<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-left: 8.85pt; margin-top: 3.75pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: right;"><em><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">&quot;Il y a plusieurs caract&egrave;res qui font d&#39;internet une r&eacute;alit&eacute; complexe. Tout</span></em><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><em><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">d&#39;abord, internet est un r&eacute;seau qui n&#39;a pas de centre de contr&ocirc;le. Internet s&#39;&eacute;co organise, &agrave; la fa&ccedil;on d&#39;un &eacute;cosyst&egrave;me, o&ugrave; ce sont les interactions entre tous les &ecirc;tres vivants qui cr&eacute;ent l&#39;&eacute;cosyst&egrave;me. C&#39;est le premier trait de complexit&eacute; que je peux distinguer. Le second caract&egrave;re est l&#39;existence d&#39;une boucle entre les participants. Chacun est &agrave; la fois un produit et un producteur d&#39;internet. Il n&#39;existe pas de lieu unique o&ugrave; les choses se produisent et se consomment : chaque site est &agrave; la fois l&#39;un et l&#39;autre. C&#39;est ce que j&#39;appelle la boucle r&eacute;cursive. Le troisi&egrave;me trait complexe est le caract&egrave;re hologrammique du r&eacute;seau internet : cela signifie que chaque partie (ou que chacun devant son &eacute;cran en l&#39;occurrence) est dans</span></em><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><em><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">le tout, mais le tout est &eacute;galement dans la partie puisqu&#39;&agrave; chaque instant vous pouvez th&eacute;oriquement mobiliser l&#39;ensemble des informations existantes sur le r&eacute;seau. Enfin, l&#39;id&eacute;e de noosph&egrave;re transpara&icirc;t &eacute;galement dans l&#39;internet (c&#39;est &agrave; dire la sph&egrave;re qui nous enveloppe et qui contient tous les produits de l&#39;esprit : mythe, imaginaire, id&eacute;es). Il nous manque cependant de trouver le m&eacute;taniveau pour penser internet. Il faudrait trouver &agrave; partir du syst&egrave;me le p&ocirc;le r&eacute;flexif qui permet de comprendre le syst&egrave;me internet, ce qui n&#39;existe, &agrave; mon sens, pas encore&quot;.</span></em></p> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 59.05pt;text-align: right;margin-top:0.05pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><em><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Edgar MORIN (1997, p. 108)</span></em></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3 dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0.05pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><strong><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">INTRODUCTION</span></strong></h3> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3 dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 44.3pt;margin-top:0.05pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><strong><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Quelles images pour quels dispositifs de formation&nbsp;?</span></strong></h3> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 8.85pt;margin-right: 8.7pt;text-indent: 28.4pt;text-align: justify;margin-top:2.8pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">&quot;Une image vaut mille mots&quot; dit l&rsquo;adage. Mais alors qu&#39;est-ce que l&#39;image et quelle image employer ? Les sciences psycho-sociales nous ont appris que la neutralit&eacute; ne peut exister puisque toute action r&eacute;sulte d&#39;une intention (PIKLER &amp; al., 2017). Nous dirons donc que l&#39;utilisation de l&#39;image est &agrave; la base un moyen volontaire de faire passer une information, et que ce processus s&#39;appelle &quot;m&eacute;diatisation&quot;. Pour Monique LINARD (1987, 1994), c&#39;est tr&egrave;s exactement &quot;transcoder un message pour un instrument technique&quot;. Qui ne doit pas &ecirc;tre confondu avec la &quot;m&eacute;diation&quot;, qui est &quot;une intervention humaine pour une n&eacute;gociation qui am&egrave;nera &agrave; une conclusion, avec ou sans conflit&quot;. Cette fonction est mise en &oelig;uvre de son c&ocirc;t&eacute; par les formateurs pour r&eacute;ajuster la formation en fonction des difficult&eacute;s des apprenants, l&rsquo;id&eacute;al &eacute;tant que les apprenants atteignent le stade de l&rsquo;autom&eacute;diation, sans plus avoir besoin d&rsquo;un recours au tuteur.</span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 8.85pt;margin-right: 8.7pt;text-indent: 28.4pt;text-align: justify;margin-top:0.05pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Dans la panoplie des supports m&eacute;diatiques pour l&#39;apprentissage, l&#39;image doit &ecirc;tre porteuse de sens</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size:0.6em;vertical-align:super;">1</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. Elle refl&egrave;te bien la r&eacute;volution g&eacute;n&eacute;ralis&eacute;e de l&#39;av&egrave;nement des techniques num&eacute;riques dans les supports d&#39;information et de formation. Bien que diff&eacute;rente de l&#39;&eacute;crit et&nbsp; de l&#39;oral, il est fr&eacute;quent qu&#39;elle les inclue tous les deux lorsqu&#39;elle devient audiovisuelle. Francis BALLE (1997, p.52) pr&eacute;cise ainsi qu&rsquo;au bout du compte &quot;l&#39;image finit par exercer son ascendant sur les autres formes d&#39;expression de la pens&eacute;e (...). Performances et prouesses sont &eacute;galement du c&ocirc;t&eacute; de l&#39;image, dont les progr&egrave;s, en terme de proc&eacute;d&eacute;s de production, de transmission et m&ecirc;me de cr&eacute;ation, sont incomparables avec ceux accomplis pour propager l&#39;&eacute;crit (...)&quot;.</span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 8.85pt;margin-right: 8.8pt;text-indent: 35.45pt;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">On notera que la place accord&eacute;e au dispositif technique (DUCLOS, 2016) est cruciale,&nbsp; et qu&#39;il faut aussi affiner la distinction entre message transmis et sens per&ccedil;u. La dimension technique doit donc &ecirc;tre trait&eacute;e en fonction des syst&egrave;mes et des conditions de transmission et de r&eacute;ception des images (contexte &eacute;ducationnel et modalit&eacute;s d&rsquo;exercice de l&rsquo;apprentissage).</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 8.85pt;margin-right: 8.7pt;text-indent: 35.45pt;text-align: justify;margin-top:2.45pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.8333pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size:0.6em;vertical-align:super;">1 </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Car, dit SOULES (1997, p. 35).&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;Le risque des images num&eacute;riques que d&eacute;nonce DEBRAY est justement d&#39;&ecirc;tre uniquement </span><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">impressionnelles </span></em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(une vision sans regard), et le sens (la ma&icirc;trise de la conscience sur ce qui lui appara&icirc;t) n&#39;a alors plus sa place&nbsp;&raquo;.&nbsp;</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <ol style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-inline-start:48px;"> <li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="list-style-type: upper-roman; font-size: 13pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: 44.3pt;"> <h2 dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height:1.2;margin-right: 8.8pt;margin-top:15pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><em><strong><em><u><strong><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Composition et sens des images</span></strong></u></em></strong></em></h2> </li> </ol> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 8.85pt;margin-right: 8.75pt;text-indent: 35.45pt;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Nous nous proposons d&rsquo;&eacute;tudier les images transform&eacute;es et transport&eacute;es (ITT), selon ce que leurs caract&eacute;ristiques et leurs modalit&eacute;s de partage impliquent lors de leur utilisation en formation. Commen&ccedil;ons par d&eacute;tailler les implications de leur mise en pratique en rapport avec les th&eacute;ories de l&rsquo;apprentissage &agrave; partir de quelques principes de m&eacute;diations, d&rsquo;interpr&eacute;tations et de lectures.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <ul style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-inline-start:48px;"> <li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="list-style-type: disc; font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: 19.2pt;"> <p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: justify;margin-top:4.4pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><em><strong><em><strong><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Lectures psychologiques</span></strong></em></strong></em></p> </li> </ul> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 8.85pt;margin-right: 8.65pt;text-indent: 35.45pt;text-align: justify;margin-top:2.8pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">L&#39;op&eacute;ration de lecture de gauche &agrave; droite s&#39;associe dans les soci&eacute;t&eacute;s occidentales &agrave; un sentiment de &quot;pass&eacute;/futur&quot;. Selon son positionnement &agrave; gauche ou &agrave; droite de l&rsquo;image, un &eacute;l&eacute;ment diagonal comme un escalier est per&ccedil;u &quot;en mont&eacute;e&quot; ou &quot;en descente&quot; (alors qu&#39;il va dans les deux sens bien &eacute;videmment). La forme du cadre de l&#39;image induit elle aussi des significations, car le cadre fonctionne comme &quot;un arch&eacute;type de la perception contr&ocirc;l&eacute;e (cadres corporels du contour des yeux, cadres mat&eacute;riels de la fen&ecirc;tre&hellip;)&quot; (DELFOUR, 1997, p. 42) : forme ronde = ancien ; forme carr&eacute;e = stabilit&eacute; ; forme rectangulaire horizontale = stabilit&eacute; et mouvement ; forme rectangulaire verticale = instabilit&eacute;.