<p align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:22px"><b><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">De la donn&eacute;e sensible &agrave; la sensibilit&eacute; des donn&eacute;es&nbsp;:</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:22px"><b><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Entre fragilit&eacute; postdigitale et carences juridiques</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:center">&nbsp;</p> <p align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:center">&nbsp;</p> <p align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:22px"><i><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Bettina Bordure (Universit&eacute; de Toulon/CERC) &amp; Albin Wagener (Universit&eacute; Rennes&nbsp;2/INALCO)</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <ol> <li class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:8px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">D&eacute;fis l&eacute;gislatifs de la soci&eacute;t&eacute; postdigitale</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> </ol> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;En f&eacute;vrier dernier, les donn&eacute;es de sant&eacute; de plus de 500&thinsp;000&nbsp;Fran&ccedil;ais sont diffus&eacute;es sur Internet, &agrave; la suite d&rsquo;un conflit entre pirates, et alors qu&rsquo;elles &eacute;taient cens&eacute;es &ecirc;tre mises en vente au march&eacute; noir<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>. La fuite de ces donn&eacute;es, pourtant issues de laboratoires m&eacute;dicaux utilisant un syst&egrave;me de sant&eacute; cens&eacute; pr&eacute;venir de ces cyberattaques, interrogea les autorit&eacute;s comp&eacute;tentes, dont la CNIL, la Commission nationale de l&rsquo;informatique et des libert&eacute;s (Kerkour, 2021&nbsp;; Coquaz, Gouthi&egrave;re, Horn, Lebouq, 2021). Outre la divulgation de donn&eacute;es intimes et l&rsquo;atteinte &agrave; la vie priv&eacute;e, ces informations sont consid&eacute;r&eacute;es comme sensibles par les textes de loi europ&eacute;ens et fran&ccedil;ais<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>, et leur traitement est par principe interdit. L&rsquo;article&nbsp;9 du RGPD soumet le traitement des &laquo;&thinsp;donn&eacute;es g&eacute;n&eacute;tiques&thinsp;&raquo; &agrave; des exceptions afin de l&rsquo;autoriser, au vu de leur intimit&eacute; avec la personne et de la potentialit&eacute; des discriminations qui pourraient r&eacute;sulter de leur divulgation. Le l&eacute;gislateur a donc bien pris conscience, et ce depuis plus de quarante ans, de l&rsquo;importance de prot&eacute;ger les informations personnelles et, &agrave; plus forte raison, celles qui sont susceptibles de r&eacute;v&eacute;ler des donn&eacute;es tr&egrave;s intimes. Pourtant, l&rsquo;actualit&eacute; d&eacute;montre bien que cette volont&eacute; du droit ne suffit pas &agrave; garantir une protection efficiente aux individus.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">L&rsquo;une des solutions est d&rsquo;&eacute;largir le point de vue juridique pour porter un regard interdisciplinaire sur l&rsquo;&eacute;volution des enjeux li&eacute;s &agrave; la protection des donn&eacute;es personnelles sensibles. Ainsi, au sein de l&rsquo;environnement purement juridique, le l&eacute;gislateur a-t-il vraiment une appr&eacute;hension globale de l&rsquo;environnement num&eacute;rique&thinsp;? Il serait int&eacute;ressant d&rsquo;examiner la question des donn&eacute;es personnelles en la reliant &agrave; celle de l&rsquo;identit&eacute; individuelle, de la postdigitalisation de nos soci&eacute;t&eacute;s et des n&eacute;cessaires &eacute;volutions juridiques qui doivent d&eacute;couler de ces transformations sociales profondes. Il appara&icirc;t en effet que seule une compr&eacute;hension de l&rsquo;utilisation de la technologie peut permettre une protection efficace de l&rsquo;individu &mdash; ce qui ne para&icirc;t pas &ecirc;tre le cas lorsque l&rsquo;on s&rsquo;enferme dans une vision de juriste strict.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">C&rsquo;est la facult&eacute; de dresser le portrait d&rsquo;un individu qu&rsquo;offrent les donn&eacute;es personnelles, une fois recoup&eacute;es, qui les rend susceptibles de porter atteinte &agrave; la vie priv&eacute;e, pourtant consacr&eacute;e et prot&eacute;g&eacute;e depuis longtemps dans les textes fondamentaux et les d&eacute;cisions.<a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>&nbsp;Force est n&eacute;anmoins de constater que l&rsquo;individu, revendicateur d&rsquo;une meilleure protection de ses donn&eacute;es, est &eacute;galement instigateur d&rsquo;une exposition num&eacute;rique, volontaire, car s&rsquo;inscrivant dans un mouvement social et g&eacute;n&eacute;rationnel, mais &eacute;galement involontaire&thinsp;; n&rsquo;ayant pas les connaissances techniques pour assurer sa protection, il laisse souvent ses informations &agrave; la merci d&rsquo;intrusions. Toute la complexit&eacute; de la question r&eacute;side dans le basculement postdigital de nos soci&eacute;t&eacute;s et&nbsp;<a>dans</a></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px">&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">la circulation d&rsquo;informations (Taffel, 2015), autant que de discours, interrogeant &agrave; la fois la place de l&rsquo;individu comme source, organisateur et victime de la circulation de ses propres donn&eacute;es &mdash; le tout &agrave; une &eacute;poque narrative (Wagener, 2020) o&ugrave; la production de r&eacute;cits et d&rsquo;informations provoque forc&eacute;ment la production de donn&eacute;es (Rallet &amp; Rochelandet, 2011).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;La question des donn&eacute;es personnelles peut donc &ecirc;tre envisag&eacute;e &agrave; travers le prisme des &eacute;tudes postdigitales, courant &eacute;pist&eacute;mologique et th&eacute;orique relativement r&eacute;cent, qui a &eacute;merg&eacute; au moment de l&rsquo;essor de ce que l&rsquo;on appelle le web&nbsp;2.0 (Herring, 2013), soit le passage d&rsquo;un Internet de la documentation pure &agrave; un Internet de la mise en relation sociale des utilisateurs. Dans cette perspective, Internet n&rsquo;est plus un simple outil technologique qui permet l&rsquo;acc&egrave;s &agrave; l&rsquo;information, mais se transforme en un v&eacute;ritable canal d&rsquo;interactions sociales, qui s&rsquo;incarne &agrave; travers des formes multiples, redistribuant et reconfigurant ainsi la mani&egrave;re de faire soci&eacute;t&eacute;. Selon la th&eacute;orie postdigitale (Andersen, Cox &amp; Papadopoulos,&nbsp;2014&thinsp;; Cramer, 2015), dans la lign&eacute;e de l&rsquo;essor de l&rsquo;analyse des pratiques sociales num&eacute;riques, il n&rsquo;y a pas d&rsquo;un c&ocirc;t&eacute; un monde virtuel et de l&rsquo;autre un monde r&eacute;el. Au contraire, ces deux dimensions, sorte de r&eacute;flexe de reliquat dualiste, ne rendent pas compte de la complexit&eacute; croissante de nos soci&eacute;t&eacute;s et de l&rsquo;interp&eacute;n&eacute;tration croissante des pratiques sociales num&eacute;riques et non num&eacute;riques, qui modifient en profondeur la tectonique des rapports sociaux et de notre relation &agrave; l&rsquo;identit&eacute; individuelle (Wagener, 2018). Dans ce contexte, c&rsquo;est d&rsquo;ailleurs pr&eacute;cis&eacute;ment parce que le num&eacute;rique bouleverse le monde social que la question de la protection juridique des donn&eacute;es personnelles est aussi pr&eacute;gnante&nbsp;: l&rsquo;irruption de drames li&eacute;s au cyberharc&egrave;lement, par exemple, montre bel et bien &agrave; quel point les fronti&egrave;res se retrouvent brouill&eacute;es, et comme il serait illusoire de penser le num&eacute;rique comme un espace clos, distinct d&rsquo;un monde social &laquo;&thinsp;r&eacute;el&thinsp;&raquo; ou &laquo;&thinsp;physique&thinsp;&raquo;.