<p><strong>Abstract :</strong>&nbsp;In the context of the emergence of the platformization phenomenon in the field of culture, the question arises of the involvement of the user in the production of knowledge and of the empowerment process that its participation can generate. Through an analysis of several levels of digital writing, we question the dynamics linking the proposal of generic forms to the practices of more or less transformative reinvestment of these forms from a perspective where the participation of users thus equipped is extended, via their activity of consumption and production of text and interpretation of the generic forms proposed, to the design of the platforms. This work is based on an ongoing PhD work&rsquo;s corpus composed of participatory platforms of cultural criticism and on a research developed within the ANR-Collabora project on the aspects of genericity and generation of information-communication devices.</p> <p><strong>Key words :</strong>&nbsp;d<span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:24px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">igital literacy, design, platforms, genre, list, designer-user</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h1 style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-top:27px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:20pt"><span style="line-height:40px"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial"><a name="_habwy8y7bbp3"></a>Introduction et probl&eacute;matique</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h1> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:24px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Dans le domaine de la culture, apr&egrave;s l&rsquo;essor du web participatif, se sont r&eacute;cemment d&eacute;velopp&eacute;es un ensemble de plateformes dites &laquo; contributives &raquo; destin&eacute;es au partage, &agrave; la collecte, la cat&eacute;gorisation, l&rsquo;&eacute;valuation, l&rsquo;archivage de donn&eacute;es et de documents partag&eacute;s entre une communaut&eacute; d&rsquo;amateurs passionn&eacute;s agissant de mani&egrave;re volontaire et diff&eacute;rents acteurs (institutions, chercheurs&hellip;) en vue de la production d&rsquo;une connaissance commune (Severo&nbsp;<i>et al.</i>, 2022). Cette r&eacute;ponse engag&eacute;e au ph&eacute;nom&egrave;ne de plateformisation dans le domaine de la culture renforce les questions de l&rsquo;implication de l&rsquo;utilisateur dans la production de savoir et des processus de capacitation (Stiegler, 2015) que sa participation peut g&eacute;n&eacute;rer. Ces questions concernent les plateformes dans leur ensemble, qu&rsquo;elles soient contributives, d&rsquo;apr&egrave;s la d&eacute;finition de Severo (2022), ou participatives, dans un sens plus g&eacute;n&eacute;ral, o&ugrave; la gouvernance des acteurs op&eacute;r&eacute;e par la plateforme peut &ecirc;tre orient&eacute;e vers des enjeux marchands.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:24px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">De nombreuses &eacute;tudes r&eacute;alis&eacute;es sur ces dispositifs<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:windowtext"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></sup></a>&nbsp;montrent la pr&eacute;sence d&rsquo;une certaine standardisation, ou mont&eacute;e en g&eacute;n&eacute;ricit&eacute; (Payeur &amp; Chupin, 2020), dans les formes propos&eacute;es aux usagers pour la participation. Cette standardisation est rep&eacute;rable &agrave; diff&eacute;rents niveaux, notamment celui de la forme intelligible &agrave; l&rsquo;interface (Candel&nbsp;<i>et al.</i>, 2012) - &agrave; travers les&nbsp;<i>likes</i>, les nuages de tags, les vignettes ou les listes -, celui des architextes de cr&eacute;ation, des logiciels de gestion des contenus - Content Management Systems ou CMS (Jeanne Perrier, 2006) ou celui du code (Goyet, 2017). L&rsquo;&eacute;tude de ces&nbsp;&nbsp;formes standardis&eacute;es, ou &eacute;voluant vers une certaine standardisation, pourrait contribuer &agrave; la constitution d&rsquo;une grammaire des &eacute;critures num&eacute;riques, une sorte de bo&icirc;te &agrave; outils (<i>toolkit</i>) pour l&#39;expression et la mise en forme du texte. Nous avan&ccedil;ons l&rsquo;hypoth&egrave;se que, parall&egrave;lement aux possibilit&eacute;s de lecture et d&rsquo;&eacute;criture que ces dispositifs offrent &agrave; l&rsquo;utilisateur, leur niveau de g&eacute;n&eacute;ricit&eacute; fait appara&icirc;tre l&rsquo;importance de la dimension de g&eacute;n&eacute;ration/cr&eacute;ation activ&eacute;e par des op&eacute;rations de r&eacute;investissement transformatif de formes existantes plus ou moins standardis&eacute;es, dans la d&eacute;finition d&rsquo;une litt&eacute;ratie num&eacute;rique. Il s&rsquo;agirait d&rsquo;un &eacute;largissement des comp&eacute;tences info-communicationnelles n&eacute;cessaires aux usagers des &eacute;cosyst&egrave;mes num&eacute;riques contemporains, par rapport &agrave; un premier &eacute;largissement propos&eacute; par la notion d&rsquo;&eacute;crilecture de Broudoux (2018). L&rsquo;utilisation et l&rsquo;appr&eacute;hension de ces dispositifs dans un objectif d&rsquo;apprentissage, ou plus largement dans ce que Le Deuff d&eacute;crit tout &agrave; la fois comme <q>capacit&eacute; &agrave; lire et &agrave; &eacute;crire</q>&nbsp;mais aussi comme <q>possession de comp&eacute;tences et d&rsquo;habilet&eacute;</q>&nbsp;et <q>&eacute;l&eacute;ment d&rsquo;apprentissage</q>&nbsp;(Le Deuff, 2012), impliquerait d&eacute;sormais de savoir-comprendre et travailler la g&eacute;n&eacute;ricit&eacute; et la g&eacute;n&eacute;ration, qui se lient &agrave; une dimension de design dans l&rsquo;utilisation de ces plateformes.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:24px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Cet article na&icirc;t de la rencontre entre deux travaux de recherche sur des corpus de plateformes contributives et participatives. Un travail de th&egrave;se portant sur la forme de la liste au sein de plateformes dans lesquelles&nbsp;&nbsp;s&rsquo;exerce un discours de recommandation et de critique culturelle, d&#39;un c&ocirc;t&eacute;, et des recherches &eacute;tudiant un ensemble de plateformes contributives culturelles au sein du projet ANR-Collabora<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:windowtext"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></sup></a>, d&#39;un autre c&ocirc;t&eacute;. Dans un premier temps, nous abordons le genre comme outil th&eacute;orique nous permettant de relier une approche de l&rsquo;architexte du point de vue de l&rsquo;&eacute;criture aux processus de g&eacute;n&eacute;ration, d&rsquo;&eacute;volution et de standardisation des formes d&rsquo;&eacute;criture num&eacute;rique dans un contexte participatif. Dans un second temps, nous analysons un ensemble de plateformes &agrave; deux niveaux: le niveau, d&rsquo;abord, du rep&eacute;rage des formes rh&eacute;toriques, simples et compos&eacute;es, via la figure de la liste, et celui, ensuite, du dispositif info-communicationnel, impliquant des recompositions selon une approche transplateforme et mettant &agrave; jour la question du design, &agrave; la fois du point de vue de l&rsquo;usager et du point de vue du concepteur. Un retour th&eacute;orique r&eacute;flexif final concerne la contribution au d&eacute;veloppement d&rsquo;une litt&eacute;ratie num&eacute;rique, de l&rsquo;op&eacute;rabilit&eacute; du concept de genre, et les perspectives d&rsquo;&eacute;criture de pr&eacute;conisations pour la conception de plateformes participatives de critique culturelle autour de la figure de l&rsquo;&eacute;crilecteur-designer.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <h1 style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-top:27px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:20pt"><span style="line-height:40px"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial"><a name="_twa9apsnz1qk"></a>Modalit&eacute;s d&rsquo;action de l&rsquo;utilisateur : le prisme du genre</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h1> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">De nombreux travaux en sciences de l&rsquo;information et la communication abordent la question de la litt&eacute;ratie num&eacute;rique &agrave; partir du lien qui relie le num&eacute;rique &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;criture&nbsp;&nbsp;(Souchier&nbsp;<i>et al</i>., 2019, Bachimont, 2010, Petit &amp; Bouchardon, 2017, Stiegler, 2015, Vitali-Rosati, 2020). Ce point de vue inscrit l&rsquo;&eacute;tude du num&eacute;rique dans une relation de continuit&eacute; avec les formes d&rsquo;&eacute;criture qui le pr&eacute;c&egrave;dent (Vandendorpe, 1999), tout en faisant&nbsp;&nbsp;ressortir les sp&eacute;cificit&eacute;s des &eacute;critures selon les supports num&eacute;riques. Le num&eacute;rique y est d&eacute;fini comme une coexistence de trois diff&eacute;rentes &laquo; couches &raquo; d&rsquo;&eacute;criture form&eacute;es &agrave; partir de leur geste d&rsquo;inscription : le codage binaire et son formatage via un alphabet formel, le niveau des logiciels&nbsp;&nbsp;(CMS, architextes, par exemple) qui supportent la production et l&rsquo;&eacute;dition du texte et qui permettent l&rsquo;interaction de l&rsquo;utilisateur avec le contenu et le syst&egrave;me qui le contient, et le document &laquo; abstrait &raquo;, lisible en surface comme r&eacute;sultat &laquo; final &raquo; de la cha&icirc;ne de production de texte (Bonaccorsi, 2013). C&rsquo;est dans cette forme de continuit&eacute; que nous interrogeons le num&eacute;rique et la litt&eacute;ratie num&eacute;rique sous le prisme du genre et que nous approfondissons la r&eacute;flexion sur la relation entre standardisation, appropriation et &eacute;volution des formes de l&rsquo;&eacute;criture num&eacute;rique, au sein du ph&eacute;nom&egrave;ne de plateformisation.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <h2 style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-top:24px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:16pt"><span style="line-height:32px"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial"><a name="_cgdrd6w4xg3p"></a>Penser la dimension g&eacute;n&eacute;rative du genre&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h2> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Le probl&egrave;me pos&eacute; par le genre en &eacute;criture na&icirc;t initialement au sein des r&eacute;flexions que nous pourrions reconduire au geste de la th&eacute;orie litt&eacute;raire, depuis Aristote dans sa&nbsp;<i>Po&eacute;tique</i>&nbsp;en passant par Hegel et jusqu&rsquo;&agrave; la po&eacute;tique moderne avec Genette (1986) et Schaeffer (1989). Ce probl&egrave;me est essentiellement double<a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:windowtext"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></sup></a>: d&rsquo;un c&ocirc;t&eacute; se pose le probl&egrave;me taxinomique de la cat&eacute;gorisation de toute production textuelle, du jeu des ressemblances et des diff&eacute;rences qui mettent en relation les textes entre eux. Cette cat&eacute;gorisation peut se faire &agrave; partir de l&rsquo;objet d&rsquo;&eacute;criture selon un crit&egrave;re th&eacute;matique, &agrave; partir de la situation d&#39;&eacute;nonciation selon un crit&egrave;re modal ou &agrave; partir des moyens formels et mat&eacute;riels d&rsquo;&eacute;nonciation selon le crit&egrave;re de la forme et du support, crit&egrave;re &eacute;troitement li&eacute; &agrave; celui la finalit&eacute; de l&rsquo;&eacute;nonciation (Genette, 1986). D&rsquo;un autre c&ocirc;t&eacute;, se pose le probl&egrave;me de la remobilisation des formes &eacute;crites, de la cr&eacute;ation du nouveau &agrave; partir de l&rsquo;existant. En permettant la classification de textes existants, le genre &eacute;tablit un cadre communicationnel de r&eacute;f&eacute;rence pour tout nouvel acte de langage, participant &agrave; la fois &agrave; la r&eacute;ception et &agrave; la conception, ce qui en fait un concept op&eacute;ratoire aux deux niveaux de la circulation des textes.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">De fait, le genre est intimement li&eacute; &agrave; la notion&nbsp;&nbsp;de g&eacute;n&eacute;ration. Les termes de genre, ou de g&eacute;n&eacute;rique dans sa forme adjectivale, et de g&eacute;n&eacute;ricit&eacute; (qui d&eacute;signe le genre comme la propri&eacute;t&eacute; d&rsquo;un objet) sont &eacute;tymologiquement li&eacute;s &agrave; celui de g&eacute;n&eacute;ration, issu du latin &laquo;&nbsp;<i>genus, generis</i>&nbsp;&raquo; et que l&rsquo;on peut traduire par&nbsp;&nbsp;naissance, renvoyant &agrave; ce qui est embryonnaire, originaire, &eacute;pur&eacute;, essentiel. Dans la perspective propos&eacute;e par Badiou dans &laquo; L&rsquo;&eacute;criture du g&eacute;n&eacute;rique &raquo; (1992), le g&eacute;n&eacute;rique, ou le processus de composition d&rsquo;une forme g&eacute;n&eacute;rique, suppose ce mouvement vers l&rsquo;essentiel pour lequel la proposition d&rsquo;une forme r&eacute;sulte d&rsquo;op&eacute;rations de soustraction de toute particularit&eacute;. Les formes g&eacute;n&eacute;riques se situeraient ainsi au &laquo; degr&eacute; z&eacute;ro &raquo; d&rsquo;une forme en attente d&#39;&ecirc;tre investie par ses utilisations particuli&egrave;res dans le processus de g&eacute;n&eacute;ration textuelle.