<p align="center" style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Introduction et probl&eacute;matique&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Dans le domaine de la culture, apr&egrave;s l&rsquo;essor du web participatif</span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial"><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">, se sont r&eacute;cemment d&eacute;velopp&eacute;es un ensemble de plateformes destin&eacute;es au partage, &agrave; la collecte, la cat&eacute;gorisation, l&rsquo;&eacute;valuation, l&rsquo;archivage de donn&eacute;es et de documents partag&eacute;s entre une communaut&eacute; d&rsquo;amateurs passionn&eacute;s et diff&eacute;rents acteurs (institutions, chercheurs&hellip;) en vue de la production d&rsquo;une connaissance commune. Cette r&eacute;ponse engag&eacute;e au ph&eacute;nom&egrave;ne de plateformisation dans le domaine de la culture (Severo&nbsp;<i>et al.</i>, 2022) pose la question de l&rsquo;implication de l&rsquo;utilisateur dans la production de savoir et de la condition de possibilit&eacute; des processus de capacitation (Stiegler, 2015) que sa participation peut g&eacute;n&eacute;rer. Parall&egrave;lement aux possibilit&eacute;s de lecture/&eacute;criture qu&rsquo;ils offrent &agrave; l&rsquo;utilisateur, ces dispositifs pr&eacute;sentent des formes de g&eacute;n&eacute;ricit&eacute; (Payeur &amp; Chupin, 2020) rep&eacute;rables &agrave; diff&eacute;rents niveaux, notamment ceux de la forme intelligible &agrave; l&rsquo;interface (Candel&nbsp;<i>et al.</i>, 2012) et du code (Goyet, 2017), qui font appara&icirc;tre la dimension de g&eacute;n&eacute;ration / cr&eacute;ation, activ&eacute;e par des op&eacute;rations de r&eacute;investissement transformatif de formes existantes plus ou moins standardis&eacute;es, propos&eacute;es &agrave; l&#39;utilisateur, comme une dimension importante, &agrave; prendre en compte dans la d&eacute;finition d&rsquo;une litt&eacute;ratie num&eacute;rique. Le savoir-comprendre et travailler la g&eacute;n&eacute;ricit&eacute; et la&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">g&eacute;n&eacute;ration<span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">&nbsp;deviennent de plus en plus des connaissances et des comp&eacute;tences n&eacute;cessaires &agrave; l&rsquo;utilisation et l&rsquo;appr&eacute;hension de ces dispositifs dans un objectif d&rsquo;apprentissage, ou plus largement dans ce qu&rsquo;Olivier Le Deuff d&eacute;crit tout &agrave; la fois comme&nbsp;</span></span></span>&laquo;&nbsp;<span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">capacit&eacute; &agrave; lire et &agrave; &eacute;crire&nbsp;</span></span></span>&raquo;<span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">, mais aussi comme&nbsp;</span></span></span>&laquo;&nbsp;<span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">possession de comp&eacute;tences et d&rsquo;habilet&eacute;&nbsp;</span></span></span>&raquo;<span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">&nbsp;et&nbsp;</span></span></span>&laquo;&nbsp;<span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">&eacute;l&eacute;ment d&rsquo;apprentissage&nbsp;</span></span></span>&raquo;<span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">&nbsp;(Le Deuff, 2012).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Du point de vue du chercheur, ces trois capacit&eacute;s &agrave; comprendre, à utiliser et à cr&eacute;er des &eacute;crits sur des supports num&eacute;riques correspondent, dans la perspective d&rsquo;une litt&eacute;ratie num&eacute;rique, au d&eacute;veloppement d&rsquo;une&nbsp;<i>intelligibilit&eacute;</i>&nbsp;et d&rsquo;une&nbsp;<i>ma&icirc;trise</i>&nbsp;du num&eacute;rique (Bachimont, 2010, p. 63) r&eacute;sultant d&rsquo;une posture scientifique face au dispositif technique. L&rsquo;invention scientifique doit tenir compte, dans un contexte de plateformisation et de basculement vers la participation, des dynamiques de production de texte, du point de vue de l&rsquo;usager et la conception des plateformes est &agrave; penser comme le milieu d&rsquo;une</span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">&nbsp;litt&eacute;ratie propos&eacute;e<span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">&nbsp;&agrave; l&rsquo;utilisateur avant son appropriation et structur&eacute;e via un outillage (</span></span></span>Kelty, 2019<span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">) de formes et des agencements sp&eacute;cifiques de ces formes g&eacute;n&eacute;rant, en plus du texte, &agrave; la fois un savoir et un savoir-faire sur le plan de l&rsquo;&eacute;crilecture et de la&nbsp;</span></span></span>conception<span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">. La question de la compr&eacute;hension et de la conception des plateformes se lie n&eacute;cessairement &agrave; celle de la formalisation de la participation, de sa structuration, des outils propos&eacute;s pour son actualisation et son d&eacute;veloppement et comprend, en ce sens, une interrogation sur la mont&eacute;e en g&eacute;n&eacute;ricit&eacute; des plateformes et des formes con&ccedil;ues pour la participation.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Corr&eacute;lativement &agrave; la litt&eacute;ratie traditionnelle (</span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Goody, 2017<span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">), la litt&eacute;ratie num&eacute;rique concerne &eacute;galement l&rsquo;&eacute;largissement de la question sur l&rsquo;intelligibilit&eacute; et de la ma&icirc;trise du num&eacute;rique &agrave; une dimension sociopolitique : celle de l&rsquo;impact du d&eacute;veloppement de ce savoir/savoir-faire - et de ce pouvoir/pouvoir-faire - au sein de nos soci&eacute;t&eacute;s et, au sein des plateformes, de l&rsquo;impact sur les modalit&eacute;s elles-m&ecirc;mes de production du savoir et de redistribution de pouvoir, de l&rsquo;&eacute;ditorialisation comprise comme&nbsp;</span></span></span>&laquo;&nbsp;<span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">la fa&ccedil;on de produire des savoirs &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;poque num&eacute;rique&nbsp;</span></span></span>&raquo;<span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">&nbsp;(</span></span></span>Vitali-Rosati, 2016<span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">). Par l&rsquo;action de transformation de la participation sur sa propre structure implicite &agrave; tout processus de participation (Kelty, 2012), le web participatif des plateformes fait, en ce sens, glisser naturellement la question de la g&eacute;n&eacute;ration des formes de la participation vers celle d&rsquo;une g&eacute;n&eacute;ration participative de ces m&ecirc;mes formes.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35pt">&nbsp;</p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Cet article na&icirc;t de la rencontre entre deux travaux de recherche. Il aborde les questions de litt&eacute;ratie num&eacute;rique, &agrave; travers une analyse men&eacute;e &agrave; un double niveau de l&rsquo;&eacute;criture num&eacute;rique des plateformes observ&eacute;es : l&rsquo;&eacute;criture d&rsquo;interaction avec le logiciel &agrave; partir d&rsquo;un architexte pr&eacute;-structur&eacute; et l&rsquo;&eacute;criture du code au niveau de la conception des CMS</span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial"><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">&nbsp;&agrave; partir d&rsquo;un langage format&eacute;. Il interroge les capacit&eacute;s d&rsquo;action de l&rsquo;utilisateur dans un genre donn&eacute; et introduit la question de la litt&eacute;ratie de ce type de dispositif num&eacute;rique info-communicationnel comme pos&eacute;e nouvellement au niveau d&rsquo;un usager cr&eacute;ant et participant en r&eacute;seau, &eacute;laborant de nouvelles formes autant qu&rsquo;il utilise le dispositif existant - et non plus uniquement comme l&rsquo;activit&eacute; de l&rsquo;ing&eacute;nieur qui con&ccedil;oit le dispositif</span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">&nbsp;- dans un objectif de recommandations pour la conception de nouvelles plateformes, qui prennent en compte cette dimension.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">D&rsquo;un c&ocirc;t&eacute;, il s&rsquo;appuie sur un travail de th&egrave;se au sein du projet ANR Collabora</span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial"><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">&nbsp;portant sur la figure de la liste en milieu num&eacute;rique, comprise principalement comme l&rsquo;une des formes de structuration de la participation sur le web et sur ses configurations particuli&egrave;res dans le discours de la critique culturelle participative. L&rsquo;analyse se concentre sur un corpus d</span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">e vingt-quatre plateformes<span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">&nbsp;de critique culturelle sur le web, approch&eacute;es du point de vue de la s&eacute;miologie des &eacute;crits d&rsquo;&eacute;cran au niveau des architextes et des traces d&rsquo;usages, et questionne la d&eacute;finition et l&rsquo;&eacute;volution du genre web de la critique culturelle dans l&rsquo;hypoth&egrave;se d&rsquo;une importance de plus en plus &eacute;vidente de la liste dans la gestion de la participation et la production du texte au sein de ces plateformes.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">D&rsquo;un autre c&ocirc;t&eacute;, il aborde la question du point de vue des dispositifs info-communicationnels &agrave; travers des recherches portant sur la g&eacute;n&eacute;ricit&eacute; et la g&eacute;n&eacute;ration des plateformes d&eacute;velopp&eacute;es dans le cadre de ce m&ecirc;me projet. Dans le cadre d&rsquo;une r&eacute;flexion sur le ph&eacute;nom&egrave;ne de plateformisation, ces travaux se concentrent sur l&rsquo;observation et l&rsquo;analyse de CMS avec un haut degr&eacute; de g&eacute;n&eacute;ricit&eacute;, adaptables &agrave; un grand nombre d&rsquo;usages et visent une approche op&eacute;rationnelle de l&rsquo;&eacute;tude de ces plateformes.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Ces recherches s&rsquo;int&eacute;ressent &agrave; la mani&egrave;re dont les plateformes g&eacute;n&egrave;rent et structurent la participation dans un registre ouvert englobant travail amateur et professionnel avec pour enjeu la production de connaissances nouvelles &agrave; partir de contenus existants.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Dans un premier temps, nous abordons le genre comme outil th&eacute;orique nous permettant de relier une approche de l&rsquo;architexte du point de vue de l&rsquo;&eacute;criture aux processus de g&eacute;n&eacute;ration, d&rsquo;&eacute;volution et de standardisation des formes d&rsquo;&eacute;criture num&eacute;rique dans un contexte participatif. Dans un second temps, nous analysons un ensemble de plateformes &agrave; diff&eacute;rents niveaux: celui, d&rsquo;abord, du rep&eacute;rage des formes rh&eacute;toriques, simples et compos&eacute;es, via la figure de la liste, et celui, ensuite, du dispositif info-communicationnel, impliquant des recompositions selon une approche transplateforme et mettant &agrave; jour la question du design, &agrave; la fois du point de vue de l&rsquo;usager et du point de vue du concepteur. Un retour th&eacute;orique r&eacute;flexif final concerne la contribution au d&eacute;veloppement d&rsquo;une litt&eacute;ratie num&eacute;rique, de l&rsquo;op&eacute;rabilit&eacute; du concept de genre, ainsi que la d&eacute;finition d&rsquo;un genre (dans le cas sp&eacute;cifique sur la d&eacute;finition du genre du discours de la critique culturelle et son &eacute;volution dans le milieu num&eacute;rique contemporain) et les perspectives d&rsquo;&eacute;criture de pr&eacute;conisations pour la conception de plateformes participatives de critique culturelle.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35pt">&nbsp;</p> <ol> <li style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Modalit&eacute;s d&rsquo;action de l&rsquo;utilisateur : le prisme du genre</span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></li> </ol> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">La question pos&eacute;e par la litt&eacute;ratie num&eacute;rique prend forme au sein de la m&eacute;taphore qui lie le num&eacute;rique &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;criture, partag&eacute;e par un grand nombre de travaux (</span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Souchier&nbsp;<i>et al</i>., 2019, Bachimont, 2010, Petit &amp; Bouchardon, 2017, Stiegler, 2015<span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">). Elle concerne la possibilit&eacute; d&rsquo;&eacute;tudier le num&eacute;rique dans une relation de continuit&eacute; avec les formes d&rsquo;&eacute;criture qui le pr&eacute;c&egrave;dent (</span></span></span>Vandendorpe, 1999<span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">) et de faire, avec le m&ecirc;me mouvement, ressortir les spécificités des &eacute;critures selon les supports numériques. C&rsquo;est dans la m&ecirc;me optique que nous interrogeons le num&eacute;rique et la litt&eacute;ratie num&eacute;rique sous le prisme du genre. Cet angle d&rsquo;approche nous permet d&rsquo;approfondir la r&eacute;flexion sur la tension entre standardisation, appropriation et &eacute;volution des formes de l&rsquo;&eacute;criture num&eacute;rique, notamment au sein du ph&eacute;nom&egrave;ne de plateformisation.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Le probl&egrave;me pos&eacute; par le genre en &eacute;criture - d&eacute;j&agrave; pr&eacute;sent en th&eacute;orie litt&eacute;raire depuis Aristote en passant par Hegel et jusqu&rsquo;&agrave; la po&eacute;tique moderne avec Genette (1986) et Schaeffer (1989) - est essentiellement double</span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial"><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">&nbsp;: d&rsquo;un c&ocirc;t&eacute; se pose le probl&egrave;me taxinomique de la cat&eacute;gorisation de toute production textuelle, du jeu de ressemblances et des diff&eacute;rences qui relatent les textes entre eux. Cette cat&eacute;gorisation peut se faire &agrave; partir de l&rsquo;objet d&rsquo;&eacute;criture, selon un crit&egrave;re th&eacute;matique, &agrave; partir de la situation d&#39;&eacute;nonciation, selon un crit&egrave;re modal ou &agrave; partir des moyens formels et mat&eacute;riels d&rsquo;&eacute;nonciation, selon le crit&egrave;re de la forme et du support, crit&egrave;re &eacute;troitement li&eacute; &agrave; celui de la finalit&eacute; de l&rsquo;&eacute;nonciation (Genette, 1986). De l&rsquo;autre c&ocirc;t&eacute;, se pose le probl&egrave;me de la remobilisation des formes &eacute;crites, de la cr&eacute;ation du nouveau &agrave; partir de l&rsquo;existant. En permettant la classification de textes existants, le genre &eacute;tablit un cadre communicationnel de r&eacute;f&eacute;rence pour tout nouvel acte de langage, participant &agrave; la fois &agrave; la r&eacute;ception et &agrave; la conception, ce qui en fait un concept op&eacute;rateur aux deux niveaux de la circulation des textes.