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Le l&eacute;gislateur fran&ccedil;ais lui-m&ecirc;me semble avoir du mal &agrave; se ranger d&rsquo;un c&ocirc;t&eacute; ou de l&rsquo;autre de la fronti&egrave;re. Tant&ocirc;t, il transpose des dispositions existantes au monde num&eacute;rique, dispositions devenant alors le prolongement de la loi du monde &laquo;&thinsp;r&eacute;el&thinsp;&raquo;, comme ce fut le cas avec le d&eacute;lit d&rsquo;usurpation d&rsquo;identit&eacute; &mdash; tant&ocirc;t, il cr&eacute;e un cadre juridique nouveau autour de la donn&eacute;e personnelle. Dans ce contexte, le statut de la donn&eacute;e touche &agrave; la fois aux probl&eacute;matiques d&rsquo;identit&eacute; et &agrave; celle de la construction d&rsquo;un cadre adapt&eacute;, qui permettrait de r&egrave;glementer ces transformations sociales, o&ugrave; num&eacute;rique et non num&eacute;rique s&rsquo;interp&eacute;n&egrave;trent pour construire une nouvelle r&eacute;alit&eacute;. De ce point de vue, la notion de donn&eacute;e personnelle elle-m&ecirc;me a &eacute;t&eacute; consid&eacute;rablement enrichie. M<span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:white">on&eacute;tis&eacute;es par les moteurs de recherche, les r&eacute;seaux sociaux ou les applications digitales, les donn&eacute;es susceptibles d&rsquo;entrer dans le champ d&rsquo;application du texte augmentent, rendant de plus en plus ardue leur protection compl&egrave;te. (Benabou, 2017)</span></span>.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;S&rsquo;il est si important de prot&eacute;ger les donn&eacute;es, c&rsquo;est qu&rsquo;elles sont des faisceaux, des morceaux de l&rsquo;identit&eacute; d&rsquo;une personne, car elles r&eacute;v&egrave;lent sa vie priv&eacute;e et son intimit&eacute; &mdash; s&rsquo;il est si difficile de mettre en &oelig;uvre cette protection, c&rsquo;est que l&rsquo;environnement virtuel est consid&eacute;r&eacute; tant&ocirc;t comme une extension du monde r&eacute;el, tant&ocirc;t comme un nouvel espace o&ugrave; tout est &agrave; construire, brouillant ainsi les pistes.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;R&eacute;fl&eacute;chir &agrave; ces questions par une approche interdisciplinaire permet, au-del&agrave; de l&rsquo;enrichissement mutuel de deux domaines de recherches, de remettre en lumi&egrave;re la question de l&rsquo;impact des g&eacute;ants du num&eacute;rique dans cet environnement digital, o&ugrave; ils jouent (ou refusent de jouer) un r&ocirc;le qui n&rsquo;est pas toujours lisible (Halpin, 2008). Il s&rsquo;agit donc de montrer que le l&eacute;gislateur, cr&eacute;ateur du droit essentiel &agrave; la vie d&eacute;mocratique et sociale (Commaille, 2015) doit proposer des solutions qui tiennent compte de la complexit&eacute; grandissante de nos soci&eacute;t&eacute;s postdigitales et de leur course au progr&egrave;s technologique (Taffel, 2015).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">2) Appr&eacute;hension de la vie priv&eacute;e num&eacute;ris&eacute;e par le droit et par l&rsquo;homme</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">La vie priv&eacute;e, lors de sa mat&eacute;rialisation dans la loi, &eacute;tait plus ais&eacute;e &agrave; appr&eacute;hender qu&rsquo;elle ne l&rsquo;est aujourd&rsquo;hui. La porte de la maison signifiait le d&eacute;but de l&rsquo;intimit&eacute;, puisque tout &eacute;tait &laquo;&thinsp;tangible&thinsp;&raquo;, ce qui n&rsquo;est plus le cas avec l&rsquo;immat&eacute;riel (Chabaane, 2015, p.&nbsp;15). Le domaine de la vie priv&eacute;e n&rsquo;a pas chang&eacute;, quelle qu&rsquo;en soit l&rsquo;appr&eacute;hension personnelle du juriste ou de l&rsquo;individu, mais les facilit&eacute;s de divulgation de celle-ci ont incroyablement augment&eacute; &mdash; en t&eacute;moigne l&rsquo;augmentation d&rsquo;un contentieux tr&egrave;s important en la mati&egrave;re, particuli&egrave;rement depuis l&rsquo;apparition de la presse &agrave; scandales, renforc&eacute; par le num&eacute;rique.<a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">[4]</span></span></span></span></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Tout comme on le verra plus en avant pour les donn&eacute;es personnelles sensibles, la notion de vie priv&eacute;e est empreinte d&rsquo;une grande part de subjectivit&eacute;. Chacun y voit la d&eacute;finition qu&rsquo;il s&rsquo;applique, compliquant l&rsquo;adoption d&rsquo;un consensus en la mati&egrave;re. Avant m&ecirc;me que n&rsquo;apparaissent les nouvelles technologies, la notion n&rsquo;&eacute;tait pas d&eacute;limit&eacute;e pr&eacute;cis&eacute;ment. &Agrave; titre d&rsquo;exemple, le Canada refuse d&rsquo;octroyer une protection &agrave; toute personne qui n&rsquo;a pas &eacute;t&eacute; pr&eacute;cautionneuse quant &agrave; sa vie priv&eacute;e, consid&eacute;rant que si les informations ont &eacute;t&eacute; d&eacute;livr&eacute;es volontairement, l&rsquo;&Eacute;tat n&rsquo;a aucune aide &agrave; donner (Gautrais, 2016). Comment prot&eacute;ger une personne qui a volontairement mis en avant sa vie priv&eacute;e ou pire, celle de ses amis&thinsp;? Car ce qu&rsquo;occultent les lois fran&ccedil;aises et europ&eacute;ennes, c&rsquo;est la facilit&eacute; avec laquelle tout individu peut divulguer des informations sur ses proches sans avoir obtenu leur consentement. Publier une photographie de soi entour&eacute; d&rsquo;amis sur un r&eacute;seau social, en les identifiant, est une pratique rentr&eacute;e dans les m&oelig;urs et pour laquelle il est rare de demander l&rsquo;autorisation de ces derniers (De Filipi, 2016, p.&nbsp;106). Les identifi&eacute;s pourront a posteriori refuser que le contenu apparaisse sur leur propre profil, mais la diffusion de la photo ne peut &ecirc;tre annul&eacute;e et les informations qu&rsquo;en aura tir&eacute;es le r&eacute;seau social pour cr&eacute;er sa publicit&eacute; cibl&eacute;e seront d&eacute;j&agrave; enregistr&eacute;es. Il faudrait donc contr&ocirc;ler individuellement les divulgations de vie priv&eacute;e des individus, mais &eacute;galement de leurs proches pour qu&rsquo;aucune atteinte ne soit rendue possible, ce qui est impossible.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">La question de la vie priv&eacute;e divise les juristes quant &agrave; son champ d&rsquo;application. Gr&acirc;ce &agrave; la possibilit&eacute; de recoupement des informations, chaque donn&eacute;e peut potentiellement devenir un indice sur l&rsquo;intimit&eacute; d&rsquo;une personne. Ainsi, un effort de r&eacute;flexion et de d&eacute;finition se dessine dans la doctrine. La technologie a &eacute;volu&eacute;, faisant &eacute;voluer &eacute;galement la notion de vie priv&eacute;e, d&rsquo;o&ugrave; la complexification progressive du d&eacute;bat, puisque l&rsquo;on fait d&eacute;sormais face &agrave; une sorte d&rsquo;extension publicis&eacute;e de l&rsquo;intime sur un nouveau territoire qu&rsquo;est l&rsquo;Internet. D&rsquo;ailleurs, d&egrave;s le d&eacute;but des ann&eacute;es&nbsp;2000 et l&rsquo;av&egrave;nement du web&nbsp;2.0, les enjeux de la confidentialit&eacute; en ligne seront rapidement crois&eacute;s avec les enjeux de justice et d&rsquo;&eacute;thique, posant ainsi des questions qui perdurent encore aujourd&rsquo;hui (Ashworth &amp; Clinton, 2006), tels que les probl&egrave;mes li&eacute;s &agrave; l&rsquo;exploitation des donn&eacute;es par les g&eacute;ants num&eacute;riques. De fait, la facilit&eacute; avec laquelle les informations circulent augmente le risque de d&eacute;voilement et de partage &agrave; des destinataires non d&eacute;sir&eacute;s. Les technologies de partage augmentent sans arr&ecirc;t&nbsp;(Bluetooth, wifi, appairage d&rsquo;appareils), et mettent la soci&eacute;t&eacute; devant un ensemble croissant de probl&eacute;matiques, qui touchent absolument