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">La relation entre genre et g&eacute;n&eacute;ration semble op&eacute;rer particuli&egrave;rement dans le contexte de l&rsquo;&eacute;criture num&eacute;rique. Elle permet de questionner les relations entre cadre prescriptif et production du texte - ou reproduction, pour reprendre l&rsquo;&eacute;tymologie &laquo; g&eacute;n&eacute;tique &raquo; du terme &laquo; genre &raquo; -, la nature automatis&eacute;e (algorithmique) de cette production et les conditions de l&rsquo;&eacute;mergence d&rsquo;une singularit&eacute;. Elle pose &eacute;galement la question de la reproductibilit&eacute;&nbsp;&nbsp;ou adaptabilit&eacute; si l&rsquo;on pense, par exemple, &agrave; la programmation g&eacute;n&eacute;rique<a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:windowtext"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></sup></a>-, &agrave; savoir d&rsquo;une possible exportation d&rsquo;un cadre local &agrave; une r&eacute;alit&eacute; globale qui expose, en ce sens, &agrave; une standardisation des &eacute;critures. Elle se pose en lien avec la production participative de texte en milieu num&eacute;rique par le concept de &laquo;&nbsp;<i>generativity</i>&nbsp;&raquo; (Zittrain, 2008) et d&rsquo;architexte (Jeanneret et Souchier, 1999) qui rendent &eacute;vidente la conjoncture particuli&egrave;re entre genre et g&eacute;n&eacute;ration, observable au sein des &eacute;critures num&eacute;riques. D&rsquo;un c&ocirc;t&eacute;, la&nbsp;<i>generativity</i>&nbsp;interroge l&rsquo;impact de la structure d&rsquo;une technologie, et du type de structuration qu&rsquo;une technologie propose de la participation &agrave; son d&eacute;veloppement, sur la g&eacute;n&eacute;ration de texte. Elle envisage la conception d&rsquo;un dispositif num&eacute;rique, une plateforme dans le cas de l&rsquo;ouvrage de Zittrain, g&eacute;n&eacute;ratif, c&rsquo;est-&agrave;-dire capable de produire de nouvelles formes, structures ou comportements de mani&egrave;re ind&eacute;pendante de ses cr&eacute;ateurs. Un exemple de technologie g&eacute;n&eacute;rative serait Internet, par opposition &agrave; de nombreuses autres technologies dites &laquo; stagnantes &raquo;. D&rsquo;un autre c&ocirc;t&eacute;, l&rsquo;architexte propos&eacute; par Souchier et Jeanneret transpose en milieu num&eacute;rique le concept d&rsquo;architexte formul&eacute; par Genette (1986) probl&eacute;matisant essentiellement les dynamiques g&eacute;n&eacute;riques au sein de la production textuelle. Le genre est une composante majeure de la dimension architextuelle des textes, &agrave; savoir l&rsquo;ensemble des cat&eacute;gories g&eacute;n&eacute;rales avec lesquelles nous mettons en relation les textes singuliers que nous lisons et qui se trouvent pour cela dans un rapport de transcendance aux textes singuliers<a href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:windowtext"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></sup></a>. Cette transcendance de l&rsquo;architexte est traduite en &eacute;criture num&eacute;rique dans la position privil&eacute;gi&eacute;e des logiciels permettant la g&eacute;n&eacute;ration de textes propos&eacute;s aux utilisateurs par rapport aux textes produits par ces derniers. L&rsquo;architexte, &agrave; la fois comme cadre prescriptif et comme outil de cr&eacute;ation, porte l&rsquo;attention sur la place et sur le pouvoir d&rsquo;un texte pr&eacute;existant et prescripteur dans la production de texte nouveau, sur les r&eacute;percussions d&rsquo;une machinisation/programmabilit&eacute; de cette dynamique de production et, par cons&eacute;quent, sur les conditions d&#39;&eacute;mergence de la singularit&eacute; en contexte num&eacute;rique ou, en d&rsquo;autres termes, sur la question de l&rsquo;homologation/diversification de la production textuelle num&eacute;rique et ses modalit&eacute;s.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <h2 style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-top:24px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:16pt"><span style="line-height:32px"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial"><a name="_z0z087enomhb"></a>Perspectives applicatives en &eacute;criture num&eacute;rique</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h2> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Le num&eacute;rique offre un milieu fertile de remobilisation des th&eacute;ories g&eacute;n&eacute;riques en vue d&rsquo;une compr&eacute;hension et d&rsquo;une appropriation des &eacute;critures num&eacute;riques via l&rsquo;analyse des continuit&eacute;s et des interruptions avec les &eacute;critures qui le pr&eacute;c&egrave;dent. Au-del&agrave; de l&rsquo;architexte, diverses actualisations de la notion de genre en analyse du discours num&eacute;rique telles que le &laquo; genre web &raquo; (Maingueneau, 2013) ou le &laquo; technogenre &raquo; (Paveau, 2017), permettent de concevoir ensemble le genre et le support d&rsquo;&eacute;criture num&eacute;rique. Une analyse g&eacute;n&eacute;rique au sein d&rsquo;un m&eacute;dia informatis&eacute; comme celle propos&eacute;e par Maingueneau con&ccedil;oit le genre comme un cadre communicationnel qui prescrit des r&ocirc;les aux communicants et d&eacute;termine la l&eacute;gitimit&eacute; formelle du ph&eacute;nom&egrave;ne communicationnel. Elle propose &eacute;galement une d&eacute;finition des interfaces num&eacute;riques d&rsquo;observation o&ugrave; ces dynamiques g&eacute;n&eacute;riques s&rsquo;inscrivent. Trois types de discours &agrave; l&rsquo;oeuvre sont identifi&eacute;s : un discours iconotextuel, d&rsquo;abord, relevant de la dimension &eacute;ditoriale et &laquo; visuelle &raquo; de ce qui est affich&eacute; &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;cran ; un discours architectural, ensuite, relevant des dimensions info-documentaire et design de l&rsquo;organisation de l&rsquo;information et de son accessibilit&eacute; pour l&rsquo;usager ; un discours processuel, enfin, relevant de sa composante logicielle et de sa &laquo; raison &raquo; algorithmique.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Au niveau de l&rsquo;application de ces notions, nous distinguons principalement deux mouvements : le premier mouvement est une caract&eacute;risation du genre sur le support num&eacute;rique, que nous pourrions appr&eacute;hender en utilisant la m&eacute;taphore&nbsp;&nbsp;du &laquo; vocabulaire &raquo;. De nombreux travaux mobilisent la notion de genre pour se r&eacute;f&eacute;rer &agrave; un ensemble de sites ou, plus g&eacute;n&eacute;ralement, de formations discursives num&eacute;riques en utilisant les p&eacute;rim&egrave;tres du genre et en les comparant avec les caract&egrave;res pr&eacute;-num&eacute;riques de ce genre sp&eacute;cifique. C&rsquo;est le cas du parall&egrave;le entre le journal intime et le blog (Deseilligny, 2010) ou du discours sur la critique culturelle amateur ou la critique culturelle web (Candel, 2007) comprise comme une nouvelle d&eacute;clinaison du genre critique et de l&rsquo;autorit&eacute; critique. Les formes discursives analys&eacute;es sont, dans ces travaux, r&eacute;f&eacute;r&eacute;es au genre en question. Le second mouvement, que nous pourrions d&eacute;signer en utilisant la m&eacute;taphore de la&nbsp;&nbsp;&laquo; grammaire &raquo;, est celui de la caract&eacute;risation de l&rsquo;&eacute;criture num&eacute;rique, auquel le genre sp&eacute;cifique participe, mais qui en d&eacute;passe les p&eacute;rim&egrave;tres, et qui se pr&eacute;sente sous les traits d&rsquo;une standardisation g&eacute;n&eacute;ralis&eacute;e des formes (Candel&nbsp;<i>et al</i>., 2012) et des fonctionnalit&eacute;s g&eacute;n&eacute;rales de l&rsquo;&eacute;criture num&eacute;rique d&eacute;rivant de la nature de leur support d&rsquo;inscription et de circulation (Crozat&nbsp;<i>et al</i>., 2011). Cette double perspective sur le genre met en &eacute;vidence une fois de plus les tensions entre localit&eacute; et globalisation des formes g&eacute;n&eacute;riques dans la constitution d&rsquo;une litt&eacute;ratie num&eacute;rique au niveau de la recherche scientifique.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Notre contribution prend en compte ces deux dimensions compl&eacute;mentaires &agrave; travers l&rsquo;analyse d&rsquo;une d&eacute;clinaison particuli&egrave;re des dynamiques g&eacute;n&eacute;riques autour d&rsquo;une forme particuli&egrave;re, celle de la liste, de la critique culturelle sur le web et du ph&eacute;nom&egrave;ne plus g&eacute;n&eacute;ral de la plateformisation, &agrave; l&#39;&oelig;uvre au sein des &eacute;critures num&eacute;riques. Elle porte sur le rapport entre l&rsquo;inscription du discours dans un genre sp&eacute;cifique et les tendances &eacute;volutives qui caract&eacute;risent l&rsquo;&eacute;criture num&eacute;rique dans une perspective plus large.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <h2 style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-top:24px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:16pt"><span style="line-height:32px"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial"><a name="_1dfwh6kz8hma"></a>&Eacute;criture participative sur plateforme</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h2> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Les dispositifs num&eacute;riques cibl&eacute;s par nos travaux rel&egrave;vent de diff&eacute;rentes caract&eacute;ristiques qui forment leur particularit&eacute; dans l&rsquo;&eacute;criture participative. Dans son analyse socio-&eacute;conomique du ph&eacute;nom&egrave;ne de plateformisation, Casilli caract&eacute;rise les plateformes comme des <q>m&eacute;canismes multiface de coordination algorithmique qui mettent en relation diverses cat&eacute;gories d&rsquo;usagers produisant de la valeur</q>&nbsp;(Casilli, 2019). La plateforme est envisag&eacute;e comme une structuration politique et, surtout, &eacute;conomique au sens d&rsquo;une gouvernance (O&rsquo;Reilly, 2011) impliquant au moins deux groupes d&rsquo;individus (Srnicek, 2016) orient&eacute;e vers une logique de production. Bien que la plupart de ces dispositifs conservent les connotations marchandes du contexte d&rsquo;origine (Bullich &amp; Guignard, 2016), des travaux de recherche r&eacute;cents ont mis en lumi&egrave;re sous le terme de &laquo; plateformes contributives &raquo; (Severo&nbsp;<i>et al</i>., 2022) des initiatives &agrave; but non lucratif qui se posent comme une r&eacute;ponse engag&eacute;e &agrave; ce ph&eacute;nom&egrave;ne et qui r&eacute;habilitent des possibles d&rsquo;ordre politique pour ce type de configuration. M&eacute;canisme d&rsquo;interm&eacute;diation entre groupes d&rsquo;individus, la plateforme est, en ce sens, rh&eacute;toriquement alli&eacute;e avec la participation et, notamment, avec sa structuration. Elle repr&eacute;sente &agrave; la fois l&rsquo;&eacute;cosyst&egrave;me &laquo; coordonn&eacute;e &raquo; o&ugrave; ces processus participatifs ont lieu, et elle est, dans le m&ecirc;me temps, susceptible d&rsquo;en &ecirc;tre modifi&eacute;e. Du point de vue anthropologique de Kelty (2019), qui trace la g&eacute;n&eacute;alogie des processus participatifs, la plateforme repr&eacute;sente un type de participation &laquo; outill&eacute;e &raquo; ou &laquo; instrumentalis&eacute;e &raquo; (Jeanneret, 2014) r&eacute;pondant &agrave; la n&eacute;cessit&eacute; de coordonner un grand nombre d&rsquo;individus et rentrant pour ce faire dans une optique d&rsquo;exportabilit&eacute; et de globalisation des pratiques et des proc&eacute;dures particuli&egrave;res. L&rsquo;enjeu serait de questionner la place de l&rsquo;utilisateur dans ces dynamiques de coordination outill&eacute;e, au sein des processus participatifs v&eacute;hicul&eacute;s par la plateforme.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">A partir de&nbsp;&nbsp;la m&eacute;taphore du num&eacute;rique comme &eacute;criture, nous analysons la plateforme comme une organisation textuelle de la participation o&ugrave; les outils, qui se s&eacute;miotisent &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;cran pour permettre l&rsquo;interaction des usagers avec des logiciels, se pr&eacute;sentent comme des formes &eacute;ditoriales et o&ugrave; les dynamiques de leur appropriation pour la mise en place des processus participatifs rel&egrave;vent d&rsquo;op&eacute;rations de lecture et d&rsquo;&eacute;criture. Le design des plateformes se trouve, de ce fait, confront&eacute; au probl&egrave;me de conception d&rsquo;outils permettant la g&eacute;n&eacute;ration de texte (architextes, CMS) qui soient intelligibles et &laquo; capacitants &raquo; pour les utilisateurs. La conception d&rsquo;une &eacute;criture et d&rsquo;une plateforme participative comprend des op&eacute;rations diverses, incluant l&rsquo;&eacute;tablissement d&rsquo;objectifs &agrave; atteindre, la r&eacute;partition de t&acirc;ches &agrave; accomplir et allant jusqu&rsquo;&agrave; la mise &agrave; disposition d&rsquo;un ensemble d&rsquo;outils et de protocoles d&rsquo;utilisation pour leur accomplissement (Kelty, 2012). Dans cette optique, tout outil propos&eacute; au participant pr&eacute;voit un mode d&rsquo;emploi qui s&rsquo;ins&egrave;re dans une organisation g&eacute;n&eacute;rale au niveau de la plateforme. Cette organisation est loin d&rsquo;&ecirc;tre statique mais s&rsquo;actualise et se re-con&ccedil;oit de mani&egrave;re participative &agrave; partir des interpr&eacute;tations, faites par les utilisateurs, de la sp&eacute;cialisation fonctionnelle<a href="#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:windowtext"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></sup></a>&nbsp;v&eacute;hicul&eacute;e par les outils techniques (Bachimont, 2010) qui la composent. La notion d&rsquo;outil nous permet de traiter ensemble la dimension de l&rsquo;&eacute;quipement et de structuration de la participation et la question de l&rsquo;outil technique qui compose&nbsp;&nbsp;le dispositif, et notamment le dispositif num&eacute;rique dans sa forme &eacute;crite.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Le&nbsp;<i>toolkit</i>&nbsp;(Kelty, 2019) rel&egrave;ve pourtant de l&rsquo;organisation mat&eacute;rielle, technique et sociale de la participation. D&eacute;passant l&rsquo;outil pris au singulier, il comprend des technologies socio-techniques (des organisations sociales, des logiciels), des directives ou des instructions d&rsquo;utilisation plus ou moins pr&eacute;cises ou contraignantes qui tiennent compte d&rsquo;un degr&eacute; de simplicit&eacute; ou de complexit&eacute; dans l&rsquo;utilisation, des possibilit&eacute;s d&rsquo;&eacute;valuation et de partage d&rsquo;exp&eacute;rience. Ce que nous traduisons par bo&icirc;te &agrave; outils (<i>toolkit</i>) comprend, en milieu num&eacute;rique : architexte, p&eacute;ritexte d&rsquo;instruction, positionnement au sein de l&rsquo;organisation syntaxique de la plateforme, composantes de la forme traduisant des espaces et des possibilit&eacute;s de variation, manipulation, partage, &eacute;valuation.