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">De ce fait, la g&eacute;n&eacute;ricit&eacute; est li&eacute;e au probl&egrave;me de la g&eacute;n&eacute;ration. Les termes de g&eacute;n&eacute;ricit&eacute; (et de g&eacute;n&eacute;rique, qui en est la forme adjectivale) et de genre sont, en effet, &eacute;tymologiquement li&eacute;s &agrave; celui de g&eacute;n&eacute;ration : du latin&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">&laquo;&nbsp;<i><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">genus, generis</span></span></span></i>&nbsp;&raquo;<span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">traduit avec le terme naissance et renvoyant aux traits d&rsquo;embryonnaire, originaire, &eacute;pur&eacute;, essentiel. Les plateformes et les formes g&eacute;n&eacute;riques employ&eacute;es pour la g&eacute;n&eacute;ration de la participation analys&eacute;es&nbsp;&nbsp;dans ce travail, rendent visible&nbsp;&nbsp;l&rsquo;essentiel r&eacute;sultant&nbsp;&nbsp;d&rsquo;op&eacute;rations de soustraction de toute particularit&eacute; &eacute;voqu&eacute; par Badiou dans&nbsp;</span></span></span>&laquo;&nbsp;<span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">L&rsquo;&eacute;criture du g&eacute;n&eacute;rique&nbsp;</span></span></span>&raquo;<span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">&nbsp;(1992) et en attente d&#39;&ecirc;tre investi par ses utilisations particuli&egrave;res. Le g&eacute;n&eacute;rique semble, en premi&egrave;re analyse, venir d&rsquo;une exigence de reproductibilit&eacute;, d&rsquo;adaptabilit&eacute; &agrave; un grand nombre d&rsquo;usages et il a d&eacute;j&agrave; &eacute;t&eacute; li&eacute; &agrave; la production participative de texte en milieu num&eacute;rique par le concept de&nbsp;</span></span></span>&ldquo;<i><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">generativity</span></span></span></i><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">&rdquo; (Zittrain, 2008) et, notamment, d&rsquo;architexte</span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial"><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">&nbsp;(Jeanneret et Souchier, 1999) qui rendent &eacute;vidente la conjoncture particuli&egrave;re entre g&eacute;n&eacute;rique et g&eacute;n&eacute;ration, observable au sein des &eacute;critures num&eacute;riques. L&rsquo;architexte, &agrave; la fois comme cadre prescriptif et comme outil de cr&eacute;ation, porte l&rsquo;attention sur la place - et sur le pouvoir - d&rsquo;un texte pr&eacute;existant et prescripteur dans la production de texte nouveau, sur les r&eacute;percussions d&rsquo;une machinisation/programmabilit&eacute; de cette dynamique de production et, par cons&eacute;quent, sur les conditions de l&#39;&eacute;mergence de la singularit&eacute; en contexte num&eacute;rique ou, en d&rsquo;autres termes, sur la question de l&rsquo;homologation/diversification de la production textuelle num&eacute;rique.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35pt">&nbsp;</p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Le num&eacute;rique offre, d&egrave;s lors, un milieu fertile de remobilisation des th&eacute;ories g&eacute;n&eacute;riques en vue d&rsquo;une compr&eacute;hension et d&rsquo;une appropriation des &eacute;critures num&eacute;riques via l&rsquo;analyse des continuit&eacute;s et des interruptions avec les &eacute;critures qui le pr&eacute;c&egrave;dent. Au-del&agrave; de l&rsquo;architexte, diverses actualisations de la notion de genre telles que le&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">&laquo;<span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">genre web&nbsp;</span></span></span>&raquo;<span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">(Maingueneau, 2013) ou le&nbsp;</span></span></span>&laquo;&nbsp;<span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">technogenre&nbsp;</span></span></span>&raquo;<span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">&nbsp;(Paveau, 2017) permettent de concevoir ensemble le genre et le support d&rsquo;&eacute;criture num&eacute;rique. Au niveau de l&rsquo;application de ces notions, nous distinguons principalement deux mouvements : le premier mouvement est celui d&rsquo;une caract&eacute;risation du genre sur le support num&eacute;rique. De nombreux travaux mobilisent la notion de genre&nbsp;</span></span></span>pour se r&eacute;f&eacute;rer &agrave; un ensemble de sites ou, plus g&eacute;n&eacute;ralement, de formations discursives num&eacute;riques en utilisant les p&eacute;rim&egrave;tres du genre et en les comparant avec les caract&egrave;res pr&eacute;-num&eacute;riques de ce genre sp&eacute;cifique. C&rsquo;est le cas du parall&egrave;le entre le journal intime et le blog (Deseilligny, 2010) ou du discours sur la critique culturelle amateur ou la critique culturelle web (Candel, 2007) comprise comme une nouvelle d&eacute;clinaison du genre critique et de l&rsquo;autorit&eacute; critique. Les formes discursives analys&eacute;es sont, dans ces travaux, r&eacute;f&eacute;r&eacute;es au genre en question - dans cette &eacute;tude, il s&rsquo;agit&nbsp;de la critique culturelle. Le second mouvement est celui&nbsp;&nbsp;de la caract&eacute;risation de l&rsquo;&eacute;criture num&eacute;rique,&nbsp;<span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">auquel le genre sp&eacute;cifique participe, mais qui en d&eacute;passe les p&eacute;rim&egrave;tres, et qui se pr&eacute;sente souvent sous les traits d&rsquo;une standardisation g&eacute;n&eacute;ralis&eacute;e des formes (Candel&nbsp;<i>et al</i>., 2012) et des fonctionnalit&eacute;s g&eacute;n&eacute;rales de l&rsquo;&eacute;criture num&eacute;rique d&eacute;rivant de la nature de leur support d&rsquo;inscription et de circulation (Crozat&nbsp;<i>et al</i>., 2011).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Notre contribution prend en compte ces deux dimensions&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">compl&eacute;mentaires&nbsp;<span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">&agrave; travers l&rsquo;analyse d&rsquo;une d&eacute;clinaison particuli&egrave;re du genre de la critique culturelle sur le web et du ph&eacute;nom&egrave;ne plus g&eacute;n&eacute;ral de la plateformisation &agrave; l&#39;&oelig;uvre au sein des &eacute;critures num&eacute;riques. Il s&rsquo;agit de produire une analyse sur le rapport entre l&rsquo;inscription du discours dans un genre sp&eacute;cifique et les tendances &eacute;volutives qui caract&eacute;risent l&rsquo;&eacute;criture num&eacute;rique dans une perspective plus large.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Au niveau du corpus de plateformes analys&eacute;es dans ce travail, nous posons, &agrave; travers le prisme du genre, la question de la conception de ce type de plateforme orient&eacute;e vers une litt&eacute;ratie num&eacute;rique, en prenant en compte un usager-designer qui doit avoir &agrave; la fois des capacit&eacute;s de lecture et d&rsquo;&eacute;criture (au sens de l&rsquo;&eacute;crilecture de Broudoux, 2018) et dans le m&ecirc;me temps r&eacute;investir les formes de mani&egrave;re plus ou moins transformatrice et cr&eacute;atrice au sein de la plateforme participative. La litt&eacute;ratie num&eacute;rique des utilisateurs des plateformes &eacute;tudi&eacute;es comprendrait, de ce point de vue, en plus d&rsquo;une capacit&eacute; combin&eacute;e d&rsquo;&eacute;criture et lecture, une troisi&egrave;me couche relevant de la manipulation graphique des formes g&eacute;n&eacute;riques, de leur r&eacute;investissement dans une d&eacute;marche qui s&rsquo;inscrit dans le registre du design entendu comme une capacit&eacute; de conception et de cr&eacute;ation dispositives.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Le genre couvre, d&egrave;s lors, deux dimensions de l&rsquo;&eacute;criture num&eacute;rique : la compr&eacute;hension-conception des plateformes dans leur ensemble en relation avec un &eacute;cosyst&egrave;me plus large de dispositifs dans lequel toute plateforme prend vie et le niveau des formes (des outils) con&ccedil;ues pour g&eacute;n&eacute;rer la participation et le texte et propos&eacute;es aux utilisateurs en vue de leur appropriation et r&eacute;investissement.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">La participation &eacute;tant inh&eacute;rente &agrave; la structure de la plateforme</span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial"><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">, le design des plateformes se trouve confront&eacute; au probl&egrave;me de conception d&rsquo;outils de g&eacute;n&eacute;ration de texte (<i>toolkits</i>, CMS) qui soient intelligibles par les utilisateurs. La conception d&rsquo;une &eacute;criture et d&rsquo;une plateforme participative comprend alors des op&eacute;rations d&rsquo;&eacute;tablissement d&rsquo;objectifs &agrave; atteindre, de r&eacute;partition de t&acirc;ches &agrave; accomplir et de mise &agrave; disposition d&rsquo;un kit d&rsquo;outils pour leur accomplissement (Kelty, 2012) dans une optique o&ugrave; le rapport de correspondance entre finalit&eacute; et forme s&rsquo;actualise et se con&ccedil;oit de mani&egrave;re participative dans les deux dimensions de la conception de la plateforme et dans les traits de la sp&eacute;cialisation fonctionnelle v&eacute;hicul&eacute;e par les outils techniques (Bachimont, 2010) qui la composent. La notion d&rsquo;outil nous permet, &agrave; cet &eacute;gard, de traiter ensemble la dimension de l&rsquo;&eacute;quipement et de la structuration de la participation et la question de l&rsquo;outil technique dont est compos&eacute; le dispositif, et notamment le dispositif num&eacute;rique dans sa forme &eacute;cr</span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">ite. Le&nbsp;<i>toolkit</i>&nbsp;(Kelty, 2019) rel&egrave;ve de l&rsquo;organisation mat&eacute;rielle, technique et sociale de la participation. D&eacute;passant l&rsquo;outil pris au singulier, il comprend des outils socio-techniques, des directives ou des instructions d&rsquo;utilisation plus ou moins pr&eacute;cises ou contraignantes qui tiennent compte d&rsquo;un degr&eacute; de simplicit&eacute; ou de complexit&eacute; dans l&rsquo;utilisation, des possibilit&eacute;s d&rsquo;&eacute;valuation et de partage d&rsquo;exp&eacute;rience. Ce que nous traduisons par kit d&rsquo;outils comprend, en milieu num&eacute;rique : architexte, p&eacute;ritexte d&rsquo;instruction, positionnement au sein de l&rsquo;organisation syntaxique de la plateforme, composantes de la forme traduisant des espaces et des possibilit&eacute;s de variation, manipulation, partage, &eacute;valuation. La nature &eacute;crite du num&eacute;rique nous permet de consid&eacute;rer l&rsquo;outillage essentiellement comme un ensemble de textes g&eacute;n&eacute;rant des productions textuelles ult&eacute;rieures s&rsquo;offrant &agrave; l&rsquo;observation comme le lieu d&rsquo;actualisation des dynamiques g&eacute;n&eacute;riques telles que nous les avons pr&eacute;sent&eacute;es plus haut.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35pt">&nbsp;</p> <ol start="2"> <li style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Des formes aux plateformes participatives de critique culturelle</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></li> </ol> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35pt">&nbsp;</p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Nous &eacute;tudions les plateformes participatives, notamment de critique culturelle, avec diff&eacute;rents niveaux d&rsquo;analyse et selon diff&eacute;rentes modalit&eacute;s, au sein du projet ANR Collabora.&nbsp;<span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Ce projet, lancé en avril 2019, vise à &eacute;tudier les plateformes contributives culturelles en tant que&nbsp;</span></span></span>&laquo;&nbsp;<span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">dispositifs qui donnent au citoyen num&eacute;rique la possibilit&eacute; de partager en ligne ses savoir, ses productions ou ses r&eacute;cits et ses m&eacute;moires&nbsp;</span></span></span>&raquo;<span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">, comme&nbsp;</span></span></span>&laquo;&nbsp;<span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">lieux de production de savoirs culturels&nbsp;</span></span></span>&raquo;<span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">dans lesquels les contributeurs&nbsp;</span></span></span>&laquo;&nbsp;<span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">agissent de mani&egrave;re volontaire pour cr&eacute;er une valeur d&eacute;di&eacute;e au bien commun&nbsp;</span></span></span>&raquo;<span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">&nbsp;(Severo&nbsp;<i>et al</i>., 2022, p. 11).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Dans ce travail les plateformes sont consid&eacute;r&eacute;es &agrave; diff&eacute;rents niveaux: le niveau des formes et des pratiques discursives, d&rsquo;abord, et le niveau de la g&eacute;n&eacute;ration des dispositifs info-communicationnels, ensuite.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35pt">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">2.1 Le niveau des formes et des pratiques discursives</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><b><i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">2.1.1 Corpus, m&eacute;thode et niveaux d&rsquo;observation</span></span></span></i></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35pt">&nbsp;</p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Cette partie s&rsquo;appuie sur un travail de th&egrave;se dont le corpus retenu se compose de vingt-quatre dispositifs participatifs de critique culturelle analys&eacute;s du point de vue, d&rsquo;une part, de leur morphologie g&eacute;n&eacute;rale, des formes g&eacute;n&eacute;rant la participation et de leur agencement au sein des plateformes ind&eacute;pendamment de l&rsquo;objet culturel au centre du discours et avec une approche multilingue et du point de vue, de l&rsquo;autre, de la forme liste. Les dispositifs sont divis&eacute;s en deux sous-corpus : dix-sept plateformes de critique culturelle participative (Babelio, CineTrafic, SensCritique, Livraddict, Goodreads, LibraryThing, aNobii, BookNode, CineNode, D&eacute;j&agrave;lu, Collibris, AVoirALire, Decitre, Critiques Libres, Lecteurs(.)com, Inducks, Rotten Tomatoes) et sept plateformes int&eacute;grant de la critique participative et faisant usage de listes (TYPEE, Wattpad, Plumavitae, MUBI, AlloCin&eacute;, Amazon, DeviantArt).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Du point de vue m&eacute;thodologique, notre analyse s&rsquo;est d&eacute;roul&eacute;e en deux temps : un premier temps d&rsquo;observation participante des plateformes via l&rsquo;inscription, l&rsquo;utilisation, la prise de notes et de captures d&rsquo;&eacute;crans ; et un deuxi&egrave;me temps d&rsquo;analyse qualitative des interfaces selon, d&rsquo;une part, l&rsquo;&eacute;laboration propos&eacute;e par la s&eacute;miologie des &eacute;crits d&rsquo;&eacute;cran (Souchier&nbsp;<i>et al</i>., 2019) et notamment selon le mod&egrave;le de r&eacute;pertoire des formes num&eacute;riques au sein d&rsquo;un discours sp&eacute;cifique dans les travaux de Candel (<i>et a</i>l., 2012) et, de l&rsquo;autre, selon une d&eacute;marche empirique de composition de grilles d&rsquo;analyse &agrave; partir des d&eacute;ductions issues du premier moment d&rsquo;immersion dans le terrain et des mod&eacute;lisations de la forme liste, des fonctions de l&rsquo;&eacute;criture num&eacute;rique (Crozat&nbsp;<i>et al</i>., 2011), et de la participation sur plateforme</span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial"><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">&nbsp;(Kelty, 2012). A travers une&nbsp;&nbsp;approche s&eacute;miologique, nous interrogeons essentiellement les &eacute;crits d&rsquo;&eacute;cran, les architextes et les traces d&rsquo;usages et d&rsquo;inscription des discours num&eacute;riques afin d&rsquo;analyser &agrave; la fois le niveau de la conception des dispositifs et le niveau des appropriations par les utilisateurs.