tous les &acirc;ges. De nouvelles pratiques se sont m&ecirc;me d&eacute;velopp&eacute;es, permises par le num&eacute;rique. Le &laquo;&thinsp;revenge porn&thinsp;&raquo; est un nouveau fl&eacute;au qui pr&eacute;sente un ensemble d&rsquo;enjeux particuli&egrave;rement complexes, notamment pour les jeunes g&eacute;n&eacute;rations, moins m&eacute;fiantes de ces pratiques&nbsp;: filmer un partenaire pendant un &eacute;bat sexuel pour ensuite le divulguer &agrave; la rupture est rendu possible par la technologie. Le droit a d&rsquo;ailleurs d&ucirc; s&rsquo;y adapter, le Code p&eacute;nal pr&eacute;voyant une peine sp&eacute;ciale &agrave; l&rsquo;article&nbsp;226-2-1. La situation du &laquo;&thinsp;revenge porn&thinsp;&raquo;, puisqu&rsquo;il m&ecirc;le &agrave; la fois le fl&eacute;au des abus sexuels, le droit &agrave; l&rsquo;image et la diffusion de celles-ci, mais &eacute;galement la question des dommages psychologiques li&eacute;s &agrave; l&rsquo;exposition de l&rsquo;intimit&eacute;, au-del&agrave; d&rsquo;un environnement initial, gr&acirc;ce et &agrave; travers la technologie num&eacute;rique&nbsp;: ici, on se retrouve dans une situation d&rsquo;agression postdigitale, puisque ce sont les technologies qui permettent &agrave; la fois l&rsquo;enregistrement mat&eacute;riel des donn&eacute;es filmiques, mais &eacute;galement leur transmission, notamment &agrave; travers les r&eacute;seaux sociaux choisis par les agresseurs (McGlynn, Rackley &amp; Houghton, 2017). Dans cette optique, on se retrouve au c&oelig;ur d&rsquo;un d&eacute;bat int&eacute;gralement postidigital, lui-m&ecirc;me au c&oelig;ur d&rsquo;un enchev&ecirc;trement de dimensions physiques et intimes d&rsquo;une part, et technologiques et m&eacute;diatiques d&rsquo;autre part.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Qui bl&acirc;mer&thinsp;? Le juriste, le cr&eacute;ateur de la machine, le propri&eacute;taire du r&eacute;seau, l&rsquo;utilisateur&thinsp;? D&egrave;s qu&rsquo;il est question de num&eacute;rique, il semble que les autres domaines s&rsquo;amoindrissent&thinsp;; par exemple, &laquo;&thinsp;le lien entre la psychologie (&agrave; l&rsquo;instar de la majorit&eacute; des sciences humaines) et l&rsquo;informatique est con&ccedil;u comme un rapport de subordination de la premi&egrave;re &agrave; la seconde.&thinsp;&raquo; (Thierry, 2009, p.&nbsp;93-94). En outre, un mouvement particulier de d&eacute;voilement de soi a vu le jour, aboutissant &agrave; ce que la multiplication d&rsquo;espaces &laquo;&thinsp;priv&eacute;s&thinsp;&raquo; en ligne affaiblisse finalement la vie priv&eacute;e, puisqu&rsquo;incitant les individus &agrave; s&rsquo;exprimer &agrave; divers endroits en pensant &ecirc;tre en s&eacute;curit&eacute; (Ertzscheid, 2017, p.&nbsp;113). Cette id&eacute;e &eacute;chappe totalement au l&eacute;gislateur, mais pas aux grandes entreprises du num&eacute;rique qui tirent profit de cette volont&eacute; d&rsquo;exposition, et &eacute;galement du flou num&eacute;rique et physique qui semble l&rsquo;entourer. Plut&ocirc;t que de chercher &agrave; contr&ocirc;ler les usages qui sont faits du num&eacute;rique, peut-&ecirc;tre le l&eacute;gislateur devrait-il favoriser l&rsquo;&eacute;ducation des individus, et en particulier les plus jeunes, afin qu&rsquo;ils puissent en tirer les le&ccedil;ons n&eacute;cessaires &mdash; une disposition qu&rsquo;un nombre croissant de travaux appellent de leurs v&oelig;ux, notamment depuis l&rsquo;essor du web&nbsp;2.0 et de ses cons&eacute;quences postdigitales (Knobel &amp; Lankshear, 2006). Ici, l&rsquo;exemple du &laquo;&thinsp;revenge porn&thinsp;&raquo; introduit la n&eacute;cessit&eacute; d&rsquo;une prise en consid&eacute;ration de la th&eacute;orie postdigitale pour &eacute;tudier ces probl&eacute;matiques complexes et r&eacute;solument interdisciplinaires, en raison d&rsquo;une r&eacute;alit&eacute; &laquo;&thinsp;tour &agrave; tour confuse, impr&eacute;visible, digitale et analogue, technologique et non technologique, biologique et informationnelle&thinsp;&raquo; (<span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#fcfcfc">Jandrić et. al.</span></span>, 2018, p.&nbsp;895)<a href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">3) Appr&eacute;hension des donn&eacute;es personnelles par le droit et par l&rsquo;homme</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:24px">&laquo;&thinsp;Identifier, c&rsquo;est singulariser&thinsp;&raquo; (Forest, 2011, p.&nbsp;15) une personne au sein d&rsquo;un groupe. Ce qui la rend unique, ce sont ces caract&eacute;ristiques propres, qu&rsquo;elle ne partage avec aucune autre &mdash; au-del&agrave; des questions li&eacute;es &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;volution et &agrave; la fluidit&eacute; des identit&eacute;s individuelles et de leur n&eacute;cessaire prise en consid&eacute;ration (Brubaker &amp; Cooper, 2000). Dans ce sens, &laquo;&thinsp;les individus agissent afin de prot&eacute;ger et de v&eacute;rifier leurs conceptions de qui ils sont&thinsp;&raquo; (Burke &amp; Stets, 2009, p.&nbsp;5), ce qui renvoie &agrave; un ensemble de caract&eacute;ristiques, notamment psychologiques, sociales &mdash; et bien s&ucirc;r physiques. L&rsquo;&eacute;tat civil se base encore aujourd&rsquo;hui sur le physique, car le plus difficile &agrave; modifier (Forest, 2011, p.&nbsp;15). L&rsquo;identification &eacute;crite, depuis ses d&eacute;buts au Moyen-&Acirc;ge, deviendra de plus en plus fiable<a href="#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>, jusqu&rsquo;&agrave; devenir une pr&eacute;rogative de la puissance publique (Scott, Tehranian &amp; Mathias, 2002, p.&nbsp;34). Progressivement, les informations deviennent de plus en plus pr&eacute;cises et se regroupent dans des dossiers et registres manuels&nbsp;: les premiers traitements d&rsquo;informations. C&rsquo;est en 1974 qu&rsquo;une pr&eacute;occupation &eacute;merge sur le potentiel fichage que permet le recensement de donn&eacute;es personnelles (Boucher, 1974&thinsp;; Desgens-Pasanau, 2018), amenant &agrave; la loi fran&ccedil;aise du 6&nbsp;janvier 1978, livrant une premi&egrave;re d&eacute;finition des donn&eacute;es sous le terme d&rsquo;informations nominatives, permettant &laquo;&thinsp;sous quelque forme que ce soit, directement ou non, l&rsquo;identification des personnes physiques auxquelles elles s&rsquo;appliquent&thinsp;&raquo;. Cette cr&eacute;ation l&eacute;gislative sera suivie par des textes internationaux<a href="#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>, jusqu&rsquo;&agrave; la naissance d&rsquo;une directive europ&eacute;enne en 1995<a href="#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>, transpos&eacute;e en France en 2004.<a href="#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">[9]</span></span></span></span></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt">&nbsp;</p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="color:black">L&rsquo;article&nbsp;2 de la directive de 1995 reprend les termes de la loi de 1978 en y ajoutant qu&rsquo;un individu peut &ecirc;tre identifi&eacute; par &laquo;&thinsp;<span style="background-color:white">un num&eacute;ro d&rsquo;identification&thinsp;&raquo;, et &laquo;&thinsp;un ou plusieurs &eacute;l&eacute;ments sp&eacute;cifiques, propres &agrave; son identit&eacute; physique, physiologique, psychique, &eacute;conomique, culturelle ou sociale&thinsp;&raquo;.<a href="#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:white">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a>&nbsp;Cette extension de la d&eacute;finition permet de s&rsquo;adapter aux technologies de plus en plus intrusives. Le RGPD viendra enfin rajouter &agrave; cette &eacute;volution l&eacute;gislative<a href="#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:white">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a>, consid&eacute;rant qu&rsquo;une personne peut &ecirc;tre &eacute;galement identifi&eacute;e par son identit&eacute; &laquo;&thinsp;g&eacute;n&eacute;tique&thinsp;&raquo;.