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">La nature &eacute;crite du num&eacute;rique permet de consid&eacute;rer les outils essentiellement comme un ensemble de textes g&eacute;n&eacute;rant des productions textuelles ult&eacute;rieures s&rsquo;offrant &agrave; l&rsquo;observation comme le lieu d&rsquo;actualisation des dynamiques g&eacute;n&eacute;riques telles que nous les avons pr&eacute;sent&eacute;es plus haut. Ces textes s&rsquo;organisent dans des formes &eacute;ditoriales (listes, commentaires, fils d&rsquo;actualit&eacute;, par exemple) et &eacute;voluent selon une logistique, une d&eacute;termination relationnelle, que ces formes d&eacute;terminent entre les &eacute;l&eacute;ments qui les composent. En ce sens, l&rsquo;interpr&eacute;tation que les utilisateurs en font, et la litt&eacute;ratie sp&eacute;cifique qui est mobilis&eacute;e, doit se construire en m&ecirc;me temps dans une dimension &eacute;ditoriale, une dimension technique et une dimension logistique/relationnelle qui rel&egrave;ve de la participation et de sa gestion &laquo; graphique&raquo;. Ces formes se posent comme un objet central pour l&rsquo;analyse des processus de capacitation et d&rsquo;alphab&eacute;tisation des usagers.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <h1 style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-top:27px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:20pt"><span style="line-height:40px"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial"><a name="_b9c840c61994"></a>Des formes aux plateformes participatives de critique culturelle</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h1> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:24px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">L&rsquo;analyse des plateformes propos&eacute;e s&rsquo;effectue &agrave; diff&eacute;rents niveaux: le niveau des formes et des pratiques discursives, d&rsquo;abord, et le niveau de la g&eacute;n&eacute;ration des dispositifs info-communicationnels, ensuite. Il s&rsquo;agit de mettre &agrave; jour les rapports entre genre, g&eacute;n&eacute;ration et litt&eacute;ratie des utilisateurs, nous permettant d&rsquo;esquisser les contours de la figure de l&rsquo;&eacute;crilecteur-designer.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <h2 style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-top:24px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:16pt"><span style="line-height:32px"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial"><a name="_68ts1ntr5gfn"></a>Le niveau des formes et des pratiques discursives</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h2> <h3 style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-top:21px; margin-bottom:5px"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:28px"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#434343"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial"><a name="_15wvmjvey631"></a>Cas d&rsquo;&eacute;tude et m&eacute;thode d&rsquo;analyse</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h3> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Cette partie s&rsquo;appuie sur un travail de th&egrave;se qui &eacute;tudie la forme de la liste num&eacute;rique au sein d&rsquo;un corpus de plateformes de critique culturelle. Le corpus se compose de vingt-quatre dispositifs participatifs de critique culturelle. L&rsquo;analyse se concentre sur deux typologies principales de listes au sein de ces plateformes : les listes d&rsquo;objets culturels et les listes de profils. Nous proposons une application de notre r&eacute;flexion th&eacute;orique au cas paradigmatique des listes de recommandation culturelle de la plateforme Goodreads, propos&eacute;es aux utilisateurs comme une forme de participation, tout en tenant compte des &laquo; sous-listes &raquo; qui la composent. D&rsquo;un point de vue m&eacute;thodologique, notre analyse s&rsquo;est d&eacute;roul&eacute;e en deux temps : un premier temps d&rsquo;observation participante des plateformes via l&rsquo;inscription, l&rsquo;utilisation, la prise de notes et de captures d&rsquo;&eacute;crans ; et un deuxi&egrave;me temps d&rsquo;analyse qualitative des interfaces selon, d&rsquo;une part, l&rsquo;&eacute;laboration propos&eacute;e par la s&eacute;miologie des &eacute;crits d&rsquo;&eacute;cran (Souchier&nbsp;<i>et al</i>., 2019) et notamment selon le mod&egrave;le de r&eacute;pertoire des formes &eacute;ditoriales num&eacute;riques au sein d&rsquo;un discours sp&eacute;cifique dans les travaux de Candel (<i>et a</i>l., 2012) et, de l&rsquo;autre, selon une d&eacute;marche empirique de composition de grilles d&rsquo;analyse &agrave; partir des d&eacute;ductions issues du premier moment d&rsquo;immersion sur le terrain et des mod&eacute;lisations de la forme liste. L&rsquo;enjeu est de tenir ensemble l&rsquo;analyse de la participation sur plateforme (Kelty, 2012) et les perspectives ouvertes par les th&eacute;ories g&eacute;n&eacute;riques (Maingueneau, 2013) dans l&rsquo;interrogation des &eacute;crits d&rsquo;&eacute;cran.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">En ce qui concerne la liste, l&rsquo;analyse est support&eacute;e par une mod&eacute;lisation obtenue en combinant un travail de recherche bibliographique et de d&eacute;finition conceptuelle et une observation des d&eacute;clinaisons num&eacute;riques de cette forme (<i>Tableau 1</i>). La liste se compose d&rsquo;un nombre d&rsquo;op&eacute;rations essentielles (s&eacute;lection, qualification, ordonnancement, m&eacute;morisation) et de composantes qui traduisent graphiquement &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;cran ces op&eacute;rations et leur agencement. La suite d&rsquo;items qui la caract&eacute;rise se forme &agrave; partir d&rsquo;une juxtaposition s&eacute;quentielle discontinue de ces items (S&egrave;ve, 2010) &agrave; partir d&rsquo;un crit&egrave;re de s&eacute;lection et op&eacute;r&eacute;e essentiellement par un mouvement d&rsquo;ajout/suppression au niveau du texte &laquo; etc. &raquo; qui d&eacute;limite la liste.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0cm; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial"><i>Tableau 1. Grille d&rsquo;analyse de la liste comme forme g&eacute;n&eacute;rique au sein des plateformes.</i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <table class="Table" style="caret-color:#000000; color:#000000; font-style:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:normal; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:auto; text-align:start; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:auto; word-spacing:0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust:auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-decoration:none; border-collapse:collapse; border:none" width="593"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:593px; padding:7px; height:37px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial"><b>Analyse g&eacute;n&eacute;rique de la forme-outil liste</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:116px; padding:7px; height:84px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial"><b>S&eacute;miotisation (forme &eacute;ditoriale)</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:157px; padding:7px; height:84px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial"><b>Affordance (forme op&eacute;rationnelle)</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:197px; padding:7px; height:84px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial"><b><i>Toolkit</i>&nbsp;de la participation</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:123px; padding:7px; height:84px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial"><b>Caract&eacute;risation</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:116px; padding:7px; height:108px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Item</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:157px; padding:7px; height:108px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">S&eacute;lection</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:197px; padding:7px; height:108px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Instructions</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:123px; padding:7px; height:108px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">D&eacute;finition g&eacute;n&eacute;rique de la liste par le dispositif</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:116px; padding:7px; height:84px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">S&eacute;quence</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:157px; padding:7px; height:84px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Qualification</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:197px; padding:7px; height:84px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Complexit&eacute;</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:123px; padding:7px; height:84px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Sc&eacute;narios d&rsquo;usage pr&eacute;vus par le dispositif</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:116px; padding:7px; height:131px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">&laquo; Etc. &raquo;</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:157px; padding:7px; height:131px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Ordonnancement</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:197px; padding:7px; height:131px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">G&eacute;n&eacute;ricit&eacute;</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:123px; padding:7px; height:131px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Traces d&rsquo;usage (formes g&eacute;n&eacute;riques et sc&eacute;narios produits)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:116px; padding:7px; height:84px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">&Eacute;nonciation</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:157px; padding:7px; height:84px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">M&eacute;morisation</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:197px; padding:7px; height:84px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">&Eacute;valuation</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:123px; padding:7px; height:84px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Logiques et outils du d&eacute;tournement</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:116px; padding:7px; height:108px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">D&eacute;passement (autres composantes et fonctionnalit&eacute;s)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:157px; padding:7px; height:108px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:197px; padding:7px; height:108px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Interop&eacute;rabilit&eacute;/Adaptabilit&eacute;</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:123px; padding:7px; height:108px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:116px; padding:7px; height:84px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:157px; padding:7px; height:84px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:197px; padding:7px; height:84px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Logistique (r&eacute;partition des r&ocirc;les et des t&acirc;ches en vue d&rsquo;un objectif)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:123px; padding:7px; height:84px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:116px; padding:7px; height:84px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:157px; padding:7px; height:84px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:197px; padding:7px; height:84px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Ressources produites (formes, protocoles,&nbsp;<i>persona</i>)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:123px; padding:7px; height:84px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Ce mod&egrave;le nous guide dans l&rsquo;analyse de la liste comprise comme une bo&icirc;te &agrave; outils propos&eacute;e par les plateformes au service de la participation, au sens explicit&eacute; plus haut. Concr&egrave;tement, nous observons la caract&eacute;risation interpr&eacute;tative des listes, qui sont &agrave; la fois des formes &eacute;ditoriales et des outils con&ccedil;us pour la participation. Nous utilisons ce terme au sens de Bachimont (2010 : 58) qui la d&eacute;crit comme le degr&eacute; de diff&eacute;renciation de toute forme actualis&eacute;e du mod&egrave;le abstrait. Dans cette perspective g&eacute;n&eacute;rique, nous tenons compte du niveau d&rsquo;encadrement de l&rsquo;outil, et de celui de l&rsquo;actualisation de la forme qui en d&eacute;rive, qui s&rsquo;op&egrave;re sur deux niveaux : par la forme propos&eacute;e &agrave; l&rsquo;utilisateur avec des possibilit&eacute;s de diff&eacute;renciation (via l&rsquo;architexte, champs de saisie plus ou moins libres ou automatis&eacute;s, composante logicielle, le p&eacute;ritexte d&rsquo;instructions) et par les productions des utilisateurs &agrave; partir de cette premi&egrave;re actualisation, analys&eacute;es &agrave; partir des traces d&rsquo;usage. La question de la litt&eacute;ratie, en ce sens, concerne la tension, relev&eacute;e dans la figure de l&rsquo;utilisateur-participant, entre la mise &agrave; disposition d&rsquo;une bo&icirc;te &agrave; outils et la valeur produite par son appropriation (formes produites, mise en place de nouveaux protocoles d&rsquo;utilisation, d&eacute;veloppement de comp&eacute;tences, etc.).