<p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black"><b>Introduction </b></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">Face &agrave; une forte concurrence et une lib&eacute;ralisation des &eacute;changes sans cesse galopante (OMC, 2019)<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><sup><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">[1]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a>, de nombreuses PME cherchent &agrave; se d&eacute;velopper au-del&agrave; des fronti&egrave;res nationales (Costa et <i>al</i>., 2016 ; Paul et <i>al</i>., 2017). <a name="_Hlk20180351">Elles y voient une opportunit&eacute; permettant de diversifier leurs d&eacute;bouch&eacute;s mais aussi d&rsquo;optimiser la gestion de leurs ressources souvent limit&eacute;es </a><span style="background:white">(</span>Lee et <i>al</i>., 2010&nbsp;; <span style="background:white">Fernandes et </span><i><span style="background:white">al</span></i><span style="background:white">., 2020).</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">Toutefois, en d&eacute;cidant d&rsquo;aller sur les march&eacute;s &eacute;trangers, les entreprises se voient confront&eacute;es &agrave; une s&eacute;rie d&rsquo;handicaps (<span style="background:white">Kalafsky, 2009&nbsp;; Kahiya, 2018)</span>. Ces derniers, qualifi&eacute;s de&nbsp;<i>liabilities of newness</i> (Stinchcombe, 1965) et <i>of</i> <i>foreigness</i> (Hymer, 1976), se rattachent g&eacute;n&eacute;ralement &agrave; la distance psychique (Johanson et Vahlne, 1977), entendue comme les difficult&eacute;s li&eacute;es aux diff&eacute;rences culturelles et administratives s&eacute;parant le pays d&rsquo;origine des nouvelles destinations internationales.</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">Dans un tel contexte, marqu&eacute; par un niveau de risque plus important, <span style="background:white">les</span> managers sont amen&eacute;s &agrave; trouver des solutions ad&eacute;quates (Liesch et al., 2011). A cet effet, les recherches r&eacute;alis&eacute;es dans ce domaine placent la gestion de l&rsquo;information parmi les activit&eacute;s les plus recommand&eacute;es en termes de gestion du risque. Ainsi, afin de supporter leur processus d&eacute;cisionnel, les responsables dans les entreprises internationales sont appel&eacute;s &agrave; pratiquer certaines activit&eacute;s en mati&egrave;re de gestion de l&rsquo;information (Guarda et al., 2013 ; Child et Hsieh, 2014&nbsp;; Sqalli, 2020). L&rsquo;objectif est de mieux contr&ocirc;ler l&rsquo;incertitude li&eacute;e aux diff&eacute;rents risques rencontr&eacute;s sur les march&eacute;s &eacute;trangers (Ibeh et Kasem, 2011&nbsp;; Tarek et al., 2017&nbsp;; Bisson et Tong, 2018 ; Genc et al. 2019).</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">Il semble d&egrave;s lors l&eacute;gitime de s&rsquo;int&eacute;resser aux potentiels liens entre, d&rsquo;une part, l&rsquo;engagement international des entreprises et, d&rsquo;autre part, leurs pratiques informationnelles notamment celles li&eacute;es &agrave; la veille strat&eacute;gique (St-Pierre et al., 2014 ; Villar et al., 2014 ; Figueira de Lemos et HadjiKhani, 2014). </span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">Toutefois, l&rsquo;analyse de la litt&eacute;rature &agrave; ce sujet r&eacute;v&egrave;le la faiblesse des connaissances dans ce domaine. En effet, on ignore beaucoup de choses sur, non seulement, comment les PME exportatrices m&egrave;nent leurs activit&eacute;s de veille strat&eacute;gique, mais aussi dans quelle mesure ces derni&egrave;res sont li&eacute;es &agrave; leur implication sur les march&eacute;s &eacute;trangers. De plus, pour ce qui est de la territorialit&eacute; des &eacute;tudes, il convient de souligner que la port&eacute;e des travaux r&eacute;alis&eacute;s jusque-l&agrave; demeure assez limit&eacute;e ; En effet, les recherches appartenant &agrave; ce champ probl&eacute;matique sont g&eacute;n&eacute;ralement associ&eacute;es aux pays du nord.</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">Partant de l&agrave;, la finalit&eacute; de cet article est d&rsquo;approfondir nos connaissances sur les pratiques de veille strat&eacute;gique men&eacute;es par les PME internationales. Il s&rsquo;agit particuli&egrave;rement de voir comment l&rsquo;engagement international des PME exportatrices marocaines peut &ecirc;tre affect&eacute; par leurs activit&eacute;s de veille strat&eacute;gique.</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">Le pr&eacute;sent travail est structur&eacute; comme suit : Premi&egrave;rement, une revue d&eacute;taill&eacute;e de la litt&eacute;rature est pr&eacute;sent&eacute;e. Deuxi&egrave;mement, une proposition d&rsquo;un mod&egrave;le conceptuel de recherche avec la formulation de nos hypoth&egrave;ses de recherche. Troisi&egrave;mement, une justification de la m&eacute;thodologie adopt&eacute;e et enfin la pr&eacute;sentation et la discussion des r&eacute;sultats.</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black"><b>1. </b><b>Revue de litt&eacute;rature </b></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">Dans cette partie, nous nous int&eacute;ressons essentiellement aux concepts li&eacute;s &agrave; l&rsquo;internationalisation des PME et &agrave; la veille strat&eacute;gique.</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black"><b>1.1.</b><b> Internationalisation des PME</b></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">Pour d&eacute;finir le concept d&rsquo;internationalisation, la litt&eacute;rature r&eacute;v&egrave;le l&rsquo;existence d&rsquo;une s&eacute;rie de propositions (Pauluzzo et Shen, 2018)<span style="color:red">. </span>A cet effet, on peut retenir parmi les conceptions rencontr&eacute;es celle consid&eacute;rant comme internationale toute entreprise r&eacute;alisant des op&eacute;rations en dehors du territoire national ; Il peut s&rsquo;agir des activit&eacute;s de conception, de production et/ou de commercialisation (Laghzaoui, 2009 ; Dutot et al., 2014).</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">G&eacute;n&eacute;ralement, le d&eacute;veloppement des entreprises &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;tranger n&rsquo;est pas un choix &eacute;vident ; Il implique une vari&eacute;t&eacute; de d&eacute;cisions auxquelles les dirigeants ne sont pas souvent habitu&eacute;s (Costa et <i>al</i>., 2016 ; <span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">Paul et al., 2017 ; </span></span>Pauluzzo et Shen, 2018). On en identifie principalement :</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; text-indent:-7.95pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">- La s&eacute;lection du (des) march&eacute;(s)/pays &agrave; servir. Cette d&eacute;cision traduit le choix de l&rsquo;entreprise d&rsquo;entrer sur un march&eacute; &eacute;tranger ou d&rsquo;&eacute;tendre son d&eacute;ploiement vers un nouveau pays. Plusieurs crit&egrave;res peuvent influencer cette d&eacute;marche&nbsp;(Musso et Francioni, 2012&nbsp;; Chen et al., 2016) ; Certains se rapportent davantage au march&eacute; d&rsquo;accueil (la distance g&eacute;ographique et psychique, le potentiel du march&eacute;, la disponibilit&eacute; des informations, le niveau de risque, etc.) tandis que d&rsquo;autres d&eacute;pendent plut&ocirc;t de l&rsquo;entreprise (ses ressources, ses efforts en mati&egrave;re d&rsquo;adaptation de son offre aux besoins du pays, son exp&eacute;rience internationale).</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; text-indent:-7.95pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">- L&rsquo;arbitrage entre les diff&eacute;rents modes d&rsquo;entr&eacute;e, notamment le franchisage, l&rsquo;IDE<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><sup><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">[2]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a>, les <i>joint-ventures</i>, la filiale, l&rsquo;importation et/ou l&rsquo;exportation...etc.