9feQzro1i OWA14Fm+Q8a1a8+Bvu/d/dMb2JY5uiPbhG/ktn4cqGU/er3pcvwCAAD//wMAUEsDBBQABgAIAAAA IQDitS5zegIAAAgFAAAOAAAAZHJzL2Uyb0RvYy54bWysVNtu1DAQfUfiHyy/01y616jZCrUUIXFT C+LZsZ2NwTdsZ7Pl6xk72SVQnhB5sDKe8fGZmTO+uj4qiQ7ceWF0jYuLHCOuqWFC72v8+dPdiw1G PhDNiDSa1/iRe3y9e/7sarAVL01nJOMOAYj21WBr3IVgqyzztOOK+AtjuQZna5wiAUy3z5gjA6Ar mZV5vsoG45h1hnLvYfd2dOJdwm9bTsOHtvU8IFlj4BbS6tLaxDXbXZFq74jtBJ1okH9goYjQcOkZ 6pYEgnonnkApQZ3xpg0X1KjMtK2gPOUA2RT5H9k8dMTylAsUx9tzmfz/g6XvDw/2o4vUvX1r6DcP FckG66uzJxoeYlAzvDMMekj6YFKyx9apeBLSQMdU08dzTfkxIAqb5aJYLxZLjCj4imJzmefLWPWM VKfj1vnwmhuF4k+Nnek1u4fOpTvI4a0PqbIMaaLi9ewrRq2S0KcDkahYrVbrCXEKBuwTZkrMSMHu hJTJcPvmRjoER2t8l77psJ+HSY0G4Fuuc1ANkXsQNw0uMfotzs/hbvL4/Q1OiQAyl0LVeHMOIlXH CXulWRJhIEKO/0Bf6siVJwFP+ZseIB46NqBG9u6esBovcwDDiIlYtsvltiyiAeqOtCOTGXPkTPgi Qpc0Fbv0pBjpyLhPpO3IWKLL7Xa7OaU0Jpuad6aTrBnTJJ6olziDvgrH5ogEkC0jSNxpDHsENQGf JBl4POCnM+4HRgMMYo399544jpF8o0Hp22KxiJObjMVyXYLh5p5m7iGaAtTYLDQaN2Gc9946se/g riLlrs1L0HErwknwI69J/TBuKbHpaYjzPLdT1K8HbPcTAAD//wMAUEsDBBQABgAIAAAAIQASw11h 3gAAAAkBAAAPAAAAZHJzL2Rvd25yZXYueG1sTI/BTsMwDIbvSLxDZCRuLGUVLS1NJ4TYESHKkDhm iWkrGqdqsq7s6TEndrKs/9Pvz9VmcYOYcQq9JwW3qwQEkvG2p1bB7n17cw8iRE1WD55QwQ8G2NSX F5UurT/SG85NbAWXUCi1gi7GsZQymA6dDis/InH25SenI69TK+2kj1zuBrlOkkw63RNf6PSITx2a 7+bgFNhk1xTbz9P8+iFNTE8vjcmfG6Wur5bHBxARl/gPw58+q0PNTnt/IBvEoGB9l2WMKsh5cJ6l eQpiz2CRFiDrSp5/UP8CAAD//wMAUEsBAi0AFAAGAAgAAAAhALaDOJL+AAAA4QEAABMAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAFtDb250ZW50X1R5cGVzXS54bWxQSwECLQAUAAYACAAAACEAOP0h/9YAAACUAQAA CwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAvAQAAX3JlbHMvLnJlbHNQSwECLQAUAAYACAAAACEA4rUuc3oCAAAIBQAA DgAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAuAgAAZHJzL2Uyb0RvYy54bWxQSwECLQAUAAYACAAAACEAEsNdYd4AAAAJ AQAADwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAADUBAAAZHJzL2Rvd25yZXYueG1sUEsFBgAAAAAEAAQA8wAAAN8FAAAA AA== " strokecolor="#c00000" strokeweight="1pt" style="position:absolute; left:0; text-align:left; margin-left:171px; margin-top:162px; width:190.35pt; height:93.15pt; z-index:251650560; v-text-anchor:middle"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:shadow color="black" on="t" opacity="26213f"> <v:path arrowok="t"> <v:textbox> </v:textbox></v:path></v:shadow></v:stroke></v:roundrect></span></span></span></p> <table width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <div> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="line-height:normal"><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Baskerville Old Face&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#c00000">Transformations du sujet et de l&rsquo;environnement</span></span></span></b></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Baskerville Old Face&quot;,serif">(Coen et Schumacher, 2006&nbsp;;</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Baskerville Old Face&quot;,serif"> Lameul et al., 2014&nbsp;; </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Baskerville Old Face&quot;,serif">Tshimpaka Bodumbu, 2022</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Baskerville Old Face&quot;,serif">)</span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center">&nbsp;</p> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <div> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="line-height:normal"><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Baskerville Old Face&quot;,serif">Appropriation</span></span></b></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center">&nbsp;</p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&quot;Book Antiqua&quot;,serif">Couplage structurel (sujet-num&eacute;rique)</span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&quot;Book Antiqua&quot;,serif">(Coen et Schumacher, 2006&nbsp;; </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Book Antiqua&quot;,serif">Tshimpaka Bodumbu, 2022</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Book Antiqua&quot;,serif">)</span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center">&nbsp;</p> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <div> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="line-height:normal"><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Baskerville Old Face&quot;,serif">Affordance socioculturelle</span></span></b></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center">&nbsp;</p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="line-height:normal">&nbsp;<span style="font-family:&quot;Book Antiqua&quot;,serif">Couplage sujet-objet-environnement </span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&quot;Book Antiqua&quot;,serif">(</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Book Antiqua&quot;,serif">Gibson,&nbsp;1977&nbsp;; Morgagni, 2011&nbsp;; </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Book Antiqua&quot;,serif">Simonian, 2022)</span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center">&nbsp;</p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center">&nbsp;</p> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table align="left"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:1px; height:1px">&nbsp;</td> <td style="width:169px">&nbsp;</td> <td style="width:262px">&nbsp;</td> <td style="width:161px">&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="height:147px">&nbsp;</td> <td align="left" colspan="3" valign="top">&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="height:13px">&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="height:133px">&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="yiv1857312342ydp3d2faefe" style="border:medium none; text-align:justify; margin-top:7px; margin-bottom:7px">&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp; <p class="yiv1857312342ydp3d2faefe" style="border:medium none; text-align:justify; margin-top:7px; margin-bottom:7px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black">La figure 1 ci-dessous articule le processus d&rsquo;appropriation et d&rsquo;affordance socioculturelle. Cette articulation permet de comprendre que le rapport qu&rsquo;entretient un sujet avec un artefact num&eacute;rique est influenc&eacute; par les possibilit&eacute;s d&rsquo;action qu&rsquo;il offre et les transformations qui se produisent. Notre positionnement s&rsquo;explique par le r&ocirc;le central que tient le sujet&nbsp;: il est capable d&rsquo;adopter un artefact num&eacute;rique et d&rsquo;adapter son usage en fonction de ses besoins (appropriation), mais aussi capable de percevoir les possibilit&eacute;s qu&rsquo;offre cet artefact pour transformer son environnement contextualis&eacute; (affordance socioculturelle). De ce point de vue, une hypoth&egrave;se serait que les processus d&rsquo;appropriation d&eacute;pendraient des potentialit&eacute;s per&ccedil;ues en termes de transformation de son environnement socioculturel. </span></span></span></span></p> </p> <h1 style="border:medium none; margin-top:32px"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;, serif"><span style="color:#365f91"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:&quot;Footlight MT Light&quot;,serif">3. M&eacute;thodologie</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h1> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-size:13.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Footlight MT Light&quot;,serif">3. 1 Approche qualitative et compr&eacute;hensive&nbsp;</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Notre &eacute;tude se focalise sur </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">les dynamiques d&rsquo;appropriation des artefacts num&eacute;riques et </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">les potentialit&eacute;s qu&rsquo;ils offrent pour transformer les pratiques et l&rsquo;environnement socioprofessionnel dans le contexte particulier de l&rsquo;enseignement en RDC</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">. </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Une telle orientation conduit &agrave; choisir une &laquo;&nbsp;m&eacute;thodologie compr&eacute;hensive&nbsp;&raquo; qui vise &agrave; renseigner et documenter ce qui caract&eacute;riserait le rapport &agrave; l&rsquo;environnement dans une vis&eacute;e d&rsquo;appropriation. &nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-size:13.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Footlight MT Light&quot;,serif">3. 2 Outils de recueil des donn&eacute;es&nbsp;: questionnaire (support papier)</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span lang="FR-BE" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Suite &agrave; une enqu&ecirc;te exploratoire pr&eacute;alable conduite de mani&egrave;re ethnographique (</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Tshimpaka Bodumbu, 2022</span></span></span><span lang="FR-BE" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">), nous avons construit un questionnaire (support papier). </span></span></span><a name="_Hlk65761331"><span lang="FR-BE" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Pour collecter les donn&eacute;es, le protocole se pr&eacute;sente de la mani&egrave;re suivante : nous avons rencontr&eacute; chaque enseignant volontaire dans leur &eacute;tablissement afin d&rsquo;expliquer l&rsquo;objet de la recherche, les objectifs attendus et la m&eacute;thode utilis&eacute;e pour recueillir les donn&eacute;es, &agrave; l&rsquo;aide de questionnaires (support papier). Les questionnaires ont &eacute;t&eacute; distribu&eacute;s et les modalit&eacute;s de remise ont &eacute;t&eacute; d&eacute;finies (l</span></span></span></a><span lang="FR-CD" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">es enseignants avaient trois semaines pour r&eacute;pondre au questionnaire. Celui-ci nous est revenu par l&rsquo;interm&eacute;diaire des chefs d&rsquo;&eacute;tablissements et/ou du conseiller p&eacute;dagogique qui ont &eacute;t&eacute; sollicit&eacute;s)</span></span></span><span lang="FR-BE" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Le questionnaire a &eacute;t&eacute; structur&eacute; en trois cat&eacute;gories&nbsp;: </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="15" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_3084_17_image-20230614112917-4.png" width="15" /><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Symbol"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">sociod&eacute;mographique&nbsp;: &acirc;ge, anciennet&eacute; professionnelle, mati&egrave;res enseign&eacute;es</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="15" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_3084_17_image-20230614112917-5.png" width="15" /><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Symbol"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">appropriation pour les positionner dans un niveau en fonction de chacune des phases (cf. Coen et Schumacher, 2006) comprenant les types d&rsquo;artefacts num&eacute;riques mobilis&eacute;s, les activit&eacute;s p&eacute;dagogiques dans lesquelles ces artefacts sont mobilis&eacute;s, </span></span></span><span lang="FR-CD" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">connaissance et ma&icirc;trise d&rsquo;utilisation des artefacts num&eacute;riques mobilis&eacute;s.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="15" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_3084_17_image-20230614112917-6.png" width="15" /><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Symbol"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">affordance socioculturelle pour connaitre leur </span></span></span><span lang="FR-CD" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">perception envers les artefacts mobilis&eacute;s et les changements op&eacute;r&eacute;s</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="yiv2161196336ydp380931c4" style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <div style="page-break-after: always"><span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></div> <h1 style="border:medium none; margin-top:32px"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;, serif"><span style="color:#365f91"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:&quot;Footlight MT Light&quot;,serif">4. Analyse</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h1> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">L&rsquo;analyse des donn&eacute;es vise &agrave; </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">mieux comprendre </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">les dynamiques d&rsquo;appropriation des artefacts num&eacute;riques et </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">les potentialit&eacute;s qu&rsquo;ils offrent pour les pratiques et l&rsquo;environnement socioprofessionnel des enseignants</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> (<a name="_Hlk129424350">Savoie-Zajc, 2011; Thomas, 2013</a>). </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-size:13.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Footlight MT Light&quot;,serif">4. 1 Caract&eacute;ristiques sociod&eacute;mographiques des participants</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Notre &eacute;tude a port&eacute; sur 25 enseignants exer&ccedil;ant leurs activit&eacute;s au Complexe Scolaire Notre Dame du Sacr&eacute;-C&oelig;ur (CSNDSC). Un &eacute;tablissement scolaire hors-contrat (priv&eacute;) appartenant &agrave; la Congr&eacute;gation des Missionnaires du Sacr&eacute;-C&oelig;ur. Le CSNDSC est situ&eacute; &agrave; la commune de &laquo;&nbsp;Kisenso&nbsp;&raquo;, une p&eacute;riph&eacute;rie urbano-rurale de la ville Kinshasa.