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <h3 style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-top:21px; margin-bottom:5px"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:28px"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#434343"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial"><a name="_tfkr6a6mm54"></a>Interpr&eacute;tations g&eacute;n&eacute;riques des listes de recommandation culturelle de Goodreads</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h3> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Cr&eacute;&eacute;e en 2006, la plateforme Goodreads se pr&eacute;sente comme un dispositif de recommandation de lectures &agrave; partir d&rsquo;une logique de r&eacute;seau social de partage d&rsquo;avis et de choix de lectures personnelles des utilisateurs. Elle rejoint d&rsquo;autres plateformes de notre corpus en contexte litt&eacute;raire (Babelio, LibraryThing, Decitre, Livraddict) par sa nature plurielle de catalogue social, d&rsquo;outil de gestion des lectures personnelles (biblioth&egrave;que personnelle) et de site de &laquo; curation &raquo; (de s&eacute;lection, d&rsquo;&eacute;ditorialisation et de partage) ou de recommandation de livres, audiolivres, bandes dessin&eacute;es, mangas, romans graphiques. Dans ce type de plateforme, <q>des acheteurs recenseurs ajoutent de la valeur au travers de leurs critiques, de leurs notes de lecture et de leurs recommandations</q>&nbsp;(Casilli, 2019). Goodreads - et c&rsquo;est un ph&eacute;nom&egrave;ne observable &agrave; plusieurs niveaux pour les autres plateformes du corpus - enrichit ce syst&egrave;me de cr&eacute;ation de valeur avec un appareillage de listes qui organisent une pluralit&eacute; d&rsquo;activit&eacute;s ludiques (les prix), &eacute;ditoriales (les listes de recommandation), documentaires (les collections) de lecture (les d&eacute;fis de lecture, les&nbsp;<i>List Challenge</i>) et sociales (les classements collectifs). Une deuxi&egrave;me sp&eacute;cificit&eacute; de la plateforme - il s&rsquo;agit cette fois-ci d&rsquo;une tendance qui n&rsquo;est pas partag&eacute;e par l&rsquo;ensemble du corpus - consiste en son organisation architecturale de l&rsquo;information. La plateforme pr&eacute;voit, en effet, un espace d&rsquo;exploration et de recommandation de lectures qui regroupe un grand nombre des listes produites. Cet espace, appel&eacute; &laquo; <em>Listopia</em> &raquo; ou le &laquo; lieu des listes &raquo;, est class&eacute; sous l&rsquo;onglet &laquo; <em>Browse</em> &raquo; et accessible &agrave; partir de la page d&rsquo;accueil (<i>Figure 1</i>).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0cm; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial"><img src="blob:https://numerev.com/52def651-b16f-4207-9513-b5dee6a13952" style="width:451px; height:248px" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0cm; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial"><i>Figure 1. Page de la section d&eacute;di&eacute;e aux listes dans la plateforme Goodreads (2020, 20 juillet).</i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <h4 style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-top:19px; margin-bottom:5px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#666666"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial"><a name="_mldkz7qnoei1"></a>La&nbsp;<i>Listopia List</i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h4> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Dans cet espace, deux types de listes sont propos&eacute;es &agrave; l&rsquo;utilisateur : la &laquo;&nbsp;<i>List</i>&nbsp;<i>&nbsp;Challenge&nbsp;</i>&raquo;, d&rsquo;abord, est propos&eacute;e par les utilisateurs qui ont atteint le statut de biblioth&eacute;caire (&laquo;&nbsp;<i>Goodreads Librarians</i>&nbsp;&raquo;) et qui jouent le r&ocirc;le de mod&eacute;rateur et d&rsquo;animateur des communaut&eacute;s. Les autres utilisateurs peuvent indiquer les livres de la liste qu&rsquo;ils ont lus, comparer les r&eacute;sultats avec d&rsquo;autres lecteurs et &eacute;mettre des commentaires. La &laquo;&nbsp;<i>Listopia List</i>&nbsp;&raquo;, ensuite, peut &ecirc;tre cr&eacute;&eacute;e par n&rsquo;importe quel utilisateur et permet aux autres lecteurs de participer via un syst&egrave;me d&rsquo;ajout de livres et d&rsquo;ordonnancement li&eacute; au vote. En ce sens, la liste sert d&rsquo;outil logistique<a href="#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:windowtext"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></sup></a>&nbsp;d&rsquo;organisation et de gestion des &eacute;l&eacute;ments et des r&ocirc;les des participants (<i>Tableau 2</i>). Parall&egrave;lement &agrave; un type de liste collective similaire propos&eacute;e par une autre plateforme de notre corpus, SensCritique, la&nbsp;<i>Listopia List</i>&nbsp;de Goodreads fournit un exemple particuli&egrave;rement int&eacute;ressant de liste car elle implique de mani&egrave;re &eacute;vidente des dynamiques participatives explicitant des dynamiques pl&eacute;biscitaires de s&eacute;lection des contenus dans le fonctionnement de certaines listes &laquo; &eacute;ditoriales &raquo; et &laquo; &eacute;ditorialis&eacute;es &raquo;.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent: 0cm; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial"><i>Tableau 2. Distribution des r&ocirc;les dans la Listopia List.</i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <table class="Table" style="caret-color:#000000; color:#000000; font-style:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:normal; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:auto; text-align:start; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:auto; word-spacing:0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust:auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-decoration:none; border-collapse:collapse; border:none" width="602"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:127px; padding:7px; height:61px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial"><b>R&ocirc;le</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:138px; padding:7px; height:61px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial"><b>Forme &eacute;ditoriale</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:165px; padding:7px; height:61px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial"><b>T&acirc;che</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:171px; padding:7px; height:61px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial"><b>Outil et &laquo; lieux &raquo; d&rsquo;action</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:127px; padding:7px; height:202px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Cr&eacute;ateur (toujours au singulier)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:138px; padding:7px; height:202px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Nom de l&rsquo;utilisateur et hyperlien &agrave; la page du profil</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:165px; padding:7px; height:202px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">V&eacute;rification de la validit&eacute; et de l&rsquo;originalit&eacute; de la liste, d&eacute;finir les &eacute;l&eacute;ments de qualification de la s&eacute;lection, premi&egrave;re ossature de la liste via sa s&eacute;lection</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:171px; padding:7px; height:202px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Outil automatis&eacute; de v&eacute;rification des titres existant, titre, descriptif, tag, fonction &laquo; edit &raquo;, vote (catalogue personnel, moteur de recherche), commentaire</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:127px; padding:7px; height:131px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Mod&eacute;rateur.s (le.s&nbsp;<i>Goodreads librarians</i>)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:138px; padding:7px; height:131px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Nom d&rsquo;utilisateur et ic&ocirc;ne de l&rsquo;image profil au niveau de la signature du commentaire</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:165px; padding:7px; height:131px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Correction (&eacute;diter des contenus), suppression des items, explication des bonnes usages</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:171px; padding:7px; height:131px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Fonction &laquo; edit &raquo;, commentaire</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:127px; padding:7px; height:131px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Votant.s</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:138px; padding:7px; height:131px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Liste des profils des votants, liste des profils des amis ayant vot&eacute;</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:165px; padding:7px; height:131px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Recherche et ajout de livres,&nbsp;<i>crowdsourcing</i></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:171px; padding:7px; height:131px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Vote (catalogue personnel, moteur de recherche), commentaire,&nbsp;<i>like</i>, liste d&rsquo;amis</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:127px; padding:7px; height:131px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Abonn&eacute;.s</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:138px; padding:7px; height:131px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Liste des profils qui aiment la liste accessible sur une page &agrave; part via un hyperlien</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:165px; padding:7px; height:131px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Appr&eacute;ciation, suivi (valorisation)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:171px; padding:7px; height:131px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial"><i>Like</i>/<i>unlike</i>, suivre le fil des commentaires</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0cm; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">La&nbsp;<i>Listopia List</i>&nbsp;propose &agrave; l&rsquo;utilisateur un haut degr&eacute; de personnalisation - les champs de saisie correspondant aux &eacute;l&eacute;ments de qualification de la s&eacute;lection (titre, descriptif et tags) sont tous libres - et demande une pluralit&eacute; de comp&eacute;tences -&nbsp;&nbsp;en t&eacute;moignent la difficult&eacute; d&rsquo;utilisation dont se plaignent les lecteurs en commentaire ou dans les descriptifs des listes, l&rsquo;activit&eacute; de mod&eacute;ration n&eacute;cessairement demand&eacute;e aux&nbsp;<i>Goodreads Librarians</i>&nbsp;ponctuellement communiqu&eacute;e dans les commentaires et le grand nombre de listes &laquo; mortes &raquo; qui peuplent Listopia. Un effort important d&rsquo;encadrement se situe au niveau du dispositif et au niveau des utilisateurs via les instructions d&rsquo;utilisation au niveau de l&rsquo;architexte de cr&eacute;ation, via les contraintes techniques d&rsquo;un logiciel qui permet de v&eacute;rifier la pr&eacute;sence de doublons et qui bloque la cr&eacute;ation de listes d&eacute;j&agrave; existantes ou la limite d&rsquo;une liste par jour par utilisateur (<i>Figure 2</i>) ou via des pratiques d&rsquo;&eacute;change et d&rsquo;encadrement d&rsquo;usage entre lecteurs dans le titre, le descriptif ou les commentaires. La plateforme d&eacute;finit cette liste comme une collection ordonn&eacute;e collectivement, &agrave; mi-chemin entre une classification et un classement, les deux op&eacute;r&eacute;s de mani&egrave;re collective. Le mod&egrave;le de liste propos&eacute; par le dispositif est celui d&rsquo;un floril&egrave;ge, ou &laquo;&nbsp;<i>Best of</i>&nbsp;&raquo;, pour lequel les lecteurs votent collectivement selon un crit&egrave;re de s&eacute;lection librement choisi. Un enjeu de curation et de gamification motive la participation.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0cm; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial"><img src="blob:https://numerev.com/c3d2f212-c68b-4d90-aa91-1a6d1d56134e" style="width:451px; height:270px" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0cm; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial"><i>Figure 2. Architexte de cr&eacute;ation de la Listopia List (2022, 2 d&eacute;cembre).</i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <h4 style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-top:19px; margin-bottom:5px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#666666"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial"><a name="_rlfc02mp19y4"></a>D&eacute;tournements logistiques, sociaux et fonctionnels de la forme</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h4> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Nous analysons quatre cas paradigmatiques de sc&eacute;narios<a href="#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:windowtext"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></sup></a>&nbsp;de listes produits par les participants : le sondage, la recommandation personnalis&eacute;e, les listes de groupes de discussion et les listes statiques. La s&eacute;rie de listes <q><i>What Women Born in the 90&#39;s Have Read in</i>&nbsp;[Ann&eacute;e]</q>&nbsp;en premier lieu, s&rsquo;inspire d&rsquo;une s&eacute;rie qui la pr&eacute;c&egrave;de, <q><i>What We Have Read So Far in</i>&nbsp;[Ann&eacute;e]</q>, et interroge les lectures d&rsquo;un sous-groupe de membres de la communaut&eacute; de lecteurs sur une ann&eacute;e. La s&eacute;rie d&eacute;bute en 2010. Elle est aliment&eacute;e au rythme d&rsquo;une liste par an. Elle donne vie &agrave; diverses adaptations pour diff&eacute;rents sous-groupes de lecteurs. Le cr&eacute;ateur de la liste varie selon les ann&eacute;es et, au sein de chaque liste, une suite d&rsquo;hyperliens permettant d&rsquo;acc&eacute;der aux &laquo; &eacute;ditions &raquo; de la liste des ann&eacute;es pr&eacute;c&eacute;dentes (quelques fois, suivantes) contribue &agrave; la consolidation d&rsquo;un protocole et d&rsquo;un &eacute;cosyst&egrave;me &laquo; communautaire &raquo; propres &agrave; la liste. Cette liste a la particularit&eacute; de r&eacute;interpr&eacute;ter de mani&egrave;re innovante certaines fonctionnalit&eacute;s d&eacute;j&agrave; pr&eacute;sentes dans la&nbsp;<i>Listopia List</i>&nbsp;: la possibilit&eacute; d&rsquo;employer la liste comme un&nbsp;<i>crowdsourcing</i>&nbsp;est d&eacute;tourn&eacute;e par des strat&eacute;gies de limitation des profils, via des instructions au niveau du titre ou du descriptif, pour cibler le public auquel s&rsquo;adresse la question. Cela repr&eacute;sente une interpr&eacute;tation de l&rsquo;architexte et de la technologie du vote, notamment, en d&eacute;pit du p&eacute;ritexte d&rsquo;instruction qui conseille un usage en forme de classement collectif de type&nbsp;<i>Best of</i>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">En deuxi&egrave;me lieu, une restriction analogue, portant cette fois sur le destinataire de la liste, est op&eacute;r&eacute;e sur un type de liste tr&egrave;s populaire suivant le mod&egrave;le du &laquo;&nbsp;<i>What Should I Read Next ?