</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; text-indent:-7.95pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">- La d&eacute;finition des collaborations &agrave; &eacute;tablir et la nature des partenaires d&rsquo;affaires (interm&eacute;diaires, fournisseurs, distributeurs, etc.).</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; text-indent:-7.95pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">- La mise en place des techniques et des strat&eacute;gies de commercialisation sur les march&eacute;s &eacute;trangers : politiques de prix, de produit, de communication&hellip; etc. (Falahat et al., 2020). </span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">Par ailleurs, il convient de noter que ces diff&eacute;rentes d&eacute;cisions demeurent affect&eacute;es par une multitude de facteurs <span style="background:white">(</span>Figueira-de-Lemos et Hadjikhani, 2014 ; <span style="background:white">Costa et al., 2016). Ces derniers </span>peuvent &ecirc;tre regroup&eacute;s en deux grandes cat&eacute;gories : </span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; text-indent:-7.3pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">- Les facteurs organisationnels comme la taille de l&rsquo;entreprise, son &acirc;ge, son secteur d&rsquo;activit&eacute;, ses ressources, ses liens organisationnels, etc. </span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; text-indent:-7.3pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">- Les facteurs environnementaux ou exog&egrave;nes comme les conditions &eacute;conomiques, politiques, socio-culturelles du pays-h&ocirc;te, la distance s&eacute;parant le pays d&rsquo;origine du march&eacute; d&rsquo;accueil, etc.</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">De surcroit, toujours en relation avec les facteurs influen&ccedil;ant les d&eacute;cisions &agrave; l&rsquo;international, il importe de tenir compte des aspects li&eacute;s &agrave; la personne du dirigeant lorsqu&rsquo;il s&rsquo;agit des PME, le type de structures qui nous int&eacute;ressent ici. En effet, ce dernier, &agrave; travers son statut d&eacute;mographique, son exp&eacute;rience, ses aptitudes linguistiques, ses voyages &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;tranger, etc., joue un r&ocirc;le pr&eacute;pond&eacute;rant dans la prise des d&eacute;cisions li&eacute;es &agrave; la gestion de sa structure (<span style="background:white">Chabaud et Sammut, 2016</span>).</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">Ainsi, la complexit&eacute; du d&eacute;veloppement &agrave; l&rsquo;international (Laghzaoui, 2009 ; Mejri et Umemoto, 2010 ; Liesch et al. 2011 ; Paul et al., 2017 ; <span style="background:white">Steinh&auml;user et Paula, 2020) am&egrave;ne</span> les dirigeants des entreprises &agrave; adopter de certains comportements susceptibles de les aider &agrave; mieux g&eacute;rer le risque qu&rsquo;impliquent les nouvelles d&eacute;cisions &agrave; prendre. Les <span style="background:white">activit&eacute;s informationnelles, notamment celles </span>li&eacute;es &agrave; la veille strat&eacute;gique, <span style="background:white">trouvent dans ce sens toute leur utilit&eacute; </span>(<span style="background:white">Liesch et al., 2011&nbsp;; </span>Figueira-de-Lemos et Hadjikhani, 2014 ; <span style="background:white">Zucchella et Siano, 2014 ; Eduardsen et Marinova, 2020).</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black"><b>1.2. </b><b><span lang="NL" style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">Veille strat</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">&eacute;gique</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">De l&rsquo;analyse des travaux existants, il ressort que la veille strat&eacute;gique fait l&rsquo;objet de nombreuses conceptualisations ; Nous retenons celle consistant &agrave; consid&eacute;rer cette activit&eacute; comme un processus dynamique visant &laquo; <i>l&rsquo;acquisition et l&rsquo;utilisation d&rsquo;information sur les &eacute;v&eacute;nements, les tendances et les relations de l&rsquo;environnement externe de l&rsquo;organisation</i> &raquo; (Choo, 2001). La finalit&eacute; de cette pratique est de permettre aux responsables d&rsquo;am&eacute;liorer leur prise de d&eacute;cisions (Guarda et al., 2013) et d&rsquo;accro&icirc;tre, ainsi, la r&eacute;activit&eacute; de leurs entreprises (Johannesson et Palona, 2010 ; Johns et Van Doren, 2010).</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">En outre, la litt&eacute;rature permet d&rsquo;identifier de nombreux types de veille (Wright et al., 2012&nbsp;; Navarro et <i>al</i>., 2016&nbsp;; <span style="background:white">Katsikea et </span><i><span style="background:white">al</span></i><span style="background:white">., 2019&nbsp;; </span>Cheng et <i>al</i>., 2020). En effet, suivant le th&egrave;me/acteur auquel on s&rsquo;int&eacute;resse, plusieurs formes de veille peuvent &ecirc;tre distingu&eacute;es : </span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; text-indent:-7.95pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">- Technologique o&ugrave; l&rsquo;accent est mis sur la gestion de l&rsquo;information ayant un rapport avec les nouveaut&eacute;s dans les technologies, les proc&eacute;d&eacute;s industriels, les d&eacute;p&ocirc;ts de brevets&hellip;etc ;</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; text-indent:-7.95pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">- Concurrentielle : Cette forme de veille s&rsquo;int&eacute;resse aux informations li&eacute;es aux offres des concurrents, leurs politiques de prix<span style="color:red">, </span>les nouveaux entrants, les op&eacute;rations de fusion/rachat&hellip;etc ; </span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; text-indent:-7.95pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">- Commerciale dont la vocation est plut&ocirc;t orient&eacute;e vers les informations sur les besoins et les attentes des clients, les tendances de consommation, les &eacute;valuations des retours clients, l&rsquo;&eacute;mergence de nouveaux segments&hellip;etc ;</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; text-indent:-7.95pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">- Environnementale o&ugrave; l&rsquo;id&eacute;e est de surveiller les informations sur des aspects se rapportant par exemple &agrave; la r&eacute;glementation concernant la protection de l&rsquo;environnement, les nouveaut&eacute;s en mati&egrave;re de pratiques de d&eacute;veloppement durable, de responsabilit&eacute; sociale&hellip;etc ;</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; text-indent:-7.95pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">- Juridique : L&rsquo;objectif de ce type de veille est de g&eacute;rer les informations sur les textes de lois, la r&eacute;glementation sectorielle, les nouveaux d&eacute;crets, les projets de lois de finance, les changements de proc&eacute;dures administratives et douani&egrave;res&hellip;etc ;</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; text-indent:-7.95pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">- Image : Cette forme de veille met se focalise davantage sur les informations ayant un lin avec l&rsquo;&eacute;valuation de la notori&eacute;t&eacute; de l&rsquo;entreprise, la consid&eacute;ration des retours des partie prenantes, les rumeurs relatives &agrave; un produit ou une offre&hellip;etc<i>.</i></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">De plus, il importe de rappeler que la pratique de la veille strat&eacute;gique se caract&eacute;rise par un processus compos&eacute; d&rsquo;un certain nombre d&rsquo;&eacute;tapes. Ces derni&egrave;res, connues sous le terme de cycle de renseignement, peuvent &ecirc;tre r&eacute;sum&eacute;es comme suit (Dishman et Calof, 2008&nbsp;; Marcon, 2009) :</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">- La d&eacute;finition des besoins informationnels : Il s&rsquo;agit d&rsquo;identifier les informations dont on a besoin pour prendre une d&eacute;cision imm&eacute;diatement ou de fa&ccedil;on ult&eacute;rieure ;</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">- La collecte de l&rsquo;information : Cette op&eacute;ration implique l&rsquo;interrogation d&rsquo;une s&eacute;rie de diff&eacute;rentes sources d&rsquo;informations : la presse, les contacts humains (personnels et professionnels), les institutions, les m&eacute;dias et les r&eacute;seaux sociaux, les bases de donn&eacute;es, etc.