<p>We propose an article on the use of informational governance by the import-export sector and the mobilization of media tools and ICT within the framework of this informational governance. This without ignoring the respect for freedom and the protection of information, in particular through the RGPD (General Data Protection Regulations). The current context of health crisis, desire for data protection and geopolitical uncertainties creates new challenges, particularly at the organizational level and even beyond, since almost every sector is concerned. First of all, we would like to present the current context disturbed by the health crisis, a geopolitics that no longer obeys the classic rules and the entry into force of more technologies, particularly in the import-export sector, that is also a context where informational crises are repeated and citizens are demanding more protection, particularly through the GDPR. These elements have enormously modified the organizational challenges and even more, the societal challenges. So, we wish to discuss these challenges from an info-communicational point of view and to provide them with a possible solution through ethical informational governance as a new approach to the organization. This governance is that of a desire for informational reorganization, a desire to be able to govern in a more efficient, ethical and respectful way for each person&#39;s information and automated data, whether initial or generated at the different phases of informational processes. We propose the idea of ​​a qualitative research on a hot context, based on interviews, followed by a mixed research based on the analysis by the grid of the repertoires of a research during this awareness of the importance of ethics and of a strategic information governance policy in the context of information management, with a new vision integrating ethics and respect for privacy within information governance. Indeed, there remains that little research insists on the prescriptions, proscriptions and judgments which form the rules of the game of the organization and which are inscribed in its management tools (Vacher, 2004; de la Broise &amp; Lamarche, 2006; Vacher, Le Bis &amp; Hassanaly, 2007). Yet this type of research is very important. The results obtained are first of all a desire on the part of the actors of the organization for transparency, flexibility in terms of creativity, at the same time the request for a less rigid information system, as well as a hybrid hierarchy that navigates between supervision and autonomy. We noticed reluctance, however very slight, to information governance which would require pedagogy. Clarity and participatory integration are also mentioned.<br /> This writing is intended for both CIS researchers and organizations, with the wish to provide the beginning of a theoretical and empirical answer to our problem.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <ol start="2" style="list-style-type:lower-roman"> <li style="text-align:justify" value="1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-weight:bold">&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></li> </ol> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="color:black">Le contexte informationnel actuel est in&eacute;dit, il est in&eacute;dit par la diversification des outils, sources et autres &eacute;l&eacute;ments d&rsquo;informations, il l&rsquo;est aussi par rapport au contexte g&eacute;opolitique, sanitaire et &eacute;conomique. Une organisation, qu&rsquo;elle soit &agrave; profit ou non, c&rsquo;est-&agrave;-dire une entreprise, une association ou une organisation publique est un membre et acteur de la soci&eacute;t&eacute;. Chaque organisation participe au fonctionnement de l&rsquo;&eacute;cosyst&egrave;me et nous avons observ&eacute; l&rsquo;effet domino des dysfonctionnements organisationnelles.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="color:black">C&rsquo;est notamment lors de la crise du COVID-19, Fitzpatrick et Gauthier (2001) ont formul&eacute; une th&eacute;orie sur la responsabilit&eacute; professionnelle et l&rsquo;&eacute;thique des relations publiques &laquo; fond&eacute;e sur la double obligation du professionnel des relations publiques : servir &agrave; la fois les int&eacute;r&ecirc;ts de ses organisations clientes et ceux du public &raquo; (Grunig, 2015&nbsp;: p12).&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="color:black">Il est ainsi avanc&eacute; comme postulat de d&eacute;part que la th&eacute;orie de Fitzpatrick et Gauthier (2001&nbsp;: 193) s&rsquo;&eacute;tend &agrave; toute communication et l&rsquo;organisation par le jeu des interd&eacute;pendances et des interactions sert la soci&eacute;t&eacute; enti&egrave;re.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="color:black">Sous cet angle d&rsquo;interd&eacute;pendance. Nous sommes tous en tant que membre de la soci&eacute;t&eacute; interpell&eacute;, par rapport &agrave; l&rsquo;arr&ecirc;t brutale en 2020 de la chaine logistique, &agrave; l&rsquo;arr&ecirc;t brutal d&rsquo;un certain nombre d&rsquo;activit&eacute;s et l&rsquo;effet domino entrain&eacute;. Cela nous questionne sur le besoin d&rsquo;une gouvernance informationnelle dont beaucoup d&rsquo;organisations ne sont pas dot&eacute;e et plus g&eacute;n&eacute;ralement sur le besoin en intelligence informationnelle.&nbsp;&nbsp;L&rsquo;&eacute;tude cherche &agrave; travers cette publication &agrave; d&eacute;crire les contraintes du contexte de recherche, afin de mieux comprendre le terrain et le contexte sur lesquelles nous travaillons.&nbsp;&nbsp;Ceci nous permet de mieux assimiler le terrain empirique de la gouvernance au sein d&rsquo;une organisation et d&rsquo;&oelig;uvrer &agrave; la recherche d&rsquo;une gouvernance informationnelle adapt&eacute;e aux enjeux empiriques.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <ol start="10" style="list-style-type:lower-roman"> <li style="text-align:justify" value="20551667999"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="color:black">objectif de recherche,&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> </ol> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="color:black">Les &eacute;v&eacute;nements politiques de ces derni&egrave;res ann&eacute;es et de l&rsquo;arriv&eacute; des populistes&nbsp;&nbsp;(Guriev &amp; Papaioannou), (2021)dans de nombreux pays. Le&nbsp;<i>Brexit</i>, a provoqu&eacute; une relation houleuse&nbsp;</span><span style="color:black">(1)&nbsp;</span><span style="color:black">entre le Royaume-Uni et L&rsquo;Europe de l&rsquo;union, de m&ecirc;me qu&rsquo;une relation houleuse</span><span style="color:black">&nbsp;(2)</span><span style="color:black">&nbsp;entre la Chine</span><span style="color:black">&nbsp;(3) (4)</span>&nbsp;<span style="color:black">(5)</span><span style="color:black">.