&nbsp; L&rsquo;ancrage disciplinaire des enseignants est divers et repr&eacute;sentatif des enseignements du secondaire en RDC.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Tableau 1&nbsp;: <u>disciplines repr&eacute;sent&eacute;es par les enseignants</u></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <table align="center" class="Table" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Footlight MT Light&quot;,serif">Enseignants</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Footlight MT Light&quot;,serif">Effectifs</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Footlight MT Light&quot;,serif">Total</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:11px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Mati&egrave;res scientifiques</span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:11px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Informatique</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:11px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">3</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:11px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">11</span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:11px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Math&eacute;matiques</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:11px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">4</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:11px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Physique</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:11px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">2</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:11px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Comptabilit&eacute;</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:11px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">2</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:15px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Mati&egrave;res linguistiques</span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:15px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Fran&ccedil;ais</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:15px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">4</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:15px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">8</span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:15px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Anglais</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:15px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">2</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:15px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Latin</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:15px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">2</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:11px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Mati&egrave;res culturelles</span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:11px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Philosophie</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:11px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">1</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:11px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">6</span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:11px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Education civique et morale</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:11px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">2</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:11px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Histoire-G&eacute;ographie</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:11px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">2</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:11px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Education physique et sportive</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:11px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">1</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Total des enseignants participants</span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">25</span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">25</span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Les enseignants ont entre 25 et 40 ans avec des exp&eacute;riences professionnelles variant entre 5 et 10 ans. Parmi eux, 2 (f=0,08) sont des femmes et 23 (f=0,92) des hommes. N&rsquo;ayant pas de donn&eacute;es fiables &agrave; notre disposition, except&eacute; celles fournies par l&rsquo;&eacute;tablissement, il est difficile d&rsquo;affirmer si ce d&eacute;s&eacute;quilibre est repr&eacute;sentatif de la population enseignante en RDC</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-size:13.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Footlight MT Light&quot;,serif">4. 2 Dynamiques d&rsquo;appropriation des artefacts num&eacute;riques.</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">L&rsquo;un des objectifs de cette recherche consiste &agrave; identifier les dynamiques d&rsquo;appropriation, leurs phases et leurs indicateurs chez les enseignants concern&eacute;s, en s&rsquo;appuyant sur le mod&egrave;le de Coen et Schumacher (2006). En r&eacute;f&eacute;rence &agrave; ce mod&egrave;le mobilis&eacute;, l&rsquo;&eacute;tude concerne les trois phases d&rsquo;appropriation selon ces auteurs&nbsp;: adoption, implantation et routinisation. Comme nous le verrons, une quatri&egrave;me phase, appel&eacute;e &laquo;&nbsp;transformation&nbsp;&raquo;, se situant entre la phase d&rsquo;implantation et de routinisation, semble caract&eacute;riser une partie des enseignants concern&eacute;s.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Pour analyser les dynamiques d&rsquo;appropriation, deux &eacute;tapes semblent n&eacute;cessaires&nbsp;: identifier les artefacts num&eacute;riques mobilis&eacute;s&nbsp;et situer les enseignants dans les phases d&rsquo;appropriation en fonction des caract&eacute;ristiques psychologiques, sociales, p&eacute;dagogiques et technologiques.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.5pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Footlight MT Light&quot;,serif">4. 2. 1 Les artefacts num&eacute;riques mobilis&eacute;s</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">L&rsquo;analyse des r&eacute;sultats a permis d&rsquo;identifier quatre types d&rsquo;artefacts num&eacute;riques mobilis&eacute;s par les enseignants&nbsp;: le moteur de recherche &laquo;&nbsp;Google&nbsp;&raquo; comme principal artefact mobilis&eacute;&nbsp;(25 soit f=1) ; les logiciels &laquo;&nbsp;transversaux&nbsp;&raquo; (5 soit f=0,20), logiciels &laquo;&nbsp;sp&eacute;cifiques&nbsp;&raquo; et les artefacts de communication comme artefacts mobilis&eacute;s de mani&egrave;re secondaire (6 soit f=0,24).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.5pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Footlight MT Light&quot;,serif">4. 2. 2 Situation des enseignants par rapport aux phases d&rsquo;appropriation</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">&Agrave; la suite des r&eacute;sultats obtenus, conscient que le mod&egrave;le mobilis&eacute; s&rsquo;inscrit dans une dynamique de transformation des sujets, nous avons cr&eacute;&eacute; une nouvelle cat&eacute;gorie <i>a posteriori </i>d&eacute;nomm&eacute;e &laquo;&nbsp;phase de transformation&nbsp;&raquo;. Elle se situe entre les phases d&rsquo;implantation et de routinisation, combinant des indicateurs de ces deux phases puisque certains enseignants se situent dans cet entre-deux, mais aussi des indicateurs sp&eacute;cifiques suite aux r&eacute;ponses fournies par les enseignants concern&eacute;s. </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">L&rsquo;analyse de ces derni&egrave;res a &eacute;t&eacute; fondamentale pour d&eacute;finir la phase de transformation. Elle </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">se traduit notamment par une actualisation des pratiques socioculturellement pr&eacute;existantes o&ugrave; s&rsquo;op&egrave;re une transformation effective tant dans les pratiques que dans l&rsquo;environnement socioprofessionnel des enseignants (Guir, 2002&nbsp;; Lameul et al., 2011). </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Cette phase de transformation, suppl&eacute;mentaire et &ndash; peut peut-&ecirc;tre &ndash; transitoire au mod&egrave;le de Coen et Schumacher (2006), se caract&eacute;rise par l&rsquo;interd&eacute;pendance des indicateurs suivants :&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="15" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_3084_17_image-20230614112917-7.png" width="15" /><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Symbol"><span style="color:black"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">la mobilisation occasionnelle des logiciels dans les activit&eacute;s p&eacute;dagogiques r&eacute;alis&eacute;es avec les &eacute;l&egrave;ves pendant les cours, l&rsquo;identification par les enseignants d&rsquo;effets positifs constat&eacute;s de ces artefacts num&eacute;riques dans leurs activit&eacute;s p&eacute;dagogiques, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="15" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_3084_17_image-20230614112917-8.png" width="15" /><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Symbol"><span style="color:black"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">l&rsquo;insuffisance des comp&eacute;tences techniques&nbsp;(peu &eacute;lev&eacute;es) des artefacts num&eacute;riques mobilis&eacute;s&nbsp;; </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="15" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_3084_17_image-20230614112917-9.png" width="15" /><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Symbol"><span style="color:black"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">la perception positive des enseignants envers ces artefacts&nbsp;; </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="15" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_3084_17_image-20230614112917-10.png" width="15" /><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Symbol"><span style="color:black"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">l&rsquo;interd&eacute;pendance de l&rsquo;enseignant vis-&agrave;-vis du r&eacute;seau social et l&rsquo;identification de la solidarit&eacute; comme effet positif r&eacute;el des artefacts num&eacute;riques mobilis&eacute;s (r&eacute;seau social consid&eacute;r&eacute; comme efficace). </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Les r&eacute;sultats ont donc mis en &eacute;vidence quatre caract&eacute;ristiques d&rsquo;appropriation (p&eacute;dagogique, technologique, psychologique et sociale) auxquelles sont associ&eacute;es deux phases (transformation et routinisation), parmi les trois formalis&eacute;es initialement (adoption, implantation et routinisation) par Coen et Schumacher (2006). La phase de routinisation, quant &agrave; elle, comporte les indicateurs suivants&nbsp;: </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="15" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_3084_17_image-20230614112917-11.png" width="15" /><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Symbol"><span style="color:black"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">la mobilisation r&eacute;guli&egrave;re du moteur de recherche &laquo;&nbsp;Google&nbsp;&raquo; dans les activit&eacute;s p&eacute;dagogiques&nbsp;<span style="color:black">;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="15" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_3084_17_image-20230614112917-12.png" width="15" /><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Symbol"><span style="color:black"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">la suffisance des comp&eacute;tences techniques (&eacute;lev&eacute;es)</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">des artefacts num&eacute;riques mobilis&eacute;es&nbsp;;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="15" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_3084_17_image-20230614112917-13.png" width="15" /><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Symbol"><span style="color:black"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">l&rsquo;ind&eacute;pendance (d&eacute;brouillardise) par rapport au groupe. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">La situation des enseignants selon les phases est synth&eacute;tis&eacute;e dans le tableau ci-apr&egrave;s.