</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&raquo; (&laquo; Ma prochaine lecture &raquo;, en fran&ccedil;ais) et d&eacute;tourne le caract&egrave;re collectif du classement en vue d&rsquo;une recommandation personnalis&eacute;e. Ce type de d&eacute;tournement s&rsquo;op&egrave;re &eacute;galement dans des listes de &laquo; filtrage &raquo; de la recommandation personnalis&eacute;e : une pratique courante consiste &agrave; transposer les listes de recommandation re&ccedil;ues au sein d&rsquo;autres dispositifs et &agrave; demander &agrave; la communaut&eacute; de s&rsquo;exprimer via un vote ou un commentaire sur cette recommandation. Il est demand&eacute; aux lecteurs d&rsquo;utiliser la fonction&nbsp;<i>Vote</i>&nbsp;et non la fonction&nbsp;<i>Ajout</i>. Il s&rsquo;agit d&rsquo;un classement et non d&rsquo;une alimentation de la collection. Le cas de <q><i>Booktube recommandation books</i></q>, une s&eacute;rie de listes r&eacute;pondant &agrave; cette dynamique qui transcrit sur Goodreads les recommandations du site Booktube, montre &agrave; quel point l&rsquo;&eacute;crilecture au sein des plateformes se fait non seulement &agrave; partir de l&rsquo;architexte, du p&eacute;ritexte d&rsquo;instruction et des dynamiques de sociabilit&eacute; internes &agrave; la plateforme (instruction, exemples, interaction avec la communaut&eacute;), mais aussi &agrave; partir d&rsquo;une communaut&eacute; d&eacute;passant la seule plateforme, impliquant des usages trans-plateformes, dans lesquels l&rsquo;utilisateur r&eacute;investit l&rsquo;interpr&eacute;tation des formes.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Cette tension entre plateforme et navigation transversale refl&egrave;te une dimension environnementale de ce genre de dispositif. Il s&rsquo;agit en effet d&rsquo;une tendance observ&eacute;e dans&nbsp;&nbsp;la plupart des dispositifs de notre corpus: s&rsquo;il est &eacute;vident que le niveau de caract&eacute;risation interpr&eacute;tative des formes r&eacute;sultantes d&eacute;pend principalement de : (1) la caract&eacute;risation de la plateforme dans son enti&egrave;ret&eacute; (les enjeux, le ton, le public auquel elle s&rsquo;adresse) ; (2) la caract&eacute;risation de la forme au niveau de son architexte ; (3) le positionnement de la forme au sein du dispositif qui en encadre la fonction et la facilit&eacute; d&rsquo;acc&egrave;s et, plus g&eacute;n&eacute;ralement, les logiques syntaxiques qui lient la forme &agrave; d&rsquo;autres formes et qui la placent au sein du dispositif ; elle semble d&eacute;pendre &eacute;galement d&rsquo;une logique environnementale, ou logique d&rsquo;&eacute;cosyst&egrave;me, &agrave; m&ecirc;me de guider les pratiques et les interpr&eacute;tations des formes (4).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">D&rsquo;apr&egrave;s la typologie propos&eacute;e, la restriction de la liste des participants peut intervenir uniquement sur les votants (sondage), sur les destinataires (recommandation personnalis&eacute;e) ou sur les votants et les destinataires &agrave; la fois, dans les cas o&ugrave; la liste est produite pour servir d&rsquo;outil &agrave; un groupe de discussion sp&eacute;cifique. La liste <q><i>Popsugar 2023 #39 - A Book You Wish You Could Read For the First Time Again</i></q>&nbsp;(<i>Figures 3.1&nbsp;</i>et&nbsp;<i>3.2</i>) fait partie d&rsquo;une s&eacute;rie de 40 listes qui servent essentiellement de&nbsp;<i>crowdsourcing</i>&nbsp;et de recommandation de lecture pour un groupe de discussion autour d&rsquo;un d&eacute;fi de lecture propos&eacute; par le m&eacute;dia PopSugar. Le groupe de discussion pr&eacute;voit &eacute;galement une discussion autour de l&rsquo;utilisation des&nbsp;<i>Listopia Lists</i>, appel&eacute;e &ldquo;<i>LISTOPIA TIPS</i>&rdquo;, qui permet la mise en place d&rsquo;une dynamique de groupe autour du challenge de lecture. Il en r&eacute;sulte des instructions tr&egrave;s pr&eacute;cises et rigoureuses sur les descriptifs des listes cr&eacute;&eacute;es.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0cm; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial"><img src="blob:https://numerev.com/53ed4f3c-5272-4f10-b284-00e9ce3534bb" style="width:451px; height:270px" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0cm; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial"><i>Figure 3.1 Premi&egrave;re partie d&rsquo;une page d&rsquo;&eacute;cran d&rsquo;une &laquo; Listopia List &raquo; (2022, 2 d&eacute;cembre).</i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; text-indent:36pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0cm; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial"><img src="blob:https://numerev.com/156470bf-085b-473b-bbf9-ee91cd798dd0" style="width:451px; height:270px" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0cm; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial"><i>Figure 3.2 Seconde partie d&rsquo;une page d&rsquo;&eacute;cran d&rsquo;une &laquo; Listopia List &raquo; (2022, 2 d&eacute;cembre).</i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0cm; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Le quatri&egrave;me groupe de listes analys&eacute; se compose des listes statiques o&ugrave; la participation des votants est invoqu&eacute;e au sens d&rsquo;un respect de la conception statique de la liste, &agrave; l&rsquo;aide d&rsquo;injonctions du type: &ldquo;Pri&egrave;re de ne pas voter pour ne pas modifier l&rsquo;ordre chronologique des items de la liste&rdquo;. C&rsquo;est le cas des listes &laquo; &eacute;ditoriales &raquo; d&rsquo;enrichissement de l&rsquo;indexation, &agrave; savoir des listes regroupant des livres appartenant &agrave; une m&ecirc;me collection et / ou &agrave; une m&ecirc;me maison d&rsquo;&eacute;dition. De mani&egrave;re analogue aux listes produites pour des groupes de discussion, une pratique diffus&eacute;e pr&eacute;voit de connecter la liste &agrave; la page d&rsquo;indexation d&rsquo;un livre, notamment dans la partie r&eacute;dactionnelle de description, et de contextualiser le livre dans un discours &eacute;ditorial &eacute;largi. Cette pratique agit &eacute;galement comme une prescription de cr&eacute;ation de listes. La forme d&eacute;termine des relations sp&eacute;cifiques entre contenus et acteurs ainsi que le d&eacute;ploiement des activit&eacute;s qui la cr&eacute;ent et l&rsquo;alimentent, un aspect relevant de la dimension logistique de l&rsquo;&eacute;crit (Jeanneret, 2007). Ces exemples mettent en lumi&egrave;re une combinatoire possible de l&rsquo;interpr&eacute;tation fonctionnelle de l&rsquo;outil et du jeu sur les r&ocirc;les assign&eacute;s aux participants. Toute caract&eacute;risation g&eacute;n&eacute;rique implique un tel jeu sur la r&eacute;partition des r&ocirc;les et des t&acirc;ches. Toute cr&eacute;ation d&rsquo;une nouvelle liste n&eacute;cessite, en ce sens, une instruction pour les votants, la proposition d&rsquo;un sc&eacute;nario de participation d&eacute;riv&eacute;e d&rsquo;une interpr&eacute;tation des listes existantes (et de listes qui peuvent exister en dehors de la plateforme) et de leur architexte de cr&eacute;ation, ce qui rel&egrave;ve d&rsquo;une dimension de gouvernance de l&rsquo;outil sur les participants.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Les s&eacute;ries de listes observ&eacute;es montrent qu&rsquo;une interpr&eacute;tation technique de l&#39;outil est &agrave; l&rsquo;&oelig;uvre dans ces productions dans une logique de r&eacute;ponse &agrave; un manque de service et d&rsquo;interpr&eacute;tation au niveau de la forme du dispositif dans son ensemble. Il s&#39;agit de productions &laquo; coh&eacute;rentes &raquo; r&eacute;pondant &agrave; des besoins d&rsquo;utilisation d&rsquo;ordre personnel ou communautaire. L&rsquo;utilisateur interpr&egrave;te en ce sens la forme au sein d&rsquo;une syntaxe de la plateforme comprise dans son enti&egrave;ret&eacute;.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Elles montrent, &eacute;galement, &agrave; quel point les sc&eacute;narios doivent pouvoir &ecirc;tre stabilis&eacute;s et, surtout, communiqu&eacute;s aux participants, en un mot inscrits dans les espaces de la liste ou du dispositif, ce qui rel&egrave;ve d&rsquo;une dimension sociale du&nbsp;<i>toolkit</i>. La mise en place d&rsquo;un protocole (sc&eacute;nario) partag&eacute; comme restructuration des processus participatifs demande n&eacute;cessairement des pratiques de stabilisation (&agrave; travers l&rsquo;hyperlien qui renvoie aux &laquo; &eacute;ditions &raquo; pr&eacute;c&eacute;dentes de la s&eacute;rie, par exemple) et de partage de tels protocoles (via le groupe de discussion qui organise les activit&eacute;s, les instructions dans le descriptif de la liste, par exemple) en lien avec une topographie sp&eacute;cifique qui se cr&eacute;e des lieux d&rsquo;inscription de ces instructions (titre, descriptif, topics de discussions, pages d&rsquo;indexation). Cette logique d&rsquo;encadrement pour la r&eacute;p&eacute;tabilit&eacute; du protocole s&rsquo;accompagne d&rsquo;une logique d&rsquo;imitation ou d&rsquo;&eacute;mulation (une fois que l&rsquo;imitation est port&eacute;e par un sentiment de comp&eacute;tition) du &laquo; tout est un exemple &raquo; qui pousse les utilisateurs &agrave; s&rsquo;inspirer des listes existantes. La composante sociale (de transmission, de retour d&rsquo;exp&eacute;rience d&rsquo;utilisation) du&nbsp;<i>toolkit</i>&nbsp;se fragmente ainsi s&rsquo;inscrivant &agrave; plusieurs niveaux de la succession d&rsquo;&eacute;crans qui composent les listes. De mani&egrave;re g&eacute;n&eacute;rale, nous observons une adaptation de cette dimension d&rsquo;&eacute;change et de partage &agrave; la nature processuelle de l&rsquo;&eacute;criture num&eacute;rique dans la figure de la r&eacute;troaction et d&rsquo;une &eacute;criture de la liste qui devient dialoguante au sens de Caffari &amp; Mohs (2018), continuellement soumise, une fois cr&eacute;&eacute;e, &agrave; des op&eacute;rations d&rsquo;ajout, de suppression d&rsquo;items ou de r&eacute;-ordonnancement.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:26.079999923706055px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Un ph&eacute;nom&egrave;ne marquant observ&eacute; &agrave; ce niveau est la constitution de &laquo; communaut&eacute;s de listants &raquo; o&ugrave; les trois niveaux de l&rsquo;apprentissage de la forme (instruction, exemple, interaction) sont continuellement r&eacute;-actualis&eacute;s (tout comme les listes, qui sont, elles aussi, r&eacute;-actualis&eacute;es tous les cinq minutes) et o&ugrave; nous retrouvons les dynamiques d&#39;entraide et de p&eacute;dagogie propres aux communaut&eacute;s d&rsquo;amateurs (Severo&nbsp;<i>et al</i>., 2022). Ces &laquo; lieux des listes &raquo; apparaissent&nbsp;&nbsp;au sein d&rsquo;un grand nombre de plateformes sous forme d&rsquo;onglets enti&egrave;rement d&eacute;di&eacute;s aux listes et outill&eacute;s de toutes les composantes de partage, commentaire et &eacute;valuation des formes. Cette disposition syntaxique conditionne fortement la production formelle et cr&eacute;e des effets de sp&eacute;cialisation autour de la forme : la reproduction de la m&ecirc;me forme influenc&eacute;e par la tendance sp&eacute;cifique de l&rsquo;&eacute;criture num&eacute;rique (Crozat&nbsp;<i>et al</i>., 2011) &agrave; la reproductibilit&eacute; (clonabilit&eacute;, programmabilit&eacute;) et par l&rsquo;injonction &agrave; la production textuelle entra&icirc;ne des r&eacute;sultats tr&egrave;s vari&eacute;s, qui vont de la reproduction rapide &agrave; un certain degr&eacute; de cr&eacute;ativit&eacute; li&eacute; &agrave; la r&eacute;it&eacute;ration et &agrave; la r&eacute;flexivit&eacute;.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <h2 style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-top:24px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:16pt"><span style="line-height:32px"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial"><a name="_ftvo2if03lxx"></a>Le niveau de la g&eacute;n&eacute;ration des dispositifs info-communicationnels</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h2> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:24px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">L&rsquo;&eacute;tude du ph&eacute;nom&egrave;ne de plateformisation dans le domaine culturel montre que celui-ci s&rsquo;effectue selon diff&eacute;rentes modalit&eacute;s et &agrave; travers une mont&eacute;e en g&eacute;n&eacute;ricit&eacute; de certaines fonctions, &agrave; la fois de mani&egrave;re interne mais &eacute;galement de mani&egrave;re transverse aux outils (Payeur &amp; Chupin, 2020). Une recomposition s&rsquo;op&egrave;re et certaines fonctions sont r&eacute;-exploit&eacute;es par d&rsquo;autres plateformes ou permettent la g&eacute;n&eacute;ration et l&rsquo;&eacute;volution interne de la plateforme. Le travail effectu&eacute; sur ce sujet a &eacute;t&eacute; men&eacute; dans le cadre du projet ANR-Collabora, qui vise &agrave; &eacute;tudier d&rsquo;un point de vue th&eacute;orique les plateformes contributives dans le domaine culturel, au sens large du terme, avec pour objectif &ldquo;la co-cr&eacute;ation de recommandations et leur validation &agrave; travers la co-cr&eacute;ation d&rsquo;une plateforme, en engageant dans cette d&eacute;marche les principaux acteurs du projet: les institutions, les amateurs, les chercheurs et les ing&eacute;nieurs&rdquo;<a href="#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:windowtext"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></sup></a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;Diff&eacute;rents projets ont &eacute;t&eacute; men&eacute;s de 2019 &agrave; 2022 par les &eacute;tudiants du Master DEFI<a href="#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:windowtext"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></sup></a>&nbsp;de l&rsquo;Universit&eacute; Paris Nanterre, sous notre encadrement, et portaient sur:&nbsp;la construction d&rsquo;une base de donn&eacute;es de r&eacute;f&eacute;rencement des plateformes en vue de la mise en place d&rsquo;un observatoire participatif<a href="#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:windowtext"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></sup></a>, une &eacute;tude sur les outils de g&eacute;n&eacute;ration des plateformes, &agrave; partir de l&rsquo;observatoire, dans un objectif de cat&eacute;gorisation, une &eacute;tude pratique sur la comparaison des modalit&eacute;s de participation sur diff&eacute;rentes plateformes contributives culturelles, avec pour but l&rsquo;enrichissement des donn&eacute;es de l&rsquo;observatoire, et une analyse sur la cat&eacute;gorisation des formes g&eacute;n&eacute;riques/sp&eacute;cifiques de mani&egrave;re interne aux plateformes.