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">En ce qui concerne la liste</span></span></span><a href="#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">[8]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">, notamment,<span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">&nbsp;l&rsquo;analyse est support&eacute;e par une mod&eacute;lisation obtenue en combinant un travail de recherche bibliographique et de d&eacute;finition conceptuelle et une observation des d&eacute;clinaisons num&eacute;riques de cette forme. Caract&eacute;ris&eacute;e comme une technologie intellectuelle (Goody, 1979) &eacute;crite de gestion de la quantit&eacute; et de qualification, la liste se compose essentiellement de : (1) une suite d&rsquo;items, (2) &eacute;l&eacute;ments de cat&eacute;gorisation ou de crit&eacute;risation de la s&eacute;lection (titre, tag, descriptif), (3) &eacute;l&eacute;ments de crit&eacute;risation de l&#39;ordonnancement (num&eacute;rotage, texte), (4) &eacute;l&eacute;ments d&rsquo;&eacute;volution formelle (boutons d&#39;ajout/suppression :&nbsp;</span></span></span>&laquo;&nbsp;<span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">etc&hellip;&nbsp;</span></span></span>&raquo;<span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">&nbsp;et dans une suite d&rsquo;&eacute;crans :&nbsp;</span></span></span>&laquo;&nbsp;<span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Voir plus&nbsp;</span></span></span>&raquo;<span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">), (5) &eacute;l&eacute;ments d&rsquo;&eacute;nonciation (d&rsquo;auctorialit&eacute;), (6) &eacute;l&eacute;ments de socialisation ou de mise en dialogue (suivre, j&rsquo;aime, vote, commentaire, etc.), (7) &eacute;l&eacute;ments de circulation (partager, t&eacute;l&eacute;charger, import/export).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Ce mod&egrave;le nous guide dans l&rsquo;analyse de la liste comprise comme un kit d&rsquo;outils propos&eacute; par les plateformes au service de la participation, au sens explicit&eacute; plus haut, en comparant le p&eacute;ritexte d&rsquo;instruction, les sc&eacute;narios d&rsquo;usage et de production de valeur indiqu&eacute;s pour la forme et les traces d&rsquo;usage et de r&eacute;appropriation par les utilisateurs afin d&rsquo;interroger le niveau de g&eacute;n&eacute;ricit&eacute; de la forme et le r&ocirc;le jou&eacute; par le genre dans ses r&eacute;investissements par les utilisateurs. La question de la litt&eacute;ratie, en ce sens, concerne la tension entre mise &agrave; disposition d&rsquo;un kit d&rsquo;outils et la valeur produite par son appropriation (formes produites, d&eacute;tournement dans l&rsquo;usage ou de la structure, d&eacute;veloppement de comp&eacute;tences, etc.). Cette tension rel&egrave;ve d&rsquo;une dynamique g&eacute;n&eacute;rique.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><b><i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">2.1.2 G&eacute;n&eacute;ration comme r&eacute;investissement transformateur de formes g&eacute;n&eacute;riques : les plans de proposition et d&rsquo;appropriation de la liste au sein des plateformes participatives de critique culturelle</span></span></span></span></span></span></i></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Nous distinguons cinq plans, dans lesquels s&#39;exerce la tension entre formes g&eacute;n&eacute;rant la participation et g&eacute;n&eacute;ration participative de formes : il s&rsquo;agit des plans de la caract&eacute;risation, de la complexit&eacute;, de l&rsquo;&eacute;valuation, de l&rsquo;abstraction et de l&rsquo;interop&eacute;rabilit&eacute;.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35pt">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Le plan de la caract&eacute;risation</span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Nous utilisons ce terme au sens de Bachimont (2010 : 58) qui d&eacute;crit la caract&eacute;risation interpr&eacute;tative comme le degr&eacute; de diff&eacute;renciation de toute forme actualis&eacute;e du mod&egrave;le abstrait. C&rsquo;est le plan o&ugrave; l&rsquo;on tient compte du niveau d&rsquo;encadrement de l&rsquo;outil et de celui de l&rsquo;actualisation de la forme qui en d&eacute;rive qui s&rsquo;op&egrave;re sur deux niveaux : par la forme propos&eacute;e &agrave; l&rsquo;utilisateur avec des possibilit&eacute;s de diff&eacute;renciation propos&eacute;es (via l&rsquo;architexte, champs de saisie plus ou moins libres ou automatis&eacute;s, le p&eacute;ritexte d&rsquo;instruction) et par les productions des utilisateurs &agrave; partir de cette premi&egrave;re actualisation, des personnalisations. Le niveau de caract&eacute;risation des formes r&eacute;sultantes d&eacute;pend principalement de :</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="margin-left:8px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">la caract&eacute;risation de la plateforme dans son enti&egrave;ret&eacute; (les enjeux, le ton, le public auquel elle s&rsquo;adresse) ;&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-left:8px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">la caract&eacute;risation de la forme (des formes) au niveau de son architexte : l&rsquo;architexte dans certains cas d&eacute;cide des utilisations possibles des listes rendant l&rsquo;outillage tr&egrave;s cadr&eacute;. Diverses postures sont envisag&eacute;es : haut niveau de g&eacute;n&eacute;ricit&eacute; de la forme (Wattpad</span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial"><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></span></span></span></span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">), suggestions d&rsquo;utilisation via le p&eacute;ritexte d&rsquo;instruction qui laisse plus de libert&eacute; de personnalisation &agrave; l&rsquo;utilisateur (Goodreads) ou automatisation des champs de saisie (Livraddict) ;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-left:8px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">le positionnement de la forme au sein du dispositif (liste de rangement associ&eacute;e &agrave; l&rsquo;espace du profil, les&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">&laquo;&nbsp;<i><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Personal Digital Collection</span></span></span></i>&nbsp;&raquo;<span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">&nbsp;(</span></span></span>Feinberg&nbsp;<i>et al</i>., 2012<span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">), ou liste de prescription partag&eacute;e, visibilit&eacute;/facilit&eacute; d&rsquo;acc&egrave;s &agrave; la forme) et, plus g&eacute;n&eacute;ralement,&nbsp;</span></span></span>les logiques syntaxiques qui lient la forme &agrave; d&rsquo;autres formes et qui la placent/d&eacute;placent au sein du dispositif ;</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-left:8px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">une logique trans-plateformes de transposition de formes (les listes des utilisateurs de Netflix transport&eacute;es sur MUBI apr&egrave;s l&rsquo;&eacute;limination en 2010 de la fonctionnalit&eacute; des listes libres de la part de Netflix) ;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-left:8px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">une logique de r&eacute;ponse &agrave; un manque de service et d&rsquo;interpr&eacute;tation au niveau de la forme du dispositif dans son ensemble : les&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">&laquo;&nbsp;<span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">listes de submission&nbsp;</span></span></span>&raquo;<span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">&nbsp;sur MUBI qui gardent trace des propositions de soumission de films au catalogue de la plateforme par chaque utilisateur. Il s&#39;agit de productions&nbsp;</span></span></span>&laquo;&nbsp;<span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">logiques&nbsp;</span></span></span>&raquo;<span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">&nbsp;r&eacute;pondant &agrave; des besoins d&rsquo;utilisation.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Nous reprenons l&rsquo;exemple de la plateforme de SVOD &agrave; fort caract&egrave;re auctorial et cin&eacute;phile, MUBI. L&rsquo;utilisateur dispose au niveau de son espace Profil (Figure 1) de deux listes de rangement de profils (FOLLOWING et FOLLOWERS), de quatre listes de rangements d&rsquo;objets culturels (films, court-m&eacute;trages et s&eacute;ries t&eacute;l&eacute;vis&eacute;es dans ce cas : VIEWING HISTORY, RATINGS &amp; REVIEWS, WATCHLIST, FAVORITES) avec une libert&eacute; limit&eacute;e dans les champs de saisie de l&rsquo;architexte en ce sens que les crit&egrave;res de s&eacute;lection et d&rsquo;ordonnancement sont automatis&eacute;s par la plateforme et deux espaces de rangement d&rsquo;objets culturels avec une posture &eacute;ditoriale plus prononc&eacute;e sugg&eacute;r&eacute;e par la possibilit&eacute; de crit&eacute;risation de la s&eacute;lection (titre, description) et d&rsquo;ordonnancement&nbsp;&nbsp;(LISTS et FOLLOWED LISTS, Figure 2). La disposition de ces listes dans un onglet &agrave; part et en association avec un geste communautaire de suivi au niveau du Profil, l&rsquo;apparition&nbsp;&nbsp;dans des espaces partag&eacute;s (au niveau de la fiche d&rsquo;un film, en r&eacute;sultat d&rsquo;une recherche &agrave; partir de la page d&rsquo;accueil) et le rapprochement (l&rsquo;identit&eacute; formelle) avec des&nbsp;&nbsp;listes &eacute;ditoriales dans lesquelles&nbsp;&nbsp;s&rsquo;exprime le travail &eacute;ditorial de la plateforme MUBI (Image 3) donnent vie &agrave; des interpr&eacute;tations sp&eacute;cifiques de la forme liste telles que l&rsquo;essai personnel (</span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">&ldquo;<span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">One film for every year I&rsquo;ve lived&rdquo;), la &laquo; Genration &raquo; (Delaporte, 2015) populaire (</span></span></span>&ldquo;<span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">CONTEMPLATIVE CINEMA STARTER PACK&rdquo;).&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Le plan de la complexit&eacute;</span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Le plan d&rsquo;analyse du kit d&rsquo;outils qui tient compte de l&rsquo;association entre les composantes de la liste et leurs fonctions. &Agrave; ce niveau nous interrogeons le nombre et le type de fonctions que la forme couvre, les modalit&eacute;s dans lesquelles les productions sp&eacute;cifiques sont inform&eacute;es par la liste, les possibilit&eacute;s de d&eacute;passement de la forme (la liste absorbe-t-elle des fonctions auparavant fournies par d&rsquo;autres outils ?) et son niveau de flexibilit&eacute;/adaptabilit&eacute; (sa pr&eacute;disposition &agrave; la g&eacute;n&eacute;ralisation).&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Nous relevons trois tendances :</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="margin-left:8px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">une r&eacute;sistance de formes de critique traditionnellement propos&eacute;es aux utilisateurs et notamment de la forme r&eacute;dactionnelle (souvent une chronique, l&rsquo;expression d&rsquo;un avis de go&ucirc;t personnel autour de l&rsquo;objet culturel, Figure</span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">4 et&nbsp;<span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Figure</span></span></span>&nbsp;5<span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">) au sein des dispositifs qui donnent la possibilit&eacute; d&rsquo;un descriptif de la liste et/ou des items sans&nbsp;&nbsp;restrictions particuli&egrave;res au niveau du nombre de caract&egrave;res. Pour l&rsquo;interpr&eacute;tation fonctionnelle de l&rsquo;outil , en plus d&rsquo;une interpr&eacute;tation de la caract&eacute;risation du dispositif dans son enti&egrave;ret&eacute;,&nbsp;&nbsp;des capacit&eacute;s de personnalisation de composantes propres &agrave; la liste comme forme historique sont mobilis&eacute;es et, dans ce cas, la composante r&eacute;dactionnelle essentielle &agrave; tout travail de curation dans l&rsquo;anthologie (Bohnert &amp; Gevrey, 2014).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-left:8px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">des productions interpr&eacute;tant les particularit&eacute;s innovantes au niveau des fonctionnalit&eacute;s des formes propos&eacute;es : l&rsquo;utilisation des listes publiques propos&eacute;es par Goodreads en forme de sondage (la s&eacute;rie de listes, par exemple,&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">&laquo;&nbsp;<span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">What Women Born in the 90&#39;s Have Read in [Ann&eacute;e]&nbsp;</span></span></span>&raquo;<span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">), d&eacute;note une interpr&eacute;tation technique de l&rsquo;outil en termes de&nbsp;<i>crowdsourcing</i>&nbsp;sur la base des fonctionnalit&eacute;s propos&eacute;es (largement plus complexes par rapport aux autres plateformes observ&eacute;es). Cela prend en compte les strat&eacute;gies de limitation des profils via le titre ou le descriptif pour cibler le public de la question, une interpr&eacute;tation de l&rsquo;architexte (et de la technologie du vote notamment) en d&eacute;pit du p&eacute;ritexte d&rsquo;instruction qui conseille un usage en forme de classement collectif.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <ul> <li style="margin-left:8px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">l&rsquo;int&eacute;gration dans la liste de fonctions qui rel&egrave;vent de la structuration syntaxique des suites de pages de la plateforme et notamment l&#39;int&eacute;gration de l&rsquo;ensemble des composantes de la critique &agrave; la fiche de l&rsquo;objet reli&eacute;e &agrave; l&rsquo;item de la liste.&nbsp;&nbsp;En ce sens des plateformes telles que MUBI ou Goodreads proposent une navigation centr&eacute;e sur l&rsquo;item en comparaison avec d&rsquo;autres telles que RottenTomatoes qui restent centr&eacute;es sur la chronique. Ce ph&eacute;nom&egrave;ne semble &ecirc;tre d&ucirc; &agrave; une facilit&eacute; d&rsquo;int&eacute;gration des fonctions dans la forme de la liste comportant une mise en relation et un sc&eacute;nario de circulation minimales et flexibles.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35pt">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Le plan de l&rsquo;&eacute;valuation</span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Nous traduisons par &eacute;valuation un troisi&egrave;me aspect du kit d&rsquo;outils pour la participation qui, pour les sp&eacute;cificit&eacute;s socio-techniques du milieu num&eacute;rique, tient compte d&rsquo;une dimension de processualit&eacute; du kit d&rsquo;outils dans les aspects de la r&eacute;troaction (la correction au niveau des boutons de modification) et de la dimension dialoguante de l&#39;&eacute;criture communautaire.&nbsp;&nbsp;Le ph&eacute;nom&egrave;ne le plus int&eacute;ressant observ&eacute; &agrave; ce niveau est la constitution de communaut&eacute;s de listants, des&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">&laquo;&nbsp;<span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Listopies&nbsp;</span></span></span>&raquo;<span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">&nbsp;&agrave; partir de la d&eacute;nomination qui en donne la plateforme Goodreads (Figure 6), o&ugrave; les trois niveaux de l&rsquo;apprentissage de la forme (instruction, exemple, interaction) sont continuellement reactualis&eacute;s et o&ugrave; nous retrouvons les dynamiques d&#39;entraide et p&eacute;dagogiques propres aux communaut&eacute;s d&rsquo;amateurs (Severo&nbsp;<i>et al</i>., 2022).