&nbsp;<a href="#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:white">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a>&nbsp;La largesse du texte le rend certes tr&egrave;s souple d&rsquo;application, mais complique l&rsquo;effectivit&eacute; d&rsquo;une r&eacute;elle protection, puisque finalement toute donn&eacute;e peut devenir personnelle &agrave; condition d&rsquo;avoir un potentiel identifiant. La langue anglaise exprime bien cette complexit&eacute; &agrave; d&eacute;finir la notion de donn&eacute;e personnelle, un &laquo;&thinsp;trickier concept&thinsp;&raquo;, litt&eacute;ralement &laquo;&thinsp;concept &eacute;pineux&thinsp;&raquo; (Ticher, 2008). Le num&eacute;ro de S&eacute;curit&eacute; sociale n&rsquo;est pas une donn&eacute;e personnelle, mais par recoupement d&rsquo;informations, peut le devenir (Benabou, 2017, p.&nbsp;5).&nbsp;</span>Son traitement est autoris&eacute; &agrave; des fins de &laquo;&thinsp;recherche dans le domaine de la sant&eacute;&thinsp;&raquo;, s&rsquo;il r&eacute;pond aux exigences de la loi de 1978<a href="#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a>, mais la doctrine consid&egrave;re qu&rsquo;il ne devient donn&eacute;e personnelle que lorsqu&rsquo;il est associ&eacute; &agrave; une donn&eacute;e identifiante, le responsable de traitement &eacute;tant&nbsp;<i>de facto</i>&nbsp;soumis aux obligations du RGPD (Laude, 2019)<a href="#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a>.</span><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&nbsp;La jurisprudence rajoute en outre de nouvelles donn&eacute;es personnelles, telles que l&rsquo;adresse IP (P&eacute;ronne, 2017) ou la g&eacute;olocalisation,</span><span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:white">&nbsp;&laquo;&thinsp;technologie permettant de d&eacute;terminer la localisation d&rsquo;un objet ou d&rsquo;une personne avec une certaine pr&eacute;cision&thinsp;&raquo;<a href="#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:white">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a>. &Agrave; ce probl&egrave;me de large d&eacute;finition se rajoute celui de l&rsquo;effectivit&eacute; de la donn&eacute;e, et particuli&egrave;rement des donn&eacute;es dites sensibles, dont la&nbsp;</span></span>collecte est par principe interdite.<a href="#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">[16]</span></span></span></span></a>&nbsp;Par principe, car l&rsquo;interdiction peut &ecirc;tre contourn&eacute;e si un motif de lic&eacute;it&eacute; et un motif sp&eacute;cial sont cumul&eacute;s&nbsp;: par exemple, le consentement de la personne a &eacute;t&eacute; obtenu, et le traitement est n&eacute;cessaire pour sauvegarder les int&eacute;r&ecirc;ts vitaux de la personne.<a href="#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">[17]</span></span></span></span></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt">&nbsp;</p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:24px">&Agrave; notre sens, il existe d&eacute;j&agrave; un probl&egrave;me de conception dans la cat&eacute;gorisation des donn&eacute;es &laquo;&thinsp;normales&thinsp;&raquo; et des donn&eacute;es &laquo;&thinsp;sensibles&thinsp;&raquo; &mdash; il serait en effet bon de&nbsp;<a>penser &agrave; &eacute;tendre&nbsp;</a>ces crit&egrave;res d&rsquo;autorisation de traitement &agrave; toutes les donn&eacute;es personnelles. La s&eacute;paration au sein m&ecirc;me de la notion de donn&eacute;es personnelles divise les conditions applicables &agrave; leur traitement et complique leur application. En outre, les donn&eacute;es personnelles non sensibles au sens de la loi n&rsquo;ont pas un potentiel dangereux moins &eacute;lev&eacute; que les donn&eacute;es sensibles &mdash; toute donn&eacute;e, recoup&eacute;e &agrave; suffisamment d&rsquo;autres informations, peut se r&eacute;v&eacute;ler tout aussi utile pour un publicitaire&nbsp;: c&rsquo;est le formidable pouvoir de la r&eacute;anonymisation (Ohm, 2010).&nbsp;<span style="color:black">Le concept de donn&eacute;e sensible est lui-m&ecirc;me soumis &agrave; diverses interpr&eacute;tations. En France, la religion est un sujet sensible l&agrave; o&ugrave; elle ne l&rsquo;est pas aux &Eacute;tats-Unis, par exemple (CNIL, 2012). La subjectivit&eacute; de cette notion provoque ainsi une disparit&eacute; territoriale d&rsquo;application de la loi, en t&eacute;moigne l&rsquo;annulation r&eacute;cente du Privacy Shield, accord qui autorisait les transferts de donn&eacute;es aux &Eacute;tats-Unis.<a href="#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></a>&nbsp;L&rsquo;une des solutions envisageables serait de renforcer la l&eacute;gislation autour de l&rsquo;utilisation de ces donn&eacute;es, plut&ocirc;t que de s&rsquo;attacher r&eacute;ellement &agrave; leur degr&eacute; de sensibilit&eacute;, sans le renier pour autant (CNIL, 2012).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt">&nbsp;</p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:24px">Enfin, il est possible de remettre en question les crit&egrave;res de lic&eacute;it&eacute; eux-m&ecirc;mes, et tout particuli&egrave;rement le consentement. Fer de lance des responsables de traitement, qui s&rsquo;abritent trop souvent derri&egrave;re lui, il est pourtant dur de le qualifier de libre et &eacute;clair&eacute;, comme le requiert la loi. Il est trop souvent, h&eacute;las, utilis&eacute; comme un moyen d&eacute;tourn&eacute; de se conformer &agrave; la loi en rendant un service gratuit contre l&rsquo;utilisation des donn&eacute;es personnelles&nbsp;: l&rsquo;ensemble de ces pratiques porte le nom de&nbsp;<i>nudging&nbsp;</i>et est pourtant interdit (CNC, 2018).<span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:white">&nbsp;Dans le domaine de l&rsquo;Internet des objets, particuli&egrave;rement, l&rsquo;interconnexion de plusieurs dispositifs questionne la circulation des donn&eacute;es, ainsi que leur potentiel piratage&nbsp;: il est notamment ais&eacute; d&rsquo;en mesurer l&rsquo;enjeu dans un domaine comme celui de la sant&eacute;, avec tout ce que cela peut ensuite comporter d&rsquo;interpr&eacute;tations abusives, de fraudes ou de marchandage (O&rsquo;Connor, Rowan, Lynch &amp; Heavin, 2017).&nbsp;</span></span><span style="color:black">La CNIL elle-m&ecirc;me se questionne sur le sujet, dirigeant actuellement une mission de r&eacute;flexion en vue d&rsquo;une transition vers un renforcement de l&rsquo;obtention du consentement (Maxwell, 2020, p.&nbsp;1262).<b>&nbsp;</b>Bien que l&rsquo;exigence du consentement ait &eacute;t&eacute; renforc&eacute;e dans le RGPD, rien ne permet encore de dire qu&rsquo;il permet aux individus de choisir en connaissance de cause s&rsquo;ils acceptent le traitement de leurs donn&eacute;es. Le&nbsp;<a>G29, pr&eacute;d&eacute;cesseur du Comit&eacute; europ&eacute;en pour la protection des donn&eacute;es, organe consultatif ind&eacute;pendant,</a></span><span style="font-size:8pt"><span style="line-height:16px">&nbsp;</span></span><span style="color:black">a pris soin de pr&eacute;ciser que les utilisateurs ne sont pas n&eacute;cessairement familiers avec le vocable juridique, et en ce sens pr&eacute;cise que le consentement doit &ecirc;tre obtenu de mani&egrave;re transparente et appr&eacute;hendable par les individus (Debet, 2018).