</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">- Le traitement des informations collect&eacute;es. Le but de cette t&acirc;che est de conf&eacute;rer un sens aux informations recueillies. Plusieurs moyens peuvent &ecirc;tre utilis&eacute;s notamment l&rsquo;interpr&eacute;tation humaine et le recours aux de m&eacute;thodes sp&eacute;cifiques et/ou de supports technologiques adapt&eacute;s. </span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">- La diffusion des informations trait&eacute;es. Le but de cette phase est de mettre &agrave; la disposition des personnes concern&eacute;es l&rsquo;information au bon moment. A cet effet, une s&eacute;rie d&rsquo;outils peuvent &ecirc;tre mobilis&eacute;s : canaux de la communication interne (rapports, notes...), logiciels professionnels, tableaux de bord, etc.</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">A l&rsquo;international, la pratique de veille rev&ecirc;t une importance particuli&egrave;re (Amabile et al., 2013 ; Senik et al. 2011 ; <span style="background:white">Brustbauer, 2016 ; </span>Costa et al., 2016). Elle permet aux dirigeants des entreprises d&rsquo;am&eacute;liorer leur capacit&eacute; en mati&egrave;re d&rsquo;<i><span style="background:white">uncertainty acclimation et </span></i>de <span style="background:white">r<i>isk accommodation </i></span>(<span style="background:white">Liesch et <i>al</i>., 2011).</span> <span style="background:white">En effet, comme le soulignent de nombreux chercheurs </span>(Arteaga-Ortiz &amp; Fern&aacute;ndez- Ortiz, 2010&nbsp;; Hsu et al., 2013), <span style="background:white">l</span>es managers des firmes internationalis&eacute;es font face &agrave; une situation caract&eacute;ris&eacute;e souvent par un<span style="background:white"> manque d&rsquo;informations (Pietrobelli et Rabellotti, 2011). Ils </span>&eacute;prouvent, ainsi, davantage <span style="background:white">l</span>e besoin de g&eacute;rer de nouvelles informations li&eacute;es aux diff&eacute;rents aspects affectant leurs d&eacute;cisions &agrave; <span style="background:white">l&rsquo;</span>international : les r&eacute;glementations en vigueur dans le pays d&rsquo;accueil, les potentialit&eacute;s du march&eacute;, les habitudes et besoins des nouveaux consommateurs, les r&eacute;seaux des partenaires, etc. (Senik et Sham, 2011&nbsp;; Falahat et al., 2020). Un tel contexte explique pourquoi les <span style="background:white">dirigeants se trouvent </span>expos&eacute;s &agrave; un niveau de risque plus &eacute;lev&eacute; (<span style="background:white">St-Pierre et El Fadil, 2017)</span>. Ce dernier, d&eacute;fini comme toute situation pouvant emp&ecirc;cher une organisation d&rsquo;atteindre ses objectifs (Dia et Zeghal, 2008), peut provenir de diff&eacute;rentes sources : : le retard ou le d&eacute;faut de paiement des clients &eacute;trangers, le non-respect du contrat commercial, l&rsquo;opportunisme des nouveaux partenaires, les diff&eacute;rences dans les textes de lois et r&eacute;glementations entre les pays, la non-adaptation de l&rsquo;offre aux besoins et aux attentes des consommateurs &eacute;trangers, la volatilit&eacute; des cours de change et des taux d&rsquo;int&eacute;r&ecirc;t sur les march&eacute;s internationaux, <i>etc</i>. (Casson et Da Silva Lopez, 2013).</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">2.</span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"> <b>Mod&egrave;le conceptuel et hypoth&egrave;ses de recherche</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">La revue de la litt&eacute;rature r&eacute;v&egrave;le l&rsquo;existence de nombreux travaux traitant du lien entre, d&rsquo;une part, les pratiques relevant de la veille strat&eacute;gique et, d&rsquo;autre part, l&rsquo;engagement des entreprises &agrave; l&rsquo;international.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsD" style="border:none; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">Dans leur recherche, Dutot et ses coll&egrave;gues (2014) se sont int&eacute;ress&eacute;s &agrave; l&rsquo;influence des capacit&eacute;s informationnelles et d&rsquo;identification des besoins en information sur la performance des PME &agrave; l&rsquo;international. Ainsi, sur la base d&rsquo;un &eacute;chantillon de 174 PME canadiennes, les auteurs r&eacute;v&egrave;lent que plus les capacit&eacute;s technologiques sont adapt&eacute;es au besoin informationnel des entit&eacute;s, plus ces derni&egrave;res tendent &agrave; exporter une proportion croissante de leur chiffre d&rsquo;affaires (Dutot et al., 2014).</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">Pour leur part, Ciravegna et ses co-auteurs (2014), &agrave; travers leur recherche men&eacute;e aupr&egrave;s de 109 PME manufacturi&egrave;res chinoises, ont trouv&eacute; que les entreprises instaurant une recherche active d&rsquo;information sur les march&eacute;s &eacute;trangers ont tendance &agrave; exporter une grande partie de leur production et &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;couler sur un nombre sup&eacute;rieur de pays.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">Dans le m&ecirc;me registre,<b> </b>la recherche conduite en 2016 par Tarek et ses coll&egrave;gues sur 180 PME exportatrices a permis d&rsquo;analyser l&rsquo;impact du processus de veille sur l&rsquo;intensit&eacute; &agrave; l&rsquo;exportation. Ces chercheurs avancent que les PME nord-africaines ayant avec une faible intensit&eacute; &agrave; l&rsquo;export sont moins impliqu&eacute;es en termes de collecte, d&rsquo;analyse et de partage interne des informations.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsD" style="border:none; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">De leur c&ocirc;t&eacute;, <span style="background:white">Bisson et Tong (2018) </span><span style="background:white">reviennent sur l&rsquo;int&eacute;r&ecirc;t accord&eacute; par les dirigeants aux pratiques de collecte, de traitement et de partage d&rsquo;informations. Leur travail, bas&eacute; sur un &eacute;chantillon de 37 entreprises p&eacute;ruviennes exportatrices (dont 78% sont des PME), a conduit &agrave; l&rsquo;observation d&rsquo;un lien positif entre l&rsquo;instauration de ces activit&eacute;s informationnelles et l&rsquo;intensit&eacute; &agrave; l&rsquo;exportation des entreprises &eacute;tudi&eacute;es. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsD" style="border:none; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">Le travail r&eacute;alis&eacute; par Costa et ses coll&egrave;gues (2017) a permis de synth&eacute;tiser les sources d&rsquo;information qui interviennent pour supporter les PME dans leur internationalisation. En effet, les auteurs se sont focalis&eacute;s sur le r&ocirc;le des partenariats &eacute;tablis par des PME portugaises dans le cadre des collaborations industrielles et dans quelle mesure ces derni&egrave;res peuvent constituer des sources d&rsquo;informations utiles au d&eacute;veloppement international.</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsD" style="border:none; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">Plus r&eacute;cemment encore, Ferreras-M&eacute;ndez et ses coll&egrave;gues (2019) ont analys&eacute; le lien entre des strat&eacute;gies de recherche de l&rsquo;information et la performance &agrave; l&rsquo;export. Leurs r&eacute;sultats, issus d&rsquo;une &eacute;tude sur un &eacute;chantillon de 222 PME exportatrices espagnoles, montrent que l&rsquo;&eacute;tablissement des collaborations conduit &agrave; une croissance du chiffre d&rsquo;affaires &agrave; l&rsquo;export.