</span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 8.85pt;margin-right: 8.75pt;text-indent: 35.45pt;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Les plans et les points de fuite cr&eacute;ent des suggestions : la plong&eacute;e &eacute;crase le sujet, la vue &agrave; niveau induit l&#39;&eacute;galit&eacute;, la contre-plong&eacute;e l&rsquo;&eacute;l&egrave;ve. Le positionnement du sujet &eacute;galement : de face il cr&eacute;e une confrontation avec le lecteur, en lat&eacute;ral ou vu de derri&egrave;re il induit une situation de voyeurisme.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <ul style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-inline-start:48px;"> <li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="list-style-type: disc; font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: 19.2pt;"> <h2 dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: justify;margin-top:0.05pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><em><strong><em><strong><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Lectures ergonomiques</span></strong></em></strong></em></h2> </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h4 dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 86.85pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><em><strong><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Liste de crit&egrave;res de Bastien et Scapin</span></strong></em></h4> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 44.3pt;margin-top:2.85pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">&Eacute;tablie en 1991, elle propose une suite d&#39;items pour orienter les choix relatifs :</span></p> <ul style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-inline-start:48px;"> <li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="list-style-type: disc; font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: 44.3pt;"> <p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height:1.115;margin-right: 8.75pt;margin-top:1.6pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">au guidage - conseiller, orienter l&#39;usager dans son interaction avec le syst&egrave;me- (incitation, groupement / distinction, feed-back imm&eacute;diat, lisibilit&eacute;)</span></p> </li> <li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="list-style-type: disc; font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: 44.3pt;"> <p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height:1.115;margin-right: 8.65pt;margin-top:1.75pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">&agrave;</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">la</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">charge</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">de</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">travail</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">-</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">perceptive</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">et</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">mn&eacute;sique-</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(bri&egrave;vet&eacute;,</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">densit&eacute; informationnelle)</span></p> </li> <li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="list-style-type: disc; font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: 44.25pt; padding-left: 0.05pt;"> <p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height:1.4699999999999998;margin-top:1.15pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">au contr&ocirc;le explicite (actions explicites, contr&ocirc;le utilisateur)</span></p> </li> <li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="list-style-type: disc; font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: 44.25pt; padding-left: 0.05pt;"> <p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height:1.465;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">&agrave; l&#39;adaptabilit&eacute; (flexibilit&eacute;, prise en compte de l&#39;exp&eacute;rience de l&#39;utilisateur)</span></p> </li> <li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="list-style-type: disc; font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: 44.3pt;"> <p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height:1.115;margin-right: 8.8pt;margin-top:0.6pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">&agrave; la gestion des erreurs (protection contre les erreurs, qualit&eacute; des messages d&#39;erreur, correction des erreurs)</span></p> </li> <li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="list-style-type: disc; font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: 44.25pt; padding-left: 0.05pt;"> <p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height:1.4699999999999998;margin-top:1.1pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">&agrave; l&#39;homog&eacute;n&eacute;it&eacute; et &agrave; la coh&eacute;rence (coh&eacute;rence interne)</span></p> </li> <li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="list-style-type: disc; font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: 44.25pt; padding-left: 0.05pt;"> <p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height:1.465;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">&agrave; la signifiance des codes et des d&eacute;nominations (relation s&eacute;mantique forte)</span></p> </li> <li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="list-style-type: disc; font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: 44.25pt; padding-left: 0.05pt;"> <p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height:1.4699999999999998;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">&agrave; la compatibilit&eacute; (coh&eacute;rence externe)</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size:0.6em;vertical-align:super;">12</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">.</span></p> </li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h4 dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 86.85pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><em><strong><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Grille d&#39;analyse CINEMA</span></strong></em></h4> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 44.3pt;margin-top:2.85pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">D&eacute;velopp&eacute;e au Laboratoire d&rsquo;Informatique de Paris-Nord (LIPN), elle interroge &eacute;galement de nombreux crit&egrave;res.</span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 44.3pt;margin-top:2.85pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ils sont d&rsquo;abord techniques&nbsp;:</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 8.85pt;text-indent: 35.45pt;margin-top:2.45pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.8333pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size:0.6em;vertical-align:super;">12 </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bastien, J. M. C. et Scapin, D. (1993) Ergonomic Criteria for the Evaluation of Human-Computer Interfaces. Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique, France (www.inria.fr).</span></p> <ul style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-inline-start:48px;"> <li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="list-style-type: disc; font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: 26.3pt;"> <p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height:1.2;margin-right: 8.8pt;text-align: justify;margin-top:3.75pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ergonomie : m&eacute;taphore, coh&eacute;rence externe (symboles, menus, m&eacute;dias), pragmatisme (formulaires, sections&hellip;), coh&eacute;rence interne (choix vocabulaire, emplacements&hellip;), organisation (organisation des &eacute;crans)</span></p> </li> <li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="list-style-type: disc; font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: 26.3pt;"> <p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height:1.2;margin-right: 9pt;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Contr&ocirc;le : flexibilit&eacute;, visibilit&eacute;, orientation ; r&eacute;versibilit&eacute; ; r&eacute;troaction ; fermeture, continuit&eacute;, progression ; sorties &eacute;videntes ; raccourcis</span></p> </li> <li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="list-style-type: disc; font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: 26.25pt; padding-left: 0.05pt;"> <p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: justify;margin-top:0.05pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Efficacit&eacute; : rapidit&eacute;, fiabilit&eacute;, gestion des erreurs, lisibilit&eacute;, densit&eacute; de l&#39;information</span></p> </li> <li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="list-style-type: disc; font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: 26.3pt;"> <p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height:1.2;margin-right: 144.3pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Adaptation : configuration, compatibilit&eacute;, progressivit&eacute; Mais ils sont aussi p&eacute;dagogiques :</span></p> </li> <li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="list-style-type: disc; font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: 26.25pt; padding-left: 0.05pt;"> <p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">aide et guidage, pr&eacute;sentation (menus, sons&hellip;)</span></p> </li> <li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="list-style-type: disc; font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: 26.25pt; padding-left: 0.05pt;"> <p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">contenus et strat&eacute;gies p&eacute;dagogiques (cours, exemples, exercices et tests)</span></p> </li> <li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="list-style-type: disc; font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: 26.25pt; padding-left: 0.05pt;"> <p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">r&eacute;troaction p&eacute;dagogique, motivation.