&nbsp;</span></span></span>Ces &laquo; lieux des listes &raquo; naissent au sein d&rsquo;un grand nombre de plateformes sous forme&nbsp;&nbsp;de la cr&eacute;ation d&rsquo;onglets enti&egrave;rement d&eacute;di&eacute;s aux listes et outill&eacute;s de toutes les composantes de partage, commentaire, &eacute;valuation des formes. Cette disposition&nbsp;<span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">syntaxique&nbsp;</span></span></span>conditionne fortement la production formelle et cr&eacute;e des effets de sp&eacute;cialisation autour de la forme :&nbsp;<span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">la reproduction de la m&ecirc;me forme influenc&eacute;e &eacute;galement par la tendance sp&eacute;cifique de l&rsquo;&eacute;criture num&eacute;rique &agrave; la reproductibilit&eacute; (clonabilit&eacute;, programmabilit&eacute;) et par l&rsquo;injonction &agrave; la production textuelle porte &agrave; des r&eacute;sultats tr&egrave;s vari&eacute;s qui vont de la reproduction rapide &agrave; un certain degr&eacute; de cr&eacute;ativit&eacute; de la r&eacute;it&eacute;ration et de r&eacute;flexivit&eacute;.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35pt">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Le plan de l&rsquo;abstraction</span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Nous reprenons la d&eacute;finition de la neutralit&eacute; fonctionnelle du num&eacute;rique qui en fait l&rsquo;adaptabilit&eacute; (Bachimont, 2010) pour l&rsquo;analyse de la tendance &agrave; l&rsquo;abstraction&nbsp;<span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">(Crozat&nbsp;<i>et al</i>., 2011)&nbsp;</span></span></span>de l&rsquo;outillage en milieu num&eacute;rique. Ce plan pose la question de l&rsquo;a<span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">daptation formelle ou syntaxique au contenu,&nbsp;</span></span></span>de la possibilit&eacute; de concevoir des applications formelles d&eacute;tach&eacute;es de la nature du contenu des listes, possibilit&eacute;s qui en influencent les interpr&eacute;tations, et, derni&egrave;rement, du r<span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">apport entre la nature de l&rsquo;item de la liste et le pouvoir.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Dans les plateformes observ&eacute;es, nous avons retenu deux groupes fondamentaux d&rsquo;items des listes pour lesquels&nbsp;&nbsp;les interactions et les diversit&eacute;s d&rsquo;interpr&eacute;tation rel&egrave;vent de dynamiques complexes : les objets culturels et les profils.&nbsp;<span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Les listes d&rsquo;objets culturels, d&rsquo;une part, organisent essentiellement l&rsquo;inscription et la m&eacute;diation du catalogue et vont des listes de rangement personnelles (trace, pr&eacute;vision) &agrave; la m&eacute;diation participative du catalogue (classement, classification, recommandation), &agrave; la cr&eacute;ation de listes comme valeur. Les listes de profils, d&rsquo;autre part, organisent l&rsquo;inscription &agrave; la communaut&eacute; et l&rsquo;interactions entre les membres (organigramme, hi&eacute;rarchisation des membres, m&eacute;diation des publics, de la sociabilit&eacute;, de la communaut&eacute; autour des objets culturels, d&eacute;l&eacute;gation de l&rsquo;invitation &agrave; l&rsquo;inscription, traduction des relations entre individus : following, amiti&eacute;s).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Le plan de l&rsquo;interop&eacute;rabilit&eacute;</span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Nous entendons l&rsquo;interop&eacute;rabilit&eacute; dans le sens d&rsquo;un horizon d&rsquo;&eacute;largissement de la participation d&eacute;finie comme une authentique redistribution du pouvoir (Proulx, 2020). La liste &eacute;tant une forme commune &agrave; plusieurs niveaux de l&rsquo;&eacute;criture num&eacute;rique et de la production de texte, la forme se pr&ecirc;te &agrave; des op&eacute;rations de circulation et d&rsquo;&eacute;change dans une perspective de transversalit&eacute;. Au sein des plateformes observ&eacute;es, nous distinguons deux types de listes : des listes d&rsquo;inscription et des listes de&nbsp;&nbsp;m&eacute;diation qui correspondent &agrave; une distinction entre listes&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">&laquo;&nbsp;<span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">primaires&nbsp;</span></span></span>&raquo;<span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">&nbsp;et relistages et &agrave; deux types d&rsquo;activit&eacute;s et d&rsquo;impacts diff&eacute;rents au sein des plateformes. Nous faisons essentiellement r&eacute;f&eacute;rence au catalogue, d&rsquo;une part, et aux listes de rangement, de prescription (algorithmiques ou manuelles) etc., de l&rsquo;autre, pour les listes d&rsquo;objets et &agrave; la liste des inscrits, d&rsquo;une part, et les listes d&rsquo;amis, de followers, des membres d&rsquo;un groupe, de l&rsquo;autre, pour les listes de profils.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt; margin-bottom:16px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">En ce sens et en ce qui concerne la tension entre kit d&rsquo;outils et g&eacute;n&eacute;ration, la liste est &agrave; la fois la forme g&eacute;n&eacute;rique de gestion de la participation et une des formes de g&eacute;n&eacute;ration de la participation et&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">appara&icirc;t &agrave; deux niveaux de la plateforme :</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:16px; margin-left:72px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:16.866666793823242px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">1.&nbsp;&nbsp;le niveau des outils propos&eacute;s pour la g&eacute;n&eacute;ration de la participation,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:16px; margin-left:72px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:16.866666793823242px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">2. celui des outils plus ou moins signifi&eacute;s &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;cran et accessibles (visibles, manipulables) de gestion de la participation.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">La question de la distribution du pouvoir peut-&ecirc;tre pos&eacute;e dans le sens d&rsquo;un pouvoir des participants sur ces listes et d&rsquo;un partage des outils de gestion.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt">&nbsp;</p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Prenant l&rsquo;exemple de la liste de profils de la plateforme Goodreads nous observons cinq modalit&eacute;s d&rsquo;utilisation inform&eacute;e par la capacit&eacute; de la forme liste : (1) le suivi, la demande d&rsquo;amiti&eacute; ou le unfollow/unfriend (ou le bouton&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">&laquo;&nbsp;<span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">bloquer&nbsp;</span></span></span>&raquo;<span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">) qui correspond &agrave; une activit&eacute; d&rsquo;ajout/suppression selon des modalit&eacute;s sp&eacute;cifiques sur les listes respectives que nous avons caract&eacute;ris&eacute; de&nbsp;</span></span></span>&laquo;&nbsp;<span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">secondaires&nbsp;</span></span></span>&raquo;<span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">&nbsp;des deux membres ; (2) l&rsquo;inscription &agrave; la plateforme ou l&rsquo;ostracisme (signaler un membre) qui correspondent &agrave; des activit&eacute;s de ajout/suppression de profils &agrave; la liste primaire ; (3) la d&eacute;l&eacute;gation, du m&ecirc;me ordre d&rsquo;activit&eacute;, de l&rsquo;invitation &agrave; l&rsquo;inscription &agrave; la plateforme (Figure 7) qui se recroise avec d&rsquo;autres listes au niveau trans-plateforme (dans ce cas la liste des amis de Facebook) faisant de la liste d&rsquo;amis une forme &agrave; haut degr&eacute; d&rsquo;interop&eacute;rabilit&eacute; ; (4) l&rsquo;inscription aux m&ecirc;mes groupes comme activit&eacute; de mise en relation ; (5) la consultation des listes de profils rendues publiques en tant qu&rsquo;outils de gestion et d&rsquo;animation de la communaut&eacute; (organigramme, hi&eacute;rarchisation des inscrits selon le niveau d&rsquo;activit&eacute;).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:16px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">2.2 Le niveau de la g&eacute;n&eacute;ration des dispositifs info-communicationnels</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">L&rsquo;&eacute;tude du ph&eacute;nom&egrave;ne de plateformisation dans le domaine culturel montre que celui-ci s&rsquo;effectue selon diff&eacute;rentes modalit&eacute;s, et en particulier &agrave; travers une mont&eacute;e en g&eacute;n&eacute;ricit&eacute; de certaines fonctions, &agrave; la fois de mani&egrave;re interne mais &eacute;galement de mani&egrave;re transverse aux outils (Payeur &amp; Chupin, 2020). Une recomposition s&rsquo;op&egrave;re et certaines fonctions sont r&eacute;-exploit&eacute;es par d&rsquo;autres plateformes ou permettent la r&eacute;-g&eacute;n&eacute;ration et l&rsquo;&eacute;volution interne de la plateforme. Le travail effectu&eacute; sur ce sujet a &eacute;t&eacute; initi&eacute; avec Lisa Chupin lors du colloque Collabora et a &eacute;t&eacute; suivi par diff&eacute;rents travaux effectu&eacute;s par les &eacute;tudiant.e.s du Master DEFI</span></span></span><a href="#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">[10]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">&nbsp;de l&rsquo;Universit&eacute; Paris Nanterre, dans le cadre de projets tuteur&eacute;s de deuxi&egrave;me ann&eacute;e. Plus pr&eacute;cis&eacute;ment, quatre projets de fin d&rsquo;&eacute;tudes ont &eacute;t&eacute; men&eacute;s sous notre encadrement de 2019 &agrave; 2022 :</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-left:72px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:28px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">-</span></span></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;la construction d&rsquo;une base de donn&eacute;es de r&eacute;f&eacute;rencement des plateformes en vue de la mise en place d&rsquo;un observatoire participatif</span></span></span><a href="#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">[11]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-left:72px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;une &eacute;tude sur les outils de g&eacute;n&eacute;ration des plateformes, &agrave; partir de l&rsquo;observatoire, dans un objectif de cat&eacute;gorisation,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:72px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:15.546667098999023px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:16.959999084472656px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">-</span></span></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:16.959999084472656px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">une &eacute;tude pratique sur la comparaison des modalit&eacute;s de participation sur diff&eacute;rentes plateformes contributives culturelles, avec pour but l&rsquo;enrichissement des donn&eacute;es de l&rsquo;observatoire,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-left:72px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">-</span></span></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;<span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">&nbsp;et une analyse sur la cat&eacute;gorisation des formes g&eacute;n&eacute;riques/sp&eacute;cifiques de mani&egrave;re interne aux plateformes.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Diff&eacute;rentes mani&egrave;res de &laquo; faire plateforme &raquo; (ph&eacute;nom&egrave;ne de plateformisation) ont &eacute;t&eacute; relev&eacute;es, li&eacute;es &agrave; diff&eacute;rentes recompositions, mutualisations ou mises en commun.&nbsp;&nbsp;Il appara&icirc;t que certaines plateformes g&eacute;n&eacute;riques du web social sont d&eacute;tourn&eacute;es et appropri&eacute;es par des acteurs porteurs de projets sp&eacute;cifiques, afin d&rsquo;&ecirc;tre mises au service de la participation. Les r&eacute;seaux sociaux viennent s&rsquo;adosser aux plateformes participatives</span></span></span><a href="#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title=""><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">[12]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">, &agrave; la fois comme outil de communication, mais aussi comme outil de recrutement d&rsquo;utilisateurs, de collecte de mat&eacute;riaux et d&rsquo;animation d&rsquo;une communaut&eacute;, fournissant alors un milieu que l&rsquo;utilisateur s&rsquo;approprie facilement, puisque les usages lui sont familiers. C&rsquo;est le cas, par exemple, du projet Vitrines en confinement</span></span></span><a href="#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title=""><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">[13]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">&nbsp;et de L&rsquo;observatoire participatif du risque canicule</span></span></span><a href="#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title=""><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">[14]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">, auxquels des pages Facebook particuli&egrave;rement actives et bien interfac&eacute;es avec les plateformes sont associ&eacute;es. Une autre logique de plateformisation &eacute;merge au sein de certaines plateformes monoth&eacute;matiques ou d&eacute;di&eacute;es &agrave; projet unique, et prend la forme de diff&eacute;rents projets r&eacute;alis&eacute;s parall&egrave;lement ou successivement &agrave; partir d&rsquo;un ensemble d&rsquo;outils communs aux diff&eacute;rentes missions. C&rsquo;est le cas des projets participatifs de transcription d&rsquo;archives Testaments de Poilus</span></span></span><a href="#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title=""><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">[15]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">&nbsp;ou du projet Recolnat</span></span></span><a href="#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" title=""><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">[16]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">, port&eacute; par le r&eacute;seau de collections naturalistes. Une logique diff&eacute;rente, encore, est celle de l&rsquo;ouverture d&rsquo;une partie des outils aux internautes - la g&eacute;n&eacute;ration par CMS d&rsquo;un programme participatif, des outils de communication&hellip; - offrant une forme de communication du discours scientifique assez standardis&eacute;e. Par exemple, la plateforme participative multidisciplinaire Zooniverse</span></span></span><a href="#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" title=""><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">[17]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">, qui, notamment, gr&acirc;ce &agrave; la fonctionnalit&eacute; &ldquo;construire un projet&rdquo;, permet aux utilisateurs de r&eacute;pondre &agrave; des demandes issues de diff&eacute;rentes disciplines en cr&eacute;ant de nouveaux projets au fur-et-&agrave;-mesure. Enfin, une logique de plateformisation par</span></span></span>&nbsp;<span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">agr&eacute;gation de projets et de donn&eacute;es est identifiable, comme sur la plateforme Digital NZ</span></span></span><a href="#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" title=""><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">[18]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">&nbsp;qui a pour vocation la num&eacute;risation et la valorisation du patrimoine culturel n&eacute;o-z&eacute;landais. Ici, chaque utilisateur est invit&eacute; &agrave; rattacher le projet sp&eacute;cifique qu&rsquo;il a con&ccedil;u &agrave; un portail g&eacute;n&eacute;rique. Le processus &agrave; l&rsquo;oeuvre ici est &agrave; double niveau: on observe &agrave; la fois l&rsquo;&eacute;volution d&rsquo;une plateforme initialement monoth&eacute;matique et fortement contributive vers un portail d&rsquo;agr&eacute;gation documentaire avec une r&eacute;-&eacute;ditorialisation (sous forme de collection) et une cat&eacute;gorisation des documents inscrites dans un projet global, avec &agrave; la fois, un d&eacute;placement des fonctionnalit&eacute;s contributives sp&eacute;cifiques au niveau de chaque projet et une grande vari&eacute;t&eacute; des projets agr&eacute;g&eacute;s.