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:24px">4) Donn&eacute;es&nbsp;: entre enjeux juridiques et nouveaux d&eacute;fis soci&eacute;taux</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:24px">Au-del&agrave; des difficult&eacute;s substantielles que contient la loi europ&eacute;enne, qui pourrait d&eacute;j&agrave; faire l&rsquo;objet de mises &agrave; jour seulement trois ans apr&egrave;s sa mise en application (Espinoza, 2021), c&rsquo;est l&rsquo;appr&eacute;hension g&eacute;n&eacute;rale de la donn&eacute;e personnelle et des partis pris du l&eacute;gislateur qui peuvent &ecirc;tre questionn&eacute;s. Tout d&rsquo;abord, il ne faut pas n&eacute;gliger l&rsquo;impact des grandes entreprises du num&eacute;rique et autres GAFAM qui, par leur poids &eacute;conomique et la puissance de leurs lobbys, influe les d&eacute;cisions l&eacute;gislatives (Joux, 2013&thinsp;; Toledano, 2020), allant parfois m&ecirc;me jusqu&rsquo;&agrave; cr&eacute;er leur propre &eacute;cosyst&egrave;me juridique (Forest, 2019) &mdash; sans oublier la cr&eacute;ation et la mise en application d&rsquo;algorithmes qui sont autant de mani&egrave;res de stocker, traiter, interpr&eacute;ter, r&eacute;utiliser et faire circuler les donn&eacute;es, y compris personnelles (Ertzscheid, 2015). Or il est difficile pour le droit de prendre en compte ces influences ext&eacute;rieures, au risque parfois de perdre de la souverainet&eacute; sur la mati&egrave;re (Byk, 2020, p.&nbsp;337-338). Plut&ocirc;t que de faire preuve d&rsquo;adaptabilit&eacute;, les droits fran&ccedil;ais et europ&eacute;en ont fait du num&eacute;rique un nouvel espace &agrave; part enti&egrave;re, sur lequel peut s&rsquo;exercer un &laquo;&thinsp;droit du num&eacute;rique&thinsp;&raquo;, branche in&eacute;dite et parfois inconnue chez les juristes &mdash; alors m&ecirc;me que le Conseil d&rsquo;&Eacute;tat alertait, en 1997, sur la n&eacute;cessit&eacute; de ne pas cr&eacute;er un nouveau r&eacute;gime autonome (Conseil d&rsquo;&Eacute;tat, 1997). L&rsquo;un des risques &eacute;tait de cr&eacute;er de nouveaux droits pour les personnes virtualis&eacute;es, sans se demander si le droit traditionnel avait la capacit&eacute; d&rsquo;&eacute;tendre les pr&eacute;rogatives protectrices des personnes au monde num&eacute;rique (Conseil d&rsquo;&Eacute;tat, 1997) &mdash; cr&eacute;ant ainsi, par l&agrave; m&ecirc;me, une segmentation entre num&eacute;rique et non num&eacute;rique, alors m&ecirc;me que notre soci&eacute;t&eacute; se retrouve dans une situation hybride et int&eacute;gralement postdigitale. Le doyen Carbonnier reconnaissait d&rsquo;ailleurs lui-m&ecirc;me que la soci&eacute;t&eacute; &eacute;volue, mais reste la m&ecirc;me dans la substance&thinsp;; c&rsquo;est le droit qui s&rsquo;adapte autour d&rsquo;elle (Carbonnier, 1998, p.&nbsp;10). Aujourd&rsquo;hui, face aux lacunes de la protection &eacute;tablie l&eacute;galement, &agrave; la multiplication des attaques et des fuites massives de donn&eacute;es, et &agrave; la revendication des individus quant &agrave; une optimisation de la vie priv&eacute;e, cette interrogation visionnaire soutient notre th&egrave;se. Il existait, selon nous, des solutions pr&eacute;existantes qui auraient permis aux individus de faire jouer l&rsquo;effectivit&eacute; de leurs droits dans le num&eacute;rique sans le dissocier de la r&eacute;alit&eacute;. Ainsi, les atteintes &agrave; la vie priv&eacute;e pouvaient tout &agrave; fait relever du r&eacute;gime traditionnel garanti notamment par l&rsquo;article&nbsp;9 du Code civil, les infractions commises en ligne du Code p&eacute;nal, et les atteintes aux donn&eacute;es personnelles de divers r&eacute;gimes (droits de la personnalit&eacute;, droit d&rsquo;auteur ou droit des marques, droits et libert&eacute;s fondamentales&hellip; selon les circonstances de l&rsquo;esp&egrave;ce).&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt">&nbsp;</p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:24px">&Agrave; cela s&rsquo;ajoute enfin une derni&egrave;re difficult&eacute;&nbsp;: bien qu&rsquo;extension du monde tangible, le num&eacute;rique a ses propres caract&eacute;ristiques, et son utilisation reste libertaire dans l&rsquo;&acirc;me. Chacun y reste libre de ce qu&rsquo;il y fait (du moins, dans les pays europ&eacute;ens), en son &acirc;me et conscience (Lardellier &amp; Bryon-Portet, 2010). Ainsi, connaissant le risque du d&eacute;voilement d&rsquo;informations personnelles sur un r&eacute;seau social, l&rsquo;individu est d&eacute;cisionnaire de cet acte. En d&rsquo;autres termes, &laquo;&thinsp;gr&acirc;ce aux applications actuelles propos&eacute;es depuis l&rsquo;av&egrave;nement du web&nbsp;2.0, l&rsquo;utilisateur est pass&eacute; du r&ocirc;le de consommateur passif &agrave; celui d&rsquo;acteur &agrave; part enti&egrave;re, qui interagit avec le syst&egrave;me&thinsp;&raquo; (Durieux, 2010, p.&nbsp;70). Cela pose une question d&rsquo;utilit&eacute; du droit en la mati&egrave;re&nbsp;: doit-on prot&eacute;ger malgr&eacute; tout un individu qui a fait d&eacute;lib&eacute;r&eacute;ment le choix de s&rsquo;exposer sur la toile&thinsp;? Le parti pris du l&eacute;gislateur a &eacute;t&eacute; de r&eacute;pondre positivement &agrave; cette question (pour le moment), sans toutefois s&rsquo;interroger sur l&rsquo;id&eacute;e de mieux &eacute;duquer la population pour la laisser seule juge, avec de v&eacute;ritables &eacute;l&eacute;ments de r&eacute;flexion et de connaissance technique sur le sujet. Ainsi donc, la th&eacute;matique pourtant cruciale de la litt&eacute;ratie et de la culture num&eacute;riques reste, pour le moment, trop faiblement prise en consid&eacute;ration &mdash; alors m&ecirc;me que plusieurs travaux vont jusqu&rsquo;&agrave; questionner la notion de citoyennet&eacute; num&eacute;rique et les positions radicales que celle-ci impliquerait en mati&egrave;re d&rsquo;&eacute;ducation, d&rsquo;&eacute;thique, de conception sociale et de droit (Emejulu &amp; McGregor, 2019).&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt">&nbsp;</p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:24px">La num&eacute;risation de la soci&eacute;t&eacute; reste un sujet qui a vocation &agrave; faire r&eacute;fl&eacute;chir chercheurs de tous horizons afin de trouver la meilleure mani&egrave;re de l&rsquo;appr&eacute;hender, si tant est qu&rsquo;elle existe, afin de r&eacute;pondre &agrave; un nombre croissant de d&eacute;fis et d&rsquo;enjeux &mdash; notamment parce que l&rsquo;irruption du monde postdigital provoque une v&eacute;ritable r&eacute;volution anthropologique, qui interroge&nbsp;<i>de facto</i>&nbsp;toutes les sph&egrave;res sociales. Cette r&eacute;volution anthropologique est notamment permise par le bouleversement des dispositifs technologiques qui rythment notre vie quotidienne, et qui soumettent l&rsquo;utilisateur &agrave; tout autant d&rsquo;affordances qui stimulent des potentialit&eacute;s d&rsquo;action num&eacute;rique (Ghliss, Perea &amp; Ruchon, 2019). La stimulation de ces potentialit&eacute;s d&rsquo;action ne doit pas &ecirc;tre ignor&eacute;e lorsqu&rsquo;il s&rsquo;agit de d&eacute;crire les nombreux d&eacute;fis du droit face &agrave; la postdigitalisation des questions de soci&eacute;t&eacute;&thinsp;; l&rsquo;une des difficult&eacute;s r&eacute;side dans la multiplicit&eacute; des significations possibles offertes par le num&eacute;rique (Hayes, Carr &amp; Wohn, 2016), qui brouille le sens donn&eacute; aux donn&eacute;es, &agrave; leur utilisation, &agrave; leur circulation et &agrave; leur r&eacute;ception &mdash; pour les utilisateurs comme pour le l&eacute;gislateur.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:22px"><b><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Bibliographie</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#fcfcfc">Andersen, C.&nbsp;U., Cox, G., &amp; Papadopoulos, G. (2014).&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#fcfcfc">Postdigital research &mdash; Editorial.&nbsp;<i>A Peer-Reviewed Journal About,&nbsp;</i>3 (1), 4&ndash;7.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Ars&egrave;ne, S. (2013). Vers une recomposition des pouvoirs&nbsp;: Internet et r&eacute;seaux sociaux.&nbsp;</span></span></span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Ceriscope puissance</span></span></span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">, 6.