&nbsp;&nbsp;premier exportateur mondial et la plupart des pays d&eacute;mocratique et une &eacute;pid&eacute;mie qui a touch&eacute; tous les pays du Monde</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:13pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri Light&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="color:#2f5496"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:19.933334350585938px"><a name="_Toc68036509"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black">Brexit (Britain exit)</span></span></span></span></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="color:black">En juin 2016, les &eacute;lecteurs du Royaume-Uni ont particip&eacute; au r&eacute;f&eacute;rendum sur l&#39;adh&eacute;sion dans l&#39;UE. Avec 51,9% d&#39;entre eux votant pour l&#39;option &laquo;&nbsp;<i>Leave&nbsp;</i>&raquo;, c&rsquo;est-&agrave;-dire quitter l&rsquo;Union europ&eacute;enne, le gouvernement a lanc&eacute; le processus de retrait du march&eacute; commun europ&eacute;en. il est important de noter que le r&eacute;sultat du referendum, a cr&eacute;&eacute; chez la plupart des membres du l&#39;int&eacute;r&ecirc;t gouvernemental, public et organisation une surprise</span><span style="color:black">&nbsp;(6)</span><span style="color:black">. Tr&egrave;s peu, voire aucun politique de l&rsquo;&eacute;poque n&rsquo;a pris toutes les mesures pour comprendre et att&eacute;nuer les dommages &eacute;conomiques potentiels caus&eacute;s par le changement soudain de la gouvernance politique, de la politique douani&egrave;re et du march&eacute; du travail.&nbsp;</span><span style="color:black">(7)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="color:black">En mars 2017, l&#39;article 50 du&nbsp;<i>Trait&eacute; de l&#39;Union</i>&nbsp;a &eacute;t&eacute; invoqu&eacute; et a entam&eacute; un compte &agrave; rebours de deux ans pour le Retrait, ce qui a cr&eacute;&eacute; une incertitude commerciale&nbsp;</span><span style="color:black">Siles</span><span style="color:black">-Br&uuml;gge (2019) au gr&eacute; des prolongations et des n&eacute;gociations interminables. Lors des n&eacute;gociations, il a &eacute;t&eacute; r&eacute;alis&eacute; que le Brexit touchent un grand ensemble diversifi&eacute; de questions de politique, de commerce, d&rsquo;&eacute;conomie et de finance. Un accord commercial a &eacute;t&eacute; finalement trouv&eacute; entre l&rsquo;union europ&eacute;enne et le Royaume-Uni, toutefois, accord qui est rentr&eacute; en application Le 1<sup>er</sup>&nbsp;Janvier 2021, si l&rsquo;accord ne pr&eacute;voit pas d&rsquo;augmentation de &laquo;&nbsp;<i>Tariffs&nbsp;&raquo;,&nbsp;</i>il pr&eacute;voit des formalit&eacute;s douani&egrave;res qui sont entrain de d&eacute;courager certains exportateurs des deux c&ocirc;t&eacute;s de la manche. (</span><span style="color:black">8)</span><span style="color:black">&nbsp;En somme, le &laquo;&nbsp;Brexit&nbsp;&raquo; a provoqu&eacute; beaucoup de probl&egrave;mes dans le monde des affaires et il est fort probable qu&rsquo;il en provoque encore plus (</span><span style="color:black">9)</span><span style="color:black">. Les exportateurs ajustent leur client&egrave;le par rapport aux changements dans l&#39;acc&egrave;s au march&eacute; en sur la base de l&#39;incertitude de la politique commerciale associ&eacute;e &agrave; la ren&eacute;gociation des relations commerciales entre le Royaume-Uni et l&#39;UE et &agrave; la d&eacute;pr&eacute;ciation de la livre sterling &agrave; la suite du r&eacute;f&eacute;rendum sur le&nbsp;<i>Brexit</i>. (10) (11)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="color:black">Toutefois, le&nbsp;<i>Brexit</i>&nbsp;n&#39;est pas un ph&eacute;nom&egrave;ne isol&eacute;, il est li&eacute; &agrave; des tensions g&eacute;opolitiques dans le monde et &agrave; une communication publique qui parfois sort compl&egrave;tement des canons classiques de la diplomatique (&Scaron;imunjak &amp; Caliandro, 2019), il est ainsi li&eacute; &agrave; un retour du populisme notamment &agrave; travers Donald Trump aux &Eacute;tats-Unis et aussi dans d&#39;autres pays europ&eacute;ens (Holbolt, 2016), il est aussi li&eacute; &agrave; un retour de la Chine populaire conservatrice et populiste &agrave; travers la figure de Xi-Jinping.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <h2 style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; margin-top:3px"><span style="font-size:13pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri Light&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="color:#2f5496"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:19.933334350585938px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black">Tensions avec la Chine&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>&nbsp;</i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h2> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="color:black">La Chine est le premier partenaire commercial de nombreux pays, notamment en mati&egrave;re d&rsquo;importation, toutefois, la crise du Covid-19 a cr&eacute;&eacute; ou exacerb&eacute; les tensions avec la Chine, rendant parfois les affaires difficiles avec le pays en question. Il y a un constat quasi-unanime d&rsquo;une tension entre la Chine et l&rsquo;Am&eacute;rique du Nord, ce qui a engendr&eacute; une escalade dans les augmentations de droits de douanes d&rsquo;une part et d&rsquo;une autre et plus largement de frein au commerce internationale des deux c&ocirc;t&eacute;s. En effet, les &Eacute;tats-Unis se sont retir&eacute;s du&nbsp;<i>Partenariat Trans-pacifique</i>&nbsp;et une nouvelle &egrave;re de guerre commerciale est lanc&eacute;e, des guerres commerciales avec des cycles de repr&eacute;sailles, des droits de douanes impos&eacute;s entre les &Eacute;tats-Unis et la Chine.