<p>Article</p> <h2 style="text-align:justify; margin-top:3px"><span style="font-size:13pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri Light&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="color:#2f5496"><span style="font-weight:normal"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Introduction</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></h2> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Avec la globalisation, la capacit&eacute; des entreprises &agrave; d&eacute;velopper leurs activit&eacute;s hors de leurs fronti&egrave;res nationales est devenue un enjeu fondamental (H&eacute;bert, 2002). En effet, l&rsquo;internationalisation des entreprises repr&eacute;sente un ph&eacute;nom&egrave;ne contemporain puissant et complexe qui touche les entreprises, les &Eacute;tats, les communaut&eacute;s et les soci&eacute;t&eacute;s (Raufflet, 2006).</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Consid&eacute;r&eacute; par Jones (2007) comme &eacute;tant &quot;un processus par lequel les entreprises grandissent et se d&eacute;veloppent à l&#39;international, &eacute;tablissent et g&egrave;rent leurs activit&eacute;s à l&#39;&eacute;tranger, augmentent leurs expositions aux transactions internationales, &eacute;tablissent et d&eacute;veloppent des relations et des r&eacute;seaux qui s&#39;&eacute;tendent au-del&agrave; des fronti&egrave;res et qui se manifestent et s&#39;identifient à travers des modes d&#39;entr&eacute;e sp&eacute;cifiques&quot;, l&rsquo;internationalisation est consid&eacute;r&eacute;e comme une des plus importantes voies de d&eacute;veloppement pour les entreprises. Dans ce cadre, l&rsquo;internationalisation permet aux entreprises de remettre en question les strat&eacute;gies, les pratiques et les comp&eacute;tences individuelles et collectives (Raufflet, 2006). D&rsquo;ailleurs, un des d&eacute;fis majeurs est l&rsquo;implication de l&rsquo;intelligence &eacute;conomique au niveau des strat&eacute;gies d&rsquo;internationalisation des entreprises.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&Agrave; cet effet, d</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">ans notre article, nous chercherons &agrave; traiter de l&rsquo;apport de l&rsquo;intelligence &eacute;conomique &agrave; l&rsquo;internationalisation des entreprises marocaines en Afrique Subsaharienne.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Donnant mati&egrave;re &agrave; une r&eacute;flexion plus globale, cet article de recherche est organis&eacute; en trois axes&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:Symbol">- </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">L</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">e</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> contexte de l</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&rsquo;internationalisation des entreprises marocaines en Afrique Subsaharienne&nbsp;</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">;</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:Symbol">- </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Le</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> r&ocirc;le de la gestion</span> <span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">de l&rsquo;</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">information</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> dans le processus d&rsquo;internationalisation;</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:Symbol">- </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">L&rsquo;apport de l&rsquo;intelligence &eacute;conomique &agrave; l&rsquo;internationalisation</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">.</span></span></span></span></p> <ol style="list-style-type:upper-roman"> <li style="text-align:justify; margin-top:3px"><span style="font-size:13pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri Light&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="color:#2f5496"><span style="font-weight:normal"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">L&rsquo;internationalisation des entreprises marocaines en Afrique Subsaharienne</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> </ol> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">L&rsquo;Afrique Subsaharienne, devient depuis plusieurs ann&eacute;es, une destination &agrave; la mode des entreprises marocaines souhaitant internationaliser leurs activit&eacute;s surtout apr&egrave;s la r&eacute;ussite de l&rsquo;internationalisation de plusieurs grands groupes pendant ces derni&egrave;res ann&eacute;es et le lancement d&rsquo;une batterie de mesures dont notamment l&rsquo;assouplissement de la r&egrave;glementation des investissements, la signature des diff&eacute;rents accords internationaux de promotion et de protection des investissements et la conclusion, &agrave; partir de 2001, de plus de 500 accords de coop&eacute;ration dans plusieurs domaines avec les pays de l&rsquo;Afrique Subsaharienne (IRES, 2012). S&rsquo;ajoute &agrave; cela la cr&eacute;ation d&rsquo;un fond de 200 millions de dirhams afin de renforcer la pr&eacute;sence des op&eacute;rateurs priv&eacute;s marocains sur le march&eacute; africain.