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Tableau 2&nbsp;: <u>situation des enseignants selon les phases d&rsquo;appropriation</u></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <table class="Table" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none"> <tbody> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:14px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Phases</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:14px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">P</span></span></span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&eacute;dagogique</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:14px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">P</span></span></span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">sychologique</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:14px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Technologique</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:14px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Sociale</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:14px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">M</span></span></span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">oteur de recherche &laquo;&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Google&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:14px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Logiciels</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">T</span></span></span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">ransformation</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">0</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">25</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">11</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">16</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">R</span></span></span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">outinisation</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">25</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">0</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">0</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">14</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">9</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Total</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">25</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">2</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">25</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">25</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">25</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Si nous consid&eacute;rons l&rsquo;appropriation p&eacute;dagogique, pour le moteur de recherche&nbsp;&laquo;&nbsp;Google&nbsp;&raquo;, la totalit&eacute; des enseignants se situe dans la phase de routinisation, alors que, pour les logiciels, leur petite minorit&eacute; (2 soit f=0,08)) se trouve dans la transformation. Nous en d&eacute;duisons que, pour les logiciels, la grande majorit&eacute; des enseignants (23 soit f=0,92) ne se situe ni dans la phase de transformation ni dans celle de routinisation. Ceci questionne le fait qu&rsquo;ils seraient rest&eacute;s dans la phase d&rsquo;adoption. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">En effectuant le test de Khi 2 (khi2 = 50,7, ddl= 4, p= 0,05), il y a une tr&egrave;s forte d&eacute;pendance des phases par rapport aux caract&eacute;ristiques d&rsquo;appropriation (p&eacute;dagogique, technologique, psychologique et sociale). Il est constat&eacute; qu&rsquo;un <span style="color:black">m&ecirc;me enseignant peut &ecirc;tre dans la phase de routinisation pour une caract&eacute;ristique d&rsquo;appropriation, sans &ecirc;tre forc&eacute;ment dans cette m&ecirc;me phase pour une autre caract&eacute;ristique. Plus g&eacute;n&eacute;ralement, peu d&rsquo;enseignants sont dans une seule phase d&rsquo;appropriation pour l&rsquo;ensemble des caract&eacute;ristiques &eacute;tudi&eacute;es. De ce fait, nous pourrions en d&eacute;duire qu&rsquo;il n&rsquo;y aurait pas une progressivit&eacute; lin&eacute;aire dans les phases d&rsquo;appropriation, voire une possible force &laquo;&nbsp;d&rsquo;attraction&nbsp;&raquo; de certaines caract&eacute;ristiques par rapport &agrave; d&rsquo;autres. Aux vus de nos r&eacute;sultats, il est possible de penser que la routinisation de l&rsquo;appropriation p&eacute;dagogique soit un &laquo;&nbsp;attracteur&nbsp;&raquo; puisque tous les enseignants concern&eacute;s (25) ont atteint cette phase, alors qu&rsquo;eux tous se situent dans la phase de transformation de l&rsquo;appropriation psychologique.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-size:13.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Footlight MT Light&quot;,serif">4. 2 Affordances qu&rsquo;offrent les artefacts num&eacute;riques appropri&eacute;s </span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="border:medium none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="border:medium none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">L&rsquo;un des objectifs de cette &eacute;tude est d&rsquo;identifier les affordances (possibilit&eacute;s d&rsquo;action) qu&rsquo;offrent les artefacts num&eacute;riques. </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Les r&eacute;sultats mettent en &eacute;vidence trois types d&rsquo;affordances pour </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">transformer les pratiques des enseignants et leur environnement socioprofessionnel </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">: affordances socioprofessionnelles, affordances sociales et affordances culturelles.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="border:medium none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="15" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_3084_17_image-20230614112917-14.png" width="15" /><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Symbol"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">les affordances socioprofessionnelles&nbsp;: </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">les artefacts num&eacute;riques permettent compl&eacute;ter les manuels scolaires pendant la pr&eacute;paration des cours et questionner les pratiques enseignantes.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="border:medium none; text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="15" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_3084_17_image-20230614112917-15.png" width="15" /><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Symbol"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">les affordances sociales&nbsp;: l</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">es artefacts num&eacute;riques permettent de valoriser l&rsquo;image sociale de l&rsquo;enseignant et de son m&eacute;tier.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="border:medium none; text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="15" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_3084_17_image-20230614112917-16.png" width="15" /><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Symbol"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">les affordances culturelles&nbsp;: </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">les artefacts num&eacute;riques permettent de d&eacute;velopper la solidarit&eacute; et la communaut&eacute; enseignante</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="border:medium none; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p align="center" style="border:medium none; text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <div style="page-break-after: always"><span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></div> <p align="center" style="border:medium none; text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Tableau 2 : <u>affordances qu&rsquo;offrent les artefacts num&eacute;riques mobilis&eacute;s </u></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <table class="Table" style="margin-left:48px; border-collapse:collapse; border:none"> <tbody> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:139px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Affordances</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:432px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Indicateurs</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:94px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Compl&eacute;ter les manuels scolaires </span></span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">pendant la pr&eacute;paration des cours</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Questionner les pratiques enseignantes</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Valoriser l&rsquo;image sociale de l&rsquo;enseignant et de son m&eacute;tier</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">D&eacute;velopper la solidarit&eacute; et la communaut&eacute; enseignante</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:139px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Professionnelles</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:94px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">25</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">10</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">-</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">-</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:139px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Sociales</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:94px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">-</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">-</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">21</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">-</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:139px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Culturelles</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:94px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">-</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">-</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">-</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">16</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:139px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Total</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:94px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">25</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">10</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">21</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">16</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="border:medium none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="border:medium none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Dans le contexte sp&eacute;cifique de la R&eacute;publique D&eacute;mocratique du Congo, tous les enseignants concern&eacute;s font le constat que les manuels p&eacute;dagogiques sont rares et/ou obsol&egrave;tes. C&rsquo;est la principale raison pour laquelle le moteur de recherche &laquo;&nbsp;Google&nbsp;&raquo; est consid&eacute;r&eacute; comme &laquo;&nbsp;pr&eacute;cieux en tant que&nbsp;biblioth&egrave;que accessible &agrave; tous&nbsp;&raquo;. Il est per&ccedil;u comme une aide externe pour la pr&eacute;paration des cours en tant qu&rsquo;actualisation du corpus des savoirs et compl&eacute;ment aux manuels scolaires. Par ailleurs, les r&eacute;sultats montrent que, gr&acirc;ce aux artefacts num&eacute;riques mobilis&eacute;s, certains </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">enseignants (10 soit f=0,4) constatent un changement de leur regard envers les &eacute;l&egrave;ves&nbsp; et une &eacute;volution de leurs connaissances et leurs m&eacute;thodes de transmission. Ainsi, du point de vue professionnel, le moteur de recherche &laquo;&nbsp;Google&nbsp;&raquo; et les logiciels &laquo;&nbsp;Word&nbsp;ou Excel&nbsp;&raquo; ont permis d&rsquo;am&eacute;liorer l&rsquo;enseignement, mais aussi faire &eacute;voluer les mentalit&eacute;s de l&rsquo;enseignant.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="border:medium none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Ensuite, pour la grande majorit&eacute; des enseignants concern&eacute;s (21 soit f=0,84), les artefacts num&eacute;riques utilis&eacute;s ont permis la reconnaissance de leurs comp&eacute;tences ou de leur m&eacute;tier par les &eacute;l&egrave;ves, leurs familles, leur &eacute;tablissement et, plus g&eacute;n&eacute;ralement, la soci&eacute;t&eacute;. Signalons qu&rsquo;en R&eacute;publique D&eacute;mocratique du Congo, dans leur totalit&eacute;, les enseignants souffrent de manque de reconnaissance. Par exemple, certains enseignants ont signal&eacute; &ecirc;tre consid&eacute;r&eacute;s comme pauvres, voire &laquo;&nbsp;mendiants&nbsp;&raquo; pr&ecirc;ts &agrave; faire la &laquo;&nbsp;manche&nbsp;&raquo; aupr&egrave;s des parents afin de subvenir &agrave; leurs besoins &eacute;l&eacute;mentaires ; d&rsquo;autres indiquent &ecirc;tre pris pour des ch&ocirc;meurs, &agrave; tel point que les bailleurs refusent de louer leurs maisons aux enseignants parce qu&rsquo;ils ne seraient pas en mesure de payer le loyer</span></span></span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">. </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Pour eux, il est &laquo;&nbsp;d&eacute;gradant&nbsp;&raquo; d&rsquo;&ecirc;tre enseignant dans un tel contexte social, car leur image sociale est autant d&eacute;pr&eacute;ci&eacute;e que leur m&eacute;tier d&rsquo;enseignant. Cependant, les r&eacute;sultats de notre enqu&ecirc;te montrent qu&rsquo;une des raisons pour les enseignants de s&rsquo;approprier les artefacts num&eacute;riques vise la reconnaissance sociale, notamment celle des familles des &eacute;l&egrave;ves. Par exemple, un enseignant indiquait avoir re&ccedil;u des mots d&rsquo;encouragement et de f&eacute;licitations des parents, parce qu&rsquo;ils proposaient des activit&eacute;s p&eacute;dagogiques incitant les &eacute;l&egrave;ves &agrave; chercher des informations sur Internet. Ainsi, </span></span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">d</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">u point de vue social, gr&acirc;ce aux artefacts num&eacute;riques, les enseignants se voient valoris&eacute;s dans leur image ainsi que dans leur m&eacute;tier en raison de la reconnaissance de leurs comp&eacute;tences et la nouvelle approche de leur m&eacute;tier.