</span></p> </li> </ul> <h4 dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 86.85pt;text-align: justify;margin-top:11pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><em><strong><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">&Eacute;l&eacute;ments possibles pour am&eacute;liorer l&#39;utilisabilit&eacute; de l&#39;interface</span></strong></em></h4> <ul style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-inline-start:48px;"> <li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="list-style-type: disc; font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: 26.3pt;"> <p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height:1.2;margin-right: 8.7pt;text-align: justify;margin-top:2.85pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Homog&eacute;n&eacute;it&eacute; de la police : type &ndash; sans empattement- et taille, sauf &eacute;l&eacute;ments sp&eacute;ciaux.</span></p> </li> <li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="list-style-type: disc; font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: 26.3pt;"> <p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height:1.2;margin-right: 8.8pt;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Homog&eacute;n&eacute;it&eacute; du texte : &quot;&agrave; m&ecirc;me fonction, m&ecirc;me taille&quot;. Couleurs uniformes et peu diversifi&eacute;es. Couleur des hyperliens non r&eacute;utilis&eacute;e. &Eacute;viter l&#39;italique et le surlignement.</span></p> </li> <li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="list-style-type: disc; font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: 26.3pt;"> <p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height:1.2;margin-right: 8.9pt;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Homog&eacute;n&eacute;it&eacute; de l&#39;emplacement des &eacute;l&eacute;ments et de la pr&eacute;sentation : &eacute;l&eacute;ments r&eacute;currents, auto-explicatifs ou avec l&eacute;gende.</span></p> </li> <li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="list-style-type: disc; font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: 26.3pt;"> <p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height:1.2;margin-right: 8.7pt;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Aides : bouton ou texte non ambigus et accessibles, option de supports additionnels.</span></p> </li> <li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="list-style-type: disc; font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: 26.25pt; padding-left: 0.05pt;"> <p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Glossaire / lexique : pour d&eacute;finitions, ou </span><em><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">pop-up </span></em><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ponctuels.</span></p> </li> <li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="list-style-type: disc; font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: 26.25pt; padding-left: 0.05pt;"> <p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Navigation : disponibilit&eacute; et navigation dans les menus et les modules.</span></p> </li> <li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="list-style-type: disc; font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: 26.25pt; padding-left: 0.05pt;"> <p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Boutons et liens : accessibilit&eacute;, pr&eacute;sence, &eacute;chappement dans les s&eacute;quences.</span></p> </li> <li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="list-style-type: disc; font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: 26.3pt;"> <p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height:1.2;margin-right: 8.9pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Indicateurs de progression : dans les cours, dans les modules, indication des &eacute;crans d&eacute;j&agrave; parcourus.</span></p> </li> <li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="list-style-type: disc; font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: 26.3pt;"> <p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height:1.2;margin-right: 8.95pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Indicateurs d&#39;orientation dans l&#39;arborescence : pour tous les &eacute;crans, indiquer le nombre d&#39;&eacute;crans en d&eacute;but de s&eacute;quence.</span></p> </li> <li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="list-style-type: disc; font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: 26.3pt;"> <p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height:1.2;margin-right: 8.9pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">M&eacute;dias (image, audio, vid&eacute;o) : clairs, compr&eacute;hensibles, sans difficult&eacute;s, pertinents, sinon : non-fonctionnel.</span></p> </li> </ul> <h4 dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 86.85pt;text-align: justify;margin-top:10.95pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><em><strong><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">&Eacute;l&eacute;ments pour l&#39;arborescence des contenus</span></strong></em></h4> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 8.85pt;margin-right: 8.75pt;text-indent: 35.45pt;text-align: justify;margin-top:2.9pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">La m&eacute;moire &agrave; court terme ayant une capacit&eacute; limit&eacute;e &agrave; environ sept &eacute;l&eacute;ments quelle oublie en peu de temps, l&#39;organisation des connaissances (KEMBELLEC &amp; BROUDOUX, 2017) par cette m&eacute;moire se fait par un m&eacute;canisme dit de cat&eacute;gorisation, dont le nombre ne doit pas exc&eacute;der quatre. Les le&ccedil;ons et les activit&eacute;s ne doivent donc pas d&eacute;passer trois ou quatre pages-&eacute;crans au maximum (LIEURY, A. et FENOUILLET, F. 1996).</span></p> <h4 dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 86.85pt;text-align: justify;margin-top:10.95pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><em><strong><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Exemple d&#39;&eacute;l&eacute;ments pour une charte graphique lisible</span></strong></em></h4> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 8.85pt;margin-right: 8.9pt;text-indent: 35.45pt;text-align: justify;margin-top:2.9pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">La couleur rouge est la plus rep&eacute;rable du sceptre de la vision. Elle doit donc &ecirc;tre utilis&eacute;e pour les informations &agrave; mettre en valeur (rappel, r&eacute;sum&eacute;, note&hellip;). Les polices recommand&eacute;es car r&eacute;alis&eacute;es sp&eacute;cialement pour les textes &agrave; afficher sur &eacute;cran informatique sont Verdana et G&eacute;orgia. Il est d&eacute;conseill&eacute; de mettre un &eacute;l&eacute;ment sym&eacute;trique au centre de l&#39;image. Le d&eacute;calage un tiers/deux tiers favorise une dynamique cognitive (utilisation du nombre d&rsquo;or). Des lettres sombres sur fond clair sont plus facile &agrave; lire que l &#39;inverse. Un texte alternant majuscules et minuscules se lit plus facilement que tout en majuscules. Les titres doivent &ecirc;tre centr&eacute;s. Le curseur doit &ecirc;tre</span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-right: 8.85pt;text-align: justify;margin-top:3.75pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">facilement rep&eacute;rable. Les lignes de texte doivent &ecirc;tre longues plut&ocirc;t que courtes. Il ne faut pas exiger la saisie d&rsquo;unit&eacute;s de mesures lorsque l&#39;utilisateur doit entrer des donn&eacute;es. Il faut proposer d&rsquo;embl&eacute;e les donn&eacute;es d&eacute;j&agrave; introduites dans l&#39;ordinateur et afficher ces valeurs par d&eacute;faut dans les champs appropri&eacute;s&hellip;</span></p> <ol start="2" style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-inline-start:48px;"> <li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="list-style-type: upper-roman; font-size: 13pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: 26.25pt;"> <h2 dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:8.7pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><em><strong><em><u><strong><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Implications de l&#39;utilisation des Images Transform&eacute;es et Transport&eacute;es en formation</span></strong></u></em></strong></em></h2> </li> </ol> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3 dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 62.3pt;margin-top:4.6pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><strong><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A - Simulation ou simulacre ?</span></strong></h3> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 8.85pt;margin-right: 8.65pt;text-indent: 35.45pt;text-align: justify;margin-top:2.85pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">De la fascination peut na&icirc;tre un effet pervers, celui d&#39;une confusion par transposition du r&eacute;el au virtuel, d&#39;une substitution du virtuel au r&eacute;el, puisqu&#39;on n&#39;a plus besoin de l&#39;objet r&eacute;el &agrave; l&#39;origine de la m&eacute;diatisation, qui se d&eacute;substantialise. Cette &laquo;&nbsp;r&eacute;alit&eacute;&nbsp;&raquo;</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size:0.6em;vertical-align:super;">13</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, parfois morbide, inspire de nombreux sc&eacute;narii t&eacute;l&eacute;visuels et cin&eacute;matographiques (tels certains &eacute;pisodes de la s&eacute;rie </span><em><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Black Mirror</span></em><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">). Elle trouve un public dans la frange de population des pays d&eacute;velopp&eacute;s (surtout au Japon et aux EU), jeune et technophile, litt&eacute;ralement &quot;accro&quot; aux jeux informatiques et &agrave; la vid&eacute;o. Ces personnes leur consacrent l&#39;essentiel de&nbsp; leurs revenus et de leurs temps de loisirs. Pour aller encore plus loin, des projets de cr&eacute;ation de monde virtuels avec immersion d&eacute;finitive pour des personnes incarc&eacute;r&eacute;s consid&eacute;r&eacute;s comme &quot;irr&eacute;cup&eacute;rables&quot; furent &agrave; l&#39;ordre du jour dans certaines d&eacute;mocraties - et le sont&nbsp; peut-&ecirc;tre encore - pour les mener dans une d&eacute;pendance totale par accoutumance. Des services hospitaliers traitent sp&eacute;cifiquement ce type de cas, dont les sympt&ocirc;mes sont comparables &agrave; ceux de la drogue (Christian BONREPAUX, 2003, p. XIII). Pour Ghislain DESLANDES (1997, p. 10- 11), les rapports qui relient le r&eacute;el et le virtuel demandent un d&eacute;cryptage sous forme d&#39;un sch&eacute;ma dialectique en trois phases : oubli de la r&eacute;alit&eacute; pass&eacute;e</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size:0.6em;vertical-align:super;">14</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, confusion r&eacute;el-virtuel, et r&eacute;alit&eacute; d&eacute;chue de ses droits, avec dissolution progressive du sujet et de sa libert&eacute; de jugement. Pour QUEAU (1993), les drogu&eacute;s du virtuel sont exclus de la soci&eacute;t&eacute;, et pour fuir le r&eacute;el se laissent aspirer par le virtuel, finissent par ne plus vivre que dans le virtuel</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size:0.6em;vertical-align:super;">15</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. VIRILIO (1996) annonce ainsi l&#39;oubli du corps propre</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size:0.6em;vertical-align:super;">16</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> et de l&#39;espace r&eacute;el, qui supposent la rencontre d&#39;une alt&eacute;rit&eacute; en chair et en os (SOULES, 1997, p.35)</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size:0.6em;vertical-align:super;">17</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. Le monde de la fascination est celui du pouvoir (ANCET, 1997, p. 28).