<p>Article</p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Introduction</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Dans un contexte marqu&eacute; par &laquo;&nbsp;la mondialisation, la g&eacute;n&eacute;ralisation des technologies de l&rsquo;information et de la communication et l&rsquo;acc&eacute;l&eacute;ration des &eacute;changes &eacute;conomiques, les entreprises sont confront&eacute;es &agrave; une situation d&rsquo;incertitude sur l&rsquo;&eacute;volution de leur environnement&nbsp;&raquo; (Hamidou Benyelles &amp; Tchouar, 2017).En effet, elles sont contraintes &agrave; &ecirc;tre durablement comp&eacute;titives car cette comp&eacute;tition concerne non seulement les entreprises locales mais aussi celles internationales (Hourenatou, 2023). Depuis l&rsquo;ann&eacute;e 2015, en plus de cette concurrence et de la situation &eacute;conomique g&eacute;n&eacute;rale, les entreprises burkinab&egrave; doivent faire face &agrave; une crise qui, bien que s&eacute;curitaire impacte n&eacute;gativement les entreprises plus pr&eacute;cis&eacute;ment les PME. Selon (Kindo &amp; Benseddik, 2021), les crises mettent en premier plan et nous rappellent une tr&egrave;s grande importance d&rsquo;&ecirc;tre vigilant afin d&rsquo;anticiper les menaces. Ce faisant, au Burkina Faso, le dernier rapport d&rsquo;enqu&ecirc;te de la MEBF<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><b><sup><b><sup><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[1]</span></span></span></sup></b></sup></b></a> (du 16 juin 2022) montre qu&rsquo;environ 80% des PME burkinab&egrave; sont impact&eacute;es n&eacute;gativement par la crise s&eacute;curitaire. Afin de &nbsp;faire face &agrave; cette situation, les PME doivent &ecirc;tre aux aguets des informations afin de tirer profit des changements qui s&rsquo;imposent &agrave; elles et transformer cette crise s&eacute;curitaire en opportunit&eacute;s d&rsquo;affaires (Kindo &amp; Benseddik, 2023). La veille strat&eacute;gique constitue alors l&rsquo;outil indispensable permettant aux dirigeants d&rsquo;atteindre cet objectif. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Pour Aguilar (1967), &laquo;&nbsp;la veille strat&eacute;gique consiste &agrave; identifier les informations relatives aux &eacute;v&eacute;nements et aux relations venant de l&rsquo;environnement externe de l&rsquo;entreprise, lesquelles informations dont la connaissance est susceptible d&rsquo;aider l&rsquo;&eacute;quipe dirigeante dans ses choix strat&eacute;giques relative au futur de l&rsquo;entreprise&nbsp;&raquo;. Dans cette logique, &laquo;&nbsp;la veille strat&eacute;gique serait une composante du syst&egrave;me d&#39;information de l&#39;entreprise, tourn&eacute;e vers l&rsquo;environnement ext&eacute;rieur, et dont l&rsquo;objectif consiste &agrave; exploiter au mieux des informations indispensables &agrave; la prise de d&eacute;cisions dans le but d&rsquo;assurer la survie de l&rsquo;entreprise&nbsp;&raquo; (Hourenatou, 2020).Il s&rsquo;agit donc d&rsquo;un &laquo;&nbsp;processus de surveillance volontariste&nbsp;&raquo;, proactif et collectif qui regroupe diverses composantes, chacune est sp&eacute;cifique &agrave; un domaine de l&rsquo;environnement de l&rsquo;entreprise. Il faut noter qu&rsquo;un &laquo;&nbsp;syst&egrave;me de veille strat&eacute;gique permettra &agrave; l&rsquo;entreprise de se doter d&rsquo;intelligence appropri&eacute;e pour la mise en &oelig;uvre d&rsquo;une strat&eacute;gie de d&eacute;veloppement soutenue&nbsp;&raquo; (Saida, 2022). </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Ainsi, &laquo;&nbsp;les entreprises peuvent faire recours &agrave; la veille strat&eacute;gique, qui &agrave; travers ses composantes sp&eacute;cifiques comme la veille commerciale, la veille concurrentielle, la veille technologique, la veille environnementale et la veille s&eacute;curitaire pourrait permettre la collecte d&rsquo;informations sur les nouveaux besoins du march&eacute;, la disponibilit&eacute; des nouvelles technologies, les nouvelles strat&eacute;gies de la concurrence ainsi que les nouvelles opportunit&eacute;s que cr&eacute;&eacute;e une crise dans l&rsquo;environnement de l&rsquo;entreprise&nbsp;&raquo; (Hourenatou, 2023,p.557).Ce faisant, la veille strat&eacute;gique pourrait constituer un facteur d&eacute;terminant de la survie des entreprises en p&eacute;riode de crise en leur permettant de mieux r&eacute;sister aux changements inopportuns de l&rsquo;environnement. Cela dit, la probl&eacute;matique de notre recherche consiste donc &agrave; voir&nbsp;: <b>Dans quelle mesure la pratique de la veille strat&eacute;gique en contexte de crise s&eacute;curitaire par les dirigeants des PME, pourrait-elle impacter la survie de leurs entreprises&nbsp;?