&nbsp;</span><span style="color:black">(12) (13)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="color:black">Ces tensions sont constat&eacute;es aussi entre la Chine et les pays europ&eacute;en de l&rsquo;union tout comme entre la Chine et le Royaume-Uni, &agrave; cause des atteintes au droit de l&rsquo;homme &agrave; Hong-Kong et le traitement r&eacute;server aux Ou&iuml;ghours. La communication difficile avec la Chine et son refus de collaborer sur certains dossiers mettent &agrave; mal aussi le commerce international. C&rsquo;est ainsi que le Canada a d&eacute;cid&eacute; de v&eacute;rifier la provenance des produits chinois afin d&rsquo;&ecirc;tre s&ucirc;r, que ces produits respectent les droits humains et les conventions internationales comme celle de l&rsquo;office internationale du travail ou de l&rsquo;organisation mondiale du commerce (</span><span style="color:black">14) (15). Ces</span><span style="color:black">&nbsp;situations s&rsquo;accompagnent d&rsquo;une augmentation globale des &laquo;&nbsp;<i>Fake News</i>&nbsp;&raquo;, c&rsquo;est-&agrave;-dire des fausses informations.</span><span style="color:black">&nbsp;(</span><span style="color:black">Ha et al, (2021); Ahinkorah, B. O et al, (2021))&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <h2 style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; margin-top:3px"><span style="font-size:13pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri Light&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="color:#2f5496"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:19.933334350585938px"><a name="_Toc68028671"></a><a name="_Toc68036511"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black">Fausse information&nbsp;: danger pour l&rsquo;organisation</span></span></span></span></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h2> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="color:black">Comme nous le verrons dans la revue de litt&eacute;rature, l&rsquo;information a une valeur, elle est un avantage pour l&rsquo;organisation, toutefois, comme tout bien, lorsqu&rsquo;il est faux, il perd de sa valeur. La fausse information est tout d&rsquo;abord, un objet qui ne respecte pas l&rsquo;&eacute;thique tel qu&rsquo;admise par les journalistes, les relationnistes et autres professionnels de l&rsquo;information, parfois il ne respecte pas la loi et nous constatons dans ce contexte g&eacute;n&eacute;ral, une augmentation des fausses informations.&nbsp;</span><span lang="IT" style="color:black">(Ha et al, (2021); Ahinkorah, B. O et al, (2021); Allcott, H.&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Gentzkow, M. (2019)&nbsp;)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="color:black">G&eacute;n&eacute;ralement, les fausses informations, les faux contenus ou les rumeurs concernent principalement des &eacute;l&eacute;ments dramatiques, des &eacute;l&eacute;ments n&eacute;gatifs comme les catastrophes, les conflits politiques ou la sant&eacute;</span><span style="color:black">(</span><span style="color:black">Montesi, 2020). C&rsquo;est ainsi, que nous observons actuellement un grand nombre de fausses informations sur les vaccins et la vaccination</span><span style="color:black">&nbsp;(16)</span><span style="color:black">&nbsp;Mauro Maldonato.&nbsp;; et al (2020). Il nous semble que ces aspects se sont amplifi&eacute;s lors de l&rsquo;&eacute;lection de Trump en 2016 soutenue par un grand nombre de fausses informations et de manipulations produites notamment par&nbsp;<i>Cambdrige analytica</i>, c&rsquo;est aussi le cas lors de la campagne du&nbsp;<i>Brexit</i>, ou il &eacute;tait dit aux &eacute;lecteurs que voter pour le&nbsp;<i>Brexit</i>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="color:black">Ce ph&eacute;nom&egrave;ne s&rsquo;est acc&eacute;l&eacute;r&eacute; avec les r&eacute;seaux sociaux et le constat est que finalement les fausses informations v&eacute;hicul&eacute;es en 2016-2017 (Trump et Brexit) n&rsquo;&eacute;tait que le d&eacute;but d&rsquo;une longue s&eacute;rie nuisible &agrave; la vraie information, &agrave; la qualit&eacute; de l&rsquo;information. Ce qui a rendu encore plus important pour l&rsquo;organisation d&rsquo;avoir une strat&eacute;gie d&rsquo;information et un syst&egrave;me strict de traitement des donn&eacute;es et de son usage.&nbsp;&nbsp;Le faible co&ucirc;t pour produire du contenu, facilite la production de fausses informations&nbsp;</span><span style="color:black">(17)</span><span style="color:black">, d&rsquo;autant plus que le format des m&eacute;dias sociaux rend difficile de consid&eacute;rer l&#39;exactitude du contenu.</span><span style="color:black">&nbsp;(18)</span><span style="color:black">&nbsp; Shu, K al., (2017) ; Shu, K al., (2019)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <h2 style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; margin-top:3px"><span style="font-size:13pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri Light&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="color:#2f5496"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:19.933334350585938px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black">Pand&eacute;mie du Covid-19</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h2> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="color:black">La pand&eacute;mie du Covid-19 (maladie &agrave; coronavirus) a impos&eacute; de grands d&eacute;fis. Outre les impacts &eacute;conomiques et sociaux, l&#39;augmentation du nombre de cas et de d&eacute;c&egrave;s, la surcharge des services de sant&eacute; et la situation de vuln&eacute;rabilit&eacute; &agrave; laquelle les agents de sant&eacute; et plus g&eacute;n&eacute;ralement les travailleurs de premi&egrave;res lignes sont expos&eacute;s ont g&eacute;n&eacute;r&eacute; une &eacute;norme vague de souffrances.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="color:black">L&rsquo;&eacute;pid&eacute;mie et le confinement qui s&rsquo;en sont suivie repr&eacute;sente une crise mondiale sans pr&eacute;c&eacute;dent. Le confinement a g&eacute;n&eacute;r&eacute; le chaos dans les march&eacute;s et les soci&eacute;t&eacute;s, montrant des faiblesses structurelles et apportant de nouvelles menaces. Contrairement &agrave; ce qu&rsquo;on peut penser, ces faiblesses ne se sont pas limit&eacute;es au domaine m&eacute;dical, elles se sont &eacute;tendues &agrave; toute la soci&eacute;t&eacute; et &agrave; tous les domaines.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="color:black">La maladie &agrave; coronavirus (COVID-19), caus&eacute;e par le virus SRAS-CoV-2, s&#39;est manifest&eacute;e en Chine en d&eacute;cembre 2019 et le 11 mars 2020, elle a &eacute;t&eacute; reconnue par l&#39;Organisation mondiale de la sant&eacute; comme une pand&eacute;mie mondiale et depuis lors, elle a g&eacute;n&eacute;r&eacute; une crise sans pr&eacute;c&eacute;dent dans le monde. En peu de temps, il a pu se propager sur toute la plan&egrave;te, infectant des dizaines de millions de personnes et co&ucirc;tant la vie &agrave; des millions de personnes</span><span style="color:black">&nbsp;(19)</span><span style="color:black">.