</span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 8.85pt;margin-right: 8.7pt;text-indent: 35.45pt;text-align: justify;margin-top:0.05pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Dans le domaine de la formation, il convient de peu choses pour que cette situation de confusion se reproduise. Il suffit de bloquer l&#39;esprit critique de l&#39;utilisateur (par surcharge cognitive ou intimidation par exemple) ou d&rsquo;abuser ses sens (depuis l&rsquo;invention du trompe- l&rsquo;&oelig;il</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size:0.6em;vertical-align:super;">18</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">) au bon moment pour lui faire prendre ensuite &quot;des vessies pour des lanternes&quot;</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size:0.6em;vertical-align:super;">19</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 8.85pt;margin-right: 8.75pt;text-indent: 35.45pt;text-align: justify;margin-top:2.45pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.8333pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size:0.6em;vertical-align:super;">13 </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://dailygeekshow.com/realite-virtuelle-mere-endeuillee-adieu-aille/ consult&eacute; le 08/02/2021</span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 8.85pt;margin-right: 8.75pt;text-indent: 35.45pt;text-align: justify;margin-top:2.45pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.8333pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size:0.6em;vertical-align:super;">14 </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ATTALI (1997, p. 68) explique le fonctionnement de cette soci&eacute;t&eacute; de l&#39;oubli, de l&#39;amn&eacute;sie : &quot;La g&eacute;n&eacute;ralisation de l&#39;image virtuelle, c&#39;est l&#39;occupation de la m&eacute;moire par des activit&eacute;s quotidiennes si nombreuses qu&#39;elles ne laissent pas le temps &agrave; la m&eacute;moire de fonctionner. Deuxi&egrave;mement, c&#39;est une soci&eacute;t&eacute; o&ugrave; les objets vont tellement vite (et en particulier la production mentale), qu&#39;elle a besoin de produire sans cesse du neuf, et donc de discr&eacute;diter la m&eacute;moire. Alors, l&#39;image virtuelle, si elle est marchande, va participer &agrave; ce discr&eacute;dit de la m&eacute;moire. Mais ce n&#39;est pas l&#39;image virtuelle qui d&eacute;truit la m&eacute;moire, c&#39;est la n&eacute;cessit&eacute; marchande d&#39;une noria des objets, et l&#39;image virtuelle est alors prise pour objet&quot;.</span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.15;margin-left: 8.85pt;text-indent: 35.45pt;margin-top:0.15pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.8333pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size:0.6em;vertical-align:super;">15 </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">CACCIA, 1997, p. 100 : &quot;Il y a l&#39;effet LSD (&hellip;). S&#39;il y a danger, c&#39;est celui de fonctionner en circuit ferm&eacute;, de se vider progressivement de tous ses d&eacute;sirs r&eacute;els&quot;.</span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.135;margin-left: 44.3pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.8333pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size:0.6em;vertical-align:super;">16 </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Et aussi bien avant MERLEAU-PONTY (1945) , p. 126-127 : &quot;Le corps (&hellip;) peut se d&eacute;tourner du monde, appliquer son activit&eacute; aux stimuli qui s&#39;inscrivent sur des surfaces sensorielles (&hellip;), se situer dans le virtuel&quot;.</span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.15;margin-left: 8.85pt;text-indent: 35.45pt;margin-top:0.75pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.8333pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size:0.6em;vertical-align:super;">17 </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">On peut en tout cas parler </span><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">a minima </span></em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">d&#39;un penser autrement du corps, des d&eacute;sirs et des repr&eacute;sentations, soutenu par l&#39;aspect instrumental des ITT (CACCIA, 1997, p. 100).</span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.1400000000000001;margin-left: 44.3pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.8333pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size:0.6em;vertical-align:super;">18 </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">D&eacute;fini ainsi par PERGNIER (1997, p. 186) : &quot;Le trompe-l&#39;&oelig;il classique consiste &agrave; utiliser la technique</span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.15;margin-left: 8.85pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">picturale pour cr&eacute;er en deux dimensions l&#39;illusion d&#39;un espace (r&eacute;el) en trois dimensions (= &agrave; copier le r&eacute;el)&quot;.</span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 44.3pt;text-align: justify;margin-top:4.7pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.8333pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size:0.6em;vertical-align:super;">19 </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Eug&egrave;ne DELACROIX aurait dit : &quot;Ce qu&rsquo;il y a de plus r&eacute;el pour moi ce sont les illusions que je cr&eacute;e</span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.085;margin-left: 8.85pt;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">avec ma peinture. Le reste est un sable mouvant&quot;.</span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 8.85pt;margin-right: 8.6pt;text-indent: 35.45pt;text-align: justify;margin-top:3.75pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Le catalyseur qui op&egrave;re cette transformation peut &ecirc;tre interne au sujet ou externe. En interne, son positionnement, ses repr&eacute;sentations et ses croyances en la toute-puissance de la technologie suffisent. On retrouve le m&ecirc;me sentiment de respect et de blanc-seing que celui qu&#39;&eacute;prouvent les lecteurs pour leurs journaux et leurs sources d&#39;informations pr&eacute;f&eacute;r&eacute;es, qui ne peuvent - pensent-ils de bonne foi - travestir la r&eacute;alit&eacute;. Le m&eacute;dia est consid&eacute;r&eacute; comme absolument objectif et fid&egrave;le transmetteur de ce qui existe et de ce qui se fait vraiment</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size:0.6em;vertical-align:super;">20</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">.</span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 8.85pt;margin-right: 8.65pt;text-indent: 35.45pt;text-align: justify;margin-top:0.05pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">C&#39;est ce que montre une exp&eacute;rimentation qui utilise une balle de ping-pong qui reste &quot;coll&eacute;e&quot; &agrave; l&#39;air puls&eacute; par un s&egrave;che-cheveux jusqu&#39;&agrave; ce que celui-ci penche avec un angle trop important et qu&rsquo;elle tombe. Pr&eacute;sent&eacute; par images informatiques, rien de plus simple que de maintenir cette balle en l&rsquo;air malgr&eacute; un angle de soufflerie inad&eacute;quat. Plac&eacute; en situation de reproduire r&eacute;ellement cette exp&eacute;rience, les enfants qui avaient au pr&eacute;alable test&eacute; le logiciel s&#39;&eacute;vertuaient &agrave; retarder la chute de la balle jusqu&rsquo;&agrave; des angles impossibles, et ils attribuaient leur &eacute;chec au mat&eacute;riel suppos&eacute; d&eacute;ficient, ou &agrave; leur propre maladresse ou encore aux conditions de l&#39;exp&eacute;rience, sans imaginer un seul instant que c&rsquo;&eacute;tait l&#39;exp&eacute;rience informatique qui pouvait &ecirc;tre truqu&eacute;e. Comme le dit Christ&egrave;le COULEAU (1997, p. 133), face &agrave; l&#39;image cin&eacute;matographique, notre attitude spontan&eacute;e est de consid&eacute;rer que la chose vue t&eacute;moigne de ce qui est et non de ce qui pourrait &ecirc;tre. Et l&#39;on peut jouer de cette cr&eacute;dulit&eacute;.</span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 8.85pt;margin-right: 8.6pt;text-indent: 35.45pt;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">En externe, la caution de l&#39;enseignant ou du sp&eacute;cialiste sera le garant de la v&eacute;racit&eacute; de ce qui semble fid&egrave;lement pr&eacute;sent&eacute;, mais qui n&#39;est en r&eacute;alit&eacute; que re-pr&eacute;sent&eacute;. C&#39;est la situation mise en &eacute;vidence par les travaux de Milgram que l&#39;on retrouve dans le film &quot;I comme Icare&quot; (avec l&rsquo;acteur Yves Montand), o&ugrave; dans le cadre d&#39;un laboratoire la mise en pr&eacute;sence d&#39;un personnel habill&eacute; en blouse blanche trompe les candidats - venus effectuer croyaient-ils des tests de m&eacute;moire &ndash; et qui vont &ecirc;tre amen&eacute;s &agrave; adopter des comportements de tortionnaires sur de faux sujets suppos&eacute;ment inaptes &agrave; pratiquer des exercices de m&eacute;moire.