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Enfin, la majorit&eacute; des enseignants concern&eacute;s (16 soit f=0,64) indique que les artefacts num&eacute;riques leur ont permis de d&eacute;velopper l&rsquo;&eacute;change des services, l&rsquo;esprit d&rsquo;&eacute;quipe et d&rsquo;entraide. L&rsquo;enqu&ecirc;te montre que la totalit&eacute; des enseignants concern&eacute;s mobilise des artefacts communication (en particulier, Facebook ou WhatsApp) pour pallier certaines difficult&eacute;s de communication, mais aussi pour d&eacute;velopper une communaut&eacute; enseignante au sens large comprenant les coll&egrave;gues enseignants, familles, &eacute;l&egrave;ves et personnel administratif. D&rsquo;ailleurs, tous les enseignants indiquent le partage de connexion en cas de p&eacute;nurie de forfait Internet. Ce partage devient un ph&eacute;nom&egrave;ne tr&egrave;s courant entre les enseignants dans plusieurs &eacute;tablissements scolaires. Ceux qui sont en p&eacute;nurie de connexion Internet peuvent toujours compter sur ceux qui en ont. Dit autrement, au sein de leur &eacute;tablissement scolaire, un enseignant manquant de forfait Internet peut demander &agrave; son coll&egrave;gue qui en dispose de partager sa connexion. Ainsi, du point de vue culturel, les r&eacute;sultats montrent que les artefacts num&eacute;riques mobilis&eacute;s (en particulier, l&rsquo;Internet) ont permis aux enseignants concern&eacute;s de d&eacute;velopper leur r&eacute;seau et de partager des services.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Footlight MT Light&quot;,serif">Synth&egrave;se de l&rsquo;&eacute;tude&nbsp; </span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p class="LO-normal" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="LO-normal" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span lang="FR-BE" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Les r&eacute;sultats obtenus ont permis d&rsquo;identifier les dynamiques d&rsquo;appropriation se traduisant par 4 dimensions, en r&eacute;f&eacute;rence au mod&egrave;le de Coen et Schumacher (2006). D&rsquo;apr&egrave;s ces r&eacute;sultats, chez les enseignants concern&eacute;s, l&rsquo;appropriation des artefacts num&eacute;riques se caract&eacute;rise par quatre dimensions (p&eacute;dagogique, technologique, psychologique et sociale) et se r&eacute;sume en deux phases&nbsp;: la transformation et la routinisation. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="15" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_3084_17_image-20230614112917-17.png" width="15" /><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Symbol"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Appropriation p&eacute;dagogique&nbsp;: la mobilisation (occasionnelle ou r&eacute;guli&egrave;re) des artefacts num&eacute;riques dans les activit&eacute;s p&eacute;dagogiques r&eacute;alis&eacute;es et </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">l&rsquo;identification des effets positifs r&eacute;els de ces artefacts dans les activit&eacute;s p&eacute;dagogiques&nbsp;discriminent </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">la phase de transformation et de celle routinisation. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="15" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_3084_17_image-20230614112917-18.png" width="15" /><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Symbol"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Appropriation technologique&nbsp;: les comp&eacute;tences techniques (peu ou assez) des artefacts num&eacute;riques mobilis&eacute;s et </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">l&rsquo;identification de leurs effets positifs r&eacute;els distinguent la phase de transformation de celle de routinisation.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="15" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_3084_17_image-20230614112917-19.png" width="15" /><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Symbol"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Appropriation psychologique&nbsp;: </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">la perception positive des enseignants envers les artefacts mobilis&eacute;s et l&rsquo;</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">identification, par les enseignants, d&rsquo;effets positifs r&eacute;els constat&eacute;s sur leurs pratiques et leur environnement socioprofessionnel</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> caract&eacute;risent la seule phase de transformation.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="15" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_3084_17_image-20230614112917-20.png" width="15" /><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Symbol"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Appropriation sociale&nbsp;: l&rsquo;interd&eacute;pendance (solidarit&eacute;) du groupe et l&rsquo;identification de la solidarit&eacute; comme effet positif r&eacute;el des artefacts num&eacute;riques mobilis&eacute;s, caract&eacute;risent la phase de transformation et l&rsquo;ind&eacute;pendance (d&eacute;brouillardise) par rapport au groupe, la phase de routinisation.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Les r&eacute;sultats ont &eacute;galement soulign&eacute; trois types d&rsquo;affordances des artefacts num&eacute;riques dans l&rsquo;environnement des enseignants concern&eacute;s&nbsp;: les affordances professionnelles, les affordances sociales et les affordances culturelles. </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">D</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">u point de vue professionnel, les artefacts num&eacute;riques ont permis aux enseignants d&rsquo;actualiser le corpus des savoirs et de questionner leurs pratiques, ainsi que de compl&eacute;ter les manuels scolaires utilis&eacute;s. Ensuite, du point de vue social, gr&acirc;ce aux artefacts num&eacute;riques utilis&eacute;s, l&rsquo;image sociale de l&rsquo;enseignant et de son m&eacute;tier s&rsquo;est trouv&eacute;e valoris&eacute;e et enfin, du point de vue culturel, se sont d&eacute;velopp&eacute;es la solidarit&eacute; et la communaut&eacute; enseignante. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <div style="page-break-after: always"><span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></div> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Figure 2&nbsp;: <u>couplage appropriation et affordances socioculturelles du point de vue des transformations</u></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><v:roundrect arcsize="10923f" id="Rectangle_x00a0__x003a__x0020_coins_x0020_arrondis_x0020_2" o:gfxdata="UEsDBBQABgAIAAAAIQC2gziS/gAAAOEBAAATAAAAW0NvbnRlbnRfVHlwZXNdLnhtbJSRQU7DMBBF 90jcwfIWJU67QAgl6YK0S0CoHGBkTxKLZGx5TGhvj5O2G0SRWNoz/78nu9wcxkFMGNg6quQqL6RA 0s5Y6ir5vt9lD1JwBDIwOMJKHpHlpr69KfdHjyxSmriSfYz+USnWPY7AufNIadK6MEJMx9ApD/oD OlTrorhX2lFEilmcO2RdNtjC5xDF9pCuTyYBB5bi6bQ4syoJ3g9WQ0ymaiLzg5KdCXlKLjvcW893 SUOqXwnz5DrgnHtJTxOsQfEKIT7DmDSUCaxw7Rqn8787ZsmRM9e2VmPeBN4uqYvTtW7jvijg9N/y JsXecLq0q+WD6m8AAAD//wMAUEsDBBQABgAIAAAAIQA4/SH/1gAAAJQBAAALAAAAX3JlbHMvLnJl bHOkkMFqwzAMhu+DvYPRfXGawxijTi+j0GvpHsDYimMaW0Yy2fr2M4PBMnrbUb/Q94l/f/hMi1qR JVI2sOt6UJgd+ZiDgffL8ekFlFSbvV0oo4EbChzGx4f9GRdb25HMsYhqlCwG5lrLq9biZkxWOiqY 22YiTra2kYMu1l1tQD30/bPm3wwYN0x18gb45AdQl1tp5j/sFB2T0FQ7R0nTNEV3j6o9feQzro1i OWA14Fm+Q8a1a8+Bvu/d/dMb2JY5uiPbhG/ktn4cqGU/er3pcvwCAAD//wMAUEsDBBQABgAIAAAA IQDP2ACLggIAAAcFAAAOAAAAZHJzL2Uyb0RvYy54bWysVE1v2zAMvQ/YfxB0X20naT6MOsXWLsOA 7gPthp1lSY61yZImyXG6Xz+KTrJ0vQ3zwRBF6umRfNTV9b7TZCd9UNZUtLjIKZGGW6HMtqJfv2xe LSkJkRnBtDWyoo8y0Ov1yxdXgyvlxLZWC+kJgJhQDq6ibYyuzLLAW9mxcGGdNOBsrO9YBNNvM+HZ AOidziZ5Ps8G64XzlssQYPd2dNI14jeN5PFT0wQZia4ocIv49/iv0z9bX7Fy65lrFT/QYP/AomPK wKUnqFsWGem9egbVKe5tsE284LbLbNMoLjEHyKbI/8rmoWVOYi5QnOBOZQr/D5Z/3D24zz5RD+7O 8h8BKpINLpQnTzICxJB6+GAF9JD10WKy+8Z36SSkQfZY08dTTeU+Eg6bk9l0sZhfUsLBVxSL1XKK Vc9YeTzufIjvpO1IWlTU296Ie+gc3sF2dyFiZQUxrEvXi++UNJ2GPu2YJsV8Pl+kPgLiIRhWR0xM zGolNkprNPy2vtGewNGKbvA7HA7nYdqQAfhOFjmohuktiJtHj4yexIVzuDx/k2+O2T0J61QEmWvV VXSZp28UXiuZeGsEijAypcc10NcmcZUo4EP+tgeIh1YMpNa9v2eiopc5gFEiVCrbdFmMBqg70U6X HJhHTYm38ZuKLUoqNelZLfDEuM+0a9lYoelqtVoeCzTmipU+sUHrjChqJ8kljWAo477eEwVcsUVp p7biEcQEfFAx8HbAorX+FyUDzGFFw8+eeUmJfm9A6KtiNkuDi8bscjEBw5976nMPMxygxl6R0biJ 47j3zqttC3cVmLuxr0HGjYpHvY+8DuKHacPEDi9DGudzG6P+vF/r3wAAAP//AwBQSwMEFAAGAAgA AAAhALxhMMDfAAAACAEAAA8AAABkcnMvZG93bnJldi54bWxMj0FPwkAQhe8m/ofNmHghsFXQQu2W GIxnQyEk3LbdoS10Z2t3geqvdzzpcfK9vPdNuhxsKy7Y+8aRgodJBAKpdKahSsF28z6eg/BBk9Gt I1TwhR6W2e1NqhPjrrTGSx4qwSXkE62gDqFLpPRljVb7ieuQmB1cb3Xgs6+k6fWVy20rH6PoWVrd EC/UusNVjeUpP1sFo+9it/20x/xjtR/tZ128OR2Ob0rd3w2vLyACDuEvDL/6rA4ZOxXuTMaLVsF4 +sRJBXEMgvF0Hs1AFJxbMJBZKv8/kP0AAAD//wMAUEsBAi0AFAAGAAgAAAAhALaDOJL+AAAA4QEA ABMAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAFtDb250ZW50X1R5cGVzXS54bWxQSwECLQAUAAYACAAAACEAOP0h /9YAAACUAQAACwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAvAQAAX3JlbHMvLnJlbHNQSwECLQAUAAYACAAAACEAz9gA i4ICAAAHBQAADgAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAuAgAAZHJzL2Uyb0RvYy54bWxQSwECLQAUAAYACAAAACEA vGEwwN8AAAAIAQAADwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAADcBAAAZHJzL2Rvd25yZXYueG1sUEsFBgAAAAAEAAQA 8wAAAOgFAAAAAA== " strokecolor="#00b0f0" strokeweight="1pt" style="position:absolute; left:0; text-align:left; margin-left:3px; margin-top:21px; width:191.95pt; height:92.9pt; z-index:251654656; v-text-anchor:middle"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:shadow color="black" offset=".74836mm,.74836mm" on="t" opacity="26213f" origin="-.5,-.5"> <v:path arrowok="t"> <v:textbox> </v:textbox></v:path></v:shadow></v:stroke></v:roundrect></span></span></span></p> <table width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <div> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="line-height:normal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Baskerville Old Face&quot;,serif">Appropriation</span></span></b></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&quot;Book Antiqua&quot;,serif">Couplage structurel (sujet-num&eacute;rique)</span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&quot;Book Antiqua&quot;,serif">(Coen et Schumacher, 2006&nbsp;; </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Book Antiqua&quot;,serif">Tshimpaka Bodumbu, 2022</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Book Antiqua&quot;,serif">)</span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center">&nbsp;</p> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <div> <p><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Book Antiqua&quot;,serif">Quatre caract&eacute;ristiques&nbsp;d&rsquo;appropriation (p&eacute;dagogique, technologique, psychologique et</span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Book Antiqua&quot;,serif">Sociale) auxquelles sont associ&eacute;es deux phases&nbsp;(transformation et</span></span></span><span style="font-family:&quot;Book Antiqua&quot;,serif"> routinisation)</span></p> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <div> <p><span style="font-family:&quot;Book Antiqua&quot;,serif">Affordances professionnelles</span></p> <p><span style="font-family:&quot;Book Antiqua&quot;,serif">Affordances sociales</span></p> <p><span style="font-family:&quot;Book Antiqua&quot;,serif">Affordances culturelles</span></p> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <div> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="line-height:normal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Baskerville Old Face&quot;,serif">Affordance socioculturelle</span></span></b></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&quot;Book Antiqua&quot;,serif">Couplage sujet-objet-environnement</span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&quot;Book Antiqua&quot;,serif">(</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Book Antiqua&quot;,serif">Gibson,&nbsp;1977&nbsp;; Morgagni, 2011&nbsp;; </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Book Antiqua&quot;,serif">Simonian, 2022)</span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center">&nbsp;</p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center">&nbsp;</p> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <div> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="line-height:normal"><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Book Antiqua&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#c00000">Transformations des pratiques et l&rsquo;environnement</span></span></span></b></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Book Antiqua&quot;,serif">(Coen et Schumacher, 2006&nbsp;;</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Book Antiqua&quot;,serif"> Lameul et al., 2014&nbsp;; </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Book Antiqua&quot;,serif">Tshimpaka Bodumbu, 2022</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Book Antiqua&quot;,serif">)</span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center">&nbsp;</p> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><img height="15" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_3084_17_image-20230614112917-21.png" width="15" /></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp; <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Les r&eacute;sultats de l&rsquo;enqu&ecirc;te tendent &agrave; montrer que l&rsquo;appropriation et l&rsquo;affordance ont en commun la transformation des activit&eacute;s de l&rsquo;enseignant congolais et de son environnement contextualis&eacute;. De mani&egrave;re pr&eacute;cise, si l&rsquo;appropriation met en &eacute;vidence le rapport sujet-artefacts num&eacute;riques qui d&eacute;bouche sur les transformations&nbsp;; l&rsquo;affordance, quant &agrave; elle, souligne les possibilit&eacute;s per&ccedil;ues de ces artefacts pour produire ces transformations. De ce point de vue, l&rsquo;appropriation et l&rsquo;affordance sont deux entit&eacute;s qui se rapportent &agrave; la transformation du sujet et de son environnement contextualis&eacute; : l&rsquo;enseignant s&rsquo;approprie les artefacts num&eacute;riques tout en percevant leurs potentialit&eacute;s pour transformer ses pratiques et son environnement socioprofessionnel. Cette id&eacute;e confirme donc l&rsquo;hypoth&egrave;se d&rsquo;un couplage appropriation et affordance du point de vue des transformations.