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="color:black">Compte tenu du peu de savoirs scientifiques sur son comportement, la strat&eacute;gie par excellence a &eacute;t&eacute; le confinement, comme mesure pr&eacute;ventive de sa propagation. Ce ph&eacute;nom&egrave;ne mondial a g&eacute;n&eacute;r&eacute; une crise des march&eacute;s et des soci&eacute;t&eacute;s, non seulement en d&eacute;t&eacute;riorant les conditions actuelles de vie et de fonctionnement de la soci&eacute;t&eacute;, mais ses effets pourraient durer des ann&eacute;es. Comme toujours dans toute crise, les secteurs les plus vuln&eacute;rables ont &eacute;t&eacute; les plus touch&eacute;s et les dommages caus&eacute;s, pour le moment, sont incalculables, c&rsquo;est le cas du secteur touristique en France ou du secteur de l&rsquo;exportation en Chine. Nous pourrions soutenir que les pand&eacute;mies ont tendance &agrave; r&eacute;v&eacute;ler les carences de chaque soci&eacute;t&eacute;. Mais ce n&#39;est pas tout, &agrave; partir de la d&eacute;stabilisation &eacute;conomique, politique et sociale qu&#39;ils provoquent, ils cr&eacute;ent de nouvelles menaces, aggravant encore plus les conditions de base. Le fait que les soci&eacute;t&eacute;s soient interconnect&eacute;es ne fait qu&rsquo;amplifier ces ph&eacute;nom&egrave;nes.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="color:black">Les principaux organismes internationaux du monde estiment que les indicateurs de d&eacute;veloppement &eacute;conomique et social donneront des r&eacute;sultats tr&egrave;s d&eacute;cevants dans un proche avenir. Par exemple, selon le&nbsp;<i>Programme des Nations Unies pour le d&eacute;veloppement</i>&nbsp;(PNUD, 2020), le d&eacute;veloppement humain mondial diminuera cette ann&eacute;e pour la premi&egrave;re fois depuis que le concept a &eacute;t&eacute; con&ccedil;u en 1990. Comme pr&eacute;vu, ce d&eacute;clin se produira dans la plupart des pays.&nbsp;<i>L&#39;Organisation internationale du travail&nbsp;</i>(OIT, 2020) estime que la moiti&eacute; de la main-d&#39;&oelig;uvre perdra son emploi dans les mois &agrave; venir et que la pand&eacute;mie pourrait co&ucirc;ter &agrave; l&#39;&eacute;conomie mondiale quelque 10 000 Milliards de dollars am&eacute;ricains. La&nbsp;<i>Banque mondiale</i>&nbsp;(Banque Mondiale, 2020) a averti que le virus entra&icirc;nerait cette ann&eacute;e 40 &agrave; 60 millions de personnes dans l&#39;extr&ecirc;me pauvret&eacute;.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="color:black">En r&eacute;alit&eacute;, il se peut que cette crise soit aussi une crise d&rsquo;anticipation, une crise de l&rsquo;information, l&rsquo;OMS est soup&ccedil;onn&eacute;e d&rsquo;avoir cach&eacute; la v&eacute;rit&eacute;, d&rsquo;avoir minimiser cette v&eacute;rit&eacute;, au profit de la Chine. Il est m&ecirc;me probable qu&rsquo;il y a eu d&eacute;perdition de l&rsquo;information &agrave; deux &eacute;tapes, premi&egrave;rement la Chine qui aurait cach&eacute; des informations &agrave; l&rsquo;OMS et ensuite l&rsquo;OMS qui aurait minimis&eacute; les informations que la Chine a bien voulu lui consentir. (</span><span style="color:black">20) (21) (22)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="color:black">Notre objectif de recherche est de comprendre d&rsquo;un point de vue info-communicationnel comment mettre en place une gouvernance de l&rsquo;information permettant &agrave; l&rsquo;organisation de valoriser ses informations, de pouvoir les mobiliser en temps voulu, de ne pas se noyer dans les informations et d&rsquo;avoir les informations utiles, enfin une organisation respectant l&rsquo;&eacute;thique et le droit en mati&egrave;re d&rsquo;information tel que pr&eacute;vue par la RGPD et autres lois sur la protection de l&rsquo;information et des donn&eacute;es personnelles.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="color:black">Etat de l&#39;art et probl&eacute;matique</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</li> </ul> <h2 style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; margin-top:3px"><span style="font-size:13pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri Light&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="color:#2f5496"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:19.933334350585938px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black">Gouvernance du processus informationnel&nbsp;: d&eacute;fis op&eacute;ratoires</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h2> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="color:black">Zwarich &amp; Maurel&nbsp;</span><span style="color:black">(2020)<i>&nbsp;</i>consid&egrave;rent la &laquo;&nbsp;gouvernance de l&rsquo;information&nbsp;&raquo; comme un nouveau d&eacute;fi. C&rsquo;est un d&eacute;fi que les entreprises et plus largement les organisations doivent relever. Il n&rsquo;est pas rare d&rsquo;entendre parler de la s&eacute;curit&eacute; des donn&eacute;es, de la s&eacute;curit&eacute; des donn&eacute;es, de la gestion des donn&eacute;es mais la vision de leur gouvernance est vue par Smallwood, (2020)&nbsp;avec une conception large, Il est &agrave; penser donc et sur la base des travaux de Smallwood, (2020), que la gouvernance du processus informationnelle inclus la s&eacute;curit&eacute; des donn&eacute;es et notamment la protection contre les attaques informatiques, Une telle gouvernance pourrait donc prot&eacute;ger les organisations contre un &eacute;v&egrave;nement comme celui de l&rsquo;attaque informatique contre l&rsquo;h&ocirc;pital de Dax.</span><span style="color:black">&nbsp;(23)</span>&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="color:black">La gouvernance informationnelle est donc l&rsquo;outil strat&eacute;gique avec lequel une organisation assure sa s&eacute;curit&eacute; informationnelle, se conforme aux obligations juridiques en mati&egrave;re d&rsquo;information, utilise l&rsquo;information &agrave; des fins d&rsquo;affaires et donc &agrave; des fins &eacute;conomiques, strat&eacute;gique et r&eacute;pond &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;thique de l&rsquo;information pour ne pas se retrouver dans un scandale comme celui de&nbsp;<i>Facebook Cambridge-Analytica</i>.