</span></p> <h3 dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 44.3pt;margin-top:10.95pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><strong><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">B &ndash; Le temps et la distance</span></strong></h3> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 8.85pt;margin-right: 8.85pt;text-indent: 35.45pt;text-align: justify;margin-top:2.85pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Comme dit Pierre LEVY (1997, p.56), &quot;on ne vit pas seulement dans ici et maintenant, on habite le temps dans son entier, on vit dans le temps. Et &ccedil;a, qu&#39;on le veuille ou non, c&#39;est d&eacute;j&agrave; vivre dans le virtuel&quot;. Proposer un dispositif ax&eacute; sur le tout num&eacute;rique ou le tout technologique, sans tenir compte des capacit&eacute;s et des sp&eacute;cificit&eacute;s des apprenants n&#39;a aucun sens et risque &agrave; coup s&ucirc;r de manquer sa cible (VERRIER, 2020).</span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 8.85pt;margin-right: 8.6pt;text-indent: 35.45pt;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">L&rsquo;enseignement &agrave; distance se met en place en France d&egrave;s le d&eacute;but du XX</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size:0.6em;vertical-align:super;">e</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> si&egrave;cle essentiellement pour permettre la scolarisation par correspondance des enfants malades ou immobilis&eacute;s et poursuivre l&rsquo;exercice du m&eacute;tier aux instituteurs ne pouvant plus enseigner en classe (pour cause de &laquo; gueule cass&eacute;e &raquo;&hellip;). Les contenus sont alors de types textuels et iconographiques. Avec le d&eacute;veloppement des techniques et des m&eacute;dias de communication, l&rsquo;enseignement &agrave; distance change plusieurs fois de noms, r&eacute;pondant ainsi aux nouvelles capacit&eacute;s techniques qu&rsquo;il int&egrave;gre au fur et &agrave; mesure de son &eacute;volution, comme ceux d&rsquo;Universit&eacute; Virtuelle ou de biblioth&egrave;que num&eacute;rique. En parall&egrave;le, ses objectifs passent de l&rsquo;apprendre &agrave; l&rsquo;acqu&eacute;rir, donc d&#39;un enseignement prescriptif &agrave; un apprentissage centr&eacute; sur les utilisateurs qui, d&rsquo;&eacute;l&egrave;ves b&eacute;havioristes, deviennent pleinement apprenants.</span></p> <p><br /> <br /> &nbsp;</p> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.15;margin-left: 8.85pt;margin-right: 8.8pt;text-indent: 35.45pt;text-align: justify;margin-top:0.75pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.8333pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size:0.6em;vertical-align:super;">20 </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">&quot;Il suffit que le journal t&eacute;l&eacute;vis&eacute; diffuse des images d&#39;un &eacute;v&eacute;nement pour le faire litt&eacute;ralement exister aux yeux du t&eacute;l&eacute;spectateur &ndash; quand bien m&ecirc;me ces images seraient fausses ou truqu&eacute;es (&hellip;). La force de</span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 8.85pt;margin-right: 8.7pt;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">mat&eacute;rialisation de l&#39;image a suffi &agrave; faire passer le mode virtuel qui le caract&eacute;rise au mode r&eacute;el dont il emprunte les apparences&quot;, COULEAU (1997, p. 130 et 132). &quot;Il faut donc (&hellip;) mettre en route une modification volontaire de la croyance involontairement li&eacute;e &agrave; ces images dont l&#39;objet est tenu pour r&eacute;el&quot; (DELFOUR, 1997, p. 179).</span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 8.85pt;margin-right: 8.65pt;text-indent: 35.45pt;text-align: justify;margin-top:3.75pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Les images num&eacute;riques, venant en remplacement des images analogiques ou argentiques, tirent le meilleur parti des op&eacute;rations de transfert &eacute;lectronique depuis la plate- forme d&rsquo;apprentissage de l&rsquo;organisme de formation de r&eacute;f&eacute;rence jusqu&rsquo;au bureau tant informatique que g&eacute;ographique de l&rsquo;apprenant. Comme le soulignent ANCET et FOLIGNO (1997, p. 23), elles lui permettent d&#39;&ecirc;tre l&agrave; sans y &ecirc;tre (t&eacute;l&eacute;pr&eacute;sence), de se d&eacute;placer ou d&#39;agir sans bouger (t&eacute;l&eacute;manipulation)&hellip;</span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 8.85pt;margin-right: 8.8pt;text-indent: 35.45pt;text-align: justify;margin-top:0.05pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Utilis&eacute;es avec une m&eacute;thodologie adapt&eacute;e et raisonn&eacute;e, les ITT devraient permettre de r&eacute;pondre efficacement aux difficult&eacute;s rencontr&eacute;es par les nouveaux dispositifs de formation (DRAVET &amp; al., 2020), en servant des propositions de m&eacute;diation sp&eacute;cifiques par les formateurs, comme la mise en place de site web desservant des ressources documentaires et des exercices sp&eacute;cifiques qui tirent parti de fa&ccedil;on optimis&eacute;e des sp&eacute;cificit&eacute;s des images transform&eacute;es et transport&eacute;es (professionnalisation, disponibilit&eacute;, individualisation par r&eacute;agencement et donc autonomie&hellip;).</span></p> <p><br /> &nbsp;</p> <ol start="3" style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-inline-start:48px;"> <li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="list-style-type: upper-roman; font-size: 13pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: 26.25pt; padding-left: 3.8pt;"> <h2 dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:10.95pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><em><strong><em><u><strong><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Application aux th&eacute;ories et m&eacute;thodes d&#39;apprentissage</span></strong></u></em></strong></em></h2> </li> </ol> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 8.85pt;margin-right: 8.9pt;text-indent: 35.45pt;text-align: justify;margin-top:2.9pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">L&rsquo;int&eacute;r&ecirc;t de ce questionnement sur l&rsquo;image trouve son sens dans une application au contexte de l&rsquo;&eacute;tude, celui de la formation. Confrontons donc maintenant les postulats de notre pr&eacute;sentation &agrave; diff&eacute;rentes approches de l&rsquo;apprentissage.</span></p> <h3 dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 44.3pt;margin-top:11pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><strong><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A - Centration sur l&rsquo;apprenant</span></strong></h3> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 8.85pt;margin-right: 8.7pt;text-indent: 35.45pt;text-align: justify;margin-top:2.8pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bien que les &eacute;volutions politiques r&eacute;centes semblent battre en br&egrave;che cette option en pr&eacute;conisant un retour au savoir et &agrave; la transmission des connaissances (PASQUIER, 2020), les images transform&eacute;es utilis&eacute;es dans le cadre d&rsquo;une formation partiellement ou totalement &agrave; distance permettent d&rsquo;apporter des r&eacute;ponses adapt&eacute;es aux difficult&eacute;s individuelles de l&#39;&eacute;l&egrave;ve plac&eacute; dans ces conditions d&rsquo;apprentissage. Il est &quot;le point nodal du processus d&#39;actualisation. C&#39;est finalement lui qui, par sa croyance, actualise une image empreinte de subjectivit&eacute;, et l&#39;&eacute;l&egrave;ve au rang de v&eacute;rit&eacute;. Et le passage du virtuel &agrave; l&#39;actuel ne peut se faire qu&#39;au sein de ce croisement de subjectivit&eacute;s&quot; (COULEAU, 1997, p. 137). Plusieurs modalit&eacute;s sont en pr&eacute;sence.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <ol style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-inline-start:48px;"> <li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="list-style-type: decimal; font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: 19.2pt;"> <h2 dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><em><strong><em><strong><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rem&eacute;diation</span></strong></em></strong></em></h2> </li> </ol> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 8.85pt;margin-right: 8.8pt;text-indent: 35.45pt;text-align: justify;margin-top:2.8pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">La rem&eacute;diation peut se faire &agrave; partir de l&rsquo;utilisation d&rsquo;un &quot;sch&eacute;ma des difficult&eacute;s&quot; (&agrave; constituer pr&eacute;alablement) que les apprenants &eacute;prouvent, en proposant de nouvelles m&eacute;diations &agrave; l&rsquo;initiative du corps enseignant et en diversifiant les ressources documentaires &agrave; leur disposition</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size:0.6em;vertical-align:super;">22</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">.</span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 8.85pt;margin-right: 8.65pt;text-indent: 35.45pt;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Viviane GLIKMAN (1996, p.3) &eacute;crit que &quot;si une efficacit&eacute; p&eacute;dagogique renforc&eacute;e est bien s&ucirc;r recherch&eacute;e, il est essentiel de comprendre, &agrave; la fois en fonction des form&eacute;s - avec leurs caract&eacute;ristiques et leurs projets individuels-, et des dispositifs - avec leurs logiques et leurs sp&eacute;cificit&eacute;s-, quelles formes de n&eacute;gociations s&#39;instaurent entre les consignes &eacute;dict&eacute;es par l&#39;offre et les pratiques effectives, entre les usages prescrits et les usages r&eacute;els&quot;.