</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsD" style="border:none; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">Aussi, dans un article paru en 2020 et &eacute;tudiant le comportement informationnel de 258 entreprises bas&eacute;es en Chine, l&rsquo;&eacute;quipe de Cheng montre que la veille strat&eacute;gique a une influence significative sur l&rsquo;agilit&eacute; organisationnelle qui, elle m&ecirc;me, impacte positivement le rythme (vitesse) d&rsquo;internationalisation des entreprises &eacute;tudi&eacute;es. Les auteurs se sont int&eacute;ress&eacute;s sp&eacute;cifiquement aux op&eacute;rations de collecte d&rsquo;information et d&rsquo;analyse de l&rsquo;information pour appr&eacute;cier la veille strat&eacute;gique.</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsD" style="border:none; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">A partir des d&eacute;veloppements ci-dessus, on peut avancer l&rsquo;hypoth&egrave;se g&eacute;n&eacute;rale selon laquelle il existerait un lien positif entre les pratiques de veille strat&eacute;gique men&eacute;es par les entreprises et leur engagement &agrave; l&rsquo;international.</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsD" style="border:none; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">Ainsi, en se r&eacute;f&eacute;rant aux dimensions retenues pour d&eacute;crire le processus de la veille strat&eacute;gique, les sous-hypoth&egrave;ses suivantes peuvent &ecirc;tre formul&eacute;es :</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">H.1</span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"> :</span></span></span><b> </b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">L&rsquo;&eacute;tendue des besoins en informations d&eacute;finis dans le cadre de la veille strat&eacute;gique impacte positivement l&rsquo;engagement international des entreprises ;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">H.2</span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"> : </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">Les op&eacute;rations de collecte d&rsquo;informations men&eacute;es dans le cadre de la veille strat&eacute;gique ont un impact positif sur l&rsquo;engagement international des entreprises ;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">H.3</span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"> : Les activit&eacute;s de traitement des informations r&eacute;alis&eacute;es </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">dans le cadre de la veille strat&eacute;gique impactent positivement l&rsquo;engagement international des entreprises </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">H.4&nbsp;</span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">:<b> </b>Le partage des informations op&eacute;r&eacute; </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">dans le cadre de la veille strat&eacute;gique ont un effet positif sur l&rsquo;engagement international</span></span></span>&nbsp;<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">des entreprises </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" class="CorpsB" style="border:none; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black"><b><span lang="IT" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">Figure 1. </span></span></b><span lang="IT" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">Mod</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">&egrave;le conceptuel simplifi&eacute; de recherche </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><v:group coordsize="5229224,2219327" id="Grouper_x0020_1" o:gfxdata="UEsDBBQABgAIAAAAIQApm/tGBAEAAB4CAAATAAAAW0NvbnRlbnRfVHlwZXNdLnhtbKSRzU7DMBCE 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style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">3. Aspects m&eacute;thodologiques</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">Dans le cadre de l&rsquo;op&eacute;rationnalisation des concepts mobilis&eacute;s par notre recherche, nous avons d&ucirc; effectuer un certain nombre de choix m&eacute;thodologiques.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">Ainsi, s&rsquo;agissant de l&rsquo;engagement &agrave; l&rsquo;international, nous avons retenu l&rsquo;intensit&eacute; de l&rsquo;exportation. Cette derni&egrave;re est mesurable par la proportion des ventes &agrave; l&rsquo;export par rapport au chiffre d&rsquo;affaires total. Par ailleurs, le choix de l&rsquo;exportation comme forme d&rsquo;internationalisation s&rsquo;explique par la pr&eacute;dominance de ce mode d&rsquo;entr&eacute;e chez les PME allant en dehors des fronti&egrave;res nationales (Leonidou et al., 2010 ; Ragland et al., 2015).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">Quant aux variables li&eacute;es aux dimensions de la veille strat&eacute;gique, leur op&eacute;rationnalisation est faite comme suit :</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; text-indent:-7.95pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">- </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">L&rsquo;&eacute;tendue des besoins en informations est mesur&eacute;e par la fr&eacute;quence de recherche de l&rsquo;information par domaine ; Ceux retenus sont li&eacute;s aux aspects commercial, concurrentiel, juridique, financier et technologique.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; text-indent:-7.95pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">- </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">La collecte d&rsquo;infirmation est appr&eacute;ci&eacute;e par le nombre de sources d&rsquo;information utilis&eacute;es dans ce sens. A cet &eacute;gard, 16 sources d&rsquo;informations ont &eacute;t&eacute; s&eacute;lectionn&eacute;es : clients, fournisseurs, concurrents, foires et salons, voyages &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;tranger, administrations publiques, associations professionnelles, patronat, banques, consultants externes, Universit&eacute;s et centres de recherche, organisme de promotion des exportations, Internet, m&eacute;dias &amp; presse, sources internes de l&rsquo;entreprise et r&eacute;seau personnel du dirigeant.</span></span></span> </span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">- </span></span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">Le traitement des informations est appr&eacute;hend&eacute; &agrave; l&rsquo;aide de la fr&eacute;quence des op&eacute;rations de tri, de recoupement, de comparaison et d&rsquo;archivage des informations<i>.</i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">- </span></span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">Le partage d&rsquo;informations est mesur&eacute; par la fr&eacute;quence d&rsquo;utilisation de diff&eacute;rents canaux de communication ; Ceux retenus sont li&eacute;s &agrave; l&rsquo;utilisation d&rsquo;Intranet, des courriels (e-mail), des bases de donn&eacute;es communes, des Cloud, des r&eacute;unions, des supports d&rsquo;affichage physique, des conversations t&eacute;l&eacute;phoniques, des discussions informelles (dans le couloir, par exemple) et des notes d&rsquo;information.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">En ce qui concerne la collecte des donn&eacute;es du terrain, un questionnaire a &eacute;t&eacute; construit. Il est compos&eacute; de </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">trois parties&nbsp;: la premi&egrave;re revient sur les donn&eacute;es g&eacute;n&eacute;rales de l&rsquo;entreprise (secteur d&rsquo;activit&eacute;, nombre d&rsquo;employ&eacute;s, chiffre d&rsquo;affaires, etc) ; la deuxi&egrave;me partie porte sur l&rsquo;organisation des op&eacute;rations &agrave; l&rsquo;exportation ; et le troisi&egrave;me volet s&rsquo;int&eacute;resse aux pratiques de veille strat&eacute;gique men&eacute;es par les PME interrog&eacute;es.