</span></span></span> </span></span></span></p> </p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <div style="page-break-after: always"><span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></div> <h1 style="border:medium none; margin-top:32px"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;, serif"><span style="color:#365f91"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:&quot;Footlight MT Light&quot;,serif">5. Discussion</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h1> <p style="margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">La pr&eacute;sente &eacute;tude s&rsquo;est focalis&eacute;e sur l&rsquo;appropriation et l&rsquo;affordance du point de vue des transformations. Les r&eacute;sultats obtenus permettent de penser que </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">l&rsquo;enseignant congolais s&rsquo;approprie les artefacts num&eacute;riques parce qu&rsquo;il en per&ccedil;oit les potentialit&eacute;s de transformations de ses pratiques et de son environnement professionnel, &agrave; partir de deux cat&eacute;gories&nbsp;: </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">&nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">- </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Pour la transformation :</span></span></span></span>&nbsp;<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">la mobilisation occasionnelle des logiciels dans les activit&eacute;s p&eacute;dagogiques r&eacute;alis&eacute;es avec les &eacute;l&egrave;ves pendant les cours&nbsp;; l&rsquo;identification par les enseignants des effets positifs r&eacute;els des artefacts num&eacute;riques sur ces activit&eacute;s&nbsp;; la faiblesse des comp&eacute;tences techniques des enseignants relatives &agrave; ces artefacts&nbsp;; la perception positive de ces artefacts&nbsp; par les enseignants ; l&rsquo;interd&eacute;pendance de l&rsquo;enseignant vis-&agrave;-vis du r&eacute;seau social&nbsp;; l&rsquo;identification de la solidarit&eacute; comme effet positif r&eacute;el des artefacts num&eacute;riques mobilis&eacute;s (r&eacute;seau social consid&eacute;r&eacute; comme efficace). </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">- </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Pour la routinisation&nbsp;: </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">la mobilisation r&eacute;guli&egrave;re du moteur de recherche &laquo;&nbsp;Google&nbsp;&raquo; dans les activit&eacute;s p&eacute;dagogiques&nbsp;<span style="color:black">; </span>la suffisance des comp&eacute;tences techniques (&eacute;lev&eacute;es)</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">des artefacts num&eacute;riques mobilis&eacute;es&nbsp;; l&rsquo;ind&eacute;pendance (d&eacute;brouillardise) par rapport au groupe. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Plus g&eacute;n&eacute;ralement, dans notre cas, les quatre caract&eacute;ristiques d&rsquo;appropriation n&rsquo;&eacute;voluent pas en m&ecirc;me temps. Ainsi, ce qui semble pr&eacute;dominant, c&rsquo;est la possibilit&eacute; qu&rsquo;offrent les artefacts num&eacute;riques aux enseignants &agrave; transformer leurs pratiques p&eacute;dagogiques, mais aussi l&rsquo;environnement dans lequel ces pratiques prennent place (Karsenti et al<i>.,</i> 2001&nbsp;; Coen et Schumacher, 2006). Au cours m&ecirc;me de la mobilisation de ces artefacts, ils en font peu &agrave; peu un instrument, de mani&egrave;re situ&eacute;e, en percevant les potentialit&eacute;s de ces artefacts et en modifiant leurs sch&egrave;mes (Rabardel, 1995b). Les enseignants transitent, de mani&egrave;re progressive et non-lin&eacute;aire, vers des processus d&rsquo;instrumentation individuels et collectifs. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Le mod&egrave;le de Coen et Schumacher (2006) envisage l&rsquo;appropriation comme une transformation (Coen et Schumacher 2006&nbsp;; Fi&egrave;vez, 2017)&nbsp;: celle-ci est interpr&eacute;t&eacute;e comme &laquo;&nbsp;l&rsquo;implantation d&rsquo;un changement des pratiques&nbsp;&raquo; chez les enseignants qui s&rsquo;approprient les artefacts num&eacute;riques (<a name="_Hlk129424396">Perrenoud, 1998&nbsp;</a>; Karsenti et al., 2001&nbsp;; Peraya, 2002&nbsp;; Coen et Schumacher, 2006&nbsp;; Lameul et al., 2014). Chez les enseignants concern&eacute;s, sont observ&eacute;es des transformations dans leurs pratiques p&eacute;dagogiques, en ce qui concerne tant la pr&eacute;paration et la transmission de leurs cours que leur posture devant les &eacute;l&egrave;ves. La posture traditionnelle (<i>instructional design</i>) de l&rsquo;enseignant &eacute;volue vers une p&eacute;dagogie des &eacute;l&egrave;ves (<i>learning design</i>). Au-del&agrave; de la sph&egrave;re p&eacute;dagogique, cette transformation a des cons&eacute;quences, plus larges, dans la sph&egrave;re socioprofessionnelle (<a name="_Hlk129424465">Gu&eacute;rin et al., 1997&nbsp;; Simonian et Ladage, 2014</a>). </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Les r&eacute;sultats de notre enqu&ecirc;te ont soulign&eacute; qu&rsquo;en R&eacute;publique D&eacute;mocratique du Congo, les conditions professionnelles des enseignants sont d&eacute;favorables &agrave; leur image sociale. Ils sont devenus objet de m&eacute;pris et de moquerie par la soci&eacute;t&eacute;. Actuellement, la plupart des jeunes refusent de s&rsquo;engager dans le m&eacute;tier d&rsquo;enseignant pour ne pas subir le m&ecirc;me &laquo;&nbsp;sort&nbsp;&raquo; que leurs enseignants. </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Dans cette situation sociale,</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"> les r&eacute;sultats obtenus mettent en &eacute;vidence que&nbsp; les artefacts mobilis&eacute;s dans les activit&eacute;s p&eacute;dagogiques ont palli&eacute;, quelque peu, ce manque de valorisation sociale, que cela soit aupr&egrave;s des &eacute;l&egrave;ves, des familles et de leur entourage. Quelques enseignants ont signal&eacute; avoir re&ccedil;u des mots d&rsquo;encouragement et de f&eacute;licitations des parents, parce qu&rsquo;ils proposaient des activit&eacute;s p&eacute;dagogiques incitant les &eacute;l&egrave;ves &agrave; chercher des informations sur Internet. Dans ce contexte bien particulier, les artefacts num&eacute;riques ont rempli une &laquo;&nbsp;signification-fonction sociale&nbsp;&raquo; (Simonian, 2014&nbsp;; 2022)&nbsp;: leur mobilisation ont favoris&eacute; autant une reconnaissance sociale de l&rsquo;enseignant qu&rsquo;une nouvelle perception de son m&eacute;tier.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="Texte" style="text-align:justify; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black">Par ailleurs, les r&eacute;sultats ont montr&eacute; que des artefacts num&eacute;riques appropri&eacute;s ont permis aux enseignants de d&eacute;velopper leur </span><span style="color:black">solidarit&eacute; pour r&eacute;soudre leurs probl&eacute;matiques professionnelles. Par exemple, ils s&rsquo;entraident pour pallier les d&eacute;faillances techniques et pratiquent le partage de connexion en cas de p&eacute;nurie de forfait Internet. Ces r&eacute;sultats montrent que les artefacts num&eacute;riques ont produit l&rsquo;&eacute;mergence de communaut&eacute;s dans lesquelles les enseignants interagissent en r&eacute;seaux et en fonction d&rsquo;un but pr&eacute;cis (<a name="_Hlk129424500">Williams et al., 2000&nbsp;; Proulx, 2004</a>). Les &eacute;changes et la collaboration g&eacute;n&eacute;r&eacute;s par de tels r&eacute;seaux permettent d&rsquo;acqu&eacute;rir une identit&eacute; collective, produisent une &laquo;&nbsp;m&eacute;moire collective &raquo; et d&eacute;veloppent une &laquo;&nbsp;intelligence collective&nbsp;&raquo; au sens de <a name="_Hlk129424526">L&eacute;vy (1997)</a>. Proulx (2004) rel&egrave;ve le fait que, dans la communication &eacute;lectronique de groupe, ce qui fait le lien peut &ecirc;tre le partage d&rsquo;int&eacute;r&ecirc;ts communs ou de valeurs et croyances communes ou la m&ecirc;me appartenance culturelle, nationale ou ethnique.</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Texte" style="text-align:justify; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Les artefacts appropri&eacute;s semblent faciliter la communication, le partage de service et la solidarit&eacute; entre enseignants concern&eacute;s. Par exemple, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">le r&eacute;seau Internet est mobilis&eacute; pour partager la connexion en cas de p&eacute;nurie de forfait Internet. Du point de vue socioprofessionnel, ils d&eacute;veloppent la solidarit&eacute; entre eux afin de faire face &agrave; leurs besoins professionnels (</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Gu&eacute;rin et al., 1997&nbsp;; Simonian et Ladage, 2014)</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">. De ce point de vue, les artefacts num&eacute;riques </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">sont consid&eacute;r&eacute;s comme un &laquo;&nbsp;agent f&eacute;d&eacute;rateur&nbsp;&raquo; des enseignants travaillant au sein d&rsquo;une m&ecirc;me structure scolaire (Orlikowski, 2000&nbsp;; </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Williams et al., 2000&nbsp;; Proulx, 2004&nbsp;; Daele, 2014)</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">. Les potentialit&eacute;s de ces artefacts peuvent am&eacute;liorer l&rsquo;esprit d&rsquo;&eacute;quipe ou la coh&eacute;sion sociale, mais aussi modifier l&rsquo;organisation et les modes de fonctionnement des enseignants&nbsp;(Orlikowski, 1992&nbsp;; 2000&nbsp;; Tshimpaka Bodumbu, 2022) : ils travaillent moins de mani&egrave;re isol&eacute;e puisque, de plus en plus, ils peuvent &eacute;changer, mais aussi compter, les uns sur les autres. Dans leur contexte socioculturel, se structurent donc de nouvelles formes de collaboration.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><a name="_Hlk129424544"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Orlikowski (2000) </span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">expliquait qu&rsquo;&agrave; travers l&rsquo;engagement r&eacute;gulier des usagers avec un artefact num&eacute;rique particulier, dans des conditions et des formes particuli&egrave;res, les usagers finissent par &eacute;laborer un jeu de r&egrave;gles et de ressources qui structurent les nouvelles interactions qu&rsquo;ils entretiennent avec cet artefact. Autrement dit, les artefacts num&eacute;riques transforment la nature et le contenu des relations sociales d&eacute;velopp&eacute;es par les enseignants dans leur travail, leur &eacute;quipe ou leur &eacute;tablissement scolaire. &Agrave; ce niveau, le principal objectif de ces artefacts consiste &agrave; faire &eacute;merger les transformations, de fa&ccedil;on visible, au fur et &agrave; mesure que les structures de ces artefacts sont appropri&eacute;es (<a name="_Hlk129424559">DeSanctis et Poole, 1994&nbsp;; Orlikowski, 1992&nbsp;</a>; 2000). Combin&eacute;s &agrave; la t&acirc;che r&eacute;alis&eacute;e par l&rsquo;enseignant, &agrave; son environnement organisationnel et au fonctionnement interne du groupe auquel il appartient, les artefacts num&eacute;riques produisent certains effets efficients au sein d&rsquo;un &eacute;tablissement scolaire.