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Cette combinaison de facteurs a engendr&eacute; une augmentation impressionnante du volume d&rsquo;investissements du Maroc en Afrique au cours des derni&egrave;res ann&eacute;es (Dafir, 2021). Les investissements directs marocains dans 30 pays d&rsquo;Afrique, d&rsquo;une valeur cumul&eacute;e de 37 milliards de dirhams entre 2003 et 2017, constituent l&rsquo;essentiel des investissements directs &eacute;trangers sortants du Maroc, avec une part moyenne de 60% des flux sortants totaux. En effet, les entreprises marocaines ciblent essentiellement les pays d&#39;Afrique subsaharienne qui repr&eacute;sentent une moyenne de 89,5% du total des flux des IDE sortants vers le continent <span style="color:black">(Office des changes).</span></span></span></span></span></p> <ol start="2" style="list-style-type:upper-roman"> <li style="text-align:justify; margin-top:3px"><span style="font-size:13pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri Light&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="color:#2f5496"><span style="font-weight:normal"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Les besoins en informations</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> </ol> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">La capacit&eacute; &agrave; ma&icirc;triser l&rsquo;information (le processus de collecte, d&rsquo;analyse et et de protection) se pr&eacute;sente comme l&rsquo;une des voies les plus prometteuses pour faciliter l&rsquo;internationalisation des entreprises. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Avant de s&rsquo;engager dans une op&eacute;ration d&rsquo;internationalisation, l&rsquo;entreprise doit tout d&rsquo;abord sp&eacute;cifier les informations dont elle aura besoin et r&eacute;pondre &agrave; un certain nombre de questions par rapport &agrave; </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">la s&eacute;lection du ou des pays-march&eacute;s, le choix des modalit&eacute;s d&rsquo;internationalisation, la mise &oelig;uvre des techniques du marketing international, la recherche des partenaires locaux et &eacute;trangers (Lecointre, 2012; Catanzaro et al., 2015). </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">D&rsquo;ailleurs, l&rsquo;intelligence &eacute;conomique vise entre autres &agrave; identifier et &agrave; exprimer les besoins en information, &agrave; collecter, transformer, assimiler et &agrave; agir sur l&rsquo;information &agrave; des fins strat&eacute;giques (Sybord, 2015).</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Ma&icirc;triser les besoins en informations permettent &agrave; l&rsquo;entreprise de r&eacute;ussir </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">son processus d&rsquo;internationalisation. </span></span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">En effet, l&rsquo;internationalisation est consid&eacute;r&eacute;e avant tout comme des d&eacute;cisions li&eacute;es &agrave; des besoins informationnels. Dans ce sens, le d&eacute;veloppement international de toute entreprise met en &eacute;vidence l&rsquo;importance des besoins en informations (Chtourou, 2006). Dans ce sens, l&#39;internationalisation est consid&eacute;r&eacute;e comme un r&eacute;v&eacute;lateur des besoins informationnels (Monnoyer, 1995). <span style="color:black">L&rsquo;entreprise a besoin donc de collecter, analyser et exploiter un nombre important d&rsquo;informations selon un processus lui permettant d&rsquo;&ecirc;tre comp&eacute;titif.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">En outre, les besoins en informations sont li&eacute;es &agrave; la nature du march&eacute; et la disponibilit&eacute; des donn&eacute;es. Ils augmentent au fur et &agrave; mesure de la complexification de l&rsquo;engagement international (Cafferata et Mensi, 1995) et l&rsquo;obscurit&eacute; des march&eacute;s cibl&eacute;s </span></span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">en raison du manque d&rsquo;informations qui les caract&eacute;rise (Donckels et Lambrecht, 1995). En effet, quelques march&eacute;s sont moins connus que d&rsquo;autres pour plusieurs raisons.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Le processus d&rsquo;internationalisation des entreprises est marqu&eacute; par une s&eacute;rie de d&eacute;cisions et de choix que les dirigeants sont amen&eacute;s &agrave; faire. Les principaux arbitrages demeurent ceux li&eacute;s &agrave; la volont&eacute; d&rsquo;engager ou non ses activit&eacute;s en dehors des fronti&egrave;res nationales (Aharoni et al., 2011), au degr&eacute; de planification des op&eacute;rations &agrave; l&rsquo;international (Child et Hsieh, 2014). </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Le choix du pays cible, des formules de coop&eacute;ration et des partenaires n&rsquo;est pas une t&acirc;che ais&eacute;e et d&eacute;pend de plusieurs facteurs tant endog&egrave;nes qu&rsquo;exog&egrave;nes (Toulova et al., 2015). Il s&rsquo;agit d&rsquo;un arbitrage qui se fait par les entrepreneurs en prenant en consid&eacute;ration plusieurs crit&egrave;res et donn&eacute;es (Musso et Francioni, 2014). D&rsquo;ailleurs, il est indispensable d&rsquo;&eacute;tudier chaque choix de localisation afin d&rsquo;optimiser la cha&icirc;ne de valeur globale et la d&eacute;composition internationale des processus productifs (Dunning, 2009).