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">Apr&egrave;s son administration par voie &eacute;lectronique via l&rsquo;outil <i>Google forms,</i> le<i> </i>questionnaire a &eacute;t&eacute; envoy&eacute; aux adresses mails des entreprises exportatrices marocaines figurant dans la base de donn&eacute;es du Conseil National du Commerce ext&eacute;rieur (CNCE). La collecte des r&eacute;ponses s&rsquo;est &eacute;tal&eacute;e sur une p&eacute;riode de sept mois (de Novembre 2017 &agrave; Mai 2018). </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">Au total, 119 questionnaires remplis ont &eacute;t&eacute; retourn&eacute;s. Pour le traitement de ces donn&eacute;es, nous avons suivi deux &eacute;tapes :</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">- D&rsquo;abord, on a commenc&eacute; par des op&eacute;rations de &laquo;&nbsp;nettoyage&nbsp;&raquo;. Nous avons ainsi appliqu&eacute; un premier filtre en vue d&rsquo;&eacute;carter les observations ne respectant pas les crit&egrave;res quantitatifs retenus dans la d&eacute;finition des PME (notamment le niveau du chiffre d&rsquo;affaires qui doit &ecirc;tre compris entre 3 Millions de Dhs et 175 Millions de Dhs) mais aussi celles pr&eacute;sentant un taux &eacute;lev&eacute; de r&eacute;ponses manquantes (plus de 40%). Au final, notre &eacute;chantillon s&rsquo;est &eacute;tabli &agrave; 92 observations valides apr&egrave;s la suppression de 27 questionnaires ne satisfaisant pas les exigences d&eacute;crites.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">- Ensuite, nous avons s&eacute;lectionn&eacute; la m&eacute;thode d&rsquo;analyse des donn&eacute;es appropri&eacute;e pour l&rsquo;&eacute;tude des relations entre plusieurs variables. A cet effet, c</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">ompte tenu de la non-pr&eacute;sence de</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"> donn&eacute;es normalement distribu&eacute;es et du nombre relativement faible des observations par rapport au nombre des param&egrave;tres &agrave; estimer (Lacroux, 2010), nous avons opt&eacute; pour la m&eacute;thode des moindres carr&eacute;s partiels</span></span></span><a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">[3]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">. L&rsquo;utilisation de cette derni&egrave;re implique la v&eacute;rification d&rsquo;un certain nombre de </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">conditions dont notamment l</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">es tests d&rsquo;unidimensionnalit&eacute;, de fiabilit&eacute;, de validit&eacute; convergente des construits et de validit&eacute; discriminante des indicateurs (tableau n&deg; 1).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">Tableau n&deg; 1.&nbsp;</span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">Etapes de l&rsquo;&eacute;valuation du mod&egrave;le de mesure</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <table align="center" class="TableNormal" style="background:#cadfff; border-collapse:collapse; border:none" width="482"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; background:transparent; width:124px; padding:5px 5px 5px 5px; height:5px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"> <p align="center" class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">Tests</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; background:transparent; width:358px; padding:5px 5px 5px 5px; height:5px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">Conditions</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; background:transparent; width:124px; padding:5px 5px 5px 5px; height:23px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"> <p align="center" class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">Unidimensionnalit&eacute;</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; background:transparent; width:358px; padding:5px 5px 5px 5px; height:23px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">Les valeurs des loading doivent &ecirc;tre sup&eacute;rieures &agrave; 0,7 (Hair et al., 2016)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; background:transparent; width:124px; padding:5px 5px 5px 5px; height:26px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"> <p align="center" class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">Fiabilit&eacute;</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; background:transparent; width:358px; padding:5px 5px 5px 5px; height:26px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">La valeur de l&#39;Alpha de Cronbach ou<i> </i>du<i> p </i>de rh&ocirc; doit &ecirc;tre &gt; 0,7 (Fernandes, 2012)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; background:transparent; width:124px; padding:5px 5px 5px 5px; height:26px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"> <p align="center" class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">Validit&eacute; convergente</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; background:transparent; width:358px; padding:5px 5px 5px 5px; height:26px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">VME (Variance moyenne extraite) &gt; 0,5 (Fernandes, 2012)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; background:transparent; width:124px; padding:5px 5px 5px 5px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"> <p align="center" class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">Validit&eacute; discriminante</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; background:transparent; width:358px; padding:5px 5px 5px 5px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">Les valeurs des racines carr&eacute;es des VME &gt; aux coefficients de corr&eacute;lations entre les indicateurs du mod&egrave;le (Chin, 2010 ; Hair et al., 2016)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">Apr&egrave;s avoir abouti &agrave; des valeurs satisfaisantes (Annexes n&deg;&nbsp;1, 2 et 3), il est possible de proc&eacute;der &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;valuation des </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:#222222">relations figurant </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">dans le mod&egrave;le (Figure n&deg;1).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">4. Pr&eacute;sentation et discussion des r&eacute;sultats</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">Avant d&rsquo;exposer les aboutissements des tests des hypoth&egrave;ses effectu&eacute;s, une description des entreprises de notre &eacute;chantillon s&rsquo;av&egrave;re n&eacute;cessaire. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">Ainsi, les r&eacute;sultats des premi&egrave;res analyses permettent de constater que : </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; text-indent:-7.95pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">- </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">la majorit&eacute; des entreprises interrog&eacute;es</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">sont de petite taille&nbsp; : plus des deux tiers emploient un effectif inf&eacute;rieur &agrave; 51 personnes ;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; text-indent:-7.95pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">- </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">la moiti&eacute; des observations est constitu&eacute;e d&rsquo;unit&eacute;s op&eacute;rant principalement dans le secteur manufacturier.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">Quant &agrave; l&rsquo;engagement &agrave; l&rsquo;international, les donn&eacute;es collect&eacute;es r&eacute;v&egrave;lent que :</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; text-indent:-7.95pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">- </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">le niveau d&rsquo;implication des PME interrog&eacute;es est assez &eacute;lev&eacute; : la moyenne des ann&eacute;es pass&eacute;es &agrave; l&rsquo;exportation s&rsquo;&eacute;l&egrave;ve &agrave; 11 ann&eacute;es, le nombre de pays desservis est sup&eacute;rieur &agrave; 2 pour 3/4 des observations et la part du chiffre d&rsquo;affaires export&eacute; atteint 59,5% en moyenne. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; text-indent:-7.95pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">- </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">l&rsquo;offre exportable demeure globalement domin&eacute;e par des produits sp&eacute;cialis&eacute;s (60%) ; Le reste est r&eacute;parti entre les produits/services tr&egrave;s simples (27%), les produits/services &agrave; fort contenu technologique (9%) et les offres n&eacute;cessitant un entretien apr&egrave;s-vente (4%).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">En ce qui concerne leurs pratiques de veille strat&eacute;gique, les r&eacute;sultats montrent que les entreprises enqu&ecirc;t&eacute;es semblent s&rsquo;int&eacute;resser davantage aux informations sur les consommateurs (leurs besoins, leurs attentes, leurs comportements d&rsquo;achat) et sur les concurrents (les tarifs propos&eacute;s, les caract&eacute;ristiques de leurs offres). La fr&eacute;quence de recherche des informations sur ces volets est assez importante (Figure n&deg;&nbsp;3). </span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">Figure n&deg;&nbsp;3. </span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">Fr&eacute;quence de recherche des informations par domaine</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:center"><img height="509" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_2810_18_image.png" width="1370" /></p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">Ces r&eacute;sultats montrant la pr&eacute;dominance des aspects commercial et concurrentiel dans la nature des th&eacute;matiques recherch&eacute;es par les entreprises exportatrices ont &eacute;t&eacute; &eacute;galement mis en avant dans des travaux ant&eacute;rieurs (Amabile et al., 2013 ; Tarek et al. 2017&nbsp;; Katsikeas et al., 2019)<span style="color:red">. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">De plus, il ressort des r&eacute;sultats obtenus que les PME exportatrices interrog&eacute;es mobilisent une vari&eacute;t&eacute; des sources d&rsquo;information. Ce constat, partag&eacute; par de nombreux chercheurs (Kalafsky, 2009 ; Santos Alvarez et al. 2010 ; Valentim et al., 2015 ; Costa et al. 2016), peut s&rsquo;expliquer par la multiplicit&eacute; des sources d&rsquo;informations et leurs co&ucirc;ts de plus en plus bas (acc&egrave;s &agrave; internet, plateformes &eacute;lectroniques, foires et expositions, agences gouvernementales de promotion, etc.). De surcroit, on remarque que les sources d&rsquo;informations interrog&eacute;es par les PME enqu&ecirc;tes rev&ecirc;tent g&eacute;n&eacute;ralement un caract&egrave;re personnel et interne ; Ceci peut &ecirc;tre attribu&eacute; aux ressources souvent limit&eacute;es que d&eacute;tiennent les PME (Wang, 2016&nbsp;; Woschke et al., 2017). En ce sens, les contacts personnels et professionnels viennent compenser la faiblesse des moyens que l&rsquo;on peut consacrer &agrave; la recherche d&rsquo;informations. Rappelons que les ressources ne sont pas uniquement restreintes &agrave; une logique financi&egrave;re&nbsp;; elles concernent &eacute;galement le volet des comp&eacute;tences humaines, technologiques et informationnelles (Costa et al., 2016).</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">En mati&egrave;re de traitement des informations collect&eacute;es, les donn&eacute;es obtenues permettent de remarquer que lorsqu&rsquo;il s&rsquo;agit des op&eacute;rations d&rsquo;analyse, la majorit&eacute; des PME exportatrices (89,5%) opte pour la mobilisation des ressources et comp&eacute;tences internes (contre seulement 10,5% qui font appel &agrave; des intervenants externes). <span style="color:#222222">Ces r&eacute;sultats, stipulant que les PME internationales mobilisent leurs moyens internes pour proc&eacute;der au traitement des informations collect&eacute;es, corroborent avec les constats issus des &eacute;tudes men&eacute;es par Nenzhelele et Pellissier (2014) et Valentim et ses coll&egrave;gues (2015).</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">S&rsquo;agissant du test des hypoth&egrave;ses de recherche formul&eacute;es au sujet de l&rsquo;effet des pratiques de veille strat&eacute;gique sur l&rsquo;engagement &agrave; l&rsquo;international, les r&eacute;sultats du mod&egrave;le sont regroup&eacute;s dans le tableau ci-dessous&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">Tableau 2.</span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"> R&eacute;sultats du mod&egrave;le structurel</span></span></span><a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">[4]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></span></sup></a> </span></span></span></span></p> <table align="center" class="TableNormal" style="background:#cadfff; border-collapse:collapse; border:none" width="475"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:64px; padding:5px 5px 5px 5px; height:19px; background-color:white; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"> <p class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp; Hypoth&egrave;se&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:120px; padding:5px 5px 5px 5px; height:19px; background-color:white; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">Relation</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:54px; padding:5px 5px 5px 5px; height:19px; background-color:white; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">Std. Beta</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:60px; padding:5px 5px 5px 5px; height:19px; background-color:white; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">Std. Erreur</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:51px; padding:5px 5px 5px 5px; height:19px; background-color:white; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">T- value</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:57px; padding:5px 5px 5px 5px; height:19px; background-color:white; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">P-value</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:70px; padding:5px 5px 5px 5px; height:19px; background-color:white; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">R&eacute;sultats</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:64px; padding:5px 5px 5px 5px; height:42px; background-color:white; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"> <p align="center" class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">H.1</span></b></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:120px; padding:5px 5px 5px 5px; height:42px; background-color:white; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">E</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">tendue des besoins en informations </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Wingdings">&agrave;</span></span></span> <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">Intensit&eacute; &agrave; l&rsquo;exportation </span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:54px; padding:5px 5px 5px 5px; height:42px; background-color:white; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">0.288</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:60px; padding:5px 5px 5px 5px; height:42px; background-color:white; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">0.082</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:51px; padding:5px 5px 5px 5px; height:42px; background-color:white; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">3.207</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:57px; padding:5px 5px 5px 5px; height:42px; background-color:white; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">0.011</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:70px; padding:5px 5px 5px 5px; height:42px; background-color:white; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">Confirm&eacute;e*</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:64px; padding:5px 5px 5px 5px; height:33px; background-color:white; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"> <p