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:22px"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Ashworth, L. &amp; Clinton, F. (2006). Marketing dataveillance and digital privacy : using theories of justice to understand consumers&rsquo; online privacy concerns.&nbsp;<i>Journal of Business Ethics</i>, 67, 107-123.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:22px"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Atrakchi, M. (2020). The case that sparked the CCPA gets an FTC final order.&nbsp;</span></span></span><i><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">The national law review</span></span></span></i><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">, 6 janvier 2020.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Barlow, J. (1996). D&eacute;claration d&rsquo;ind&eacute;pendance du cyberespace.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Benabou, V.-L. (2017). L&rsquo;extension du domaine de la donn&eacute;e.&nbsp;<i>Legicom</i>, 59 (2), 3-17.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">CNIL (2012). Vie priv&eacute;e &agrave; l&rsquo;horizon&nbsp;2020&nbsp;: paroles d&rsquo;expert.&nbsp;<i>Cahiers Innovations et perspectives</i>, 1.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Boucher, P. (2018). Safari ou la chasse aux Fran&ccedil;ais.&nbsp;<i>Le Monde,</i>&nbsp;9.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#fcfcfc">Bourdeloie, H. (2013). Ce que le num&eacute;rique fait aux sciences humaines et sociales.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#fcfcfc">Tic &amp; soci&eacute;t&eacute;</span></span></span></span></span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#fcfcfc">, 7 (2), 7-38.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:22px"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#fcfcfc">Brubaker, R. &amp; Cooper, F. (2000). Beyond identity.&nbsp;<i>Theory and society</i>, 29, 1-47.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:22px"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#fcfcfc">Burke, P. &amp; Stets, J. (2009).&nbsp;<i>Identity theory</i>. Oxford&nbsp;: Oxford University Press.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:22px"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#fcfcfc">Byk, C. (2020).&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#fcfcfc">La souverainet&eacute; num&eacute;rique &agrave; l&rsquo;heure de la gouvernance mondiale.&nbsp;<i>Dalloz IP/IT</i>, n&deg;6, 337-338.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#fcfcfc">Carbonnier, J. (1998). Flexible droit&nbsp;: Pour une sociologie du droit sans rigueur.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#fcfcfc">L.G.D.J</span></span></span></span></span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#fcfcfc">&nbsp;(9), 10.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:22px"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Chabaane, A.. (2014). Online Social Networks&nbsp;: Is it the end of Privacy ?.&nbsp;</span></span></span><i><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Universit&eacute; de Grenoble</span></span></span></i><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">, 15.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">CNIL. (2012). Vie priv&eacute;e &agrave; l&rsquo;horizon&nbsp;2020, Paroles d&rsquo;expert.&nbsp;<i>Cahiers IP, Innovations et perspectives</i>, 34.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Commaille, J. (2015).&nbsp;<i>A quoi nous sert le droit</i>. Paris&nbsp;: Gallimard.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Conseil d&rsquo;&Eacute;tat. (1997).&nbsp;<i>Internet et les r&eacute;seaux num&eacute;riques</i>. &Eacute;tudes du Conseil d&rsquo;&Eacute;tat, 7-8.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Conseil Norv&eacute;gien des Consommateurs.&nbsp;</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">(2018). Deceived by design: how tech companies use dark patterns to discourage us from exercising our rights to privacy.&nbsp;<i>&Eacute;tude en ligne,</i>&nbsp;43.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Coquaz, V., Gouthi&egrave;re, F., Horn, A., Lebouq, F. 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De la fuite dans les donn&eacute;es.&nbsp;<i>Lib&eacute;ration</i>, 2-5.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:22px"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Cormode, G. 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Le droit au d&eacute;r&eacute;f&eacute;rencement.&nbsp;</span></span></span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">AJDA</span></span></span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">&nbsp;(20).&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:22px"><a name="_Hlk59478697"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#fcfcfc">Cramer, F. 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(2006).&nbsp;<i>La r&eacute;volte du pron&eacute;tariat &mdash; des mass media aux m&eacute;dias de masse</i>. Paris&nbsp;: Fayard.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Debet, A. (2018). Le consentement dans le RGPD&nbsp;: r&ocirc;le et d&eacute;finition.&nbsp;<i>Comm. Com. 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Gouvernance algorithmique&nbsp;: vie priv&eacute;e et autonomie individuelle &agrave; l&rsquo;&egrave;re des Big Data. 99-124.&nbsp;<i>in</i>&nbsp;Bourcier, D., De Filipi, P. (2016).&nbsp;<i>Open data &amp; Big data &mdash; Nouveaux d&eacute;fis pour la vie priv&eacute;e.&nbsp;</i>&Eacute;d. Mare &amp; Martin, Droit et science politique, 106.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Desgens-Pasanau, G. 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Plaidoyer pour une approche propri&eacute;tariste des donn&eacute;es personnelles.&nbsp;<i>RJPF</i>, 3, point&nbsp;20, 5-11.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Durieux, V. (2010). Collaborative tagging et folksonomie&nbsp;: l&rsquo;organisation du web par les internautes.&nbsp;</span></span></span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Les cahiers du num&eacute;rique</span></span></span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">, 6 (1), 69-80.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:22px"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Emejulu, A. &amp; McGregor, C. (2019). Towards a radical digital citizenship in digital education.&nbsp;<i>Critical studies in education</i>, 60 (1), 131-147.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Ertzscheid, O. (2015). Usages de l&rsquo;information num&eacute;rique&nbsp;: comprendre les nouvelles enclosures algorithmiques pour mieux s&rsquo;en lib&eacute;rer.&nbsp;<i>Revue fran&ccedil;aise des sciences de l&rsquo;information et de la communication</i>, 6.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Ertzscheid, O. (2017).&nbsp;<i>L&rsquo;app&eacute;tit des g&eacute;ants</i>. C&amp;F &Eacute;ditions.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Espinoza, J. (2021).&nbsp;</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">EU must overhaul flagship data protection laws, says &quot;father&quot; of police.&nbsp;</span></span></span><i><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">The Irish Times</span></span></span></i><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">, article en ligne.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Forest, D. (2011).&nbsp;<i>Droit des donn&eacute;es personnelles</i>. Paris&nbsp;: Lextenson.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Forest, D. (2019). La gouvernance par les process&nbsp;: le cas Google.&nbsp;<i>RLDI</i>, fev. 2019, 49-53.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#fcfcfc">Garric, N., &amp; Longhi, J. (2013). Atteindre l&rsquo;interdiscours par la circulation des discours et du sens.