</b> Pour y arriver, une allons adopter une d&eacute;marche hypoth&eacute;tico-d&eacute;ductive consistant &agrave; faire une revue de la litt&eacute;rature dans le but de formuler des hypoth&egrave;ses. Par la suite, les hypoth&egrave;ses seront test&eacute;es via un mod&egrave;le structurel sur Smart PLS.Pour une bonne structuration de notre travail, nous allons mener un examen th&eacute;orique des concepts &laquo;&nbsp;de veille strat&eacute;gique et de survie&nbsp;&raquo; avant d&rsquo;envisager &laquo;&nbsp;une &eacute;tude empirique&nbsp;&raquo; aupr&egrave;s des PME burkinab&egrave; avec trois objectifs sp&eacute;cifiques. D&rsquo;abord, il sera question d&rsquo;un &eacute;tat des lieux des PME en situation de crise s&eacute;curitaire. Ensuite, une analyse des enjeux de la veille strat&eacute;gique pour les PME en p&eacute;riode de crise, sera effectu&eacute;e. Enfin, on examinera les apports possibles de la pratique de la veille strat&eacute;gique &agrave; la survie des PME burkinab&egrave;.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li style="text-align:justify; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;; margin-bottom:11px"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Revue de la litt&eacute;rature relative aux concepts de veille strat&eacute;gique et survie des organisations</span></span></b></li> </ol> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">1.1. </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Le concept de veille strat&eacute;gique, ses composantes et ses enjeux</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Il faut noter que &laquo;&nbsp;l&rsquo;&ecirc;tre humain a toujours tr&egrave;s fortement &eacute;prouv&eacute; le besoin de s&rsquo;informer sur le monde dans lequel il vivait, et m&ecirc;me au-del&agrave;, pour survivre, pour satisfaire sa soif de connaissance, pour gagner les guerres ou pour imposer sa domination politico-&eacute;conomique&nbsp;&raquo; (Hourenatou, 2020).En effet, sur le plan historique, &laquo;&nbsp;l&rsquo;apparition du concept de la veille remonte aux ann&eacute;es 50 avant J.C surtout dans le domaine militaire par la suite, il a commenc&eacute; &agrave; se d&eacute;velopper et &agrave; se propager dans les autres secteurs d&rsquo;activit&eacute;&nbsp;&raquo; (Hourenatou,2023).</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-36pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">1.1.1. </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Comprendre le concept de veille strat&eacute;gique et ses missions</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">L&rsquo;activit&eacute; de &laquo;&nbsp;veille strat&eacute;gique&nbsp;&raquo; existerait depuis que le monde du commerce et de l&rsquo;entreprise a vu le jour. Cependant, le concept de&nbsp;&laquo; veille&nbsp;&raquo; s&rsquo;est d&eacute;velopp&eacute;e dans les ann&eacute;es 1960 &agrave; travers les travaux d&rsquo;Aguilar (1967) et a attir&eacute; l&rsquo;attention des chercheurs de plusieurs pays y compris ceux &laquo;&nbsp;des pays &agrave; &eacute;conomie &eacute;mergente&nbsp;&raquo; (Kriaa-Medhaffer, 2006). Le terme &laquo;&nbsp;veille strat&eacute;gique&nbsp;&raquo; est l&#39;agencement de deux termes, en occurrence &laquo;&nbsp;veille&nbsp;&raquo; et &laquo;&nbsp;strat&eacute;gique&nbsp;&raquo;. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">La veille signifie &laquo; &ecirc;tre &eacute;veill&eacute;, &ecirc;tre en &eacute;tat de r&eacute;ceptivit&eacute;, &ecirc;tre pr&ecirc;t &agrave; d&eacute;tecter quelque chose qui pourrait se produire sans que l&rsquo;on sache exactement quoi, ni o&ugrave;, ni quand &raquo; (Lesca, 2003&nbsp;; cit&eacute; par Hourenatou, 2023).Quant &agrave;&nbsp; l&rsquo;adjectif &laquo;&nbsp;strat&eacute;gique&nbsp;&raquo;, &laquo;&nbsp;il est utilis&eacute; pour montrer que la veille a pour mission de fournir aux d&eacute;cideurs des informations utiles &agrave; la prise de d&eacute;cisions strat&eacute;giques&nbsp;&raquo; (Ayachi, 2007 ; Lesca, 2003). De plus, &laquo;&nbsp;il indique que les informations fournies par la veille ne concernent pas le quotidien de l&rsquo;entreprise mais plut&ocirc;t l&rsquo;orientation des d&eacute;cisions qui engagent l&rsquo;avenir et l&rsquo;&eacute;volution de l&rsquo;entreprise, en liaison