align="center" class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">H.2</span></b></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:120px; padding:5px 5px 5px 5px; height:33px; background-color:white; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">Collecte de l&rsquo;information </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Wingdings">&agrave;</span></span></span> <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">Intensit&eacute; &agrave; l&rsquo;exportation </span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:54px; padding:5px 5px 5px 5px; height:33px; background-color:white; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">0.201</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:60px; padding:5px 5px 5px 5px; height:33px; background-color:white; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">0.094</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:51px; padding:5px 5px 5px 5px; height:33px; background-color:white; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">2.116</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:57px; padding:5px 5px 5px 5px; height:33px; background-color:white; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">0.035</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:70px; padding:5px 5px 5px 5px; height:33px; background-color:white; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">Confirm&eacute;e*</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:64px; padding:5px 5px 5px 5px; height:14px; background-color:white; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"> <p align="center" class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">H.3</span></b></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:120px; padding:5px 5px 5px 5px; height:14px; background-color:white; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">Traitement</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Wingdings">&agrave;</span></span></span> <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">Intensit&eacute; &agrave; l&rsquo;exportation</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:54px; padding:5px 5px 5px 5px; height:14px; background-color:white; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">0.072</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:60px; padding:5px 5px 5px 5px; height:14px; background-color:white; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">0.081</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:51px; padding:5px 5px 5px 5px; height:14px; background-color:white; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">0.910</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:57px; padding:5px 5px 5px 5px; height:14px; background-color:white; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">0.363</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:70px; padding:5px 5px 5px 5px; height:14px; background-color:white; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">Non support&eacute;e</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:64px; padding:5px 5px 5px 5px; height:48px; background-color:white; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"> <p align="center" class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">H.4</span></b></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:120px; padding:5px 5px 5px 5px; height:48px; background-color:white; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">Partage</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Wingdings">&agrave;</span></span></span> <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">Intensit&eacute; &agrave; l&rsquo;exportation</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:54px; padding:5px 5px 5px 5px; height:48px; background-color:white; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">0.221</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:60px; padding:5px 5px 5px 5px; height:48px; background-color:white; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">0.081</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:51px; padding:5px 5px 5px 5px; height:48px; background-color:white; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">2.736</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:57px; padding:5px 5px 5px 5px; height:48px; background-color:white; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">0.006</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:70px; padding:5px 5px 5px 5px; height:48px; background-color:white; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">Confirm&eacute;e**</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">L</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">es r&eacute;sultats de cette phase confirmatoire d&eacute;montrent l&rsquo;existence d&rsquo;un effet g&eacute;n&eacute;ralement positif entre les dimensions retenues pour appr&eacute;cier la veille strat&eacute;gique et celles li&eacute;es &agrave; l&rsquo;intensit&eacute; &agrave; l&rsquo;export. De fa&ccedil;on sp&eacute;cifique, les entreprises exportatrices auront tendance &agrave; vendre davantage sur les march&eacute;s &eacute;trangers au fur et &agrave; mesure que : </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">- l&rsquo;&eacute;tendue des besoins en informations exprim&eacute;s est importante notamment pour l&rsquo;aspect commercial et concurrentiel (<i>valeurs des loading &gt; 0.7</i>). En d&rsquo;autres termes, plus les besoins en informations des dirigeants touchent des aspects vari&eacute;s, plus ils auront tendance &agrave; exporter.<u> </u></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; text-indent:-7.95pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">- </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">le nombre des sources d&rsquo;informations est &eacute;lev&eacute;. Autrement exprim&eacute;, pour exporter plus, les entreprises ont besoin de mobiliser davantage de sources d&rsquo;informations.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; text-indent:-7.95pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">- </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">la fr&eacute;quence d&rsquo;utilisation de diff&eacute;rents canaux de communication est importance. La </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:#222222">validation de cette hypoth&egrave;se s&rsquo;inscrit dans le m&ecirc;me sens des travaux d&rsquo;Amabile et al., (2013); Ces derniers avancent que le niveau d&rsquo;engagement &agrave; l&rsquo;exportation est favoris&eacute; par une meilleure communication.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:#222222">La troisi&egrave;me hypoth&egrave;se (H.3) met l&rsquo;accent sur le lien entre la phase d&rsquo;analyse des informations et la proportion du chiffre d&rsquo;affaires export&eacute;. &Agrave; cet &eacute;gard, l&rsquo;existence de lien positif entre l&rsquo;analyse des informations et le niveau d&rsquo;intensit&eacute; &agrave; l&rsquo;exportation n&rsquo;a pas &eacute;t&eacute; v&eacute;rifi&eacute;&nbsp;(</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">le facteur <i>p</i> d&eacute;passant largement le seuil requis des 5%).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">Par ailleurs, l</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:#222222">&rsquo;infirmation cette hypoth&egrave;se ne s&rsquo;accorde pas avec le lien positif avanc&eacute; par Stefanikova et ses coll&egrave;gues (2015). En effet, ces auteurs aboutissent &agrave; un lien significatif entre l&rsquo;analyse des informations et le niveau de comp&eacute;titivit&eacute; de l&rsquo;entreprise dans un contexte international.