</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">En effet, les entreprises internationales sont amen&eacute;s &agrave; faire face &agrave; de nombreuses difficult&eacute;s et de nombreux risques dont notamment la concurrence d&eacute;loyale, le protectionnisme, l&rsquo;insolvabilit&eacute; des partenaires, le non-respect des engagements, les diff&eacute;rences dans la r&eacute;glementation entre les pays, la volatilit&eacute; du cours de change, l&rsquo;instabilit&eacute; politique&hellip;( Brustbauer, 2014&nbsp;; Kraus et al., 2015&nbsp;; Toulova et al., 2015). Les entreprises courent &eacute;galement des risques &eacute;manant des menaces informationnelles de la part des concurrents. Elles peuvent faire face &agrave; des actions de d&eacute;sinformation, de vol de donn&eacute;es, de piratage informatique&hellip; (Moinet, 2014).</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&Agrave;</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> cet effet, la gestion de l&rsquo;information est parmi les outils indispensables sur les march&eacute;s internationaux. Elle constitue une pratique tr&egrave;s utile pour les dirigeants des entreprises internationales (Boutary, 2009 ; Kalafsky, 2009 ; Moinet, 2014). </span></span></span></span></p> <ol start="3" style="list-style-type:upper-roman"> <li style="text-align:justify; margin-top:3px"><span style="font-size:13pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri Light&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="color:#2f5496"><span style="font-weight:normal"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">L&rsquo;apport de l&rsquo;intelligence &eacute;conomique &agrave; l&rsquo;internationalisation</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> </ol> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">L&rsquo;implication de l&rsquo;intelligence &eacute;conomique au niveau des strat&eacute;gies d&rsquo;internationalisation des entreprises va d&eacute;velopper la capacit&eacute; des entreprises &agrave; produire des connaissances utiles &agrave; la prise de d&eacute;cision et adapt&eacute;es aux exigences de la concurrence internationale dans la r&eacute;gion. Elle permettra &eacute;galement la mise en place d&rsquo;actions d&rsquo;influence et de promotion de l&rsquo;image de marque de ses entreprises.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">L&rsquo;intelligence &eacute;conomique comme &eacute;tant &laquo; l&rsquo;ensemble des actions coordonn&eacute;es de recherche, de traitement et de distribution, en vue de son exploitation, de l&rsquo;information utile aux acteurs &eacute;conomiques &raquo; s&rsquo;impose par les possibilit&eacute;s qu&rsquo;elle offre pour mobiliser le savoir et les comp&eacute;tences comme sources d&rsquo;avantage &eacute;conomiques. </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Une firme qui s&rsquo;engage dans un processus d&rsquo;internationalisation a besoin de connaitre les caract&eacute;ristiques des march&eacute;s-pays, les conditions locales de la concurrence, la faisabilit&eacute; technique et commerciale de l&rsquo;offre de l&rsquo;entreprise &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;tranger et le contexte global de l&rsquo;internationalisation (Ramangalahy, 2001&nbsp;; <span style="background:white"><span style="color:black">Chtourou, 2006</span></span>). La capacit&eacute; de la firme &agrave; mettre en place une d&eacute;marche d&rsquo;intelligence &eacute;conomique favorise l&rsquo;&eacute;tablissement d&rsquo;un diagnostic d&rsquo;internationalisation lui permettant de sp&eacute;cifier les risques &agrave; courir, les besoins en ressources, la mobilisation des ressources ainsi que la mise au point d&rsquo;une strat&eacute;gie internationale. Le but &eacute;tant de r&eacute;duire le niveau d&rsquo;incertitude dans les choix &agrave; prendre et de supporter ainsi le processus de d&eacute;cision en situation de risque (Colovic, 2013). Dans ce sens, la d&eacute;marche d&rsquo;intelligence &eacute;conomique est une d&eacute;marche orient&eacute;e vers la prise de d&eacute;cision toute en minimisant les risques dans un environnement que l&rsquo;entreprise ne ma&icirc;trise pas forc&eacute;ment (Larivet et al., 2016).</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Dans ce sens, la pratique d&rsquo;intelligence &eacute;conomique repose sur la gestion de l&rsquo;information &agrave; l&rsquo;aide des activit&eacute;s de recherche, d&rsquo;analyse, d&rsquo;influence et de protection de l&rsquo;information (Harbulot, 2014).</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Dans ce sens, les entreprises marocaines font de plus en plus appel soit &agrave; des experts externes ou bien optent pour la cr&eacute;ation de cellules de veille et d&rsquo;intelligence &eacute;conomiques.