</span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 8.85pt;margin-right: 8.7pt;text-indent: 35.45pt;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">La r&eacute;ponse habituelle consiste pour proc&eacute;der &agrave; cette rem&eacute;diation &agrave; op&eacute;rer un retour dans le parcours de formation pour renforcer ou r&eacute;expliquer les passages o&ugrave; l&rsquo;apprenant &agrave; perdu pied, en bifurquant dans une sous-arborescence, ou en proposant des ressources compl&eacute;mentaires par une recherche dans des sites th&eacute;matiques en anneau par exemple (circulation de proche en proche pour &eacute;viter le &quot;surf sauvage&quot;, dans une approche sitographique).</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 8.85pt;margin-right: 8.75pt;text-indent: 35.45pt;text-align: justify;margin-top:2.45pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.8333pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size:0.6em;vertical-align:super;">22 </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Un exemple en math&eacute;matiques est fourni par Joseph PALMER d&egrave;s 1981 : des explications&nbsp; sp&eacute;cifiques &agrave; la suite d&#39;une &eacute;valuation sont donn&eacute;es, les contenus propos&eacute;s &eacute;tant automatiquement adapt&eacute;s &agrave; la nature des erreurs commises par l&rsquo;apprenant.</span></p> <ol start="2" style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-inline-start:48px;"> <li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="list-style-type: decimal; font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: 19.2pt;"> <h2 dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: justify;margin-top:2.95pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><em><strong><em><strong><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Parcours individualis&eacute;</span></strong></em></strong></em></h2> </li> </ol> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 8.85pt;margin-right: 8.65pt;text-indent: 35.45pt;text-align: justify;margin-top:2.8pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">H&eacute;l&egrave;ne GODINET (1996, p.88) explique le fonctionnement de ces strat&eacute;gies d&#39;&eacute;critures interactives : &quot;L&#39;ordinateur a cr&eacute;&eacute; un nouveau rapport &agrave; l&#39;&eacute;crit dans les processus - moteur et cognitif- comme dans les productions ; immat&eacute;rialit&eacute; du support, mall&eacute;abilit&eacute; du document, pr&eacute;sence virtuelle de l&#39;interlocuteur etc., autant de points sur lesquels s&#39;interroge tout enseignant soucieux d&#39;int&eacute;grer cet outil dans les pratiques de lecture-&eacute;criture. L&#39;arriv&eacute;e massive des hypertextes et des hyperm&eacute;dias remet en question la lin&eacute;arit&eacute; de l&#39;&eacute;crit ; elle implique des r&eacute;flexions sur les strat&eacute;gies de lecture-recherche, sur la lecture-navigation dans une masse sans cesse grandissante d&#39;informations, sur le caract&egrave;re pluricodique des activit&eacute;s de lecture-&eacute;criture (des images, des couleurs, des sons...) mais aussi sur la n&eacute;cessit&eacute; de prise en compte de la structure des informations. Lire-&eacute;crire en r&eacute;seau met en jeu des processus qu&#39;il nous faudra encore observer, analyser, et d&eacute;finir... Il s&#39;agit alors de quitter le lin&eacute;aire, la s&eacute;quentialit&eacute; (celle de l&#39;&eacute;crit livresque), pour aller vers l&#39;id&eacute;e d&#39;une toile d&#39;araign&eacute;e&quot;. A terme, l&rsquo;individualisation forme alors un parcours propre &agrave; l&rsquo;apprenant qui d&eacute;bouchera alors sur une v&eacute;ritable formation de son soi (ESPEJO &amp; al., 2020).</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <ol start="3" style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-inline-start:48px;"> <li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="list-style-type: decimal; font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: 19.2pt;"> <h2 dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: justify;margin-top:0.05pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><em><strong><em><strong><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Superficialit&eacute;</span></strong></em></strong></em></h2> </li> </ol> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 8.85pt;margin-right: 8.7pt;text-indent: 35.45pt;text-align: justify;margin-top:2.8pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mais attention, l&rsquo;exc&egrave;s d&rsquo;interactivit&eacute; (inter-activit&eacute;, soit entre les activit&eacute;s) peut tuer&nbsp; le processus d&rsquo;apprentissage. Les premi&egrave;res machines-progamm&eacute;es avaient ceci d&#39;int&eacute;ressant que la lin&eacute;arit&eacute; forc&eacute;e &eacute;tait productive de sens, et n&eacute;cessaire pour &eacute;viter une &quot;noyade&quot; ou un &quot;pitonnage&quot; superficiel dans une masse de donn&eacute;es infinies et incontr&ocirc;lables. L&#39;image virtuelle elle-m&ecirc;me suscite une collision des p&ocirc;les objet/sujet et peut aboutir &agrave; une confusion des termes (DESLANDES, 1997, p.11). Il faut donc en cela respecter le rythme d&rsquo;acquisition &quot;ralenti&quot; de l&rsquo;&ecirc;tre humain </span><em><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">versus </span></em><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">celui de la machine, lequel ne cesse d&rsquo;acc&eacute;l&eacute;rer. Il faut &quot;brider&quot; les m&eacute;dias interactifs, ralentir la communication (DERRIDA, 1990&nbsp;; 2000), donner de l&rsquo;espacement et de la diff&eacute;rence pour faire du sens, bref, donner le temps au temps de d&eacute;construire le savoir pour mieux le reconstruire, avec une capitalisation de temps humain accumul&eacute; n&eacute;cessaire important (PAIVANDI, 2018).</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3 dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 44.3pt;margin-top:11pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><strong><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">B - Didactique des g&eacute;nies techniques</span></strong></h3> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 8.85pt;margin-right: 8.7pt;text-indent: 35.45pt;text-align: justify;margin-top:2.85pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">En s&rsquo;appuyant sur les th&eacute;ories de d&eacute;structuration-restructuration des connaissances, enrichir son savoir, c&rsquo;est passer d&rsquo;un &eacute;tat pr&eacute;sent de ses connaissances et de sa compr&eacute;hension des ph&eacute;nom&egrave;nes et du monde &agrave; un &eacute;tat futur plus complet, plus pertinent au regard de la compr&eacute;hension des causes et des effets des ph&eacute;nom&egrave;nes. Cette modification de l&rsquo;&eacute;tat du savoir, que ce soit par enrichissement ou par r&eacute;ajustement de compr&eacute;hensions erron&eacute;es, implique de modifier les structures mentales qui stabilisent les connaissances ant&eacute;rieures (en les mobilisant dans une situation-probl&egrave;me &agrave; r&eacute;soudre par exemple qui d&eacute;passe le cadre d&rsquo;action des connaissances acquises), pour laisser la place &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;laboration d&rsquo;hypoth&egrave;ses, la formalisation d&rsquo;un cadre exp&eacute;rimental ou de recherche, la stabilisation de r&eacute;ponses (nouveaux savoirs) et leur nouvelle structuration dans le syst&egrave;me de connaissances de l&rsquo;apprenant. Des images transform&eacute;es &agrave; plusieurs degr&eacute; de d&eacute;tail ou d&rsquo;action permettent de rendre compte de fa&ccedil;on progressive et concourante de diff&eacute;rents niveaux de r&eacute;alit&eacute; et permettent une compr&eacute;hension progressive dans une structuration toujours plus compl&egrave;te des savoirs &agrave; acqu&eacute;rir, et ceci en fonction d&rsquo;un cadre p&eacute;dagogique ou didactique appropri&eacute;.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3 dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 44.3pt;margin-top:11.05pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><strong><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">C - Th&eacute;ories des sciences et des techniques</span></strong></h3> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 8.85pt;margin-right: 8.7pt;text-indent: 35.45pt;text-align: justify;margin-top:2.85pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">D&rsquo;apr&egrave;s Yves CARTONNET (2000) que nous reprenons, dans le champ bicentenaire de la question du savoir technique et de sa transmission (VULPIAN &amp; DUPOUX-COUTURIER, 2019), plusieurs points de vus ou entr&eacute;es sont possibles. L&rsquo;&eacute;tat de la recherche tend vers une compl&eacute;mentarit&eacute; de ces approches en les&nbsp;</span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-right: 8.95pt;text-align: justify;margin-top:3.75pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">fondant dans une th&eacute;orie g&eacute;n&eacute;rale qui est en cours de construction. Reprenons l&rsquo;&eacute;tat des savoirs et voyons les utilisations qui peuvent &ecirc;tre faites des images transform&eacute;es pour chacun d&rsquo;eux.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <ol style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-inline-start:48px;"> <li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="list-style-type: decimal; font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: 19.2pt;"> <h2 dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><em><strong><em><strong><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Th&eacute;orie technologique</span></strong></em></strong></em></h2> </li> </ol> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 8.85pt;margin-right: 8.6pt;text-indent: 35.45pt;text-align: justify;margin-top:2.85pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Th&eacute;orie de la proposition, elle op&egrave;re par th&eacute;orisation de techniques, elles-m&ecirc;mes &eacute;labor&eacute;es &agrave; partir de la formalisation de pratiques. Elle s&rsquo;appuie sur des manuels techniques, des recueils d&rsquo;&eacute;tudes de cas. Il s&rsquo;agit de th&eacute;oriser et de permettre une abstraction conceptuelle des structures &eacute;tudi&eacute;es. Les images transform&eacute;es sont particuli&egrave;rement &agrave; m&ecirc;me de servir de tels objectifs, notamment celles des cat&eacute;gories images interm&eacute;diaires et images abstraites, en permettant de passer d&rsquo;une repr&eacute;sentation de la r&eacute;alit&eacute; aux repr&eacute;sentations des structures sous- jacentes (graphismes techniques), pour proposer une approche de l&rsquo;existant selon l&rsquo;angle d&rsquo;une association fonction / solution.