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:#222222">L&rsquo;absence de lien positif dans le cadre de cette hypoth&egrave;se (H.3) peut s&rsquo;expliquer par la nature du contexte. En effet, dans les pays en voie de d&eacute;veloppement, les PME ne sont pas en mesure de d&eacute;velopper ou d&rsquo;acqu&eacute;rir des outils technologiques sp&eacute;cifiques qui appuient le processus d&rsquo;analyse des informations collect&eacute;es (Rodriguez et al., 2010). Ceci peut &eacute;galement se justifier par les disponibilit&eacute;s restreintes en termes de ressources (financi&egrave;res et humaines et technologiques) chez les PME (Dietsh et Mahieux, 2014). </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:#222222">Dans le m&ecirc;me courant d&rsquo;id&eacute;es, l&rsquo;analyse les r&eacute;sultats obtenus sur un &eacute;chantillon de 64 PME exportatrices marocaines, Laghzaoui et Sliman (2017) aboutissent &agrave; la m&ecirc;me r&eacute;flexion d&eacute;velopp&eacute;e par Phanuel (2008). Ces chercheurs avancent que la non-apparition d&rsquo;une d&eacute;marche d&rsquo;analyse des informations collect&eacute;es ne signifie pas toujours l&rsquo;inexistence d&rsquo;un traitement (Laghzaoui et Sliman, 2017). </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:#222222">Ainsi, et &agrave; travers les observations collect&eacute;es, dans la case &laquo;&nbsp;</span></span></span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:#222222">autres moyens d&rsquo;analyse</span></span></span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:#222222">&nbsp;&raquo;, certains dirigeants interrog&eacute;s ont mentionn&eacute; que le traitement des informations se faisait par des &laquo;&nbsp;</span></span></span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:#222222">interpr&eacute;tations personnelles</span></span></span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:#222222"> &raquo;. Cette observation va de pair avec les conclusions de Child et son coll&egrave;gue (2014). Ces auteurs postulent que la combinaison du leadership individualis&eacute; au sein des PME avec les contraintes informationnelles sugg&egrave;re que les dirigeants se basent souvent sur leur intuition personnelle comme moyen de traitement des informations et de r&eacute;ponses aux impr&eacute;vus li&eacute;s &agrave; l&rsquo;environnement (Child et Hsieh, 2014). </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">Conclusion </span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">L&rsquo;objectif de ce papier &eacute;tait de confronter les diverses dimensions de la veille strat&eacute;gique au niveau d&rsquo;exportation des PME marocaines. En ce sens, il para&icirc;t que plus ces entit&eacute;s r&eacute;alisent un chiffre d&rsquo;affaires important au-del&agrave; de leurs fronti&egrave;res nationales plus elles sont susceptibles d&rsquo;instaurer une d&eacute;marche informationnelle regroupant collecte et diffusion. Par ailleurs, le lien ne semble pas &eacute;tabli quant &agrave; l&rsquo;aspect du traitement des informations issues du processus de veille.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">En outre, ce papier met la lumi&egrave;re sur la sp&eacute;cification des pratiques de surveillance chez les PME exportatrices. &Agrave; cet effet, et en comparaison avec les autres types de veilles (juridique, financi&egrave;re, technologique), la surveillance de l&rsquo;environnement orient&eacute;e sur l&rsquo;aspect concurrentiel et commercial s&rsquo;est av&eacute;r&eacute;e plus pertinente quand la PME exporte.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">En addition, et tenant compte de la pertinence informationnelle dans la d&eacute;marche d&rsquo;internationalisation des PME, les pouvoirs publics et les agences gouvernementales de promotion &agrave; l&rsquo;export devront accorder plus d&rsquo;int&eacute;r&ecirc;t &agrave; cet aspect en vue d&rsquo;encourager l&rsquo;instauration de pratiques de veille strat&eacute;gique.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">Cet article peut repr&eacute;senter certaines limites de recherche. La premi&egrave;re, li&eacute;e au contexte de la recherche, est celle du test du mod&egrave;le conceptuel sur un seul pays, en l&rsquo;occurrence le Maroc. &Agrave; cet effet, les r&eacute;sultats produits sont &agrave; interpr&eacute;ter avec pr&eacute;caution, ils offrent &eacute;galement une port&eacute;e r&eacute;duite en termes de g&eacute;n&eacute;ralisation.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-top:7px; margin-bottom:7px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">Une deuxi&egrave;me limite peut &ecirc;tre celle relative &agrave; l&rsquo;op&eacute;rationnalisation des activit&eacute;s &agrave; l&rsquo;exportation. &Agrave; cet &eacute;gard, l&rsquo;intensit&eacute; &agrave; l&rsquo;export n&rsquo;offre pas une image exhaustive de l&rsquo;engagement des PME &agrave; l&rsquo;international. De plus, et dans une perspective m&eacute;thodologique, l&rsquo;absence de variable de contr&ocirc;le peut &eacute;galement faire l&rsquo;objet de reproche quant &agrave; la conceptualisation du mod&egrave;le th&eacute;orique. Les variables de contr&ocirc;le adopt&eacute;es dans les &eacute;tudes relatives &agrave; l&rsquo;internationalisation des PME tournent souvent autour des aspects suivants&nbsp;: la taille de l&rsquo;entreprise, l&rsquo;exp&eacute;rience internationale du dirigeant, le secteur d&rsquo;activit&eacute;s ou encore la complexit&eacute; de l&rsquo;offre exportable (Dutot et al., 2014&nbsp;; Costa et al., 2016&nbsp;; St-Pierre et al., 2018). </span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">Dans cette optique, les futures recherches peuvent consid&eacute;rer l&rsquo;ensemble de ces limites de recherche en vue d&rsquo;enrichir leurs travaux. L&rsquo;int&eacute;gration des autres dimensions li&eacute;es &agrave; l&rsquo;internationalisation (port&eacute;e &agrave; l&rsquo;international et/ou l&rsquo;exp&eacute;rience &agrave; l&rsquo;international) de ces entit&eacute;s peut &eacute;galement constituer une perspective &agrave; explorer.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsAA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">Pour ce qui est du volet informationnel, et en vue de mieux appr&eacute;hender le construit li&eacute; &agrave; l&rsquo;analyse des informations, des auteurs font appel &agrave; la consid&eacute;ration des techniques de Knowledge management comme base d&rsquo;interpr&eacute;tation et d&rsquo;organisation des informations collect&eacute;es (Villar et al., 2014 ; Valentim et al., 2015).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <div>&nbsp; <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-top:7px; margin-bottom:7px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">[1]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a> <span style="font-size:10.0pt">Evolution du commerce mondial de marchandises de 3% en 2018&nbsp;contre 4,7% d&rsquo;augmentation des &eacute;changes enregistr&eacute;e en 2017 (</span><i><span style="font-size:10.0pt">OMC : Examen statistique du commerce mondial, 2019</span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt">).</span> </span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn2"> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><sup><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">[2]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a> <span style="font-size:10.0pt">Investissement direct &eacute;tranger.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn3"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-top:7px; margin-bottom:7px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><sup><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">[3]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a> Commun&eacute;ment d&eacute;sign&eacute;e par son appellation anglophone <i>Partial Least Squares (PLS)</i></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn4"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-top:7px; margin-bottom:7px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><sup><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><sup><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">[4]</span></span></span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"> Une hypoth&egrave;se est consid&eacute;r&eacute;e valide si le coefficient <i>P</i> <i>(Path coefficient) </i>est inf&eacute;rieur &agrave; 5% ; Seuil &agrave; P*&lt;0.05 P**=&lt;0.01</span></span></span></span></p> </div> </div>