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">La confrontation de plusieurs donn&eacute;es collect&eacute;es aupr&egrave;s de sp&eacute;cialistes de veille, a permis de situer chaque niveau d&rsquo;intelligence &eacute;conomique avec l&rsquo;output, la comp&eacute;tence recherch&eacute;e et les limites observ&eacute;es au niveau des pays africains. Ces donn&eacute;es peuvent &ecirc;tre sch&eacute;matis&eacute;es suivant le tableau ci-apr&egrave;s&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p align="center" class="MsoCaption" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="color:#44546a"><span style="font-style:italic"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Tableau </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">1</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">: La pratique de l&rsquo;intelligence &eacute;conomique en Afrique</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></p> <table align="center" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:121px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; background-color:#e5e5e5; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Niveau</span></b></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:121px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; background-color:#e5e5e5; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Contexte</span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:121px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; background-color:#e5e5e5; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Output</span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:121px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; background-color:#e5e5e5; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Comp&eacute;tence</span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:121px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; background-color:#e5e5e5; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Limites</span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:121px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; background-color:#e5e5e5; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Veille</span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:121px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Volume d&rsquo;informations</span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:121px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Anticipation</span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:121px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Technique</span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:121px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Co&ucirc;t de l&rsquo;information</span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:121px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; background-color:#e5e5e5; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Analyse</span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:121px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">G&eacute;o&eacute;conomie</span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:121px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Leviers d&rsquo;actions</span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:121px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Analytique</span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:121px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Manque d&rsquo;analystes</span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:121px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; background-color:#e5e5e5; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">S&eacute;curit&eacute;</span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:121px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Cyberattaques</span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:121px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Protection</span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:121px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Technique</span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:121px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Sensibilisation</span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:121px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; background-color:#e5e5e5; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Influence</span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:121px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">R&eacute;seaux sociaux</span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:121px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Profit</span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:121px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Strat&eacute;gique</span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:121px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Sensibilisation</span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p align="center" class="MsoCaption" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="color:#44546a"><span style="font-style:italic"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:white">Source&nbsp;: </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Elabor&eacute; par les auteurs</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></p> <ol> <li style="text-align:justify; margin-top:3px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri Light&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="color:#1f3763"><span style="font-weight:normal"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">La veille strat&eacute;gique et les activit&eacute;s de collecte</span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> </ol> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">L</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">a veille strat&eacute;gique est une pratique permettant de collecter et de comprendre les informations issues de l&rsquo;environnement de l&rsquo;entreprise. Toute veille a pour but d&rsquo;apporter des &eacute;l&eacute;ments de r&eacute;ponse &agrave; une question qui se r&eacute;p&egrave;te tr&egrave;s souvent: quelle est la d&eacute;cision &agrave; prendre ? C&rsquo;est le c&oelig;ur m&ecirc;me de l&rsquo;intelligence &eacute;conomique.