&nbsp;<i>Langage et Soci&eacute;t&eacute;,&nbsp;</i>144 (2), 65&ndash;83.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Gautrais, V. (2016). 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(2019) (dir).&nbsp;</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Introduction&nbsp;: les affordances langagi&egrave;res, levier d&rsquo;une r&eacute;flexion postdualiste du discours num&eacute;rique&thinsp;?&nbsp;<i>Corela</i>, 28.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Halpin, H. (2008). La souverainet&eacute; num&eacute;rique &mdash; l&rsquo;aristocratie immat&eacute;rielle du World Wide Web.&nbsp;</span></span></span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Multitudes</span></span></span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">, 35 (4), 201-213.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:22px"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Hayes, R.&nbsp;A., Carr, C.T. &amp; Wohn, D.Y. 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One click, many meanings : interpreting paralinguistic digital affordances in social media.&nbsp;<i>Journal of broadcasting &amp; electronic media</i>, 60 (1), 171-187.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:22px"><a name="_Hlk59096416"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#fcfcfc">Herring, S. C. (2013). Discourse in web 2.0: Familiar, reconfigured, and emergent. In D. Tannen &amp; A. M. Trester (Eds.),&nbsp;<i>Discourse 2.0. language and new media</i>&nbsp;(pp.&nbsp;1&ndash;26). 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Postdigital science and education.&nbsp;<i>Educational Philosophy and Theory,&nbsp;</i>50 (10), 893&ndash;899</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#fcfcfc">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:22px"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Joliveau, T. (2011).&nbsp;</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Le g&eacute;oweb, un nouveau d&eacute;fi pour les bases de donn&eacute;es g&eacute;ographiques.&nbsp;<i>L&rsquo;espace g&eacute;ographique</i>, 40 (2), 154-163.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Joux, A. 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Lex Google en Allemagne&nbsp;: malgr&eacute; la loi, les &eacute;diteurs c&egrave;dent.&nbsp;<i>Revue europ&eacute;enne des m&eacute;dias et du num&eacute;rique</i>, n&deg;&nbsp;28.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Kerkour, T. 2021. 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Discours politiques et dispositifs num&eacute;riques&nbsp;: vers une nouvelle tectonique de la communication<i>.&nbsp;</i></span></span></span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Neuphilologische Mitteilungen</span></span></span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">, 119 (2), 309-326.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:22px"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Wagener, A. (2020). Hypernarrativity, storytelling, and the relativity of truth : digital semiotics of communication and interaction.&nbsp;<i>Postdigital science and education</i>, 2 (1), 147-169.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <div style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp; <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="line-height:20px"><a href="applewebdata://99BB9507-5442-4EB9-AB35-83111D583D62#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>&nbsp;&laquo;&nbsp;Cette fuite massive de donn&eacute;es qui inqui&egrave;te&nbsp;&raquo;,&nbsp;<i>Courrier Picard</i>, 26 f&eacute;v. 2001, p. 27.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn2"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="line-height:20px"><a href="applewebdata://99BB9507-5442-4EB9-AB35-83111D583D62#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>&nbsp;Il est question ici du R&egrave;glement g&eacute;n&eacute;ral europ&eacute;en &agrave; la protection des donn&eacute;es (RGPD) et de la loi fran&ccedil;aise Informatique et libert&eacute;s du 6 janvier 1978.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn3"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="line-height:20px"><a href="applewebdata://99BB9507-5442-4EB9-AB35-83111D583D62#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>&nbsp;Arts 3. et 12, D&eacute;claration Universelle des Droits de l&rsquo;Homme, 10 d&eacute;c. 1948&nbsp;; Art. 2, D&eacute;claration des Droits de l&rsquo;Homme et du Citoyen, 26 ao&ucirc;t 1789&nbsp;; Art. 22, Loi n&deg; 70-643 tendant &agrave; renforcer la garantie des droits individuels des citoyens, 17 juil. 1970&nbsp;; Art. 9, Code Civil&nbsp;; C. Constit., décision n&deg; 99-416 DC, 23 juil. 1999.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn4"> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="line-height:24px"><a href="applewebdata://99BB9507-5442-4EB9-AB35-83111D583D62#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:20px"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:20px">&nbsp;C. Cass, 1<sup>&egrave;re</sup>&nbsp;Ch.&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:20px">Civ, 13 nov. 2008, Bull. Civ. I., pp. 222-224 ;&nbsp;<span style="color:black">C. Cass, 1<sup>&egrave;re</sup>&nbsp;Ch. Civ., 9 juil.&nbsp;2009, Bull. Civ. I, n&deg;7, p. 156&nbsp;; C. Cass, 1<sup>&egrave;re</sup>&nbsp;Ch. Civ., 16 jan. 2013, Bull. Civ. I., n&deg;1, pp. 3-4 ; C. Cass, 1<sup>&egrave;re</sup>&nbsp;Ch. Civ., 9 avril 2014, Bull. Civ. I., n&deg;4, pp. 70-71 ; CEDH, Couderc et Hachette Filipacchi associ&eacute;s c. France, 10 nov. 2015,&nbsp;</span>requ&ecirc;te n&deg; 40454/07&nbsp;;&nbsp;<span style="color:black">C. Cass., Ch. Cr., 16 mars 2016, 15-82.676&nbsp;; C. Cass, 1<sup>&egrave;re</sup>&nbsp;Ch. Civ., 1<sup>er</sup>&nbsp;mars 2017, Bull. Civ. I., n&deg;3, pp. 54-55.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn5"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="line-height:20px"><a href="applewebdata://99BB9507-5442-4EB9-AB35-83111D583D62#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>&nbsp;Traduction du texte original.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn6"> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="line-height:24px"><a href="applewebdata://99BB9507-5442-4EB9-AB35-83111D583D62#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:20px"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:20px">&nbsp;Art. 50 et 51, Ordonnance du 25 ao&ucirc;t 1539 sur le fait de la justice, enregistr&eacute;e au Parlement de Paris le 6 sept.1539, dite Ordonnance de Villers-Cotter&ecirc;ts,&nbsp;<i>in</i>&nbsp;JOURDAN, DECRUSY et ISAMBERT,&nbsp;<i>Recueil g&eacute;n&eacute;ral des anciennes lois fran&ccedil;aises, depuis l&rsquo;an 420 jusqu&rsquo;&agrave; la R&eacute;volution de 1789</i>, Tome XII, &eacute;d. Plon, 1821-1833, pp. 600-640&nbsp;; Art. 181,&nbsp;<span style="color:black">Ordonnance rendue sur les plaintes et dol&eacute;ances des &eacute;tats-g&eacute;n&eacute;raux assembl&eacute;s &agrave; Blois en novembre 1576, relativement &agrave; la police du gouvernement, enregistr&eacute;e au Parlement de Paris en mai 1579,&nbsp;<i>in&nbsp;</i>JOURDAN, DECRUSY et ISAMBERT,&nbsp;<i>Recueil g&eacute;n&eacute;ral des anciennes lois fran&ccedil;aises, depuis l&rsquo;an 420 jusqu&rsquo;&agrave; la R&eacute;volution de 1789,&nbsp;</i>Tome XIV,<i>&nbsp;</i>&eacute;d.&nbsp;</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:20px"><span style="color:black">Plon, 1821-1833, p.423.