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt">&nbsp;</p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Une partie des plateformes &eacute;tudi&eacute;es proposent un haut niveau de g&eacute;n&eacute;ricit&eacute; et peuvent &ecirc;tre en partie r&eacute;-utilis&eacute;es ou r&eacute;-investies pour r&eacute;pondre &agrave; des probl&egrave;mes identiques ou connexes. La notion de g&eacute;n&eacute;ricit&eacute; s&rsquo;entend ici au sens premier d&rsquo;abstraction (g&eacute;n&eacute;rique/particulier) mais &eacute;galement au sens d&rsquo;invariant (motif/pattern) ou au sens de r&eacute;-exploitable, c&rsquo;est-&agrave;-dire li&eacute;e &agrave; la g&eacute;n&eacute;ration des plateformes. Lorsque le niveau de g&eacute;n&eacute;ricit&eacute; est fort, les plateformes portent en elles des potentialit&eacute;s d&rsquo;innovation, facilement appropriables - puisque transverses - par des utilisateurs qui peuvent devenir actifs dans le renouvellement de la plateforme. Nous retrouvons &laquo; la probl&eacute;matique de l&rsquo;innovation (qui) est pr&eacute;sente &agrave; partir du moment o&ugrave; l&rsquo;invention, qu&rsquo;elle porte sur la solution ou sur le processus, va &ecirc;tre reproduite et r&eacute;utilis&eacute;e pour r&eacute;pondre &agrave; d&rsquo;autres probl&egrave;mes similaires. Elle constitue un acquis qui b&eacute;n&eacute;ficie &agrave; une communaut&eacute;.&raquo;&nbsp;&nbsp;(Zacklad&nbsp;<i>et al</i>., 2021).&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Le degr&eacute; de g&eacute;n&eacute;ricit&eacute; des plateformes serait en lien avec les potentialit&eacute;s cr&eacute;atives de l&rsquo;outil, mais aussi avec la composition d&rsquo;un milieu dans lequel l&rsquo;utilisateur est habile. Au niveau de la g&eacute;n&eacute;ration des outils, du code informatique, la diff&eacute;renciation se fait notamment dans le choix d&rsquo;une mani&egrave;re de cr&eacute;er la plateforme, c&rsquo;est-&agrave;-dire dans le choix d&rsquo;un d&eacute;veloppement propre/sp&eacute;cifique ou l&rsquo;utilisation d&rsquo;outils g&eacute;n&eacute;riques param&eacute;trables (CMS, par exemple). Sur 88 plateformes contributives analys&eacute;es en 2020</span></span></span><a href="#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" title=""><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">[19]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">, une plateforme sur deux</span></span></span><a href="#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" title=""><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">[20]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">&nbsp;est d&eacute;velopp&eacute;e &agrave; l&rsquo;aide d&rsquo;outils g&eacute;n&eacute;riques qui permettent aux utilisateurs d&rsquo;avoir une familiarit&eacute; avec les usages et les fonctionnalit&eacute;s d&rsquo;&eacute;criture/lecture de ces outils, et facilitent leur appropriation,&nbsp;&nbsp;mais aussi, nous l&rsquo;avons vu ci-dessus, leur donnent les capacit&eacute;s d&rsquo;action et notamment de cr&eacute;ation. Le caract&egrave;re g&eacute;n&eacute;rique de ces outils&nbsp;&nbsp;contraint&nbsp;&nbsp;bien &agrave; une certaine standardisation des projets, mais, dans&nbsp;&nbsp;le m&ecirc;me temps, il permet l&rsquo;interface des outils entre eux, dans un dispositif num&eacute;rique info-communicationnel plus global au sein duquel l&rsquo;utilisateur sait agir, participer, et m&ecirc;me au-del&agrave;, qu&rsquo;il contribue &agrave; renouveler et &agrave; cr&eacute;er.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Ce dernier point, l&rsquo;interface entre les diff&eacute;rents outils num&eacute;riques au sein du dispositif, et &agrave; travers lesquels l&rsquo;utilisateur transite et agit, nous semble primordial. Les fonctionnalit&eacute;s tr&egrave;s g&eacute;n&eacute;riques, communes &agrave; l&rsquo;ensemble des plateformes - comme la communication, l&rsquo;information, la contribution, la publication de contenu&hellip; -&nbsp;&nbsp;peuvent &ecirc;tre assur&eacute;es par les outils g&eacute;n&eacute;riques (web social, CMS etc.). Elles sont, dans le m&ecirc;me temps, interfac&eacute;es &agrave; des fonctionnalit&eacute;s sp&eacute;cifiques, plus souvent li&eacute;es au business mod&egrave;le (nous pensons &agrave; la boutique en ligne de la galerie d&rsquo;art contributive Deviant Art</span></span></span><a href="#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" title=""><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">[21]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">) ou &agrave; des fonctionnalit&eacute;s de contribution pouss&eacute;es (comme la transcription, pour les plateformes Transcribe Benthaim</span></span></span><a href="#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" title=""><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">[22]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">&nbsp;ou Transcrire</span></span></span><a href="#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" title=""><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">[23]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">, par exemple). Lorsque cette interface est r&eacute;ussie, l&rsquo;outil g&eacute;n&eacute;rique vient &agrave; l&rsquo;appui de la plateforme sp&eacute;cifique (comme c&rsquo;est le cas pour la plateformes Histoires de Ch&rsquo;tis</span></span></span><a href="#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" title=""><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">[24]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">&nbsp;qui a peu &eacute;volu&eacute; depuis sa cr&eacute;ation, mais &agrave; laquelle une page Facebook</span></span></span><a href="#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" title=""><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">[25]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">&nbsp;associ&eacute;e fournit d&eacute;sormais un r&eacute;el outil d&rsquo;animation de la communaut&eacute;). Dans cette perspective, il convient s&ucirc;rement de consid&eacute;rer le dispositif global, au-del&agrave; de la plateforme, et, selon les projets, de penser les &eacute;l&eacute;ments de son interfa&ccedil;age, avec un curseur &agrave; positionner entre des lignes communes aux outils (g&eacute;n&eacute;riques) et des lignes sp&eacute;cifiques aux diff&eacute;rents projets.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:16px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:center; margin-bottom:16px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Conclusion et perspectives : vers une dimension cr&eacute;ative de la litt&eacute;ratie num&eacute;rique des plateformes participatives de critique culturelle&nbsp;</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35pt; margin-bottom:16px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Dans ce travail, nous avons analys&eacute;<span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">&nbsp;les dynamiques de proposition de formes g&eacute;n&eacute;riques et les pratiques de r&eacute;investissement plus ou moins transformatif de ces formes dans une perspective o&ugrave; la participation des utilisateurs ainsi outill&eacute;e s&#39;&eacute;tend, via leur activit&eacute; de consommation et production de texte et d&rsquo;interpr&eacute;tation des formes propos&eacute;es, au design des plateformes. Le travail du genre au sein des &eacute;critures num&eacute;riques questionne la dimension de leur conception (et de la conception d&rsquo;un kit d&rsquo;outils pour la participation) et de la possibilit&eacute; d&rsquo;une g&eacute;n&eacute;ration au niveau des formes.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">En interrogeant le niveau des formes et des pratiques discursives &agrave; travers le prisme de la liste, nous constatons que la tension entre kit d&rsquo;outils et appropriations par les utilisateurs rel&egrave;ve d&rsquo;une dynamique g&eacute;n&eacute;rique: celle de la production de texte &agrave; partir d&rsquo;un ensemble d&rsquo;autres textes qui jouent un r&ocirc;le d&rsquo;exemple ou de mod&egrave;le, pr&eacute;curseur et prescripteur.&nbsp;<span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">L&rsquo;analyse r&eacute;v&egrave;le une tension triangulaire entre capacit&eacute; de la forme (les possibilit&eacute;s offertes par l&rsquo;ensemble de ses usages pr&eacute;c&eacute;dents, des interpr&eacute;tations pr&eacute;c&eacute;dentes de son rapport sp&eacute;cifique entre forme et finalit&eacute;), forme g&eacute;n&eacute;rique et usages, qui s&rsquo;exercent via des dynamiques discursives complexes au niveau de la plateforme elle-m&ecirc;me et au niveau trans-plateforme. D&rsquo;apr&egrave;s une approche textuelle (bien que d&rsquo;une textualit&eacute; num&eacute;rique) des th&eacute;ories g&eacute;n&eacute;riques ces trois p&ocirc;les repr&eacute;sentent trois interpr&eacute;tations textuelles: l&rsquo;ensemble des interpr&eacute;tations pr&eacute;c&eacute;dentes en puissance mobilisables par les concepteurs ou par les utilisateurs-concepteurs, l&rsquo;interpr&eacute;tation faite par le dispositif (ce que nous avons appel&eacute; le kit d&rsquo;outils, avec une vis&eacute;e plus ou moins g&eacute;n&eacute;rique, qui se positionne comme une interpr&eacute;tation g&eacute;n&eacute;rique via son inscription au niveau de l&rsquo;architexte), et l&rsquo;interpr&eacute;tation des formes produites par les utilisateurs. De l&rsquo;interaction des deux premiers groupes d&rsquo;interpr&eacute;tations et de la fa&ccedil;on&nbsp;</span></span></span>&laquo;&nbsp;<span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">d&rsquo;habiter&nbsp;</span></span></span>&raquo;<span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">&nbsp;le dispositif de l&rsquo;utilisateur (dans une dynamique de besoin/ressource et une dynamique communautaire de conception dialoguante, Caffari &amp; Mohs, 2018) d&eacute;pend la possibilit&eacute; de concevoir des sc&eacute;narios d&rsquo;utilisation innovants au troisi&egrave;me niveau interpr&eacute;tatif.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Ces trois interpr&eacute;tations se heurtent avec d&rsquo;autres dynamiques discursives complexes telles que : la caract&eacute;risation du dispositif et son organisation syntaxique et notamment de l&rsquo;ensemble des pratiques canonis&eacute;es au sein de la communaut&eacute; des utilisateurs et du degr&eacute; d&rsquo;ouverture du dispositif &agrave; des formes de participation dans la conception (&agrave; l&rsquo;interop&eacute;rabilit&eacute; des formes), l&rsquo;identit&eacute; narrative d&rsquo;un ou de la collectivit&eacute; des utilisateurs pr&eacute;sents sur plusieurs plateformes ou leur connaissance pr&eacute;alable ou parall&egrave;le de la capacit&eacute; de la</span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">&nbsp;forme.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">L&rsquo;emploi g&eacute;n&eacute;ralis&eacute; de la forme soul&egrave;ve des questions sur la sp&eacute;cialisation ou la r&eacute;p&eacute;tition algorithmique. La singularit&eacute; &eacute;merge de la qualit&eacute; du kit d&rsquo;outils, de la vivacit&eacute; des dynamiques d&rsquo;&eacute;valuation et de mise en dialogue des formes, d&rsquo;une pratique trans-plateforme de la forme et d&rsquo;une flexibilit&eacute;, une propension &agrave; se plier, &agrave; se d&eacute;passer sans se perdre que conserve la liste. Interroger ce niveau de flexibilit&eacute; signifie se demander jusqu&#39;o&ugrave; ce d&eacute;passement est possible. En retour, l&rsquo;emploi de la forme participe &agrave; la caract&eacute;risation du genre et du discours critique produit &agrave; un niveau plus ample : cela traduit une g&eacute;n&eacute;ricisation des dynamiques de production et de partage des pratiques autour de la critique culturelle qui ne peuvent pas faire abstraction de certaines tendances dues &agrave; la forme (s&eacute;quentialit&eacute;, injonction &agrave; l&rsquo;ajout - le&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">&laquo;&nbsp;<span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">vertige de la liste&nbsp;</span></span></span>&raquo;<span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">&nbsp;&eacute;voqu&eacute; par Eco, 2009 -, itemisation, discontinuit&eacute;, etc.) qui ne font, en partie, qu&rsquo;accentuer certaines des tendances propres &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;criture num&eacute;rique et aux exigences de production des plateformes.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt">&nbsp;</p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35pt; margin-bottom:16px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">&Agrave; travers ces analyses, nous mettons en &eacute;vidence le fait qu&rsquo;&agrave; un double niveau, celui du texte et celui du code, les caract&eacute;ristiques de ce type de plateformes participatives appellent des comp&eacute;tences nouvelles de la part de l&rsquo;utilisateur. Selon le degr&eacute; de libert&eacute; et le niveau de g&eacute;n&eacute;ricit&eacute; de l&rsquo;outil, li&eacute; fortement au concept de genre, l&rsquo;utilisateur tend &agrave; devenir le propre g&eacute;n&eacute;rateur de son milieu, au sein d&rsquo;un cadre et d&rsquo;un dispositif donn&eacute;s. Ces comp&eacute;tences &eacute;largissent les modalit&eacute;s de la compr&eacute;hension et de la participation (lecture/&eacute;criture) rep&eacute;r&eacute;es jusqu&rsquo;&agrave; pr&eacute;sent dans la litt&eacute;ratie num&eacute;rique. La mise en r&eacute;seau d&rsquo;utilisateurs identifi&eacute;s et reli&eacute;s sur les r&eacute;seaux sociaux permet l&rsquo;interface entre des outils existants au sein d&rsquo;un dispositif plus global. Elle s&rsquo;appuie sur la manipulation de formes au fort pouvoir g&eacute;n&eacute;rique et g&eacute;n&eacute;rateur, comme celle de la liste, et sur des dispositifs dont la dimension plus ou moins g&eacute;n&eacute;rique permet des recompositions nouvelles entre les outils dans une logique de plateformisation. Nous voyons s&rsquo;esquisser les contours d&rsquo;un lecteur-contributeur-designer, &agrave; l&rsquo;interface des plateformes et des formes, poss&eacute;dant et d&eacute;veloppant des savoir-faire largement issus de diverses disciplines</span></span></span><a href="#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" title=""><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">[26]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">, qui d&eacute;velopperait &agrave; la fois des pratiques relevant de l&rsquo;amateur professionnel ou pro-am (Leadbeater &amp; Miller, 2004) et des pratiques qui rel&egrave;vent du r&ocirc;le du concepteur, rendues possibles par le niveau de g&eacute;n&eacute;ricit&eacute; des outils mobilis&eacute;s et leur int&eacute;gration avec d&rsquo;autres dispositifs existants dans une &laquo; unit&eacute; de devenir &raquo; (Simondon, 1958, p. 20).