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:24px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Diff&eacute;rentes mani&egrave;res de &laquo; faire plateforme &raquo; relatives au&nbsp;ph&eacute;nom&egrave;ne de plateformisation&nbsp;ont &eacute;t&eacute; relev&eacute;es, li&eacute;es &agrave; diff&eacute;rentes recompositions, mutualisations ou mises en commun.&nbsp;&nbsp;Il appara&icirc;t que certaines plateformes g&eacute;n&eacute;riques du web social sont d&eacute;tourn&eacute;es et appropri&eacute;es par des acteurs porteurs de projets sp&eacute;cifiques, afin d&rsquo;&ecirc;tre mises au service de la participation. Les r&eacute;seaux sociaux viennent enrichir les plateformes participatives<a href="#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:windowtext"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></sup></a>, &agrave; la fois comme outil de communication, mais aussi comme outil de recrutement d&rsquo;utilisateurs, de collecte de mat&eacute;riaux et d&rsquo;animation d&rsquo;une communaut&eacute;, fournissant un milieu que l&rsquo;utilisateur s&rsquo;approprie facilement, puisque les usages lui en sont familiers. C&rsquo;est le cas, par exemple, du projet Vitrines en confinement<a href="#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:windowtext"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></sup></a>&nbsp;et de L&rsquo;observatoire participatif du risque canicule<a href="#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:windowtext"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></sup></a>, auxquels des pages Facebook particuli&egrave;rement actives viennent s&rsquo;adosser. Une autre logique de plateformisation &eacute;merge au sein de certaines plateformes monoth&eacute;matiques ou d&eacute;di&eacute;es &agrave; projet unique et prend la forme de diff&eacute;rents projets r&eacute;alis&eacute;s parall&egrave;lement ou successivement &agrave; partir d&rsquo;un ensemble d&rsquo;outils communs aux diff&eacute;rentes missions. C&rsquo;est le cas des projets participatifs de transcription d&rsquo;archives Testaments de Poilus<a href="#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:windowtext"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></sup></a>&nbsp;ou du projet Recolnat<a href="#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:windowtext"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></sup></a>, port&eacute; par le r&eacute;seau de collections naturalistes. Une logique diff&eacute;rente, encore, est celle de l&rsquo;ouverture d&rsquo;une partie des outils aux internautes (la g&eacute;n&eacute;ration par CMS d&rsquo;un programme participatif, certains outils de communication, par exemple) offrant une forme de communication du discours scientifique assez standardis&eacute;e. La plateforme participative multidisciplinaire Zooniverse<a href="#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:windowtext"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></sup></a>, permet par exemple aux utilisateurs, &agrave; l&rsquo;aide de&nbsp;&nbsp;la fonctionnalit&eacute; &ldquo;C<i>onstruire un projet</i>&rdquo;, de r&eacute;pondre &agrave; des demandes issues de diff&eacute;rentes disciplines en cr&eacute;ant de nouveaux projets au fur-et-&agrave;-mesure des besoins. Enfin, une logique de plateformisation par&nbsp;agr&eacute;gation de projets et de donn&eacute;es est identifiable, &agrave; l&rsquo;instar de la plateforme Digital NZ<a href="#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:windowtext"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></sup></a>, qui a pour vocation la num&eacute;risation et la valorisation du patrimoine culturel n&eacute;o-z&eacute;landais. Dans cette plateforme, chaque utilisateur est invit&eacute; &agrave; rattacher le projet sp&eacute;cifique qu&rsquo;il a con&ccedil;u &agrave; un portail g&eacute;n&eacute;rique. Le processus &agrave; l&rsquo;oeuvre op&egrave;re &agrave; un double niveau: on observe &agrave; la fois l&rsquo;&eacute;volution d&rsquo;une plateforme initialement monoth&eacute;matique et fortement contributive vers un portail d&rsquo;agr&eacute;gation documentaire avec une r&eacute;-&eacute;ditorialisation sous forme de collection et une cat&eacute;gorisation des documents inscrites dans un projet global, et &agrave; la fois, un d&eacute;placement des fonctionnalit&eacute;s contributives sp&eacute;cifiques au niveau de chaque projet et une grande vari&eacute;t&eacute; des projets agr&eacute;g&eacute;s.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:24px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Il appara&icirc;t qu&rsquo;une partie des plateformes &eacute;tudi&eacute;es proposent un haut niveau de g&eacute;n&eacute;ricit&eacute; et peuvent &ecirc;tre r&eacute;-utilis&eacute;es ou r&eacute;-investies pour r&eacute;pondre &agrave; des probl&egrave;mes identiques ou connexes. La notion de g&eacute;n&eacute;ricit&eacute; s&rsquo;entend ici au sens premier d&rsquo;abstraction (g&eacute;n&eacute;rique/particulier) mais &eacute;galement au sens d&rsquo;invariant (motif/pattern) ou au sens de r&eacute;-exploitable, c&rsquo;est-&agrave;-dire li&eacute;e &agrave; la g&eacute;n&eacute;ration des plateformes. Lorsque le niveau de g&eacute;n&eacute;ricit&eacute; est fort, les plateformes portent en elles des potentialit&eacute;s cr&eacute;atives, facilement appropriables - puisque transverses - par des utilisateurs qui peuvent devenir actifs dans le renouvellement de la plateforme dans une logique d&rsquo;innovation <q>pr&eacute;sente &agrave; partir du moment o&ugrave; l&rsquo;invention, qu&rsquo;elle porte sur la solution ou sur le processus, va &ecirc;tre reproduite et r&eacute;utilis&eacute;e pour r&eacute;pondre &agrave; d&rsquo;autres probl&egrave;mes similaires. Elle constitue un acquis qui b&eacute;n&eacute;ficie &agrave; une communaut&eacute;</q>&nbsp; (Zacklad&nbsp;<i>et al</i>., 2021).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:24px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Le degr&eacute; de g&eacute;n&eacute;ricit&eacute; des plateformes entre en lien avec les potentialit&eacute;s cr&eacute;atives de l&rsquo;outil, mais aussi avec la composition d&rsquo;un milieu dans lequel l&rsquo;utilisateur est habile. Au niveau de la g&eacute;n&eacute;ration des outils, la diff&eacute;renciation se fait dans le choix d&rsquo;une mani&egrave;re de d&eacute;velopper la plateforme, c&rsquo;est-&agrave;-dire dans le choix d&rsquo;un outil sp&eacute;cifique ou l&rsquo;utilisation d&rsquo;outils g&eacute;n&eacute;riques param&eacute;trables (CMS, par exemple). L&rsquo;&eacute;tude des outils de g&eacute;n&eacute;ration de plateformes men&eacute;e en 2020<a href="#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:windowtext"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">[19]</span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></sup></a>&nbsp;montre qu&rsquo;une plateforme sur deux<a href="#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:windowtext"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">[20]</span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></sup></a>&nbsp;est d&eacute;velopp&eacute;e &agrave; l&rsquo;aide d&rsquo;outils g&eacute;n&eacute;riques, ce qui apporte aux utilisateurs une familiarit&eacute; avec les usages et les fonctionnalit&eacute;s d&rsquo;&eacute;criture/lecture de ces outils et facilite leur appropriation,&nbsp;&nbsp;mais aussi, nous l&rsquo;avons vu ci-dessus, entraine des capacit&eacute;s d&rsquo;action et notamment de cr&eacute;ation. Le caract&egrave;re g&eacute;n&eacute;rique de ces outils&nbsp;&nbsp;contraint&nbsp;&nbsp;bien &agrave; une certaine standardisation des projets, mais, en m&ecirc;me temps, il permet l&rsquo;interface des outils entre eux, dans un dispositif num&eacute;rique plus global au sein duquel l&rsquo;utilisateur sait agir, participer, et m&ecirc;me au-del&agrave;, qu&rsquo;il contribue &agrave; renouveler et &agrave; cr&eacute;er.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:24px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Ce dernier point, l&rsquo;interface entre les diff&eacute;rents outils num&eacute;riques au sein du dispositif, et &agrave; travers lesquels l&rsquo;utilisateur transite et agit, para&icirc;t primordial. Les fonctionnalit&eacute;s tr&egrave;s g&eacute;n&eacute;riques, communes &agrave; l&rsquo;ensemble des plateformes,&nbsp;&nbsp;comme la communication, l&rsquo;information, la contribution ou la publication de contenu, peuvent &ecirc;tre assur&eacute;es par les outils g&eacute;n&eacute;riques (web social, CMS etc.). Elles sont, dans le m&ecirc;me temps, interfac&eacute;es &agrave; des fonctionnalit&eacute;s sp&eacute;cifiques, plus souvent li&eacute;es au business mod&egrave;le (nous pensons &agrave; la boutique en ligne de la galerie d&rsquo;art contributive Deviant Art<a href="#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:windowtext"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">[21]</span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></sup></a>) ou &agrave; des fonctionnalit&eacute;s de contribution pouss&eacute;es (comme la transcription, pour les plateformes Transcribe Benthaim<a href="#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:windowtext"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">[22]</span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></sup></a>&nbsp;ou Transcrire<a href="#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:windowtext"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">[23]</span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></sup></a>, par exemple). Lorsque cette interface est efficace, l&rsquo;outil g&eacute;n&eacute;rique vient &agrave; l&rsquo;appui de la plateforme sp&eacute;cifique (c&rsquo;est le cas, par exemple, pour la plateformes Histoires de Ch&rsquo;tis<a href="#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:windowtext"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">[24]</span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></sup></a>&nbsp;qui a peu &eacute;volu&eacute; depuis sa cr&eacute;ation, mais &agrave; laquelle une page Facebook<a href="#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:windowtext"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">[25]</span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></sup></a>&nbsp;fournit d&eacute;sormais un r&eacute;el outil d&rsquo;animation de la communaut&eacute;). Dans cette perspective, il convient de consid&eacute;rer le dispositif global, au-del&agrave; de la plateforme, et, selon les projets, de penser les &eacute;l&eacute;ments de son interfa&ccedil;age, avec un curseur &agrave; positionner entre des lignes g&eacute;n&eacute;riques communes aux outils et des lignes sp&eacute;cifiques aux diff&eacute;rents projets.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <h1 style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-top:27px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:20pt"><span style="line-height:40px"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial"><a name="_lvrkb33si6r4"></a>Vers une dimension cr&eacute;ative de la litt&eacute;ratie num&eacute;rique des plateformes de critique culturelle</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h1> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:16px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:24px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">&Agrave; travers ces analyses, nous mettons en &eacute;vidence le fait qu&rsquo;&agrave; diff&eacute;rents niveaux, allant du texte aux outils interfac&eacute;s, les caract&eacute;ristiques de ce type de plateformes participatives appellent des comp&eacute;tences nouvelles de la part de l&rsquo;utilisateur. Selon le degr&eacute; de libert&eacute; et le niveau de g&eacute;n&eacute;ricit&eacute; de l&rsquo;outil, li&eacute; fortement au concept de genre, l&rsquo;utilisateur tend &agrave; devenir le propre g&eacute;n&eacute;rateur de son milieu, au sein d&rsquo;un cadre et d&rsquo;un dispositif donn&eacute;s. Ces comp&eacute;tences viennent compl&eacute;ter les modalit&eacute;s de compr&eacute;hension et de participation (lecture/&eacute;criture) constituantes de&nbsp;&nbsp;la litt&eacute;ratie num&eacute;rique. La mise en r&eacute;seau d&rsquo;utilisateurs identifi&eacute;s et reli&eacute;s sur les r&eacute;seaux sociaux permet l&rsquo;interface entre des outils existants au sein d&rsquo;un dispositif plus global. Elle s&rsquo;appuie sur la manipulation de formes graphiques au fort caract&egrave;re g&eacute;n&eacute;rique et au pouvoir g&eacute;n&eacute;rateur, comme celle de la liste, et sur des dispositifs dont la dimension g&eacute;n&eacute;rique permet des recompositions nouvelles entre les outils dans une logique de plateformisation. Nous voyons s&rsquo;esquisser les contours d&rsquo;un &eacute;crilecteur-designer, &agrave; l&rsquo;interface des plateformes et des formes, poss&eacute;dant et d&eacute;veloppant des savoir-faire largement issus de diverses disciplines<a href="#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:windowtext"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">[26]</span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></sup></a>, capable de&nbsp;&nbsp;d&eacute;velopper des pratiques relevant &agrave; la fois de l&rsquo;amateur professionnel ou pro-am (Leadbeater &amp; Miller, 2004) et du r&ocirc;le du concepteur, rendues possibles par le niveau de g&eacute;n&eacute;ricit&eacute; des outils mobilis&eacute;s et par leur int&eacute;gration avec d&rsquo;autres dispositifs existants dans une &laquo; unit&eacute; de devenir &raquo; (Simondon, 1958, p. 20).