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><i><span style="color:black">&laquo;&nbsp;</span></i><span style="color:black">La gouvernance de l&rsquo;information consiste &agrave; passer d&rsquo;une gestion r&eacute;active &agrave; une gestion proactive de l&rsquo;information<i>&nbsp;&raquo;&nbsp;</i></span><i><span style="color:black">(M&eacute;nard, 2020&nbsp;: 57)</span></i><span style="color:black">. C&rsquo;est une strat&eacute;gie d&rsquo;anticipation, une strat&eacute;gie de r&eacute;ponse mais c&rsquo;est aussi une strat&eacute;gie concurrentielle. L&rsquo;organisation se positionne en tant qu&rsquo;organisation pr&ecirc;te &agrave; une &eacute;ventuelle crise, pr&ecirc;te &agrave; r&eacute;pondre. Elle se positionne aussi en tant qu&rsquo;organisation mobilisatrice des informations pour ses objectifs, notamment ses objectifs d&rsquo;affaires ou ses objectifs de fournitures de biens et services. L&rsquo;organisation se positionne aussi comme une entit&eacute;, bon gestionnaire de son image, il en va dans ce cas, de sa r&eacute;putation et sa notori&eacute;t&eacute;. Il semble qu&rsquo;elle est donc dans une strat&eacute;gie &eacute;tablit pour chacune des exigences de son environnements et pour chacun de ses besoins. Toutefois, il est rappel&eacute; que cette strat&eacute;gie (&hellip;)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-left:47px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="color:black">Est plus collaborative et d&eacute;finie notamment par une &eacute;quipe pluridisciplinaire comprenant des sp&eacute;cialistes provenant &eacute;galement des technologies de l&rsquo;information, du juridique, des communications, des ressources humaines et du d&eacute;veloppement des comp&eacute;tences</span><span style="color:black">&nbsp;<i>(M&eacute;nard, 2020&nbsp;: 57)</i>.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="color:black">Ce qui pose des d&eacute;fis, dans la mesure o&ugrave; elle ne peut &ecirc;tre d&eacute;cr&eacute;ter par une simple circulaire interne ou inscrite dans le r&egrave;glement int&eacute;rieur ou d&eacute;cr&eacute;ter par une strat&eacute;gie venue du haut de l&rsquo;organisation, sans tout un processus. Ainsi, la strat&eacute;gie doit &ecirc;tre lat&eacute;rale et rassembleuse. Elle devrait inclure les diff&eacute;rents services et d&eacute;partements, elle doit aussi &ecirc;tre mise en place dans un esprit collaborative, dire, que si c&rsquo;est une organisation qui souffre d&eacute;j&agrave; d&rsquo;un certain nombre de dysfonctionnement, il sera difficile d&rsquo;implanter ce type de strat&eacute;gie de gouvernance. (Yahchouchi, 2007) ; (Silva &amp; Ali 2010).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="color:black">Le strat&egrave;ge d&rsquo;une telle gouvernance doit faire preuve de tactiques</span><a href="applewebdata://15E03426-9ABB-4692-B582-972EC0E53987#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[1]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="color:black">, de diplomaties et d&rsquo;esprit analytique. Il doit aussi &ecirc;tre un influenceur et un strat&egrave;ge dans le rep&eacute;rage, la d&eacute;finition et l&rsquo;apport de solutions en mati&egrave;re de gestion informationnelle.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-left:47px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="color:black">Afin de devenir des acteurs cl&eacute;s de la gouvernance de l&rsquo;information et de mieux d&eacute;montrer la valeur ajout&eacute;e de leurs actions, les professionnels de l&rsquo;information doivent acqu&eacute;rir et mobiliser des comp&eacute;tences en lien avec le pouvoir organisationnel (ce terme r&eacute;f&egrave;re &agrave; la capacit&eacute; d&rsquo;une personne ou d&rsquo;une unit&eacute; &agrave; influencer les autres pour obtenir les r&eacute;sultats souhait&eacute;s)<i>&nbsp;(Zwarich &amp; Maurel, 2020&nbsp;: p.53)</i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="color:black">Il est souhaitable de s&rsquo;inscrire dans le postulat de&nbsp;<i>Zwarich &amp; Maurel, (2020)</i>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-left:47px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="color:black">Compte tenu de la diversit&eacute; des acteurs impliqu&eacute;s dans les activit&eacute;s de gouvernance de l&rsquo;information, de multiples comp&eacute;tences sont n&eacute;cessaires pour mener de tels projets ou y participer<i>&nbsp;(Zwarich &amp; Maurel, 2020&nbsp;: p.53).&nbsp;</i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="color:black">De ce fait, la gouvernance du processus informationnel fait appel &agrave; des comp&eacute;tences vari&eacute;s. La premi&egrave;re vision qui pourrait venir &agrave; la lecture du paragraphe pr&eacute;c&egrave;dent est que seules les comp&eacute;tences informatiques sont n&eacute;cessaires, cela serait une erreur, par rapport &agrave; la taille du d&eacute;fi. En effet, c&rsquo;est une vision &eacute;tendue des comp&eacute;tences qui est exig&eacute; ici, des comp&eacute;tences mat&eacute;riels, intellectuels interdisciplinaires, dans diff&eacute;rents domaines, notamment des comp&eacute;tences organisationnelles.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="color:black">Pour une gouvernance informationnelle, il faut en r&eacute;alit&eacute; assurer une certaine ma&icirc;trise du Syst&egrave;me d&rsquo;Information (24). La construction des &eacute;l&eacute;ments informationnels &ndash; sous formes de traces, de donn&eacute;es non-structur&eacute;es, semi-structur&eacute;es et structur&eacute;es &ndash; suit un des circuits lorsqu&rsquo;elle rentre au sein de l&rsquo;organisation, Les donn&eacute;es sont ainsi, trait&eacute;es parfois retrait&eacute;es, ce qui peuvent cr&eacute;er aussi une nouvelle information. Ce ma&icirc;trise doit &ecirc;tre d&egrave;s le commencement de du processus informationnel, par des &laquo;&nbsp;chaines d&rsquo;op&eacute;rations&nbsp;&raquo; (Leleu-Merviel, 2017&nbsp;: p115), souvent par l&rsquo;extraction et ensuite le traitement, le stockage, l&rsquo;utilisation des donn&eacute;es.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="color:black">Il n&rsquo;est pas &agrave; confondre chaine d&rsquo;information avec chaine de valeur, La chaine d&rsquo;information est int&eacute;gr&eacute;e dans une conception qui implique la transition de l&rsquo;information de sa gestation, &agrave; sa conception, &agrave; son stockage, sa reproduction, son utilisation etc&hellip;&nbsp;</span><span style="color:black">Une telle chaine informationnelle commence &agrave; partir du moment o&ugrave; l&rsquo;objet intangible en question est transform&eacute; en un &eacute;l&eacute;ment informationnel. Ce d&eacute;but se situe au moment de la trace La chaine informationnelle commence quand la trace se transforme en information, &laquo;&nbsp;nous consid&eacute;rons qu&rsquo;une trace est constitu&eacute;e &agrave; partir d&rsquo;empreintes laiss&eacute;es volontairement ou non dans l&rsquo;environnement &agrave; l&rsquo;occasion d&rsquo;un processus&nbsp;&raquo;&nbsp;(Leleu-Merviel, 2017&nbsp;: p158).