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Analyser le num&eacute;rique via l&rsquo;&eacute;criture signifie interroger le ph&eacute;nom&egrave;ne en cours de transposition de la majorit&eacute; de nos pratiques sociales et culturelles dans un environnement num&eacute;rique et en forme &eacute;crite, ici dans le cas sp&eacute;cifique des activit&eacute;s d&rsquo;appr&eacute;ciation, de prescription et de hi&eacute;rarchisation des biens culturels, en probl&eacute;matisant le niveau d&rsquo;acculturation et de ma&icirc;trise des supports et des m&eacute;dias d&rsquo;&eacute;criture (litt&eacute;ratie).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Cela signifie &eacute;galement, via l&rsquo;analyse des processus de formation et de circulation des formes sp&eacute;cifiques ainsi que leur composition et fonctionnement &agrave; l&rsquo;int&eacute;rieur d&rsquo;un genre d&eacute;termin&eacute;, s&rsquo;inscrire dans une approche op&eacute;rationnelle (Crozat&nbsp;<i>et al</i>., 2011) de conception consciente d&rsquo;un mod&egrave;le de plateforme g&eacute;n&eacute;rative, efficace et adaptable encourageant la production contributive des contenus et l&rsquo;innovation.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt; margin-bottom:16px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Les premiers &eacute;l&eacute;ments relev&eacute;s dans cette analyse, abord&eacute;e sous l&rsquo;angle de la litt&eacute;ratie, ouvrent des pistes de travail vers l&rsquo;&eacute;laboration d&rsquo;une m&eacute;thodologie de conception des plateformes participatives culturelles prenant en compte la figure d&rsquo;un lecteur-contributeur-designer confront&eacute; &agrave; diff&eacute;rents niveaux de caract&eacute;risation, de complexit&eacute;, d&rsquo;int&eacute;gration, de g&eacute;n&eacute;ration et d&rsquo;accessibilit&eacute; d&rsquo;un dispositif info-communicationnel constitu&eacute; de formes, de plateformes et d&rsquo;outils interconnect&eacute;s, qui constituent des milieux ouverts permettant la participation et la production de connaissances nouvelles dans lesquels l&rsquo;utilisateur apprend, contribue et cr&eacute;e.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <div style="page-break-after: always"><span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></div> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p align="center" style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:29.333335876464844px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:32px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Bibliographie</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:29.333335876464844px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><b>&nbsp;</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:29.333335876464844px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:32px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Bachimont, B. (2010).&nbsp;<i>Le sens de la technique : le num&eacute;rique et le calcul</i>. &Eacute;ditions Les Belles Lettres.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:29.333335876464844px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:32px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Badiou, A. (1992). L&rsquo;&eacute;criture du g&eacute;n&eacute;rique. Dans&nbsp;<i>Conditions</i>&nbsp;(pp. 328-367). Seuil.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:29.333335876464844px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:32px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Bohnert, C., Gevrey, F. (dir.). (2014).&nbsp;<i>L&rsquo;Anthologie. Histoire d&rsquo;une forme &eacute;ditoriale du Moyen &Acirc;ge au XXI&egrave;me si&egrave;cle</i>. &Eacute;PURE - &Eacute;ditions des Presses Universitaires de Rennes.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:29.333335876464844px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:32px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Broudoux, E. (2018). &Eacute;crilecture : la litt&eacute;ratie informationnelle &agrave; la crois&eacute;e de l&rsquo;offre et des services des interm&eacute;diaires.&nbsp;<i>Revue fran&ccedil;aise des sciences de l&rsquo;information et de la communication</i>, 15.&nbsp;</span></span></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.4000/rfsic.4738"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:32px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">https://doi.org/10.4000/rfsic.4738</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:29.333335876464844px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:32px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Caffari, M., Mohs, J. (2018). &Eacute;critures contemporaines et processus dialogiques.&nbsp;<i>A contrario</i>, 27, 3-20.&nbsp;</span></span></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.3917/aco.182.0003"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:32px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:#1155cc">https://doi.org/10.3917/aco.182.0003</span></span></span></span></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:29.333335876464844px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:32px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Candel, E. (2007).&nbsp;<i>Autoriser une pratique, l&eacute;gitimer une &eacute;criture, composer une culture : les conditions de possibilit&eacute; d&rsquo;une critique litt&eacute;raire participative sur Internet. Etude &eacute;ditoriale de six sites amateurs</i></span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:32px"><span style="font-family:Cardo">&nbsp;[Th&egrave;se de doctorat en Sciences de l&#39;information et de la communication, Celsa - Universit&eacute; Paris Sorbonne].&nbsp;</span></span></span><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:32px"><span style="font-family:Cardo">&lang;</span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:32px"><span style="font-family:Cardo">tel-02519177</span></span></span><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:32px"><span style="font-family:Cardo">&rang;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:29.333335876464844px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:32px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Candel E., Jeanne-Perrier V., Souchier E. (2012). Petites formes, grands desseins. D&rsquo;une grammaire des énoncés éditoriaux à la standardisation des écritures. Dans J. Davallon (dir.),&nbsp;<i>L&rsquo;économie des écritures sur le web</i>&nbsp;(pp. 165-201). Hermès-Lavoisier.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:29.333335876464844px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:32px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Crozat, S., Bachimont, B., Cailleau, I., Bouchardon, S. &amp; Gaillard, L. (2011). &Eacute;l&eacute;ments pour une th&eacute;orie op&eacute;rationnelle de l&#39;&eacute;criture num&eacute;rique.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="https://www.cairn.info/revue-document-numerique.htm"><i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:32px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="text-decoration:none">Document num&eacute;rique</span></span></span></span></i></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:32px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">,&nbsp;</span></span></span><a href="https://www.cairn.info/revue-document-numerique-2011-3.htm"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:32px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="text-decoration:none">Vol. 14</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:32px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">, p. 9-33.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:29.333335876464844px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:32px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Davallon, J., Despret-Lonnet, M., Jeanneret, Y., Le Marec, J., Souchier, E. (2003).&nbsp;<i>Lire, &eacute;crire, r&eacute;crire : Objets, signes et pratiques des m&eacute;dias informatis&eacute;s</i>, Nouvelle &eacute;dition, &Eacute;ditions de la Biblioth&egrave;que publique d&rsquo;information.&nbsp;</span></span></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.4000/books.bibpompidou.394"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:32px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">https://doi.org/10.4000/books.bibpompidou.394</span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:32px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:29.333335876464844px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:32px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Delaporte, C. (2015).&nbsp;<i>Le genre filmique. Cin&eacute;ma, t&eacute;l&eacute;vision, internet</i>. Presses Sorbonne Nouvelle.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:29.333335876464844px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:32px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Deseilligny, O. (2012). Le blog intime au croisement des genres de l&rsquo;&eacute;criture de soi.&nbsp;</span></span></span><i><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:32px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Itin&eacute;raires</span></span></span></i><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:32px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">-2. 10.4000/itineraires.1985</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:29.333335876464844px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:32px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Eco, U. (2009).&nbsp;<i>Vertigine della lista</i>. Bompiani Editore.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:29.333335876464844px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:32px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Feinberg, M., Geisler, G., Whitworth, E., Clark, E. (2012).&nbsp;</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:32px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Understanding Personal Digital Collections: An Interdisciplinary Exploration.&nbsp;<i>DIS, In the Wild</i>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:29.333335876464844px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:32px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Genette, G., Jauss, H. R., Schaeffer, J.-M.,&nbsp;<i>et al</i>.&nbsp;</span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:32px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">(1986).&nbsp;<i>Th&eacute;orie des genres</i>, Seuil.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:29.333335876464844px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:32px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Jeanne-Perrier, V. (2006). Des outils d&#39;&eacute;criture aux pouvoirs exorbitants ?.&nbsp;<i>R&eacute;seaux</i>, vol. no 137, no. 3.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:29.333335876464844px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:32px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Goyet, S. (2017). Outils d&rsquo;&eacute;criture du web et industrie du texte: Du code informatique comme pratique lettr&eacute;e.&nbsp;<i>R&eacute;seaux</i>, 206, 61-94.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.3917/res.206.0061"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:32px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">https://doi.org/10.3917/res.206.0061</span></span></span></span></span></span></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:29.333335876464844px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:32px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Goody, J. (1979).&nbsp;<i>La Raison graphique</i>, les &Eacute;ditions de Minuit.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:29.333335876464844px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:32px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Goody, J. (2017).&nbsp;<i>La logique de l&#39;&eacute;criture: L&#39;&eacute;crit et l&#39;organisation de la soci&eacute;t&eacute;</i>. Armand Colin. https://doi.org/10.3917/arco.goody.2018.01</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:29.333335876464844px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:32px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Gilliotte, Q. (2019).&nbsp;<i>L&rsquo;exp&eacute;rience des biens culturels en r&eacute;gime num&eacute;rique</i>&nbsp;[Th&egrave;se de doctorat en Sociologie, Universit&eacute; Paris- Saclay]. NNT : 2019SACLT039 . tel-02490423</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:29.333335876464844px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:32px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Jeanneret, Y., Souchier, E. (1999). Pour une po&eacute;tique de l&rsquo;&eacute;crit d&rsquo;&eacute;cran.&nbsp;</span></span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:32px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Xoana</span></span></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:32px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">, n&deg; 6, 97-107.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:29.333335876464844px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:32px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Kelty, C. M. (2012). From Participation to Power. Dans&nbsp;<i>The Participatory Cultures Handbook</i>. Routledge.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:29.333335876464844px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:32px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Kelty, C. M. (2019).&nbsp;<i>The Participant. A Century of Participation in Four Stories</i>. The University of Chicago Press.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:29.333335876464844px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:32px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Leadbeater, C. Millet, P. (2004).&nbsp;<i>The Pro-Am Revolution: How Enthousiasts are changing our Economy and Society</i>.&nbsp;</span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:32px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Demos.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:29.333335876464844px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:32px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Le Deuff, O. (2012).&nbsp;<span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Litt&eacute;raties informationnelles, m&eacute;diatiques et num&eacute;riques : de la concurrence &agrave; la convergence  ?.&nbsp;<i>&Eacute;tudes de communication</i>&nbsp;38.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.4000/edc.3411"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:32px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">https://doi.org/10.4000/edc.3411</span></span></span></span></span></span></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:29.333335876464844px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:32px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Maingueneau, D. (2013). Chapitre 4 - Genres de discours et web : existe-t-il des genres web ?. Dans B. Christine (dir.),&nbsp;<i>Manuel d&rsquo;analyse du web en Sciences Humaines et Sociales&nbsp;</i>(pp. 74-98). Armand Colin.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:29.333335876464844px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:32px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Payeur, C., Chupin, L. (2020). G&eacute;n&eacute;ration et g&eacute;n&eacute;ricit&eacute; des plateformes de valorisation participative du patrimoine num&eacute;ris&eacute;. Dans M. Severo (dir.), actes du colloque&nbsp;<i>La fabrique de la participation culturelle. Plateformes num&eacute;riques et enjeux d&eacute;mocratiques</i>, 4&egrave;me trimestre.