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <h1 style="border:medium none; margin-top:32px"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;, serif"><span style="color:#365f91"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:&quot;Footlight MT Light&quot;,serif">Conclusion</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h1> <p style="margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">L&rsquo;&eacute;tude effectu&eacute;e porte sur les dynamiques d&rsquo;appropriation et l&rsquo;affordance du point de vue de la transformation, aupr&egrave;s de 25 enseignants volontaires officiant dans un &eacute;tablissement scolaire secondaire en R&eacute;publique D&eacute;mocratique du Congo. </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">La revue de la litt&eacute;rature a montr&eacute; que les artefacts num&eacute;riques y sont mobilis&eacute;s tant dans les activit&eacute;s personnelles que dans les sph&egrave;res professionnelles. Mais, pour les enseignants concern&eacute;s, l&rsquo;acc&egrave;s &agrave; ces artefacts demeure tr&egrave;s probl&eacute;matique. Cette difficult&eacute; est due, entre autres, &agrave; une politique peu incitative du gouvernement, mais aussi au manque d&rsquo;infrastructures num&eacute;riques des &eacute;tablissements scolaires, &agrave; l&rsquo;absence de formation des enseignants &agrave; l&rsquo;usage p&eacute;dagogique des artefacts num&eacute;riques et &agrave; la pr&eacute;carit&eacute; de leur situation socio-&eacute;conomique. Pourtant, l&rsquo;appropriation des artefacts num&eacute;riques et leurs potentialit&eacute;s remplissent un r&ocirc;le fondamental dans ce contexte particulier, caract&eacute;ris&eacute;, entre autres, par la carence et l&rsquo;obsolescence des ressources documentaires, ainsi que par le d&eacute;veloppement des processus de valorisation. Le processus d&rsquo;appropriation serait donc li&eacute; aux particularit&eacute;s socioculturelles et sociotechniques recens&eacute;es en R&eacute;publique D&eacute;mocratique du Congo.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Plus g&eacute;n&eacute;ralement,</span></span></span></span><span lang="FR-CD" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"> la revue de la litt&eacute;rature permet de penser que tout artefact entretient des rapports particuliers avec l&rsquo;environnement technique (un artefact technique ne pouvant &ecirc;tre dissoci&eacute; de son ensemble technique), avec l&rsquo;environnement humain (un artefact sera mobilis&eacute; diff&eacute;remment en fonction de l&rsquo;environnement socioculturel dans lequel il est int&eacute;gr&eacute; et de ce qu&rsquo;en font et pensent les acteurs concern&eacute;s) et, plus micrologiquement, avec l&rsquo;activit&eacute; humaine (ici enseigner). </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">L</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">&rsquo;artefact </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">est </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">un construit artificiel, mat&eacute;riel ou symbolique qui est d&eacute;fini par celui qui l&rsquo;utilise (Rabardel, 1995a,b&nbsp;; Simonian, 2019a, 2020). </span></span></span></span><span lang="FR-CD" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Au d&eacute;part, externe au sujet, l&rsquo;artefact ne devient effectivement <i>instrument </i>que lorsque le sujet l&rsquo;int&eacute;riorise, se l&rsquo;approprie, le transforme ou le d&eacute;tourne en fonction de son environnement (Norman, 1988 ; Hutchins, 1995&nbsp;; Albero, 2010a).&nbsp; </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">C&rsquo;est pourquoi toute relation d&rsquo;un sujet &agrave; un artefact doit tenir compte des sp&eacute;cificit&eacute;s de l&rsquo;environnement socioculturel, y compris lorsque la recherche concerne les processus d&rsquo;appropriation. </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">C&rsquo;est pourquoi, au vu de l&rsquo;ensemble de courants de recherche susmentionn&eacute;s, une hypoth&egrave;se explicative de l&rsquo;appropriation est qu&rsquo;elle est le produit d&rsquo;un couplage structurel (sujet-artefact-environnement), d&eacute;pendant des affordances qu&rsquo;offrent les artefacts num&eacute;riques pour transformer les pratiques et l&rsquo;environnement &eacute;nact&eacute; du sujet. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Bien que mobilis&eacute;s &agrave; des fins p&eacute;dagogiques, les artefacts num&eacute;riques demeurent tout d&rsquo;abord des m&eacute;diateurs de l&rsquo;environnement socioculturel des enseignants. L&rsquo;appropriation est d&eacute;termin&eacute;e par la perception qu&rsquo;ont ces enseignants de l&rsquo;utilit&eacute; des fonctionnalit&eacute;s de ces artefacts et de la fonction qu&rsquo;ils leur attribuent dans le but de transformer leurs pratiques p&eacute;dagogiques et leur environnement socioprofessionnel. Ce type d&rsquo;appropriation a &eacute;t&eacute; discut&eacute; sous l&rsquo;angle de l&rsquo;affordance socioculturelle (</span></span></span></span><a name="_Hlk114152496"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Morgagni, 2011&nbsp;; Simonian, 2019&nbsp;; 2020</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">&nbsp;; 2022)</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">. </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">C&rsquo;est une des raisons pour lesquelles l&rsquo;hypoth&egrave;se peut &ecirc;tre formul&eacute;e que l&rsquo;affordance comporte une dimension socioculturelle en fonction des propri&eacute;t&eacute;s et possibilit&eacute;s d&rsquo;action rep&eacute;r&eacute;es par un individu dans un environnement, d&eacute;pendant d&rsquo;un processus progressif d&rsquo;acculturation sociotechnique et socioculturelle (Simonian et al., 2016, Simonian, 2019a, 2019b, 2020&nbsp;; 2022). Ces processus peuvent &ecirc;tre incorpor&eacute;s &agrave; des artefacts par des manipulations humaines en amont de toute activit&eacute;, mais qui se modifient au cours m&ecirc;me de l&rsquo;activit&eacute; lorsque ces m&ecirc;mes artefacts sont utilis&eacute;s par des acteurs qui distribuent des connaissances socioculturelles li&eacute;es notamment &agrave; leurs modes d&rsquo;organisation et de production (Strachan, 2012). Par exemple, dans notre cas, l&rsquo;appropriation des artefacts num&eacute;riques par les enseignants concern&eacute;s implique leur perception des potentialit&eacute;s qu&rsquo;offrent ces artefacts. De ce point de vue, l</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">&rsquo;</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">affordance traduit la perception, par les enseignants concern&eacute;s, des potentialit&eacute;s d&rsquo;action, (Simonian, 2014, 2019, 2020a, 2020b&nbsp;; Simonian et al., 2016) mais aussi leur capacit&eacute;, gr&acirc;ce aux artefacts mobilis&eacute;s, de pouvoir transformer leurs pratiques et leur environnement.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <div style="page-break-after: always"><span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></div> <h1 style="border:medium none; margin-top:32px"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;, serif"><span style="color:#365f91"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-size:13.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Footlight MT Light&quot;,serif">Bibliographie</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h1> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span lang="FR-CD" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Albero, B. (2010a). </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Une approche sociotechnique des environnements de formation. Rationalit&eacute;s, mod&egrave;les et principes d&rsquo;action. <i>&Eacute;ducation &amp; Didactique</i>, 4 (1), 7-24.</span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Presses Universitaires de Rennes. <span class="MsoHyperlink" style="text-decoration:underline"><a href="https://edutice.archives-ouvertes.fr/edutice-00578357" style="text-decoration:underline">https://edutice.archives-ouvertes.fr/edutice-00578357</a></span>.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Brigitte Albero (2010b). Penser le rapport entre formation et objets techniques : Rep&egrave;res conceptuels et &eacute;pist&eacute;mologiques. Dans G. Leclercq et R. Varga (dir.), <i>Dispositifs de formation et environnements num&eacute;riques : enjeux p&eacute;dagogiques et contraintes informatiques</i>, <a href="https://editions.lavoisier.fr/informatique/dispositifs-de-formation-et-environnements-numeriques-enjeux-pedagogiques-et-contraintes-serie-informatique-et-systemes-d-information-ic2/leclercq/hermes-science-publications/livre/9782746225541" style="text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">Herm&egrave;s / Lavoisier</a>, (p. 37-69). <a href="https://shs.hal.science/halshs-00633661" style="text-decoration:underline" target="_blank"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria Math&quot;,serif">&lang;</span>halshs-00633661<span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria Math&quot;,serif">&rang;</span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink" style="text-decoration:underline">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Badillo, P.-Y.(2008). <i>&Eacute;cologie des m&eacute;dias</i>. &Eacute;ditions Bruylant.</span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-35.45pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Barr&eacute;-de-Miniac, C. (2002). Le rapport &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;criture. Une notion &agrave; plusieurs dimensions. <i>Pratiques : linguistique, litt&eacute;rature, didactique</i>, 113(114), 29-40. <u>https://doi.org/10.3406/prati.2002.1943</u>.</span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Brandt, C. (2014). Les enseignants congolais face &agrave; leurs salaires. Que peuvent-ils faire. <u><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322339439" style="text-decoration:underline">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322339439</a>.</u></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Capelle</span></span><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt">, </span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-weight:normal">C.,</span></span></strong><strong> </strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Cordier, A., et Lehmans, A. (2018).</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> Usages num&eacute;riques en &eacute;ducation&nbsp;: l&rsquo;influence de la perception des risques par les enseignants&nbsp;&raquo;.&nbsp;<em>Revue fran&ccedil;aise des sciences de l&rsquo;information et de la communication</em><em><span style="font-style:normal">, 15</span></em>. <a href="https://doi.org/10.4000/rfsic.5011" style="text-decoration:underline">https://doi.org/10.4000/rfsic.5011</a>.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="border:medium none; text-align:justify; text-indent:-35.45pt; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Chabert</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">, A. (2017). 3. Le cadre des affordances : un second concept &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;chelle des objets pour penser l&rsquo;&eacute;quilibre du vivant avec le milieu ext&eacute;rieur. Dans A. Chabert (dir.), <i>Transformer le handicap: Au fil des exp&eacute;riences de vie</i>, 67-94. &Eacute;r&egrave;s.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="border:medium none; text-align:justify; text-indent:-35.45pt; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Chaumier, S. (2010). <i>L&rsquo;Inculture pour tous. La nouvelle utopie des politiques culturelles</i>. L&rsquo;Harmattan. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Coen, P.F., et Schumacher, J. (2006). </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Construction d&rsquo;un outil pour &eacute;valuer le degr&eacute; d&rsquo;int&eacute;gration des TIC dans l&rsquo;enseignement. <i>Revue internationale des technologies en p&eacute;dagogie universitaire</i>, 3(3), 7-17. <u><a href="http://www.ritpu.org" style="text-decoration:underline">http://www.ritpu.org</a><span class="MsoHyperlink" style="text-decoration:underline">. </span></u></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Cooper, J. (2007). </span></span></span><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">Cognitive Dissonance: Fifty Years of a Classic Theory</span></span></em><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">.</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> SAGE Publications Ltd.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="border:medium none; text-align:justify; text-indent:-35.45pt; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Depover, C. Karsenti, T. et Komis, V. (2008). <i>Enseigner avec les Technologies</i>. Presses de l&rsquo;Universit&eacute; du Qu&eacute;bec.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Depover, C., &amp; Strebelle, A. (1996). Fondements d&#39;un mod&egrave;le d&#39;int&eacute;gration des activit&eacute;s li&eacute;es aux nouvelles technologies de l&#39;information dans les pratiques &eacute;ducatives. Dans L.-O. Pochon et A. Blanchet (dir.), <i>Information et &eacute;ducation : regards cognitifs, p&eacute;dagogiques et sociaux</i>, (p. 9-20). INRP.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="border:medium none; text-align:justify; text-indent:-35.45pt; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Depover, C., et Strebelle, A. (1997). Un mod&egrave;le et une strat&eacute;gie d&rsquo;intervention en mati&egrave;re d&rsquo;introduction des TIC dans le processus &eacute;ducatif. Dans L.-O. Pochon et A. Blanchet (dir.), <i>L&rsquo;ordinateur &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;cole : de l&rsquo;introduction &agrave; l&rsquo;int&eacute;gration</i>, (p. 73-98). <a href="https://edutice.archives-ouvertes.fr/edutice-00000821" style="text-decoration:underline">https://edutice.archives-ouvertes.fr/edutice-00000821</a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">DeSanctis, G. et Poole, S. M. (1994). Capturing the Complexity in Advanced Technology Use: Adaptative Structuration Theory. <i>Organization Science</i>, 5 (2), 121-147.