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Elle permet de diminuer le niveau d&rsquo;incertitude environnementale afin d&rsquo;am&eacute;liorer le processus de prise de d&eacute;cision (Lesca et al., 2012). </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">La veille varie selon le type de l&rsquo;environnement sur lequel elle s&rsquo;applique. Parmi les formes de veille : </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Courier New&quot;">o </span><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Informationnelle&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> li&eacute;e &agrave; la recherche d&rsquo;opportunit&eacute;s ou des march&eacute;s.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Courier New&quot;">o </span><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Concurrentielle&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> li&eacute;e aux concurrents, leurs strat&eacute;gies et leurs actions.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Courier New&quot;">o </span><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Marketing&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> li&eacute;e aux Success stories et aux meilleures pratiques</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Courier New&quot;">o </span><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Informations de terrain&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> li&eacute;e &agrave; l&rsquo;environnement. Pour plusieurs experts de la r&eacute;gion, il s&rsquo;agit de la pratique la plus efficace et la plus pertinente. Les informations d&rsquo;origine homme de terrain permettent d&rsquo;identifier des opportunit&eacute;s et des menaces internationales qui constituent l&rsquo;&eacute;tape initiale de la formulation de la strat&eacute;gie d&rsquo;internationalisation (Lemaire, 2003).</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Courier New&quot;">o </span><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">R&egrave;glementaire et juridique&nbsp;:</span></b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> li&eacute;e aux informations sur les lois et la r&eacute;glementation.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">La veille constitue g&eacute;n&eacute;ralement un &eacute;l&eacute;ment majeur du succ&egrave;s des entreprises internationales (Ali et Swiercz, 1991). Elle permet aux entreprises d&rsquo;acc&eacute;der aux caract&eacute;ristiques des march&eacute;s-pays, aux conditions locales de la concurrence et au contexte global de l&rsquo;internationalisation.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Au niveau de l&rsquo;internationalisation des entreprises marocaines en Afrique Subsaharienne, le processus primitif d&eacute;bute par la collecte d&rsquo;informations relatives aux nouveaux march&eacute;s (Labiad et Bensaid, 2017). Le type de veille diff&egrave;re selon les besoins de l&rsquo;entreprise. Le tableau ci-apr&egrave;s r&eacute;sume les outils qui ont &eacute;t&eacute; d&eacute;velopp&eacute;s par les entreprises pour les adapter aux types des besoins sur les march&eacute;s cibl&eacute;s.</span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" class="MsoCaption" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="color:#44546a"><span style="font-style:italic"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Tableau 2 : Matrice besoins et types de veille</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></p> <table class="MsoTableGrid" style="margin-left:9px; border-collapse:collapse; border:none"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:293px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; background-color:#e5e5e5; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Besoins</span></b></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:302px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; background-color:#e5e5e5; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Outils</span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:293px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Opportunit&eacute;s / March&eacute;s</span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:302px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Veille informationnelle</span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:293px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Concurrence</span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:302px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Veille concurrentielle</span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:293px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Success stories</span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:302px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Veille marketing</span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:293px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Risques</span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:302px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Veille