&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="color:black">Pour revenir &agrave; la chaine d&rsquo;information et sa gouvernance, la trace devient information. Elle est par la suite stock&eacute;e, de plus en plus de fa&ccedil;on num&eacute;rique. C&rsquo;est l&agrave;, qu&rsquo;elle suit un processus en chaine, elle est stock&eacute;e, consult&eacute;, r&eacute;utilis&eacute;, supprimer, c&eacute;der etc&hellip;, cette chaine se compose de trois &eacute;l&eacute;ments principaux, acquisition, traitement et communication.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="color:black">Toutefois, d&rsquo;autres difficult&eacute;es se posent comme celle de la cr&eacute;dibilit&eacute; par exemple, les acteurs qui n&eacute;cessitent la cr&eacute;dibilit&eacute; de l&rsquo;intervenant sont les habitudes de fonctionnement de l&rsquo;organisation, les craintes du gestionnaire, les relations de pouvoir dans l&rsquo;organisation, l&rsquo;&eacute;cart entre l&rsquo;approche de l&rsquo;intervenant et le gestionnaire, les tensions conflictuelles dans l&rsquo;organisation etc&hellip;. (Laram&eacute;e, 2009), subs&eacute;quemment, la gouvernance informationnelle a besoin d&rsquo;une strat&eacute;gie de gouvernance informationnelle tout comme d&rsquo;un plan, de la sorte que l&rsquo;intervention soit &agrave; la hauteur des enjeux et m&eacute;nage tout comme implique les parties prenantes, l&rsquo;acteur humain, parties prenantes ou parfois non est toujours derri&egrave;re l&rsquo;information et derri&egrave;re le processus informationnel.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="color:black">La gestion de la chaine informationnelle repr&eacute;sente de nombreux d&eacute;fis. D&rsquo;o&ugrave; l&rsquo;importance d&rsquo;une politique de gouvernance par rapport aux enjeux informationnel contemporain. Ainsi, une telle politique doit &ecirc;tre g&eacute;rer au niveau op&eacute;rationnel et au niveau strat&eacute;gique. Les strat&egrave;ges de l&rsquo;organisation ne devraient pas, ignorer l&rsquo;importance de la gestion de la chaine informationnelle.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-left:47px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="color:black">Tous ces avantages potentiels (&agrave; la gouvernance du processus informationnel) ceux qui sont en responsabilit&eacute; de la gouvernance strat&eacute;gique de l&#39;information peuvent difficilement se permettre d&#39;ignorer ce que les impl&eacute;mentations d&eacute;centralis&eacute;es de technologies de confiance distribu&eacute;es peuvent offrir &agrave; leurs organisations</span><span style="color:black">&nbsp;&raquo;</span><span style="color:black">&nbsp;(Lemieux&nbsp;<i>et al.,</i>&nbsp;2020&nbsp;: 305).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="color:black">C&rsquo;est pour cela que Lemieux (2020) sugg&egrave;re une approche hybride de la gouvernance informationnelle. La d&eacute;marche&nbsp;</span><span style="color:black">d&eacute;crit les nouveaux d&eacute;fis que les approches hybrides introduisent pour la gouvernance du processus informationnel et ce que les professionnels de l&#39;information devraient faire pour traverser une p&eacute;riode de transition &eacute;pineuse.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-left:47px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="color:black">Contre intuitivement, il peut &ecirc;tre beaucoup mieux pour les professionnels de l&#39;information d&#39;adopter la d&eacute;centralisation lors de la mise en &oelig;uvre de technologies de confiance distribu&eacute;es, car les mod&egrave;les hybrides pourraient offrir le pire des mondes centralis&eacute; et futur d&eacute;centralis&eacute; si l&#39;on consid&egrave;re l&#39;&eacute;quilibre entre les risques de gouvernance de l&#39;information et les nouvelles opportunit&eacute;s commerciales strat&eacute;giques.&nbsp;(Lemieux&nbsp;<i>et al</i>., 2020, p 301),</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="color:black">Cette approche est &agrave; la fois centralis&eacute;e et d&eacute;centralis&eacute;e, Cela permet de d&eacute;l&eacute;guer mais au m&ecirc;me temps de contr&ocirc;ler D&rsquo;avoir une gouvernance qui &eacute;tablit les plus grandes lignes mais avec une marge de man&oelig;uvre pour les managers op&eacute;rationnelles et les services op&eacute;rationnels. Toutefois, il y a un revers de la m&eacute;daille. La chaine informationnelle doit &ecirc;tre g&eacute;rer avec une politique orienter processus informationnel, c&rsquo;est-&agrave;-dire que sa gouvernance doit dans sa gestion et &eacute;ventuellement dans sa strat&eacute;gie hybride se baser sur les imp&eacute;ratives informationnelle avant les imp&eacute;ratives d&rsquo;affaires, qu&rsquo;ils soient techniques, juridiques ou organisationnelle.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="color:black">Notre probl&eacute;matique est celle de comprendre comment g&eacute;rer les outils m&eacute;diatiques, technologiques et informationnelles par l&rsquo;adoption d&rsquo;une gouvernance informationnelle dans le respect de l&rsquo;&eacute;thique, vie priv&eacute;e et dans le contexte d&rsquo;un besoin optimale de gestion de l&rsquo;information.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="color:black">Notre probl&eacute;matique est de comprendre comment mettre en place une gouvernance informationnelle qui r&eacute;pond aux difficult&eacute;s et aux contextes pr&eacute;c&eacute;dents&nbsp;?