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:24px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">En interrogeant le niveau des formes et des pratiques discursives &agrave; travers le prisme de la liste, nous constatons que la tension entre le&nbsp;<i>toolkit</i>&nbsp;et ses appropriations par les utilisateurs rel&egrave;ve d&rsquo;une dynamique g&eacute;n&eacute;rique: celle de la production de texte &agrave; partir d&rsquo;un ensemble d&rsquo;autres textes qui jouent un r&ocirc;le d&rsquo;exemple ou de mod&egrave;le, pr&eacute;curseur et prescripteur. L&rsquo;analyse r&eacute;v&egrave;le la nature triangulaire de cette tension entre l&rsquo;historique des caract&eacute;risations interpr&eacute;tatives de la forme, son niveau g&eacute;n&eacute;rique et ses usages. Ces usages s&rsquo;exercent pourtant via des dynamiques discursives complexes au niveau de la plateforme elle-m&ecirc;me et au niveau trans-plateforme<a href="#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:windowtext"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">[27]</span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></sup></a>. Les trois p&ocirc;les de cette tension g&eacute;n&eacute;rant le texte peuvent &ecirc;tre consid&eacute;r&eacute;s comme trois interpr&eacute;tations textuelles (Schaeffer, 1989): l&rsquo;ensemble des interpr&eacute;tations pr&eacute;c&eacute;dentes, d&rsquo;abord, mobilisables par les concepteurs ou par les utilisateurs-concepteurs, l&rsquo;interpr&eacute;tation faite par le dispositif, ensuite, qui se positionne comme une interpr&eacute;tation g&eacute;n&eacute;rique via son inscription au niveau de l&rsquo;architexte, et l&rsquo;interpr&eacute;tation des formes produites par les utilisateurs, enfin. De l&rsquo;interaction des deux premiers groupes d&rsquo;interpr&eacute;tation et de la fa&ccedil;on &laquo; d&rsquo;habiter &raquo; le dispositif de l&rsquo;utilisateur, &agrave; la fois dans une dynamique de besoin/ressource et dans une dynamique communautaire et dialoguante (Caffari et Mohs, 2018), d&eacute;pend la conception de sc&eacute;narios d&rsquo;utilisation innovants et partag&eacute;s au troisi&egrave;me niveau interpr&eacute;tatif. Dans un tel contexte de passage des formes g&eacute;n&eacute;riques de participation &agrave; une g&eacute;n&eacute;ration participative de ces m&ecirc;mes formes, l&rsquo;usager avec sa litt&eacute;ratie, d&eacute;fini avec la figure de l&rsquo;&eacute;crilecteur-designer, se r&eacute;v&egrave;le essentiel aux processus de caract&eacute;risation de ces formes et comme r&eacute;sultat de ces m&ecirc;mes processus. Celui-ci devra poss&eacute;der &agrave; la fois des comp&eacute;tences graphiques de composition de formes, des comp&eacute;tences logistiques de distribution&nbsp;et de gestion&nbsp;des r&ocirc;les, des comp&eacute;tences techniques d&rsquo;utilisation de l&rsquo;outil et de conception de sc&eacute;narios d&rsquo;utilisation et des comp&eacute;tences sociales de transmission et clarification de ces m&ecirc;mes protocoles.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:24px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Introduire la question du design des plateformes nous permet d&rsquo;approcher&nbsp;&nbsp;la dimension participative sous deux angles compl&eacute;mentaires: &laquo; faire participer &raquo; et &laquo; participer &raquo;. Un telle&nbsp;&nbsp;compl&eacute;mentarit&eacute; refl&egrave;te la dimension &laquo; paradoxale &raquo; (Proulx, 2020) de toute forme d&rsquo;injonction &agrave; la participation ou de son organisation. Ces angles d&rsquo;approche correspondent, d&rsquo;un c&ocirc;t&eacute;, au point de vue du chercheur impliqu&eacute; dans une d&eacute;marche de recherche-action, qui th&eacute;orise dans une perspective op&eacute;rationnelle (Crozat&nbsp;<i>et al</i>., 2011), analyse et oriente la mise en place de dispositifs num&eacute;riques, et d&rsquo;un autre c&ocirc;t&eacute;, au point de vue de l&rsquo;usager comme sujet de l&rsquo;action pris en compte dans ses pratiques concr&egrave;tes et socialis&eacute;es de lecture et d&rsquo;&eacute;criture. Les trois capacit&eacute;s &agrave; comprendre, utiliser et &agrave; cr&eacute;er des &eacute;crits sur des supports num&eacute;riques, correspondent, dans la perspective d&rsquo;une litt&eacute;ratie num&eacute;rique, au d&eacute;veloppement d&rsquo;une&nbsp;<i>intelligibilit&eacute;</i>&nbsp;et d&rsquo;une&nbsp;<i>ma&icirc;trise</i>&nbsp;du num&eacute;rique (Bachimont, 2010, p. 63) r&eacute;sultant d&rsquo;une posture scientifique face au dispositif technique. La conception de telles plateformes devrait, &agrave; notre sens, tenir compte, dans un contexte de plateformisation et de basculement vers la participation des dynamiques de production de texte, de son &eacute;largissement au point de vue de l&rsquo;usager. Il s&rsquo;agirait de penser la plateforme comme le milieu d&rsquo;une litt&eacute;ratie propos&eacute;e &agrave; l&rsquo;utilisateur avant son appropriation, structur&eacute;e via un ensemble d&rsquo;outils constitu&eacute; de formes et d&rsquo;agencements sp&eacute;cifiques de ces formes g&eacute;n&eacute;rant, en plus du texte, &agrave; la fois un savoir et un savoir-faire sur le plan de l&rsquo;&eacute;crilecture et de la conception. Cette question est li&eacute;e &agrave; celle de la formalisation de la participation, de sa structuration, des outils propos&eacute;s pour son actualisation et son d&eacute;veloppement et comprend une interrogation sur la mont&eacute;e en g&eacute;n&eacute;ricit&eacute; des plateformes et des formes con&ccedil;ues pour la participation.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:24px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">La litt&eacute;ratie num&eacute;rique, corr&eacute;lativement &agrave; la litt&eacute;ratie traditionnelle (Goody, 2017), &eacute;largit la question de l&rsquo;intelligibilit&eacute; et de la ma&icirc;trise du num&eacute;rique &agrave; une dimension sociopolitique : celle de l&rsquo;impact du d&eacute;veloppement de ce savoir/savoir-faire et de ce pouvoir/pouvoir-faire au sein de nos soci&eacute;t&eacute;s et de l&rsquo;impact sur les modalit&eacute;s elles-m&ecirc;mes de production du savoir et de redistribution de pouvoir, de l&rsquo;&eacute;ditorialisation comprise comme &laquo; la fa&ccedil;on de produire des savoirs &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;poque num&eacute;rique &raquo; (Vitali-Rosati, 2016) au sein des plateformes. Par l&rsquo;action de transformation de la participation sur sa propre structure implicite &agrave; tout processus de participation (Kelty, 2012), le web participatif des plateformes fait glisser naturellement la question de la g&eacute;n&eacute;ration des formes de la participation vers celle d&rsquo;une g&eacute;n&eacute;ration participative de ces m&ecirc;mes formes, dans un d&eacute;placement vers le point de vue de l&rsquo;usager, de son exp&eacute;rience de participation et de son pouvoir d&rsquo;agir.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:24px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Les premiers &eacute;l&eacute;ments relev&eacute;s dans cette analyse, abord&eacute;e sous l&rsquo;angle de la litt&eacute;ratie, ouvrent des pistes de travail vers l&rsquo;&eacute;laboration d&rsquo;une m&eacute;thodologie de conception des plateformes participatives culturelles prenant en compte la figure d&rsquo;un &eacute;crilecteur-designer confront&eacute; &agrave; diff&eacute;rents niveaux de caract&eacute;risation, de complexit&eacute;, d&rsquo;int&eacute;gration, de g&eacute;n&eacute;ration et d&rsquo;accessibilit&eacute; d&rsquo;un dispositif info-communicationnel constitu&eacute; de formes, de plateformes et d&rsquo;outils interconnect&eacute;s, comme autant de&nbsp;&nbsp;milieux ouverts permettant la participation et la production de connaissances nouvelles, dans lesquels l&rsquo;utilisateur apprend, contribue et cr&eacute;e.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <div style="page-break-after: always"><span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></div> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h1 style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-top:27px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:20pt"><span style="line-height:40px"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Bibliographie</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h1> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:32px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Aristote. (1990)&nbsp;<i>Po&eacute;tique</i>. Le Livre de Poche.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:32px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Bachimont, B. 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(2013). Chapitre 6 - Approches s&eacute;miologiques du web. Dans : , C. Barats,&nbsp;<i>Manuel d&rsquo;analyse du web en Sciences Humaines et Sociales</i>&nbsp;(pp. 125-146).&nbsp;Paris: Armand Colin.&nbsp;<a href="https://doi.org/10.3917/arco.barat.2013.01.0125"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-decoration:none">https://doi.org/10.3917/arco.barat.2013.01.0125</span></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:32px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Bowker, G. 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(2008).&nbsp;<i>Generativity: The Future of the Internet-And How to Stop It</i>.&nbsp;Yale University Press.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <div style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp; <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial"><a href="applewebdata://652AC28E-6963-4B77-BF37-0C3D90E8396D#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:windowtext"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt">&nbsp;Nous parlons de &laquo; dispositif &raquo; au sens plus g&eacute;n&eacute;ral d&rsquo;une <q>organisation mat&eacute;rielle et spatiale capable de produire et d&eacute;terminer un devenir</q>&nbsp;selon la d&eacute;finition de Bachimont (2010) qui l&rsquo;associe &agrave; sa sp&eacute;cificit&eacute; technique. Avec le terme &laquo; plateforme &raquo; nous entendons, comme pr&eacute;cis&eacute; ensuite, une d&eacute;clinaison particuli&egrave;re de dispositif technique con&ccedil;u pour le gouvernement de l&rsquo;action collective, finalis&eacute; &agrave; la production de ressources.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn2"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial"><a href="applewebdata://652AC28E-6963-4B77-BF37-0C3D90E8396D#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:windowtext"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt">&nbsp;Lanc&eacute; en avril 2019, le projet porte sur un corpus de plateformes contributives culturelles analys&eacute;es selon plusieurs points de vue.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn3"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial"><a href="applewebdata://652AC28E-6963-4B77-BF37-0C3D90E8396D#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:windowtext"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt">&nbsp;Nous faisons abstraction, dans ce travail, du trois&egrave;me ensemble canonique de significations li&eacute;es &agrave; la notion de genre et des tensions, notamment, entre genre, sexualit&eacute; et langage rel&eacute;v&eacute;es par l&rsquo;&eacute;pist&eacute;mologie f&eacute;ministe et queer.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn4"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial"><a href="applewebdata://652AC28E-6963-4B77-BF37-0C3D90E8396D#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:windowtext"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt">&nbsp;<q>En programmation, la g&eacute;n&eacute;ricit&eacute; (ou programmation g&eacute;n&eacute;rique), consiste &agrave; d&eacute;finir des algorithmes identiques op&eacute;rant sur des donn&eacute;es de types diff&eacute;rents. On d&eacute;finit de cette fa&ccedil;on des proc&eacute;dures ou des types entiers g&eacute;n&eacute;riques.</q>&nbsp;Wikip&eacute;dia (2022, 2 d&eacute;cembre).&nbsp;<i>G&eacute;n&eacute;ricit&eacute;</i>. Consult&eacute; le 3 d&eacute;cembre 2022 sur&nbsp;</span><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ricit%C3%A9"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="color:#1155cc">https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G&eacute;n&eacute;ricit&eacute;</span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn5"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial"><a href="applewebdata://652AC28E-6963-4B77-BF37-0C3D90E8396D#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:windowtext"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt">&nbsp;Pour &eacute;viter toute d&eacute;rive ontologique du discours sur le genre que nous proposons au sein de ce travail, nous en adoptons une approche&nbsp;<i>textuelle&nbsp;</i>(Schaeffer, 1989) qui consid&egrave;re le genre comme un acte de langage et o&ugrave; la transcendance du genre par rapport au texte singulier peut &ecirc;tre reconduite &agrave; la mat&eacute;rialit&eacute; discursive d&rsquo;autres textes qui se font porteurs d&rsquo;un r&ocirc;le originaire/pr&eacute;curseur et/ou prescripteur. En ce sens, l&rsquo;architexte lui-m&ecirc;me est un texte &eacute;crit par des hommes (<q>le num&eacute;rique c&rsquo;est de l&rsquo;humain</q>, Souchier&nbsp;<i>et al</i>., 2019).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn6"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial"><a href="applewebdata://652AC28E-6963-4B77-BF37-0C3D90E8396D#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:windowtext"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt">&nbsp;D&rsquo;apr&egrave;s Bachimont (2010), la sp&eacute;cialisation fonctionnelle rel&egrave;ve de l&rsquo;automatisation de l&rsquo;outil qui s&rsquo;op&egrave;re de mani&egrave;re &eacute;vidente en contexte num&eacute;rique : un outil est employ&eacute; de mani&egrave;re r&eacute;p&eacute;t&eacute;e et programm&eacute;e pour la m&ecirc;me fonction.