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:29.333335876464844px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:32px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Paveau, M.-A. (2017).&nbsp;<i>L&#39;analyse du discours num&eacute;rique. Dictionnaire des formes et des pratiques</i>. Hermann, coll. &laquo; Cultures num&eacute;riques &raquo;. ISBN : 978-2-7056-9321-3</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:29.333335876464844px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:32px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Proulx, S. (2020).&nbsp;<i>La participation num&eacute;rique : une injonction paradoxale</i>. Presses des Mines.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:29.333335876464844px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:32px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Jeanne Perrier, V. (2006). Des outils d&#39;&eacute;criture aux pouvoirs exorbitants ?.&nbsp;<i>R&eacute;seaux</i>, no 137&nbsp;</span></span></span><a href="https://www.cairn.info/revue--2006-3-page-97.htm"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:32px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">https://www.cairn.info/revue--2006-3-page-97.htm</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:29.333335876464844px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:32px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Petit<span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">, V.,&nbsp;</span></span></span>Bouchardon<span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">, S. (2017). L&rsquo;</span></span></span><i>&eacute;criture num&eacute;rique</i><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">&nbsp;ou l&rsquo;&eacute;criture selon les machines. Enjeux philosophiques et p&eacute;dagogiques.&nbsp;</span></span></span><i>Communication &amp; langages</i><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">, 191, 129-148.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.3917/comla.191.0129"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:32px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">https://doi.org/10.3917/comla.191.0129</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:29.333335876464844px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:32px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Schaeffer, J.-M. (1989).&nbsp;<i>Qu&rsquo;est-ce qu&rsquo;un genre litt&eacute;raire ?</i>. Seuil.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:29.333335876464844px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:32px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">S&egrave;ve, B. (2010).&nbsp;<i>De haut en bas. Philosophie des listes</i>. Seuil.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:29.333335876464844px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:32px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Severo, M., Shulz, S., Thuillas, O. (2022).&nbsp;<i>Culture en partage. Guide des plateformes contributives culturelles</i>, FYP &eacute;ditions.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:29.333335876464844px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:32px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Simondon, G. (1958).&nbsp;<i>Du mode d&rsquo;existence des objets techniques</i>. Aubier Philosophie.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:29.333335876464844px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:32px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Stiegler, B., (2015).&nbsp;<i>L&#39;emploi est mort, vive le travail ! entretien avec Ariel Kyrou</i>. Fayard/Mille et une nuits.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:29.333335876464844px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:32px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Vandendorpe, C. (1999).&nbsp;<i>Du papyrus &agrave; l&#39;hypertexte: Essai sur les mutations du texte et de la lecture</i>. La D&eacute;couverte.&nbsp;</span></span></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.3917/dec.vande.1999.01"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:32px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:#1155cc">https://doi.org/10.3917/dec.vande.1999.01</span></span></span></span></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:29.333335876464844px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:32px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Vitali-Rosati, M. (2016). Qu&rsquo;est-ce que l&rsquo;&eacute;ditorialisation ?.&nbsp;<i>Sens public</i>, Universit&eacute; de Montr&eacute;al, D&eacute;partement de litt&eacute;ratures de langue fran&ccedil;aise. hal-01599208&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:29.333335876464844px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:32px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Zacklad, M., Catoir-Brisson, M.-J. (2021). Culture de la conception et du design dans la recherche-intervention en SHS.&nbsp;<i>Revue fran&ccedil;aise des sciences de l&rsquo;information et de la communication</i>&nbsp;23.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.4000/rfsic.11860"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:32px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:#1155cc"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">https://doi.org/10.4000/rfsic.11860</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:29.333335876464844px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:32px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Zacklad M., Arruabarrena B., Berthiniet-Poncet A.<i>&nbsp;et al.</i>&nbsp;(2021). Les labs d&rsquo;innovation interne : typologie des innovations, approche plateforme, r&ocirc;le du design.&nbsp;<i>Approches Th&eacute;oriques en Information-Communication (ATIC)</i>, 2021/1 (N&deg; 2). 10.3917/atic.002.0127</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:29.333335876464844px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:32px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Zittrain, J. (2008).&nbsp;</span></span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:32px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Generativity: The Future of the Internet-And How to Stop It</span></span></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:32px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">.&nbsp;</span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:32px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Yale University Press.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <div style="page-break-after: always"><span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></div> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Figure 1</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><img src="blob:https://numerev.com/2614f408-ba49-4e4e-89b7-de26137bb198" style="width:452px; height:248px" /></span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">MUBI, page du profil de l&rsquo;utilisateur. (2022, 20 juillet)</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Figure 2</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><img src="blob:https://numerev.com/f82e306e-052f-4169-895e-db7d4c492319" style="width:452px; height:248px" /></span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">MUBI, page des listes rattach&eacute;es au profil utilisateur. (2022, 20 juillet)</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Figure 3</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><img src="blob:https://numerev.com/be343b0d-2db0-4e22-919f-60085696f91b" style="width:452px; height:282px" /></span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">MUBI, page pour la forme liste. (2022, 20 juillet)</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Figure 4</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><img alt="Immagine che contiene testo Descrizione generata automaticamente" src="blob:https://numerev.com/5b639fce-709d-4f5a-ab75-e91d61712320" style="width:452px; height:247px" /></span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">MUBI, section de la description de la liste de la page pour la forme liste. (2022, 20 juillet)</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Figure 5</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><img alt="Immagine che contiene testo Descrizione generata automaticamente" src="blob:https://numerev.com/e0bc3374-72ad-481b-8103-a025efd56e83" style="width:452px; height:248px" /></span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Babelio, page pour la forme liste (1/2). (2022, 20 juillet).</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><img alt="Immagine che contiene testo Descrizione generata automaticamente" src="blob:https://numerev.com/0d76a6af-17e2-4dd3-8d1b-12be213a6d17" style="width:452px; height:247px" /></span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Babelio, page pour la forme liste (2/2). (2022, 20 juillet)</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Figure 6</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><img src="blob:https://numerev.com/17852bc7-592c-425c-b108-91e1da14047c" style="width:452px; height:247px" /></span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Goodreads, page de la section d&eacute;di&eacute;e aux listes. (2022, 20 juillet)</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Figure 7</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><img src="blob:https://numerev.com/8b825e34-6e54-4510-8fcb-56c544f39cc7" style="width:452px; height:247px" /></span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Goodreads, page pour l&rsquo;invitation d&rsquo;amis Facebook &agrave; l&#39;inscription sur la plateforme.&nbsp;</span></span></span></i><i><span lang="it" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">(2022, 20 juillet)</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <div style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp; <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1"> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><a href="applewebdata://50A12669-F7AB-4567-BF52-46C296A3B19C#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:16.866666793823242px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">[1]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">&nbsp;Nous pr&eacute;f&eacute;rons, dans cet article, le terme de participation &agrave; celui de contribution. La participation est ici comprise comme un terme plus g&eacute;n&eacute;rique, associ&eacute; &agrave; la modalit&eacute; de production de ressources, sp&eacute;cifique aux plateformes num&eacute;riques (Kelty, 2012).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn2"> <p><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><a href="applewebdata://50A12669-F7AB-4567-BF52-46C296A3B19C#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:16.866666793823242px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">[2]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">&nbsp;Content Management Systems (Jeanne Perrier, 2006).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn3"> <p><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><a href="applewebdata://50A12669-F7AB-4567-BF52-46C296A3B19C#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:16.866666793823242px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">[3]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">&nbsp;Site du projet disponible au&nbsp;</span></span><a href="https://anr-collabora.parisnanterre.fr/"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:#1155cc">https://anr-collabora.parisnanterre.fr</span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">. Consult&eacute; le 20 juillet 2022.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn4"> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><a href="applewebdata://50A12669-F7AB-4567-BF52-46C296A3B19C#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:16.866666793823242px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">[4]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">&nbsp;Nous faisons abstraction, dans ce travail, du trois&egrave;me ensemble canonique de significations li&eacute;es &agrave; la notion de genre et des tensions, notamment, entre genre, sexualit&eacute; et langage rel&eacute;v&eacute;es par l&rsquo;&eacute;pist&eacute;mologie f&eacute;ministe et queer.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn5"> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><a href="applewebdata://50A12669-F7AB-4567-BF52-46C296A3B19C#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:16.866666793823242px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">[5]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">&nbsp;L&rsquo;architexte de Souchier et Jeanneret transpose en milieu num&eacute;rique le concept d&rsquo;architexte formul&eacute; par Genette (1986) probl&eacute;matisant essentiellement les dynamiques g&eacute;n&eacute;riques au sein de la production textuelle. Le genre est une composante majeure de la dimension architextuelle des textes, &agrave; savoir l&rsquo;ensemble des cat&eacute;gories g&eacute;n&eacute;rales avec lesquelles nous mettons en relation les textes singuliers que nous lisons et qui se trouvent, pour cela, dans un rapport de transcendance aux textes singuliers. Pour &eacute;viter toute d&eacute;rive ontologique du discours sur le genre que nous proposons au sein de ce travail, nous en adoptons une approche&nbsp;<i>textuelle</i>&nbsp;(Schaeffer, 1989) qui consid&egrave;re le genre comme un acte de langage et o&ugrave; la transcendance du genre par rapport au texte singulier peut &ecirc;tre reconduite &agrave; la mat&eacute;rialit&eacute; discursive d&rsquo;autres textes qui se font porteurs d&rsquo;un r&ocirc;le originaire/pr&eacute;curseur et/ou prescripteur. En ce sens, l&rsquo;architexte lui-m&ecirc;me est un texte &eacute;crit par des hommes (Souchier&nbsp;<i>et al.</i>, 2019).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn6"> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><a href="applewebdata://50A12669-F7AB-4567-BF52-46C296A3B19C#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:16.866666793823242px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">[6]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">&nbsp;Nous parlons de &laquo; dispositif &raquo; au sens plus g&eacute;n&eacute;ral d&rsquo;une &laquo; organisation mat&eacute;rielle et spatiale capable de produire et d&eacute;terminer un devenir &raquo; selon la d&eacute;finition de Bachimont (2010) qui l&rsquo;associe &agrave; sa sp&eacute;cificit&eacute; technique. Avec le terme &laquo; plateforme &raquo; nous entendons, en revanche, une d&eacute;clinaison particuli&egrave;re de dispositif technique con&ccedil;u pour le gouvernement de l&rsquo;action collective, finalis&eacute; &agrave; la production de ressources.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn7"> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><a href="applewebdata://50A12669-F7AB-4567-BF52-46C296A3B19C#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:16.866666793823242px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">[7]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a>&nbsp;<span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Pour certaines des plateformes retenues (Babelio et Inducks) l&rsquo;observation a &eacute;t&eacute; compl&eacute;t&eacute;e par des entretiens , des questionnaires et un travail observation directe de diverses proportions men&eacute; au sein de l&rsquo;ANR Collabora au cours de l&rsquo;ann&eacute;e 2019 et interrompu &agrave; cause de la pand&eacute;mie.