&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoFooter" style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="color:black">M&eacute;thodologie de recherche</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="color:black">L&rsquo;&eacute;tude de la m&eacute;thodologie permet de constituer le savoir. Une m&eacute;thodologie est une combinaison sp&eacute;cifique de m&eacute;thodes et techniques de recherche mobilis&eacute;e pour mener &agrave; bien un projet de recherche. Nous pouvons dire aussi que la m&eacute;thodologie est la branche de la logique &eacute;tudiant les m&eacute;thodes des diff&eacute;rentes sciences, autrement dit, c&rsquo;est un ensemble de r&egrave;gles et de d&eacute;marches adopt&eacute;es pour conduire une recherche</span><span style="color:black">&nbsp;(25)</span><span style="color:black">. &laquo;&nbsp;La diff&eacute;renciation entre &laquo; m&eacute;thodologie &raquo; et &laquo; m&eacute;thode &raquo; n&rsquo;est pas toujours claire en SHS, l&rsquo;une est souvent confondue avec l&rsquo;autre&nbsp;&raquo; (Labour, 2011&nbsp;: 160). Nous allons travailler sur une seule organisation avec une m&eacute;thodologie et plusieurs m&eacute;thodes. N&eacute;anmoins, nous expliquerons dans le chapitre m&eacute;thodologique l&rsquo;importance d&rsquo;une &eacute;tude exploratoire axiomatico-inductive et la possibilit&eacute; de faire celle-ci sur un cas unique d&rsquo;organisation. L&rsquo;importance aussi est celle d&rsquo;ouvrir la voie en mati&egrave;re d&rsquo;&eacute;tudes exploratoires sur la gouvernance de l&rsquo;information. Nos m&eacute;thodes sont l&rsquo;utilisation du &laquo;&nbsp;repertory grid&nbsp;&raquo; c&rsquo;est-&agrave;-dire la grille des r&eacute;pertoires sous formes d&rsquo;entretiens destin&eacute; &agrave; quantifi&eacute; des valeurs qui vont de 1 &agrave; 5 et pr&eacute;c&eacute;d&eacute; d&rsquo;entretiens purement qualitatives.&nbsp;Nous souhaitons une recherche de nature qualitative, et accessoirement quantitative l&rsquo;aspect qualitative est ad&eacute;quat pour les recherches exploratoires. Nous souhaitons aussi opter pour une vision constructiviste.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <ol start="19" style="list-style-type:lower-alpha"> <li style="text-align:justify" value="5803472681"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-weight:bold">&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></li> </ol> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="color:black">Nous avons proc&eacute;d&eacute; &agrave; 4 entretiens, de trois heures chacun, souvent avec des coupures (qui ne comptent pas dans le nombre d&rsquo;heures) cela d&eacute;bouche sur un besoin de transparence, de souplesse en mati&egrave;re de cr&eacute;ativit&eacute;, au m&ecirc;me temps la demande d&rsquo;un system d&rsquo;information moins rigide, de m&ecirc;me qu&rsquo;une hi&eacute;rarchie hybride qui navigue entre supervision et autonomie ont &eacute;t&eacute; &eacute;voqu&eacute;e.&nbsp;&nbsp;La clart&eacute; et le sens critique ont &eacute;t&eacute; &eacute;voqu&eacute;e sans pour autant oublier le sens critique.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="color:black">Les personnes ayant fait l&rsquo;objet d&rsquo;un entretien ne semblent pas r&eacute;ticentes &agrave; une politique de l&rsquo;information, &agrave; une gouvernance de l&rsquo;information qui optimise le fonctionnement de l&rsquo;organisation et qui r&eacute;pond aussi aux besoins &eacute;thiques, s&eacute;curit&eacute; informatique et respect de la vie priv&eacute;e. Toutefois, le fonctionnement se doit d&rsquo;&ecirc;tre participatif et respectueux des acteurs de la chaine de l&rsquo;information. Par ce qu&rsquo;il a &eacute;t&eacute; constat&eacute; que si la volont&eacute; est pr&eacute;sente, la circonspection l&rsquo;est aussi, notamment par rapport &agrave; la hi&eacute;rarchie et l&rsquo;authenticit&eacute; de cette volont&eacute; d&rsquo;avoir une gouvernance informationnelle &laquo;&nbsp;moderne&nbsp;&raquo;.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><b><span style="color:black">Bibliographie&nbsp;</span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Ahinkorah, B. O., Ameyaw, E. K., Hagan Jr, J. E., Seidu, A. A., &amp; Schack, T. (2020).&nbsp;</span></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Rising above misinformation or fake news in Africa: Another strategy to control COVID-19 spread.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span><span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Frontiers in Communication,&nbsp;5, 45.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Allcott, H., &amp; Gentzkow, M. (2019). Replication data for: Social Media and Fake News in the 2016 Election</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="color:black">Guriev</span><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial"><span style="caret-color:#323232; text-align:start; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="float:none"><span style="word-spacing:0px">, S. &amp;&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="box-sizing:border-box; text-align:start; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="caret-color:#323232"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="word-spacing:0px">Papaioannou</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial"><span style="caret-color:#323232; text-align:start; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="float:none"><span style="word-spacing:0px">, E. (2021). Pourquoi la menace populiste persiste.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><i style="box-sizing:border-box; caret-color:#323232; font-variant-caps:normal; text-align:start; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; word-spacing:0px"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black">SAY</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial"><span style="caret-color:#323232; text-align:start; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="float:none"><span style="word-spacing:0px">, 5, 116-123.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color:black"><a href="https://doi.org/10.3917/say.005.0116" style="color:inherit; text-decoration:underline; box-sizing:border-box; caret-color:#323232; font-variant-caps:normal; text-align:start; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; word-spacing:0px"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black"><span style="text-decoration:none">https://doi.org/10.3917/say.005.0116</span></span></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Ha, L., Andreu Perez, L., &amp; Ray, R. (2021).&nbsp;</span></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Mapping recent development in scholarship on fake news and misinformation, 2008 to 2017: Disciplinary contribution, topics, and impact. American behavioral scientist, 65(2), 290-315&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Hobolt, S. B. (2016). The Brexit vote: a divided nation, a divided continent.&nbsp;Journal of European Public Policy,&nbsp;23(9), 1259-1277.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="color:black">Labour, M. (2011).