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn7"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial"><a href="applewebdata://652AC28E-6963-4B77-BF37-0C3D90E8396D#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:windowtext"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt">&nbsp;Au sens de Jeanneret, qui aborde l&rsquo;&eacute;crit comme un <q>complexe indissociable de logistique et de s&eacute;miotique. [Du point de vue logistique] il fixe des relations et r&eacute;alise des cha&icirc;nes entre les acteurs.</q>&nbsp;(Jeanneret, 2007).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn8"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial"><a href="applewebdata://652AC28E-6963-4B77-BF37-0C3D90E8396D#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:windowtext"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt">&nbsp;Nous appelons sc&eacute;narios ou protocoles, des scripts r&eacute;it&eacute;rables de composition, alimentation et inscription de listes au sein de la plateforme. Ils se composent d&rsquo;instructions et de pratiques suffisamment stabilis&eacute;es pour &ecirc;tre r&eacute;employ&eacute;es par la collectivit&eacute; au sens des &laquo;&nbsp;<i>frozen policies</i>&nbsp;&raquo; de Bowker &amp; Star (1999).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn9"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial"><a href="applewebdata://652AC28E-6963-4B77-BF37-0C3D90E8396D#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:windowtext"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt">&nbsp;Site du projet ANR-Collabora. Consult&eacute; le 6 d&eacute;cembre 2022 sur ​​</span><a href="https://anr-collabora.parisnanterre.fr/"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="color:#1155cc">https://anr-collabora.parisnanterre.fr/</span></span></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn10"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial"><a href="applewebdata://652AC28E-6963-4B77-BF37-0C3D90E8396D#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:windowtext"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt">&nbsp;Universit&eacute; Paris Nanterre. (2022, 20 juillet).&nbsp;<i>Master 2 professionnel - Documents &Eacute;lectroniques et Flux d&#39;Informations</i>. Consult&eacute; le 20 juillet 2022 sur&nbsp;</span><a href="https://master-defi.parisnanterre.fr/"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="color:#1155cc">https://master-defi.parisnanterre.fr/</span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn11"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial"><a href="applewebdata://652AC28E-6963-4B77-BF37-0C3D90E8396D#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:windowtext"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt">&nbsp;ANR Collabora - Plateformes culturelles contributives. (2022, 20 juillet).&nbsp;<i>L&rsquo;observatoire</i>. Consult&eacute;e le 20 juillet 2022 sur&nbsp;</span><a href="https://anr-collabora.parisnanterre.fr/index.php/observatoire/"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="color:#1155cc">https://anr-collabora.parisnanterre.fr/index.php/observatoire/</span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn12"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial"><a href="applewebdata://652AC28E-6963-4B77-BF37-0C3D90E8396D#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:windowtext"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt">&nbsp;OPRIC. (2020, 20 juillet).&nbsp;<i>Observatoire Participatif du RIsque de Canicule</i>. Consult&eacute;es le 20 juillet 2022 sur&nbsp;</span><a href="http://risquecanicule.fr/#:~:text=L'Observatoire%20Participatif%20du%20Risque,de%20l'Universit%C3%A9%20de%20N%C3%AEmes"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="color:#1155cc">http://risquecanicule.fr</span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt">. Vitrines en confinement (2022, 20 juillet) et&nbsp;<i>D&eacute;fi collaboratif &laquo; Nos vitrines parlent &agrave; l&rsquo;heure du confinement &raquo;</i>. Consult&eacute; le 20 juillet 2022 sur&nbsp;</span><a href="https://vitrinesenconfinement.gogocarto.fr/"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="color:#1155cc">https://vitrinesenconfinement.gogocarto.fr/</span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn13"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial"><a href="applewebdata://652AC28E-6963-4B77-BF37-0C3D90E8396D#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:windowtext"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt">&nbsp;Facebook. (2020, 20 juillet).&nbsp;<i>Vitrines en confinement</i>. Consult&eacute; le 20 juillet 2022 sur&nbsp;</span><a href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/vitrinesenconfinement/"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="color:#1155cc">https://www.facebook.com/groups/vitrinesenconfinement/</span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn14"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial"><a href="applewebdata://652AC28E-6963-4B77-BF37-0C3D90E8396D#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:windowtext"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt">&nbsp;Facebook. (2020, 20 juillet).&nbsp;<i>OPRIC</i>. Consult&eacute; le 20 juillet 2022 sur&nbsp;</span><a href="https://www.facebook.com/opric.gard/"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="color:#1155cc">https://www.facebook.com/opric.gard/</span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn15"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial"><a href="applewebdata://652AC28E-6963-4B77-BF37-0C3D90E8396D#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:windowtext"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt">&nbsp;Testaments de Pouilus. (2022, 20 juillet).&nbsp;<i>Testaments de Poilus</i>. Consult&eacute; le 20 juillet 2022 sur&nbsp;</span><a href="https://edition-testaments-de-poilus.huma-num.fr/"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="color:#1155cc">https://edition-testaments-de-poilus.huma-num.fr/</span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn16"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial"><a href="applewebdata://652AC28E-6963-4B77-BF37-0C3D90E8396D#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:windowtext"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt">&nbsp;Recolnat. (2022, 20 juillet).&nbsp;<i>ReColNat</i>. Consult&eacute;es le 20 juillet 2022 sur&nbsp;</span><a href="https://www.recolnat.org/fr/"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="color:#1155cc">https://www.recolnat.org/fr/</span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn17"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial"><a href="applewebdata://652AC28E-6963-4B77-BF37-0C3D90E8396D#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:windowtext"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></sup></a>&nbsp;<span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt">Zooniverse. (2022, 20 juillet).&nbsp;<i>Zooniverse</i>. Consult&eacute; le 20 juillet 2022 sur&nbsp;</span><a href="https://www.zooniverse.org/"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="color:#1155cc">https://www.zooniverse.org/</span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn18"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial"><a href="applewebdata://652AC28E-6963-4B77-BF37-0C3D90E8396D#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:windowtext"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt">&nbsp;Digitalnz. (2022, 20 juillet).&nbsp;<i>DigitalNZ</i>. Consult&eacute; le 20 juillet 2022 sur&nbsp;</span><a href="https://digitalnz.org/"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="color:#1155cc">https://digitalnz.org/</span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn19"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial"><a href="applewebdata://652AC28E-6963-4B77-BF37-0C3D90E8396D#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:windowtext"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">[19]</span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt">&nbsp;Alves Sandra, Chepaikina Anna, Daubier Laurine, Seck Papa Djiga, et Selhaoui Elias, Rapport de projet de fin d&rsquo;&eacute;tudes en vue de l&rsquo;obtention du Master DEFI, soutenu le 12 juin 2020 &agrave; l&rsquo;Universit&eacute; Paris Nanterre, encadr&eacute; par C&eacute;cile Payeur.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn20"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial"><a href="applewebdata://652AC28E-6963-4B77-BF37-0C3D90E8396D#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:windowtext"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">[20]</span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt">&nbsp;Sur un panel de 88 plateformes &eacute;tudi&eacute;es, il appara&icirc;t que 30% d&rsquo;entre elles ont &eacute;t&eacute; d&eacute;velopp&eacute;es de mani&egrave;re interne avec un framework sp&eacute;cifique (AngularJS, Django, Scribe), 30% &agrave; l&rsquo;aide de CMS g&eacute;n&eacute;riques (Wordpress, Drupal, Omeka), 20% &agrave; partir d&rsquo;autres outils ou de projets ouverts (Wikis, r&eacute;seaux sociaux, blogs) et qu&rsquo;aucune information n&rsquo;&eacute;tait disponible&nbsp;&nbsp;pour 20% d&rsquo;entre elles.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn21"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial"><a href="applewebdata://652AC28E-6963-4B77-BF37-0C3D90E8396D#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:windowtext"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">[21]</span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt">&nbsp;DeviantArt. (2022, 20 juillet).&nbsp;<i>DeviantArt</i>. Consult&eacute; le 20 juillet 2022 sur&nbsp;</span><a href="https://www.deviantart.com/shop/"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="color:#1155cc">https://www.deviantart.com/shop/</span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn22"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial"><a href="applewebdata://652AC28E-6963-4B77-BF37-0C3D90E8396D#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:windowtext"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">[22]</span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></sup></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt">&nbsp;Transcribe Bentham. (2022, 20 juillet).&nbsp;<i>Transcribe Bentham</i>.&nbsp;</span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt">Consult&eacute; le 20 juillet 2022 sur&nbsp;</span><a href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/bentham-project/transcribe-bentham"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="color:#1155cc">https://www.ucl.ac.uk/bentham-project/transcribe-bentham</span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn23"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial"><a href="applewebdata://652AC28E-6963-4B77-BF37-0C3D90E8396D#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:windowtext"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">[23]</span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt">&nbsp;Transcrire. (2022, 20 juillet).&nbsp;<i>Transcrire</i>. Consult&eacute; le 20 juillet 2022 sur&nbsp;</span><a href="https://transcrire.huma-num.fr/"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="color:#1155cc">https://transcrire.huma-num.fr/</span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn24"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial"><a href="applewebdata://652AC28E-6963-4B77-BF37-0C3D90E8396D#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:windowtext"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">[24]</span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt">&nbsp;Histoires de Chtis. (2022, 20 juillet).&nbsp;<i>Histoires de Chtis</i>. Consult&eacute;es le 20 juillet 2022 sur&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.histoires-de-chtis.com/"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="color:#1155cc">http://www.histoires-de-chtis.com/</span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn25"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial"><a href="applewebdata://652AC28E-6963-4B77-BF37-0C3D90E8396D#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:windowtext"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">[25]</span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt">&nbsp;Facebook. (2022, 20 juillet).&nbsp;<i>Histoires de Chtis</i>. Consult&eacute;es le 20 juillet 2022 sur&nbsp;</span><a href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/histoiresdechtis/about/"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="color:#1155cc">https://www.facebook.com/groups/histoiresdechtis/about/</span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn26"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial"><a href="applewebdata://652AC28E-6963-4B77-BF37-0C3D90E8396D#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:windowtext"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">[26]</span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt">&nbsp;<q>Les sciences de la conception regroupent un tr&egrave;s grand nombre de disciplines scientifiques ou artistiques qui ont pour point commun, non pas la d&eacute;couverte de lois naturelles g&eacute;n&eacute;rales, mais la cr&eacute;ation d&rsquo;artefacts (...). Ces disciplines incluent notamment les sciences de l&rsquo;ing&eacute;nieur, la m&eacute;decine, les sciences de gestion, les disciplines artistiques, l&rsquo;architecture, la p&eacute;dagogie, l&rsquo;ergonomie, la sociologie des usages&hellip; et bien sur la science du design, qui tout en s&rsquo;alimentant aux autres disciplines d&eacute;veloppe une approche sp&eacute;cifique.</q>&nbsp;(Zacklad &amp; Catoir-Brisson, 2021).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn27"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial"><a href="applewebdata://652AC28E-6963-4B77-BF37-0C3D90E8396D#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background-color:windowtext"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">[27]</span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt">&nbsp;Une dimension fragment&eacute;e et environnementale du&nbsp;<i>toolkit</i>&nbsp;se dessine: exemples d&rsquo;utilisation et directives d&rsquo;utilisation se retrouvent &agrave; plusieurs endroits en dehors de la seule plateforme et se conditionnent mutuellement dans leur conception.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> </div>