terrain</span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:293px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">R&eacute;glementation</span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:302px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Veille r&eacute;glementaire</span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:293px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Accords</span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:302px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Veille juridique</span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p align="center" class="MsoCaption" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="color:#44546a"><span style="font-style:italic"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Source&nbsp;: Elabor&eacute; par les auteurs</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Au niveau de la pratique, plusieurs responsables de veille mettent l&rsquo;accent sur la veille terrain comme &eacute;tant le moyen le plus utilis&eacute; pour la collecte d&rsquo;informations en Afrique Subsaharienne. La raison est bien simple&nbsp;: les documents ne sont pas actualis&eacute;s et les chiffres ne sont pas v&eacute;rifi&eacute;s<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>. A ce niveau, plusieurs cabinets marocains proposent des missions terrain pour la collecte d&rsquo;informations par rapport aux risques et aux opportunit&eacute;s.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Les contacts directs sur place sont aussi une solution tr&egrave;s efficace pour bien comprendre le march&eacute; cible. Pour Usinier (1990), les contacts directs dans le pays vis&eacute; sont une source efficace pour conna&icirc;tre les besoins des clients et les particularit&eacute;s des march&eacute;s internationaux. Pour Donckels et Lambrecht (1995), les petites et moyennes entreprises (PME) devraient recourir &agrave; un partenaire local pour pouvoir aborder les distances culturelles et psychologiques et pour acc&eacute;der aux informations n&eacute;cessaires &agrave; leur d&eacute;veloppement international. </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Un autre canal tr&egrave;s int&eacute;ressant pour la collecte d&rsquo;informations strat&eacute;giques sont les ambassades marocaines dans la r&eacute;gion (Dafir et Salam, 2016). Elles mettent un certain nombre de donn&eacute;es actualis&eacute;es et difficilement accessibles au service des entreprises marocaines. Toutefois, le contact n&rsquo;est pas toujours facile avec les conseillers &eacute;conomiques des ambassades (Dafir, 2014)<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></span></span></span></p> <ol start="2"> <li style="text-align:justify; margin-top:3px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri Light&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="color:#1f3763"><span style="font-weight:normal"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">L&rsquo;analyse des informations</span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> </ol> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">L&rsquo;analyse des informations collect&eacute;es est une &eacute;tape tr&egrave;s importante du processus d&rsquo;intelligence &eacute;conomique. Cette &eacute;tape est consid&eacute;r&eacute;e comme la plus difficile puisqu&rsquo;elle n&eacute;cessite une ma&icirc;trise des enjeux g&eacute;ostrat&eacute;giques et une grande exp&eacute;rience. Toutefois, L&rsquo;analyse se base sur la qualit&eacute; de collecte d&rsquo;informations. </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Elle prend, dans notre cas, la forme d&rsquo;un traitement d&rsquo;informations par une intelligence afin de produire des leviers d&rsquo;actions pour les entreprises sur le terrain. En effet, l&rsquo;analyse se fait suivant une m&eacute;thodologie tr&egrave;s technique n&eacute;cessitant une comp&eacute;tence pointue et une d&eacute;marche prospective. </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Plusieurs entreprises souhaitant s&rsquo;internationaliser font face au manque d&rsquo;experts d&rsquo;intelligence &eacute;conomique. C&rsquo;est pourquoi ils font appel &agrave; des cabinets d&rsquo;expertise et des experts ind&eacute;pendants pour r&eacute;ussir cette &eacute;tape tr&egrave;s strat&eacute;gique. Toutefois, pour plusieurs entreprises interview&eacute;es, le co&ucirc;t tr&egrave;s &eacute;lev&eacute; de ces cabinets les emp&ecirc;che de leur demander leurs services. Elles pr&eacute;f&egrave;rent d&eacute;l&eacute;guer cette t&acirc;che &agrave; des salari&eacute;s de l&rsquo;entreprise ne ma&icirc;trisant pas toujours les m&eacute;thodes d&rsquo;analyse et peuvent trouver des difficult&eacute;s &agrave; conduire un traitement de qualit&eacute;.&nbsp; Ce qui impacte n&eacute;gativement parfois la qualit&eacute; de l&rsquo;analyse.