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn7"> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="line-height:24px"><a href="applewebdata://99BB9507-5442-4EB9-AB35-83111D583D62#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:20px"><span style="color:black"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:20px"><span style="color:black">&nbsp;OCDE, Recommandation du Conseil concernant les lignes directrices r&eacute;gissant la protection de la vie priv&eacute;e et les flux transfronti&egrave;res de donn&eacute;es &agrave; caract&egrave;re personnel, 23 sept. 1980, disponible &agrave; &lt;&nbsp;</span></span></span><a href="https://www.oecd.org/fr/internet/ieconomie/lignesdirectricesregissantlaprotectiondelaviepriveeetlesfluxtransfrontieresdedonneesdecaracterepersonnel.htm" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:20px">https://www.oecd.org/fr/internet/ieconomie/lignesdirectricesregissantlaprotectiondelaviepriveeetlesfluxtransfrontieresdedonneesdecaracterepersonnel.htm</span></span></a><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:20px"><span style="color:black">&gt;<span style="background-color:#f9f9f9">&nbsp;;&nbsp;</span>Convention 108, dite Convention pour la protection des personnes &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;gard du traitement des donn&eacute;es &agrave; caract&egrave;re personnel,&nbsp;<i>Conseil de l&rsquo;Europe,&nbsp;</i>juin 2018, 40p, disponible &agrave; &lt;&nbsp;</span></span></span><a href="https://rm.coe.int/la-convention-108-visual/1680981499" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:20px"><span style="color:black">https://rm.coe.int/la-convention-108-visual/1680981499</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:20px"><span style="color:black">&nbsp;&gt;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn8"> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="line-height:24px"><a href="applewebdata://99BB9507-5442-4EB9-AB35-83111D583D62#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:20px"><span style="color:black"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:20px"><span style="color:black">&nbsp;Parl. Eu. et Conseil,&nbsp;<span style="background-color:white">directive 95/46/CE relative &agrave; la protection des personnes physiques &agrave; l&#39;&eacute;gard du traitement des donn&eacute;es &agrave; caract&egrave;re personnel et &agrave; la libre circulation de ces donn&eacute;es, 24 oct. 1995, JO des CE n&deg;L281/31.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn9"> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="line-height:24px"><a href="applewebdata://99BB9507-5442-4EB9-AB35-83111D583D62#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:20px"><span style="color:black"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:20px"><span style="color:black">&nbsp;Loi n&deg; 2004-801 relative &agrave; la protection des personnes physiques &agrave; l&#39;&eacute;gard des traitements de donn&eacute;es &agrave; caract&egrave;re personnel et modifiant la loi n&deg; 78-17 du 6 janvier 1978 relative &agrave; l&#39;informatique, aux fichiers et aux libert&eacute;s, 6 ao&ucirc;t 2004, JO 7 ao&ucirc;t 2004.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn10"> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="line-height:24px"><a href="applewebdata://99BB9507-5442-4EB9-AB35-83111D583D62#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:20px"><span style="color:black"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:20px"><span style="color:black">&nbsp;Art. 2,&nbsp;<span style="background-color:white">Parl. Eu. et Conseil, directive 95/46/CE relative &agrave; la protection des personnes physiques &agrave; l&#39;&eacute;gard du traitement des donn&eacute;es &agrave; caract&egrave;re personnel et &agrave; la libre circulation de ces donn&eacute;es, 24 oct. 1995, JO. des CE n&deg;L281/31.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn11"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="line-height:20px"><a href="applewebdata://99BB9507-5442-4EB9-AB35-83111D583D62#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">[11]</span></span></span></span></a>&nbsp;Parl. Eu. et Conseil, r&egrave;glement 2016/679 relatif &agrave; la protection des personnes physiques &agrave; l&#39;&eacute;gard du traitement des donn&eacute;es &agrave; caract&egrave;re personnel et &agrave; la libre circulation de ces donn&eacute;es, et abrogeant la directive 95/46/CE, 27 avr. 2016.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn12"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="line-height:20px"><a href="applewebdata://99BB9507-5442-4EB9-AB35-83111D583D62#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">[12]</span></span></span></span></a>&nbsp;Art. 4, Parl. Eu. et Conseil, r&egrave;glement 2016/679,&nbsp;<i>ibid</i>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn13"> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="line-height:24px"><a href="applewebdata://99BB9507-5442-4EB9-AB35-83111D583D62#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:20px"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:20px">&nbsp;<span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:white">Art. L. 1111-8-1.-I, Code de la Sant&eacute; Publique, ins&eacute;r&eacute; par Loi n&deg; 2016-41 de modernisation de notre syst&egrave;me de sant&eacute;, 26 janv. 2016, JORF n&deg;0022, 27 janv. 2016&nbsp;; Art. 86, D&eacute;cret n&deg; 2019-536 pris pour l&#39;application de la loi n&deg; 78-17 du 6 janvier 1978 relative &agrave; l&#39;informatique, aux fichiers et aux libert&eacute;s, 29 mai 2019, JORF n&deg;0125 du 30 mai 2019. L&rsquo;article pr&eacute;cise que la collecte de donn&eacute;es de sant&eacute; ne peut se faire avec l&rsquo;identifiant national de sant&eacute; qu&rsquo;en cas d&rsquo;urgence sanitaire, lorsqu&rsquo;il n&rsquo;existe aucun autre moyen de la r&eacute;aliser.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn14"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="line-height:20px"><a href="applewebdata://99BB9507-5442-4EB9-AB35-83111D583D62#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">[14]</span></span></span></span></a>&nbsp;CNIL, d&eacute;cision du 5 avr. 2018, n&deg; 2018-121, demande d&rsquo;autorisation n&deg; 2142180.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn15"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="line-height:20px"><a href="applewebdata://99BB9507-5442-4EB9-AB35-83111D583D62#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="color:black"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color:black">&nbsp;CNIL, URL accessible &agrave; &lt;&nbsp;</span><a href="https://www.cnil.fr/fr/definition/geolocalisation" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline"><span style="color:black">https://www.cnil.fr/fr/definition/geolocalisation</span></a><span style="color:black">&nbsp;&gt;, consult&eacute;e le 28 avr. 2020.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn16"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="line-height:20px"><a href="applewebdata://99BB9507-5442-4EB9-AB35-83111D583D62#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">[16]</span></span></span></span></a>&nbsp;<span style="color:black">Art. 8, R&egrave;glement (UE) 2016/679 du Parlement europ&eacute;en et du Conseil du 27 avril 2016,&nbsp;<i>ibid</i>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn17"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="line-height:20px"><a href="applewebdata://99BB9507-5442-4EB9-AB35-83111D583D62#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">[17]</span></span></span></span></a>&nbsp;Art. 6 et 9, Parl. Eu. et Conseil, r&egrave;glement 2016/679,&nbsp;<i>ibid</i>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn18"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="line-height:20px"><a href="applewebdata://99BB9507-5442-4EB9-AB35-83111D583D62#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">[18]</span></span></span></span></a>&nbsp;CJUE, 16 juil. 2020,&nbsp;<i>Data Protection Commissioner c. Facebook Ireland Ltd, Maximillian Schrems</i>, affaire C-311/18.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> </div> <div style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"> <div> <div class="msocomtxt" id="_com_1" language="JavaScript">&nbsp;</div> </div> </div>