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <ol start="2" style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-inline-start:48px;"> <li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="list-style-type: decimal; font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: 19.2pt;"> <h2 dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><em><strong><em><strong><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Th&eacute;orie scientifique</span></strong></em></strong></em></h2> </li> </ol> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 8.85pt;margin-right: 8.8pt;text-indent: 35.45pt;text-align: justify;margin-top:2.8pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Son objet est de mod&eacute;liser les syst&egrave;mes existants, afin de les expliquer et de les &eacute;valuer. Les images transform&eacute;es abstraites, de mod&eacute;lisation et d&rsquo;action (images transform&eacute;es cin&eacute;tiques et interactives) sont donc particuli&egrave;rement &agrave; m&ecirc;me de donner les moyens aux apprenants d&rsquo;acqu&eacute;rir les savoirs recherch&eacute;s en fonction des objectifs de cette th&eacute;orie, dans le cadre d&rsquo;une formation g&eacute;n&eacute;rale d&eacute;finie par abstraction conceptuelle.</span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 8.85pt;margin-right: 8.95pt;text-indent: 35.45pt;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ces deux th&eacute;ories sont donc compl&eacute;mentaires, et &oelig;uvrent &agrave; la formalisation de structures de syst&egrave;mes &agrave; l&rsquo;aide de classes d&rsquo;&eacute;quivalences.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <ol start="3" style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-inline-start:48px;"> <li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="list-style-type: decimal; font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: 19.2pt;"> <h2 dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height:1.2;text-align: justify;margin-top:11.05pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><em><strong><em><strong><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">M&eacute;thode heuristique</span></strong></em></strong></em></h2> </li> </ol> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 8.85pt;margin-right: 8.7pt;text-indent: 35.45pt;text-align: justify;margin-top:2.8pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">En parall&egrave;le aux deux th&eacute;ories pr&eacute;c&eacute;dentes se sont &eacute;labor&eacute;s les concepts de&nbsp; technologie structurale (&agrave; partir de la logique combinatoire) et de technologie g&eacute;n&eacute;tique (&agrave; partir de la psychologie de l&rsquo;invention), qui permettent de r&eacute;pondre pour les produits industriels aux notions de &quot;partie op&eacute;rative&quot; et de &quot;partie commande&quot; (asservie et en r&eacute;seau). Les images transform&eacute;es cin&eacute;matiques sont le plus &agrave; m&ecirc;me de r&eacute;pondre &agrave; un objectif de formation sur ces concepts. Mais d&rsquo;autres notions compl&eacute;mentaires sont n&eacute;cessaires &agrave; une compr&eacute;hension des fonctionnements qui correspondent aux caract&eacute;ristiques de l&rsquo;exercice dans la r&eacute;alit&eacute; : milieu int&eacute;rieur, structure syst&eacute;mique, concept de concr&eacute;tude, de synergie, d&eacute;terminants socio-&eacute;conomiques&hellip; Afin d&rsquo;int&eacute;grer au mieux tous ces param&egrave;tres, un travail d&rsquo;apprentissage reposant sur l&rsquo;utilisation de syst&egrave;mes-experts peut &ecirc;tre propos&eacute; (ABEL &amp; al., 2018). Ces syst&egrave;mes regroupent des bases de faits, de calcul et de comportements, dans lesquelles les images transform&eacute;es et leur contexte d&rsquo;utilisation trouvent pleinement une utilit&eacute;</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size:0.6em;vertical-align:super;">23</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">.</span></p> <p><br /> <br /> &nbsp;</p> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.21;margin-left: 8.85pt;margin-right: 8.65pt;text-indent: 35.45pt;text-align: justify;margin-top:2.95pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size:0.6em;vertical-align:super;">23 </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ces syst&egrave;mes peuvent &ecirc;tre multi-agents en articulant des modules sp&eacute;cialis&eacute;s pour l&#39;interaction, l&#39;analyse de r&eacute;ponses et de raisonnements, le suivi de formation avec expertise de diagnostic (Jean COUTAZ, 1990). Ils peuvent aussi s&rsquo;appuyer sur l&#39;architecture des </span><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Intelligent Tutoring Systems </span></em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(ITS) qui se compose d&#39;un module mod&eacute;lisant l&#39;apprenant, d&#39;un module p&eacute;dagogique et d&#39;un module d&rsquo;expertise des connaissances &agrave; faire apprendre (Thierry CHANIER, 1993). Et ils devront aussi trouver et s&rsquo;appuyer sur des m&eacute;thodes permettant d&rsquo;&ecirc;tre r&eacute;silient et durable (AHLSTR&Ouml;M &amp; al., 2020).</span></p> <p><br /> &nbsp;</p> <h2 dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><em><u><strong><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Conclusion</span></strong></u></em></h2> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 8.85pt;margin-right: 8.65pt;text-indent: 35.45pt;text-align: justify;margin-top:4.5pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pierre CARPENTIER (1994, p.160) propose la prescription suivante : &quot;Toutes les formes (de l&rsquo;image) devraient permettre &agrave; l&#39;apprenant de s&#39;approprier le processus d&rsquo;apprentissage, ou d&#39;agir sur lui au lieu de seulement le subir pour parvenir &agrave; l&#39;appropriation des savoirs. C&rsquo;est sur le parcours conduisant aux contenus que l&rsquo;&eacute;l&egrave;ve interviendra, devenant par l&agrave;, avec l&#39;auteur du programme et l&#39;animateur ou l&#39;enseignant qui le pilotera &eacute;ventuellement dans ce programme, coproducteur de l&#39;acte p&eacute;dagogique&quot;.</span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 8.85pt;margin-right: 8.8pt;text-indent: 35.45pt;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Que cet objectif soit rendu possible par toutes les documentations disponibles et les parcours de formation offerts irait dans le sens d&rsquo;une autom&eacute;diation qui rendrait responsables les apprenants en les faisant co-acteurs de leur propre apprentissage et de leur&nbsp; d&eacute;veloppement. Et ces vis&eacute;es pourraient &ecirc;tre d&rsquo;autant plus facilement atteintes que seront mobilis&eacute;es les aides qu&rsquo;apportent les derni&egrave;res avanc&eacute;es des sciences et des techniques, comme par exemple en mati&egrave;re de transdisciplinarit&eacute; ou des neurosciences (FUENTES &amp; COLLADO, 2019).</span></p> <p><br /> <br /> &nbsp;</p> <h1 dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 44.3pt;margin-top:8.65pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><strong><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bibliographiques</span></strong></h1> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 8.85pt;margin-right: 8.75pt;margin-top:0.05pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ABEL, M.-H., TALI, F., &amp; NAGELS, M. (2018). Focus on the Agency of Learners to Innovate in Pedagogy. In </span><em><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Future of Innovation and Technology in Education : Policies and Practices for Teaching and Learning Excellence</span></em><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (Bingley (UK), p. 27-40). Emerald Publishing Limited. </span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78756-555-520181004" style=""><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78756-555-520181004</span></u></a></p> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 8.85pt;margin-right: 8.75pt;margin-top:0.05pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">AHLSTR&Ouml;M, H., WILLIAMS, A., &amp; VILD&Aring;SEN, S. S. (2020). Enhancing systems thinking in corporate sustainability through a transdisciplinary research process. </span><em><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Journal of Cleaner Production</span></em><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, 120691. </span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120691" style=""><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120691</span></u></a></p> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 8.85pt;margin-right: 8.75pt;margin-top:0.05pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ANCET, J., FOLIGNO. (1997). L&rsquo;imperceptible, In </span><em><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">La voix du regard </span></em><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(pp. 23-29). n&deg;10. ANCET, P. (1997). Le temps virtuel, &agrave; propos de la machine &agrave; voyager dans le temps, In </span><em><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">La voix du regard </span></em><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(pp. 118-127). n&deg;10.</span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 8.85pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ATTALI, J. (1996). </span><em><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">De la t&eacute;l&eacute;matique &agrave; Internet. </span></em><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">CNDP.</span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 8.85pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">BALLE, F. (1997). </span><em><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">M&eacute;dias et Soci&eacute;t&eacute;s</span></em><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. &Eacute;ditions Montchr&eacute;stien. R&eacute;&eacute;dition.