</span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.5.2.121" style="text-decoration:underline">https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.5.2.121</a>.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Djeumeni-Tchamabe, M. (2010<i>). Les pratiques p&eacute;dagogiques des enseignants avec les TIC au Cameroun entre politiques publiques et dispositifs technop&eacute;dagogiques ; comp&eacute;tences des enseignants et comp&eacute;tences des apprenants ; pratiques publiques et pratiques priv&eacute;es&nbsp;:</i> [Th&egrave;se de doctorat, (Universit&eacute; Ren&eacute; Descartes)]. <span class="MsoHyperlink" style="text-decoration:underline">www.theses.fr</span>.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Elie, M. (2001). <i>Le foss&eacute; num&eacute;rique&nbsp;: L&rsquo;internet, facteur de nouvelles in&eacute;galit&eacute;s ?</i> La documentation fran&ccedil;aise.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><a name="_Hlk43128043"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Fi&egrave;vez, A. (2017). </span></span></a><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">L&rsquo;int&eacute;gration des TIC en contexte &eacute;ducatif : Mod&egrave;les, r&eacute;alit&eacute;s et enjeux</span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">. Presses universitaires de Qu&eacute;bec.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Gibson, J. (1979). <i>The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception. </i>Houghton Mifflin.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="border:medium none; text-align:justify; text-indent:-35.45pt; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Gu&eacute;rin, G., St-Onge, S., Chevalier, L., Deneault, K., et Deschamps, M. (1997). <em>Le conflit emploi-famille&nbsp;: ses causes et ses cons&eacute;quences</em>&nbsp;: [R&eacute;sultats d&rsquo;enqu&ecirc;te]. <a href="http://hdl.handle.net/1866/1869" style="text-decoration:underline">http://hdl.handle.net/1866/1869</a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Guir</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">, R. (2002). <i>Pratiquer les TICE : Former les enseignants et les formateurs &agrave; de nouveaux usages</i>. De Boeck Sup&eacute;rieur</span></span><span lang="FR-CD" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="border:medium none; text-align:justify; text-indent:-35.45pt; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Hayer, D. (2012). La culture&nbsp;: des questions essentielles. <i>Humanisme</i>, 296, 85-88. </span></span><span class="Hyperlink0" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:#0563c1"><span style="text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><a href="https://doi.org/10.3917/huma.296.0085" style="text-decoration:underline">https://doi.org/10.3917/huma.296.0085</a></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="border:medium none; text-align:justify; text-indent:-35.45pt; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Heft</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">, H. (2022). 2. Affordances. Dans D. Marchand (dir.), <i>Psychologie environnementale&nbsp;: 100 notions cl&eacute;s</i>, (p. 18-19). Dunod. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3917/dunod.march.2022.01.0018" style="text-decoration:underline">https://doi.org/10.3917/dunod.march.2022.01.0018</a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Hountondji, P. J. (2002). The struggle for meaning: Reflections on philosophy, culture, and democracy in Africa (traduit par J. Conteh-Morgan)<i>. </i>Ohio University for International Studies. </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0896802256" style="text-decoration:underline">https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0896802256</a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="border:medium none; text-align:justify; text-indent:-35.45pt; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Hussenot, A. (2006). Appropriation collective d&#39;une solution TIC de Gestion : un processus social it&eacute;ratif. Dans A. Grimand (dir.), <i>Appropriation des outils de gestion</i>, (p. 123-137). <a href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00267354" style="text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">hal-00267354</a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="border:medium none; text-align:justify; text-indent:-35.45pt; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Hussenot,</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> A. (2009). Manager l&rsquo;appropriation des solutions TIC&nbsp;: des controverses aux modes d&rsquo;appropriation. <i>Syst&egrave;mes d&rsquo;information &amp; management</i>, 14 (2), 65-83. <a href="https://basepub.dauphine.fr/handle/123456789/4992" style="text-decoration:underline">https://basepub.dauphine.fr/handle/123456789/4992</a></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Hutchins, E. (1995). <i>Cognition in the Wild</i>. MIT Press.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="border:medium none; text-align:justify; text-indent:-35.45pt; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><a href="https://www.espacestemps.net/auteurs/ineduc/" style="text-decoration:underline">INEDUC</a> (2018).&nbsp;Environnement num&eacute;rique.&nbsp;<em><span style="font-style:normal">EspacesTemps.net</span></em>. <a href="https://www.espacestemps.net/articles/environnement-numerique/" style="text-decoration:underline">https://www.espacestemps.net/articles/environnement-numerique/</a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="border:medium none; text-align:justify; text-indent:-35.45pt; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Jou&euml;t, J. (2000). Retour critique sur la sociologie des usages. <i>R&eacute;seaux</i>, 100, 389-521. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3406/reso.2000.2235" style="text-decoration:underline">https://doi.org/10.3406/reso.2000.2235</a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Karsenti, T., Savoie-Zajc, L. et Larose, F. (2001). Les futurs enseignants<br /> confront&eacute;s aux TIC : changements dans l&rsquo;attitude, la motivation et les pratiques<br /> p&eacute;dagogiques. <i>&Eacute;ducation et francophonie</i>, 29(1), 86&ndash;124.<br /> <u>https://doi.org/10.7202/1079569a</u></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#231f20">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Kaufmann, L., et Cl&eacute;ment, F., (2007 (2007/2-3). Comment la culture vient &agrave; l&rsquo;esprit. Des affordances sociales aux analogies culturelles. <i>Intellectica</i>, 46-47, 221-250. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3406/intel.2007.1286" style="text-decoration:underline">https://doi.org/10.3406/intel.2007.1286</a>.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Kavanagh</span></span><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt">, </span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-weight:normal">E.,</span></span></strong><strong> </strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Roberge, J. et Sperano, I. (2016)&nbsp;: </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&laquo;&nbsp;Typologie exploratoire des affordances textuelles &nbsp;&raquo;.&nbsp;<em>Pratiques</em>. <a href="https://doi.org/10.4000/pratiques.3187" style="text-decoration:underline">https://doi.org/10.4000/pratiques.3187</a>.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Kupelesa, I.M. (2006). <i>Morphologie du corps enseignant congolais et son degr&eacute; de satisfaction au travail. Cas des &eacute;coles catholiques de Kinshasa</i>&nbsp;: [Th&egrave;se de doctorat, (Pontificia Universita Salesiana Rome)]. https://ixtheo.de</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Laffey, J. (2004). Appropriation, mastery and resistance to technology in early childhood preservice teacher education. <i>Journal of Research</i> <i>on Technology in Education, 36</i>(4), 361-382.<u>http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15391523.2004.10782420</u></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="border:medium none; text-align:justify; text-indent:-35.45pt; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Lameul, G., Simonian, S., Eneau, J., et Carraud F. (2011). Regards crois&eacute;s de chercheurs praticiens sur le dispositif de formation hybride FORSE : comment les enseignants transforment-ils leur mod&egrave;le p&eacute;dagogique en intervenant en ligne&nbsp;? <i>International Journal of Technologies in Higher Education</i>, 8 (1-2), 81&ndash;91. <a href="https://doi.org/10.7202/1005786ar" style="text-decoration:underline">https://doi.org/10.7202/1005786ar</a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Levy, M. (1997). <i>Computer-assisted language learning: Context and conceptualization</i>. Oxford University Press.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Linard, M. (1989<i>). Des machines et des hommes. Apprendre avec les nouvelles technologies</i>. L&rsquo;Harmattan</span></span></span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Lohento, K. (2004). ONG et appropriation des technologies modernes de communication en Afrique : approche historique et critique. Pour le<i> </i>colloque international Africa&rsquo;nti, sur les fractures num&eacute;riques<i> </i>Nord/Sud en 2003, Hourtin, France, puis pour <i>NetSuds</i>, 2.<i> </i><u>www.polis.sciencespobordeaux.fr/resultats/colloque2003/Communications/LOHENTO5.pdf</u>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Lund, A. (2009). <i>The teacher as interface: Teachers of EFL in ICT-rich environments: Beliefs, practices, appropriation</i>. Lambert</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Academic. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-35.45pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Morgagni, S. (2011). Repenser la notion d&rsquo;affordance dans ses dynamiques s&eacute;miotiques. In: <em>Intellectica. Revue de l&#39;Association pour la Recherche Cognitive</em>, 55, 241-267.&nbsp; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3406/intel.2011.1170" style="text-decoration:underline">https://doi.org/10.3406/intel.2011.1170</a>.</span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Ngamo, S. T. (2007). Strat&eacute;gies organisationnelles d&rsquo;int&eacute;gration des TIC dans l&rsquo;enseignement secondaire au Cameroun : &eacute;tude d&rsquo;&eacute;coles pionni&egrave;res&nbsp;: [Th&egrave;se de doctorat, Universit&eacute; de Montr&eacute;al]. <cite><u><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:normal"><a href="https://papyrus.bib.umontreal.ca.%0d" style="text-decoration:underline">https://papyrus.bib.umontreal.ca.</a></span></span></u></cite></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-35.45pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Niveleau, C.E. (2006). Le concept gibsonien d&rsquo;affordance : entre filiation, rupture et reconstruction conceptuelle. <em>Intellectica</em><em><span style="font-style:normal">, </span></em>43 (1), 159-199. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3406/intel.2006.1341" style="text-decoration:underline">https://doi.org/10.3406/intel.2006.1341</a>.</span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Norman, D.A (1988). <i>The Psychology of Everyday Things</i>. Basic Books.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Olsson, T. (2006). Appropriating civic information and communication technology: A critical study of Swedish ICT policy visions. <i>New Media and Society, 8</i>(4), 611-627. <u>http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461444806065659</u></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:blue">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-variant:small-caps">OQLF-GDT</span></span></span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> (1995). </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&laquo;&nbsp;Affordance, fiche terminologique&nbsp;&raquo;. Dans <em>Le grand dictionnaire terminologique (GDT). </em>Office qu&eacute;b&eacute;cois de la langue fran&ccedil;aise. <a href="http://www.granddictionnaire.com/ficheOqlf.aspx?Id_Fiche=17015787" style="text-decoration:underline">http://www.granddictionnaire.com/ficheOqlf.aspx?Id_Fiche=17015787</a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Orlikowski, W. (1992). The Duality of Technology: Rethinking the Concept of Technology in Organizations. <i>Organization Science,</i> 3(3), 398-427. </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/2635280" style="text-decoration:underline">http://www.jstor.org/stable/2635280</a></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="border:medium none; text-align:justify; text-indent:-35.45pt; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Orlikowski, W.J. 2000. </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Using Technology and Constituting Structures: A Practice Lens for Studying Technology in Organizations. </span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Organization Science</span></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">, 11(4), 404-428</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.11.4.404.14600" style="text-decoration:underline">https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.11.4.404.14600</a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Peraya, D. (2002). Communication et nouvelles technologies. Dans P. Perrig-Chiello et F. Darbellay (dir.), <i>Qu&rsquo;est-ce que l&rsquo;interdisciplinarit&eacute; ? Les nouveaux d&eacute;fis de l&rsquo;enseignement</i>, (p. 117-143). Institut universitaire Kurt B&ouml;sch.