</span></span></span></span></p> <ol start="3"> <li style="text-align:justify; margin-top:3px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri Light&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="color:#1f3763"><span style="font-weight:normal"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">La s&eacute;curit&eacute; et la protection des informations</span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> </ol> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">La s&eacute;curit&eacute; dans le cadre d&rsquo;un processus d&rsquo;intelligence &eacute;conomique, repr&eacute;sente l&#39;ensemble des moyens engag&eacute;s pour prot&eacute;ger les informations sensibles face &agrave; des actes de malveillance et de piratage. &nbsp;S&rsquo;inscrivant dans une logique d&eacute;fensive, la protection du patrimoine immat&eacute;riel et informationnel cherche &agrave; sauvegarder l&rsquo;ensemble des actifs intangibles pouvant conf&eacute;rer &agrave; l&rsquo;organisation un avantage concurrentiel (Breillat, 2010 ). &nbsp;</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">La protection du patrimoine informationnel n&eacute;cessite l&rsquo;implication et l&rsquo;int&eacute;gration de l&rsquo;ensemble des composantes de l&rsquo;entreprise, l&rsquo;utilisation de supports informatis&eacute;s, la sensibilisation du personnel et sa qualification afin de r&eacute;ussir la politique de confidentialit&eacute; de l&rsquo;entreprise (Khoo et al., 2010).</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Selon une enqu&ecirc;te r&eacute;alis&eacute;e par une &eacute;quipe de chercheurs, <span style="color:black">il existe une corr&eacute;lation positive entre </span>la s&eacute;curit&eacute; des informations li&eacute;e au patrimoine de l&rsquo;entreprise et la comp&eacute;titivit&eacute; des entreprises sur les march&eacute;s &eacute;trangers (Tarek et al., 2017).</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Les entreprises souhaitant s&rsquo;internationaliser font face &agrave; plusieurs risques qui peuvent mettre en p&eacute;ril leurs strat&eacute;gies. Pour les responsables contact&eacute;s, la protection des informations au sein des entreprises marocaines reste assez limit&eacute;e et les entreprises sont peu outill&eacute;es face aux dangers informationnels. Un constat partag&eacute; par plusieurs chercheurs surtout au niveau des PME exportatrices marocaines (Sqalli Houssaini, 2020).</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Plusieurs entreprises ont mis l&rsquo;accent sur les tentatives d&#39;escroquerie par hame&ccedil;onnage auxquelles elles font face. L&rsquo;hame&ccedil;onnage, qui est une technique frauduleuse destin&eacute;e &agrave; leurrer l&rsquo;internaute pour l&rsquo;inciter &agrave; communiquer des donn&eacute;es personnelles (comptes d&rsquo;acc&egrave;s, mots de passe, &hellip;) et/ou bancaires en se faisant passer pour un tiers de confiance, est tr&egrave;s r&eacute;pandue dans la r&eacute;gion<a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Une des questions majeures reste la sensibilisation <span style="color:black">des dirigeants et des responsables dans les entreprises &agrave; mettre en place des outils et des mesures les aidant &agrave; se mettre &agrave; l&rsquo;abri contre les risques de menaces informationnelles et d&rsquo;espionnage dont ils font de plus en plus l&rsquo;objet (Moinet, 2014). </span></span></span></span></span></p> <ol start="4"> <li style="text-align:justify; margin-top:3px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri Light&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="color:#1f3763"><span style="font-weight:normal"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">L&rsquo;influence </span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> </ol> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Consid&eacute;r&eacute;e comme &eacute;tant le troisi&egrave;me volet de l&#39;intelligence &eacute;conomique, il s&rsquo;agit d&rsquo;une arme invisible visant la persuasion et la s&eacute;duction. Elle prend la forme d&rsquo;</span></span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">une s&eacute;rie de pressions sur les acteurs cibl&eacute;s lors des phases pr&eacute;c&eacute;dentes. Pour Fran&ccedil;ois‑Bernard Huyghe (2008), l&rsquo;influence se substitue &agrave; la force, aux contreparties, aux contraintes ou contrats, lorsqu&rsquo;il s&rsquo;agit de faire faire ou de faire croire. En effet, l&rsquo;entreprise vise &agrave; agir d&rsquo;une mani&egrave;re directe ou indirecte sur son environnement afin d&rsquo;influencer les d&eacute;cisions des acteurs (Juillet et Racouchot, 2012). Dans le cas d&rsquo;une entreprise cherchant &agrave; s&rsquo;internationaliser, l&rsquo;objectif est de forcer la prise de parts de march&eacute;s dans un autre pays en &eacute;laborant une strat&eacute;gie d&rsquo;influence.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <h3 style="text-align:justify; margin-top:3px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri Light&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="color:#1f3763"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">En effet, d&eacute;velopper une strat&eacute;gie d&rsquo;influence dans le cadre d&rsquo;un pays cibl&eacute; implique que l&rsquo;on sorte des bornes d&rsquo;une communication centr&eacute;e sur la technique pour jouer sur toutes sortes de gammes.