&nbsp;<i>Universit&eacute; Lille Nord de France &Eacute;cole doctorale 473-SHS Laboratoire Design Visuel et Urbain Equipe d&#39;Accueil 2445 MEDIA-REPERES. Une m&eacute;thode pour l&#39;explicitation des construits de sens au visionnage</i>&nbsp;(Doctoral dissertation, Universit&eacute; de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambr&eacute;sis, UVHC, (France)).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Laram&eacute;e, A. 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La guerre commerciale et technologique entre la Chine et les Etats-Unis. L&#39;affaire TikTok. 2020.&nbsp;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria Math&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black">&lang;</span></span><span style="color:black">hal-03041885</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria Math&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black">&rang;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="line-height:24px"><a href="https://www.lapresse.ca/societe/mode-et-beaute/2021-04-23/coton/quels-sont-les-choix-pour-les-clients.php" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="text-decoration:none">https://www.lapresse.ca/societe/mode-et-beaute/2021-04-23/coton/quels-sont-les-choix-pour-les-clients.php</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="line-height:24px"><a href="https://www.lapresse.ca/international/asie-et-oceanie/2021-04-19/repression-des-ouighours-en-chine/du-travail-force-dans-votre-t-shirt.php" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="text-decoration:none">https://www.lapresse.ca/international/asie-et-oceanie/2021-04-19/repression-des-ouighours-en-chine/du-travail-force-dans-votre-t-shirt.php</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></span></li> </ol> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <ol start="16"> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="line-height:24px"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">World Health Organization. Mental Health and Psychosocial Considerations during the COVID-19 Outbreak, [online] Available: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/mental-health-considerations.pdf.</span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="line-height:24px"><a href="http://nyintl.net/2017/06/the-worryingly-low-cost-of-producing-fake-news/" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="text-decoration:none">http://nyintl.net/2017/06/the-worryingly-low-cost-of-producing-fake-news/</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></span></li> </ol> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <ol start="18"> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="line-height:24px"><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/nov/15/facebook-fake-news-us-election-trump-clinton" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="text-decoration:none">https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/nov/15/facebook-fake-news-us-election-trump-clinton</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></span></li> </ol> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <ol start="19"> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="line-height:24px"><a href="https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="text-decoration:none">https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></span></li> </ol> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <ol start="20"> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="line-height:24px"><a href="https://apnews.com/article/pandemics-beijing-only-on-ap-epidemics-media-122b73e134b780919cc1808f3f6f16e8" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="text-decoration:none">https://apnews.com/article/pandemics-beijing-only-on-ap-epidemics-media-122b73e134b780919cc1808f3f6f16e8</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">&nbsp;(Consult&eacute; le 25/04/2021)</span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="line-height:24px"><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/feb/07/coronavirus-chinese-rage-death-whistleblower-doctor-li-wenliang" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="text-decoration:none">https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/feb/07/coronavirus-chinese-rage-death-whistleblower-doctor-li-wenliang</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">(Consult&eacute; le 25/04/2021)</span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="line-height:24px"><a href="https://apnews.com/article/virus-outbreak-health-ap-top-news-international-news-weekend-reads-68a9e1b91de4ffc166acd6012d82c2f9" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="text-decoration:none">https://apnews.com/article/virus-outbreak-health-ap-top-news-international-news-weekend-reads-68a9e1b91de4ffc166acd6012d82c2f9</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">(Consult&eacute; le 25/04/2021)</span></span></span></span></span></li> </ol> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <ol start="23"> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><a href="https://www.sudouest.fr/landes/dax/cyberattaque-a-l-hopital-de-dax-un-espoir-pour-les-urgences-la-semaine-prochaine-1371829.php" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="text-decoration:none">https://www.sudouest.fr/landes/dax/cyberattaque-a-l-hopital-de-dax-un-espoir-pour-les-urgences-la-semaine-prochaine-1371829.php</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">&nbsp;consult&eacute; le 21 f&eacute;vrier 2021.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></li> </ol> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <ol start="24"> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="line-height:24px"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Difference Between Strategy and Policy. June 22,&nbsp;<b>2015</b>&nbsp;By&nbsp;Surbhi S. http://keydifferences.com/difference-between-tactics-and-strategy.html (28,11,2015)</span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Source&nbsp;</span><a href="https://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/m%C3%A9thodologie" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="text-decoration:none">https://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/m&eacute;thodologie</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">&nbsp;consult&eacute; le 03 juin 2021</span></span></span></span></span></li> </ol> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="IntellNum-corpsdetexte" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <div style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</div>