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span lang="FR-CD" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Perrenoud, Ph. (1998). </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Se servir des technologies nouvelles. Voyage autour des comp&eacute;tences 8. <i>&Eacute;ducateur</i>, 3(6), 20-27. <cite><u><span style="font-style:normal">http://tecfalabs.unige.ch.</span></u></cite></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="border:medium none; text-align:justify; text-indent:-35.45pt; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Pierrat</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">, E. (2012). 11. L&rsquo;environnement num&eacute;rique. Dans Y. Alix (dir.), <i>Droit d&rsquo;auteur et biblioth&egrave;ques</i>, (p. 89-98). <a href="https://doi.org/10.3917/elec.alix.2012.01.0089" style="text-decoration:underline">https://doi.org/10.3917/elec.alix.2012.01.0089&quot;</a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Phillippi, A. et Pe&ntilde;a, P. (2010). <i>The impact of public access to telecenters: Social appropriation of ICT by Chilean women</i>&nbsp;: [Congr&egrave;s international sur les<i> </i>politiques d&rsquo;&eacute;quit&eacute; entre les sexes].<i> </i><u>www.prigepp.org/congreso/documentos/ponencias/4_Phillippi _y_Pena.pdf</u>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-36pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Poizat, G. (2014). Le concept d&rsquo;appropriation en formation des adultes. Dans J. Friedrich et J. Pita (dir.), <i>Un dialogue entre concepts et r&eacute;alit&eacute;</i>, (p. 40-68). </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Raison &amp; Passions.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="border:medium none; text-align:justify; text-indent:-35.45pt; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Poizat, G., Haradji, Y., et Ad&eacute;, D. (2013). </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">When design of everyday things meets lifelong learning&hellip;,</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> International. <i>Journal of Life long Education</i>, 32(1), 68-79</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">. </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/02601370.2012.734485" style="text-decoration:underline">https://doi.org/10.1080/02601370.2012.734485</a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span lang="FR-CD" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Proulx, S. (2001a). </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Usages de l&rsquo;Internet : la &lsquo;pens&eacute;e-r&eacute;seaux&rsquo; et l&rsquo;appropriation d&rsquo;une culture num&eacute;rique. Dans E. Guichard (dir.), <em>Comprendre les usages de l&rsquo;Internet</em>, (p. 139-145). &Eacute;ditions Rue d&rsquo;Ulm, Presses de l&rsquo;&Eacute;cole Normale Sup&eacute;rieure.</span></span> </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Proulx, S. (2001b). <i>Usages des TIC : reconsid&eacute;rer le champ d&rsquo;&eacute;tude</i>&nbsp;: [Communication au Colloque InforCom 2001].SFSIC.</span></span> &nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-35.45pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Proulx, J. (2004). </span></span><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Apprentissage par projet.</span></em><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> Presses de l&rsquo;Universit&eacute; du Qu&eacute;bec</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Proulx, S., Rueff, J., et Lecomte, N. (2007). Une appropriation communautaire des technologies num&eacute;riques de l &#39;information, 3, 1-31. CIRST. <cite><u><span style="color:blue"><span style="font-style:normal"><a href="https://depot.erudit.org.%0d" style="text-decoration:underline">https://depot.erudit.org.</a></span></span></u></cite></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Rabardel, P. (1995a). <i>Les hommes et les technologies&nbsp;: approche cognitive des instruments contemporains. </i>Armand Colin.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-36pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Rabardel, P., (1995b). Qu&rsquo;est-ce qu&#39;un instrument ? appropriation, conceptualisation, mises en situation. Des outils pour le calcul et le tra&ccedil;age des courbes, 19, 61-65. </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">CNDP.&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><cite><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:normal"><a href="https://tecfalabs.unige.ch.%0d" style="text-decoration:underline">https://tecfalabs.unige.ch.</a></span></span></span></u></cite></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Reed, E. S. (1988). <i>James J. Gibson and the PSYchology of Perception</i>. Yale University Press.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Rogoff, B. (1995). Sociocultural activity on three planes. Dans J. V. Wertsch, P. del R&iacute;o et A. Alvarez (dir.), <i>Sociocultural studies of</i> <i>mind </i>(p. 139-164). Cambridge University Press. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Savoie-Zajc, L. S. (2011). La recherche qualitative/interpr&eacute;tative en &eacute;ducation. Dans T. Karsenti et L. Savoie-Zajc (dir.), <i>La recherche en</i> <i>&eacute;ducation : &eacute;tapes et approches</i> (p. 123-147). Renouveau p&eacute;dagogique.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Simondon, G. (1958, 1969, 1989). <em>Du mode d&rsquo;existence des objets techniques</em>. Aubier. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-36pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span lang="FR-CD" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Simonian, S. (2014).</span></span> <i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">L&rsquo;affordance socioculturelle : une approche &eacute;co-anthropocentr&eacute;e des objets techniques. Le cas des Environnements Num&eacute;riques d&rsquo;Apprentissage</span></span></i><span lang="FR-CD" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;: [Note de synth&egrave;se d&rsquo;Habilitation &agrave; diriger les recherches en Sciences de l&rsquo;Education, Universit&eacute; Rennes 2]. </span></span><cite><u><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:blue"><span style="font-style:normal"><a href="https://www.researchgate.net.%0d" style="text-decoration:underline">https://www.researchgate.net.</a></span></span></span></u></cite></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Simonian S. (2019a). Changer de paradigme&nbsp;: approche &eacute;cologique et probl&eacute;matique de l&rsquo;affordance. Dans Albero B., S. Simonian S. et J. Eneau (dir.), <i>Activit&eacute; humaine &amp; num&eacute;rique : &eacute;tat des lieux et prospective en &eacute;ducation &amp; formation. Hommage aux travaux de Monique Linard</i> <i>(</i>pp.&nbsp;431-443). Raison et Passions. (<a href="https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01935445" style="text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">halshs-01935445)</a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Simonian</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">, S. (2019). L&rsquo;affordance, pour comprendre les rapports au num&eacute;rique. <i>&Eacute;ducation Permanente</i>, 219, 61-70. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3917/edpe.219.0061" style="text-decoration:underline">https://doi.org/10.3917/edpe.219.0061</a>.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Simonian</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">, S. (2020). Approche &eacute;cologique des environnements instrument&eacute;s&nbsp;: comprendre le ph&eacute;nom&egrave;ne d&rsquo;affordance socioculturelle. <i>Savoirs</i>, 1(1), 93-108. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3917/savo.052.0093" style="text-decoration:underline">https://doi.org/10.3917/savo.052.0093</a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="border:medium none; text-align:justify; text-indent:-35.45pt; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Simonian, S. (2022). <i>Affordance socioculturelle des objets techniques</i>. PURH</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Simonian</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">, S., et </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Ladage</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">, C. (2014). Chapitre 10. L&rsquo;accompagnement et la mise en ligne d&rsquo;une formation universitaire. Dans G. Lameul (dir.), <i>La p&eacute;dagogie universitaire &agrave; l&rsquo;heure du num&eacute;rique : Questionnement et &eacute;clairage de la recherche</i> (p. 173-187). <a href="https://doi.org/10.3917/dbu.lameul.2014.01.0173" style="text-decoration:underline">https://doi.org/10.3917/dbu.lameul.2014.01.0173&quot;</a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Simonian, S.,&nbsp;Quintin, J. et&nbsp;Urbanski, S. (2016). La construction des collectifs dans l&rsquo;apprentissage collaboratif &agrave; distance&nbsp;: l&rsquo;affordance socioculturelle des objets num&eacute;riques.&nbsp;<em>Les Sciences de l&rsquo;&eacute;ducation &ndash; Pour l&rsquo;&Egrave;re nouvelle</em>, 49(1), 63-90<span style="color:black">. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3917/lsdle.491.0063" style="text-decoration:underline">https://doi.org/10.3917/lsdle.491.0063</a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Smith, M. (2018). <i>The &lsquo;glocalization&rsquo; of mobile telephony in West and Central Africa: Consumer appropriation and corporate acculturation, a case study in Cameroon and Guinea-Conakry</i>. </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&lrm; </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Langaa RPCIG</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">.<i> </i></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Strachan</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">, R. (2012). Affordances, stations audionum&eacute;riques et cr&eacute;ativit&eacute; musicale. <i>R&eacute;seaux</i>, 2(2), 120-143. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3917/res.172.0120" style="text-decoration:underline">https://doi.org/10.3917/res.172.0120</a></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Surman, M. et Reilly, K. (2003). Appropriating the internet for social change: Towards the strategic use of networked technologies by transnational civil society organizations. <i>Social Science Research Council</i>. <u>www.laurabestler.org/appropriating-the-internet-for-socialchange-towards-the-strategic-use-of-networked-technologies-bytransnational-civil-society-organizations</u></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="border:medium none; text-align:justify; text-indent:-35.45pt; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Thibeault, E.-N. (2014). <i>Acc&egrave;s, pratiques et usages des technologies d&rsquo;information et de la communication en &eacute;ducation au sein de l&rsquo;espace francophone. &Eacute;tudes de cas r&eacute;alis&eacute;es au Vi&ecirc;t Nam, en Moldavie, au Burkina-Faso et en R&eacute;publique D&eacute;mocratique du Congo</i>&nbsp;: [Th&egrave;se de doctorat publi&eacute;e, Universit&eacute; Ren&eacute; Descartes Paris V]. <a href="http://www.adjectif.net/spip/spip.php?article342" style="text-decoration:underline">http://www.adjectif.net/spip/spip.php?article342</a></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Thomas, G. (2013). <i>How to do your research project: A guide for students in education and applied social sciences</i>. Sage. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Toure, K. (2009). Appropriating and making technologies work for you in teaching and learning: depth is of essence / Qu&rsquo;est-ce que s&rsquo;approprier les TIC ? Dans T. Karsenti, (dir.), <i>Int&eacute;gration p&eacute;dagogique</i> <i>des TIC : strat&eacute;gies d&rsquo;action et pistes de r&eacute;flexion</i> (p. 94-110). <u>www.kathryntoure.net/?p=100</u> et <u>www.rocare.org/guidetic/pdf/ch07-ICT-Education-Africa-Teaching-Reflecting-Strategies.pdf</u></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Tshimpaka Bodumbu, JC (2022). <i>Le num&eacute;rique et l&rsquo;enseignement en RDC. Appropriation des artefacts num&eacute;riques par les enseignants</i>. L&rsquo;Harmattan.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><a name="_Hlk41177552"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">van Binsbergen, W. (2004). Can ICT belong in Africa, or is ICT owned by the North Atlantic region? Dans W. van Binsbergen et R. van Dijk (dir.), <i>Situating globality: African agency in the appropriation of global</i> <i>culture </i>(p. 107-146)<i>. </i><u>https://books.google.com/books?isbn=9004131337</u></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-36pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span lang="FR-CD" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Vygotski, L. S. (1934/1997). </span></span></span><i><span lang="FR-CD" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Pens&eacute;e et Langage</span></span></span></i><span lang="FR-CD" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">. La dispute</span></span></span><span lang="FR-CD" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">.</span></span></span></span></span></p>