</span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 8.85pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">BARTHES, J.-P. A., WANDERLEY, G. M. P., LACAZE-LABADIE, R., &amp; LOURDEAUX, D. (2018). Designing Training Virtual Environments Supported by Cognitive Agents. </span><em><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2018 IEEE 22nd International Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work in Design ((CSCWD))</span></em><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, 307-312. </span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/CSCWD.2018.8465330" style=""><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://doi.org/10.1109/CSCWD.2018.8465330</span></u></a></p> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 8.85pt;margin-right: 8.65pt;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">BONREPAUX, C. (2003). Jeux vid&eacute;o : pour une inqui&eacute;tude raisonnable (pp.XII-XIII), et Regarder la t&eacute;l&eacute;vision en famille (pp. XIV-XV), In </span><em><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Le monde de l&#39;&eacute;ducation</span></em><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, suppl&eacute;ment au num&eacute;ro 317.</span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 8.85pt;margin-right: 8.65pt;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">BUTY, C., BADREDDINE, Z., &amp; REGNIER, J.-C. (2012). Didactique des sciences et interactions dans la classe : Quelques lignes directrices pour une analyse dynamique. </span><em><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ENSAIO Pesquisa em duca&ccedil;&atilde;o em ci&ecirc;ncias</span></em><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, </span><em><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">14 (1)</span></em><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, 147-165.</span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 8.85pt;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">CACCIA, F. 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Interactivit&eacute; Contre Passivit&eacute;, In </span><em><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Les T&eacute;l&eacute;visions Educatives, Cin&eacute;mAction t&eacute;l&eacute;vision n&deg;9 (</span></em><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">pp. 159-162.). CNDP-IZI.</span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 8.85pt;margin-right: 8.7pt;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">CARTONNET, Y. 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In </span><em><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Colloque Sciences Cognitives, Informatique et Apprentissage des Langues </span></em><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(</span></u><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">p.2</span><em><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">). </span></em><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Clermont-Ferrand.</span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:3.75pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">&nbsp;&nbsp;COULEAU, C. 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Balzac interactif ou la virtualisation du sens</span><em><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. </span></em><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In </span><em><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">La voix du regard</span></em></p> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 8.85pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(pp.111-116). n&deg;10.</span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 8.85pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">COULEAU, C. (1997)</span><em><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. </span></em><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">De l&#39;hypoth&egrave;se &agrave; l&#39;image : la repr&eacute;sentation du virtuel. In </span><em><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">La voix du regard </span></em><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(pp. 128-137)</span><em><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. </span></em><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">n&deg;10</span><em><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">.</span></em></p> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 8.85pt;margin-right: 8.75pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">COUTAZ, J. 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Le r&eacute;el, le virtuel et l&#39;absolu. </span><em><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">La voix du regard </span></em><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(pp. 41-51</span><em><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">). </span></em><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">n&deg;10. DELFOUR, J.J. (1997b). Note sur The baby of M&acirc;con de Peter Greenaway : cin&eacute;ma subversif ou cin&eacute;ma pervers ?. In </span><em><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">La voix du regard </span></em><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(pp. 178-181). n&deg;10.</span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 8.85pt;margin-top:0.05pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">DERRIDA, J. 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In </span><em><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">La voix du regard. </span></em><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">n&deg;10.</span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 8.85pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">DRAVET, F., PASQUIER, F., COLLADO, J., &amp; CASTRO, G. 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Universidade Catolica de Brasilia. </span><a href="https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-02881855" style=""><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-02881855</span></u></a></p> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 8.85pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">DUCLOS, V. (2016). Anthropotechniques : Sur la relation entre technologie et humanit&eacute; chez Peter Sloterdijk. </span><em><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Soci&eacute;t&eacute;s</span></em><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, </span><em><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">131</span></em><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(1), 41-49. </span><a href="https://doi.org/10.3917/soc.131.0041" style=""><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://doi.org/10.3917/soc.131.0041</span></u></a></p> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 8.85pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ESPEJO, R., LAMBERT, D., &amp; PASQUIER, F. 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Formation de soi et parcours professionnel [Transdisciplinary Insights for the Design of New Worlds]. </span><em><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Zahaar</span></em><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. </span><a href="https://medium.com/@zahaar8/formation-de-soi-et-parcours-professionnel-841d3bb6a61b" style=""><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://medium.com/@zahaar8/formation-de-soi-et-parcours-professionnel-841d3bb6a61b</span></u></a></p> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 8.85pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">FUENTES CANOSA, A., &amp; COLLADO RUANO, J. 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Fundamentos epistemol&oacute;gicos transdisciplinares de educaci&oacute;n y neurociencia. </span><em><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Soph&iacute;a</span></em><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, </span><em><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">26</span></em><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, 83-113. </span><a href="https://doi.org/10.17163/soph.n26.2019.02" style=""><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://doi.org/10.17163/soph.n26.2019.02</span></u></a></p> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 8.85pt;margin-right: 8.75pt;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">GLIKMAN, V. 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Le Multim&eacute;dia au Service de la Formation et du FLE : Perspectives et Conditions de D&eacute;veloppement</span><em><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. </span></em><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In </span><em><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Colloque Outils Multim&eacute;dias et Strat&eacute;gies d&#39;Apprentissage du FLE </span></em><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(pp. 77-88). Table ronde. CREDIF/Universit&eacute; Lille 3</span><em><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">.</span></em></p> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 8.85pt;margin-right: 8.65pt;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">GODINET, H. (1997). Le virtuel : arme diabolique ou tremplin pour la cr&eacute;ation ?. 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(2017). </span><em><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ecrilecture augment&eacute;e dans les communaut&eacute;s scientifiques : Humanit&eacute;s num&eacute;riques et construction des savoirs</span></em><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. Lyon : D&eacute;citre.</span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-left: 8.85pt;margin-right: 27.25pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">LACHAT, A. 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(2019). </span><em><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Homo sapiens &agrave; l&rsquo;heure de l&rsquo;intelligence artificielle. La m&eacute;tamorphose humaniste.</span></em><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Eyrolles Editions.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p>