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn8"> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><a href="applewebdata://50A12669-F7AB-4567-BF52-46C296A3B19C#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:16.866666793823242px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">[8]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a>&nbsp;<span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Le choix de focaliser l&rsquo;analyse sur la liste s&rsquo;appuie sur l&rsquo;hypoth&egrave;se, travaill&eacute;e au sein de notre th&egrave;se sur le travail de la liste au sein du discours critique participatif que nous n&rsquo;avons pas l&rsquo;espace de d&eacute;velopper ici, qui consid&egrave;re la liste comme la forme g&eacute;n&eacute;rique du discours critique sur plateforme en tant que (1) forme de la participation permettant la gestion de la quantit&eacute; et sa qualification et l&#39;interaction via la technologie du vote, (2) forme qui inscrit et traduit en r&eacute;gime &eacute;crit la majorit&eacute; des pratiques s&eacute;quentielles associ&eacute;es &agrave; l&rsquo;exp&eacute;rience culturelle en r&eacute;gime num&eacute;rique (</span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Gilliotte<span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">, 2019) et (3) en raison des capacit&eacute;s sp&eacute;cifiques &agrave; cette forme : un haut degr&eacute; d&#39;interop&eacute;rabilit&eacute;, le fait qu&rsquo;elle repr&eacute;sente le degr&eacute; minimal de la mise en relation d&rsquo;&eacute;l&eacute;ments, sa flexibilit&eacute; et son ouverture.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn9"> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><a href="applewebdata://50A12669-F7AB-4567-BF52-46C296A3B19C#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:16.866666793823242px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">[9]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a>&nbsp;<span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">La plateforme Wattpad propose un seul type de liste au travail curatorial des utilisateurs, propos&eacute;e comme une &ldquo;<i>Reading List</i>&rdquo; dont le champ de saisie du titre est libre et donc fortement personnalisable. Nous y retrouvons, en plus des usages originaux de ces listes, le sch&eacute;ma d&rsquo;usage traditionnel des listes de rangement personnel ou de prescription propos&eacute; par d&rsquo;autres plateformes au niveau de l&rsquo;architexte. Le cas de Wattpad est parlant pour comprendre &agrave; quel point l&rsquo;&eacute;crilecture au sein des plateformes se fait non seulement &agrave; partir de l&rsquo;architexte, du p&eacute;ritexte d&rsquo;instruction et des dynamiques de sociabilit&eacute; internes &agrave; la plateforme (instruction, exemples, interaction avec la communaut&eacute;) mais &agrave; partir d&rsquo;une communaut&eacute; d&eacute;passant&nbsp;&nbsp;la seule plateforme et d&rsquo;une pratique d&rsquo;usages trans-plateformes (une sorte d&rsquo;identit&eacute; narrative de l&rsquo;utilisateur qu&rsquo;il peut r&eacute;investir dans l&rsquo;interpr&eacute;tation des formes). Comme une sorte de cr&eacute;ation de la contrainte, d&rsquo;autre part, le fait que les Reading Lists de Wattpad ne disposent pas d&rsquo;un descriptif fait en sorte que le r&eacute;dactionnel et l&rsquo;&eacute;l&eacute;ment de caract&eacute;risation soit r&eacute;duits &agrave; la combinaison de titre et tags, ce qui porte &agrave; des usages plus conversationnels des listes, vid&eacute;es de l&rsquo;&eacute;l&eacute;ment de rapprochement avec un travail &eacute;ditorial savant (le descriptif ou chapeau).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn10"> <p><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><a href="applewebdata://50A12669-F7AB-4567-BF52-46C296A3B19C#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:16.866666793823242px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">[10]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">&nbsp;Universit&eacute; Paris Nanterre. (2022, 20 juillet).&nbsp;<i>Master 2 professionnel - Documents &Eacute;lectroniques et Flux d&#39;Informations</i>. Consult&eacute; le 20 juillet 2022 sur&nbsp;</span></span><a href="https://master-defi.parisnanterre.fr/"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:#1155cc">https://master-defi.parisnanterre.fr/</span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn11"> <p><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><a href="applewebdata://50A12669-F7AB-4567-BF52-46C296A3B19C#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:16.866666793823242px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">[11]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">&nbsp;ANR Collabora - Plateformes culturelles contributives. (2022, 20 juillet).&nbsp;<i>L&rsquo;observatoire</i>. Consult&eacute;e le 20 juillet 2022 sur&nbsp;</span></span><a href="https://anr-collabora.parisnanterre.fr/index.php/observatoire/"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:#1155cc">https://anr-collabora.parisnanterre.fr/index.php/observatoire/</span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn12"> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><a href="applewebdata://50A12669-F7AB-4567-BF52-46C296A3B19C#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:16.866666793823242px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">[12]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">&nbsp;OPRIC. (2020, 20 juillet).&nbsp;<i>Observatoire Participatif du RIsque de Canicule</i>. Consult&eacute;es le 20 juillet 2022 sur&nbsp;</span></span><a href="http://risquecanicule.fr/#:~:text=L'Observatoire%20Participatif%20du%20Risque,de%20l'Universit%C3%A9%20de%20N%C3%AEmes"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:#1155cc">http://risquecanicule.fr</span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">. Vitrines en confinement (2022, 20 juillet) et&nbsp;<i>D&eacute;fi collaboratif &laquo; Nos vitrines parlent &agrave; l&rsquo;heure du confinement &raquo;</i>. Consult&eacute;es le 20 juillet 2022 sur&nbsp;</span></span><a href="https://vitrinesenconfinement.gogocarto.fr/"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:#1155cc">https://vitrinesenconfinement.gogocarto.fr/</span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn13"> <p><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><a href="applewebdata://50A12669-F7AB-4567-BF52-46C296A3B19C#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:16.866666793823242px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">[13]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">&nbsp;Facebook. (2020, 20 juillet).&nbsp;<i>Vitrines en confinement</i>. Consult&eacute;es le 20 juillet 2022 sur&nbsp;</span></span><a href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/vitrinesenconfinement/"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:#1155cc">https://www.facebook.com/groups/vitrinesenconfinement/</span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn14"> <p><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><a href="applewebdata://50A12669-F7AB-4567-BF52-46C296A3B19C#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:16.866666793823242px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">[14]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">&nbsp;Facebook. (2020, 20 juillet).&nbsp;<i>OPRIC</i>. Consult&eacute;es le 20 juillet 2022 sur&nbsp;</span></span><a href="https://www.facebook.com/opric.gard/"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:#1155cc">https://www.facebook.com/opric.gard/</span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn15"> <p><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><a href="applewebdata://50A12669-F7AB-4567-BF52-46C296A3B19C#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:16.866666793823242px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">[15]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">&nbsp;Testaments de Pouilus. (2022, 20 juillet).&nbsp;<i>Testaments de Poilus</i>. Consult&eacute;es le 20 juillet 2022 sur&nbsp;</span></span><a href="https://edition-testaments-de-poilus.huma-num.fr/"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:#1155cc">https://edition-testaments-de-poilus.huma-num.fr/</span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn16"> <p><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><a href="applewebdata://50A12669-F7AB-4567-BF52-46C296A3B19C#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:16.866666793823242px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">[16]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">&nbsp;Recolnat. (2022, 20 juillet).&nbsp;<i>ReColNat</i>. Consult&eacute;es le 20 juillet 2022 sur&nbsp;</span></span><a href="https://www.recolnat.org/fr/"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:#1155cc">https://www.recolnat.org/fr/</span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn17"> <p><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><a href="applewebdata://50A12669-F7AB-4567-BF52-46C296A3B19C#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:16.866666793823242px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">[17]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">&nbsp;Zooniverse. (2022, 20 juillet).&nbsp;<i>Zooniverse</i>. Consult&eacute;es le 20 juillet 2022 sur&nbsp;</span></span><a href="https://www.zooniverse.org/"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:#1155cc">https://www.zooniverse.org/</span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn18"> <p><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><a href="applewebdata://50A12669-F7AB-4567-BF52-46C296A3B19C#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:16.866666793823242px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">[18]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">&nbsp;Digitalnz. (2022, 20 juillet).&nbsp;<i>DigitalNZ</i>. Consult&eacute;es le 20 juillet 2022 sur&nbsp;</span></span><a href="https://digitalnz.org/"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:#1155cc">https://digitalnz.org/</span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn19"> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><a href="applewebdata://50A12669-F7AB-4567-BF52-46C296A3B19C#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:16.866666793823242px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">[19]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">&nbsp;Alves Sandra, Chepaikina Anna, Daubier Laurine, Seck Papa Djiga, et Selhaoui Elias, Rapport de projet de fin d&rsquo;&eacute;tudes en vue de l&rsquo;obtention du Master DEFI, soutenu le 12 juin 2020 &agrave; l&rsquo;Universit&eacute; Paris Nanterre, encadr&eacute; par C&eacute;cile Payeur.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn20"> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><a href="applewebdata://50A12669-F7AB-4567-BF52-46C296A3B19C#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:16.866666793823242px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">[20]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">&nbsp;30% avaient &eacute;t&eacute; d&eacute;velopp&eacute;es de mani&egrave;re interne avec un framework sp&eacute;cifique (AngularJS, Django, Scribe&hellip;), 30% &agrave; l&rsquo;aide des CMS g&eacute;n&eacute;riques (Wordpress, Drupal, Omeka&hellip;), 20% &agrave; partir d&rsquo;autres outils ou projets ouverts (Wikis, r&eacute;seaux sociaux, blogs&hellip;) et il n&rsquo;y avait pas d&rsquo;information pour 20% d&rsquo;entre elles.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn21"> <p><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><a href="applewebdata://50A12669-F7AB-4567-BF52-46C296A3B19C#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:16.866666793823242px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">[21]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">&nbsp;DeviantArt. (2022, 20 juillet).&nbsp;<i>DeviantArt</i>. Consult&eacute;es le 20 juillet 2022 sur&nbsp;</span></span><a href="https://www.deviantart.com/shop/"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:#1155cc">https://www.deviantart.com/shop/</span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn22"> <p><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><a href="applewebdata://50A12669-F7AB-4567-BF52-46C296A3B19C#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:16.866666793823242px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">[22]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">&nbsp;Transcribe Bentham. (2022, 20 juillet).&nbsp;<i>Transcribe Bentham</i>.&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Consult&eacute;es le 20 juillet 2022 sur&nbsp;</span></span><a href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/bentham-project/transcribe-bentham"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:#1155cc">https://www.ucl.ac.uk/bentham-project/transcribe-bentham</span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn23"> <p><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><a href="applewebdata://50A12669-F7AB-4567-BF52-46C296A3B19C#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:16.866666793823242px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">[23]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">&nbsp;Transcrire. (2022, 20 juillet).&nbsp;<i>Transcrire</i>. Consult&eacute;es le 20 juillet 2022 sur&nbsp;</span></span><a href="https://transcrire.huma-num.fr/"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:#1155cc">https://transcrire.huma-num.fr/</span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn24"> <p><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><a href="applewebdata://50A12669-F7AB-4567-BF52-46C296A3B19C#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:16.866666793823242px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">[24]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">&nbsp;Histoires de Chtis. (2022, 20 juillet).&nbsp;<i>Histoires de Chtis</i>. Consult&eacute;es le 20 juillet 2022 sur&nbsp;</span></span><a href="http://www.histoires-de-chtis.com/"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:#1155cc">http://www.histoires-de-chtis.com/</span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn25"> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><a href="applewebdata://50A12669-F7AB-4567-BF52-46C296A3B19C#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:16.866666793823242px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">[25]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">&nbsp;Facebook. (2022, 20 juillet).&nbsp;<i>Histoires de Chtis</i>. Consult&eacute;es le 20 juillet 2022 sur&nbsp;</span></span><a href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/histoiresdechtis/about/"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:#1155cc">https://www.facebook.com/groups/histoiresdechtis/about/</span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn26"> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><a href="applewebdata://50A12669-F7AB-4567-BF52-46C296A3B19C#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="it" style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:16.866666793823242px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">[26]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">&nbsp;&ldquo;Les sciences de la conception regroupent un tr&egrave;s grand nombre de disciplines scientifiques ou artistiques qui ont pour point commun, non pas la d&eacute;couverte de lois naturelles g&eacute;n&eacute;rales, mais la cr&eacute;ation d&rsquo;artefacts (...). Ces disciplines incluent notamment les sciences de l&rsquo;ing&eacute;nieur, la m&eacute;decine, les sciences de gestion, les disciplines artistiques, l&rsquo;architecture, la p&eacute;dagogie, l&rsquo;ergonomie, la sociologie des usages&hellip; et bien sur la science du design, qui tout en s&rsquo;alimentant aux autres disciplines d&eacute;veloppe une approche sp&eacute;cifique&rdquo; (Zacklad &amp; Catoir-Brisson, 2021).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> </div>