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h3> <h3 style="text-align:justify; margin-top:3px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri Light&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="color:#1f3763"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Dans ce sens, deux strat&eacute;gies d&rsquo;influence sont g&eacute;n&eacute;ralement identifi&eacute;es (Larivet, 2009). La premi&egrave;re strat&eacute;gie consiste &agrave; pratiquer du Lobbying pour influencer les parties prenantes externes en vue de servir les int&eacute;r&ecirc;ts de l&rsquo;entreprise (Jakobiak, 2009). Les entreprises peuvent proc&eacute;der &agrave; des interventions destin&eacute;es &agrave; orienter le processus d&rsquo;&eacute;laboration, d&rsquo;application ou d&rsquo;interpr&eacute;tation des mesures l&eacute;gislatives, des normes, des r&egrave;glements et, plus g&eacute;n&eacute;ralement, de toute op&eacute;ration ou d&eacute;cision des pouvoirs publics (Larivet, 2009). La deuxi&egrave;me strat&eacute;gie consiste &agrave; g&eacute;rer des signaux concurrentiels &agrave; travers l&rsquo;envoi d&eacute;lib&eacute;r&eacute; de signaux en vue d&rsquo;influer sur un concurrent et le persuader de modifier ses positions sur le march&eacute; (Marcon et Moinet, 2011). Elle s&rsquo;agit d&rsquo;une strat&eacute;gie tr&egrave;s efficace mais tr&egrave;s compliqu&eacute;e.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h3> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Les entreprises marocaines souhaitant s&rsquo;internationaliser vers les pays africains font appel aux r&eacute;seaux sociaux comme moyen tr&egrave;s efficace d&rsquo;influence. Selon plusieurs responsables, &ccedil;a leur permet de cibler les consommateurs et &eacute;viter de passer par les agences de communication sur place. Toutefois, un effort de sensibilisation des diff&eacute;rents acteurs sur l&rsquo;importance des r&eacute;seaux sociaux dans leurs strat&eacute;gies d&rsquo;influence doit &ecirc;tre fait pour impliquer les diff&eacute;rents collaborateurs dans la r&eacute;ussite de la strat&eacute;gie d&rsquo;internationalisation et faire face &agrave; une concurrence tr&egrave;s acharn&eacute;e.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <h2 style="text-align:justify; margin-top:3px"><span style="font-size:13pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri Light&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="color:#2f5496"><span style="font-weight:normal"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Conclusion</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></h2> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Les entreprises marocaines prennent de plus en plus conscience de l&rsquo;importance de l&rsquo;intelligence &eacute;conomique comme outil au service de leurs strat&eacute;gies d&rsquo;internationalisation. Toutefois, elles font face &agrave; plusieurs difficult&eacute;s pour adapter leurs strat&eacute;gies aux sp&eacute;cificit&eacute;s des march&eacute;s africains. Si la veille terrain est une solution tr&egrave;s pratique pour collecter les informations sur ces march&eacute;s, les diff&eacute;rents types de veille permettent d&rsquo;avoir une id&eacute;e globale sur les besoins des consommateurs et anticiper les risques dans des march&eacute;s avec un haut risque pays. L&rsquo;analyse des diff&eacute;rentes phases de processus d&rsquo;intelligence &eacute;conomique pratiqu&eacute; par les entreprises marocaines permet &eacute;galement de mettre l&rsquo;accent sur l&rsquo;importance de l&rsquo;influence pour r&eacute;ussir les strat&eacute;gies &agrave; long terme.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Tout l&rsquo;enjeu consiste &agrave; trouver les bonnes sources d&rsquo;informations, &agrave; identifier les bons d&eacute;cideurs et &agrave; les influencer dans un sens favorable aux int&eacute;r&ecirc;ts &eacute;conomiques des entreprises dans la r&eacute;gion.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Bibliographie</span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:Symbol"><span style="color:#222222">&middot; </span></span><span style="background:white"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#222222">Aharoni, Yair, Tihanyi, Laszlo, et Connelly, Brian L. 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Paris, Presses universitaires de France, Collection gestion.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <div>&nbsp; <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[1]</span></span></span></span></a> Selon les responsables veille, le terrain permet de confirmer ou d&rsquo;infirmer les informations collect&eacute;es. L&rsquo;absence des donn&eacute;es fiables est une des caract&eacute;ristiques des rapports r&eacute;alis&eacute;s dans les pays de l&rsquo;Afrique Subsaharienne.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn2"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[2]</span></span></span></span></a> Plusieurs raisons sont avanc&eacute;es dont notamment l&rsquo;absence d&rsquo;un contact direct, la non r&eacute;ponse aux requ&ecirc;tes&hellip;</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn3"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[3]</span></span></span></span></a> Dans ce cadre, la Direction g&eacute;n&eacute;rale de la concurrence, de la consommation et de la r&eacute;pression des fraudes du minist&egrave;re de l&#39;&eacute;conomie et des finances et de la relance publie des notes pour sensibiliser &agrave; ces pratiques qui deviennent de plus en plus r&eacute;currentes. </span></span></span></p> </div> </div>