avec les tendances de son environnement&nbsp;&raquo; (Kriaa-Medhaffer, 2006). Selon Aguilar (1967), pionnier de la recherche en mati&egrave;re de veille, la veille strat&eacute;gique consiste &agrave; saisir les informations relatives aux &eacute;v&eacute;nements de l&rsquo;environnement externe de l&rsquo;entreprise. Lesca et Caron-Fasan (2006) quant &agrave; eux, d&eacute;finissent la veille comme &laquo;&nbsp;l&rsquo;ensemble des techniques visant &agrave; organiser de mani&egrave;re syst&eacute;matique la collecte, la recherche, la diffusion et l&rsquo;exploitation des informations utiles &agrave; la sauvegarde et &agrave; la croissance des entreprises&nbsp;&raquo;. Dans la m&ecirc;me logique, Pateyron (1998) d&eacute;finit &laquo;&nbsp;la veille strat&eacute;gique&nbsp;&raquo; comme &laquo;&nbsp;la recherche de l&#39;information gr&acirc;ce &agrave; une vigilance constante et une surveillance permanente de l&rsquo;environnement pour des vis&eacute;es strat&eacute;giques&nbsp;&raquo;. Savall et Zardet (1995) d&eacute;finissent le concept &laquo;&nbsp;comme une surveillance aigu&euml;, particuli&egrave;rement active et efficace de l&rsquo;environnement interne et externe de l&rsquo;organisation pour en extraire des informations utiles au pilotage strat&eacute;gique et op&eacute;rationnel de l&rsquo;organisation&nbsp;&raquo;. La d&eacute;finition propos&eacute;e par Lesca (2004) selon laquelle &laquo;&nbsp;la veille strat&eacute;gique est le processus collectif continu par lequel un groupe d&rsquo;individus traquent, de fa&ccedil;on volontariste, et utilisent des informations &agrave; caract&egrave;re anticipatif concernant les changements susceptibles de se produire dans l&rsquo;environnement ext&eacute;rieur de l&rsquo;entreprise, dans le but de cr&eacute;er des opportunit&eacute;s d&rsquo;affaires et de r&eacute;duire des risques et l&rsquo;incertitude en g&eacute;n&eacute;ral est la mieux connue et la plus utilis&eacute;e dans les travaux de recherche&nbsp;&raquo;. La veille strat&eacute;gique renvoie donc &agrave; la fonction de renseignement des entreprises. Pour Outellou (2022), la fonction de renseignement peut servir &agrave; anticiper les menaces et les opportunit&eacute;s en diminuant l&rsquo;incertitude. La veille strat&eacute;gique est donc &laquo;&nbsp;une activit&eacute; de d&eacute;tection des signaux (surtout faibles) de l&rsquo;environnement socio-&eacute;conomique d&rsquo;une entreprise ou d&rsquo;une organisation pour y d&eacute;tecter des dangers et des opportunit&eacute;s en vue de prendre des d&eacute;cisions&nbsp;&raquo; (Hourenatou, 2023).</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Par ailleurs, il faut noter qu&rsquo;on attribue g&eacute;n&eacute;ralement &laquo;&nbsp;deux missions principales &agrave; la veille strat&eacute;gique&nbsp;&raquo;. En effet, la premi&egrave;re mission attribu&eacute;e &agrave; la veille strat&eacute;gique, serait la r&eacute;duction de &laquo;&nbsp;l&rsquo;incertitude rencontr&eacute;e par les dirigeants vis-&agrave;-vis de leur environnement&nbsp;&raquo;. C&rsquo;est pourquoi, &laquo;&nbsp;la veille doit permettre de d&eacute;tecter suffisamment t&ocirc;t les menaces et les opportunit&eacute;s en identifiant, en analysant et en surveillant des variables pertinentes cibl&eacute;es de l&rsquo;environnement&nbsp;&raquo; (Benabdeslam &amp; Boukrif, 2020). Quant &agrave; la deuxi&egrave;me mission, &laquo;&nbsp;elle doit aider les dirigeants dans leur processus de d&eacute;cision en fournissant des informations et des repr&eacute;sentations utiles&nbsp;&raquo; (Maier, Rainer &amp; Snyder, 1997). Ces diff&eacute;rentes informations devraient &laquo;&nbsp;permettre &agrave; l&rsquo;entreprise de s&rsquo;adapter aux changements critiques &agrave; venir avec une marge de man&oelig;uvre d&rsquo;action, au mieux, proactive et, au pire, r&eacute;active&nbsp;&raquo; (Kalika, 1991).Ce faisant, &laquo;&nbsp;la veille strat&eacute;gique se doit de transformer les donn&eacute;es brutes externes en sens &agrave;&nbsp; savoir, analys&eacute;es, r&eacute;sum&eacute;es et interpr&eacute;t&eacute;es&nbsp;&raquo; (Azilal &amp; Miri, 2021). En cons&eacute;quence, &laquo;&nbsp;la finalit&eacute; de la veille est surtout l&rsquo;action par son incorporation dans le processus de d&eacute;cision&nbsp;&raquo; (Hourenatou, 2023).</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-36pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">1.1.2. </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Les composantes de la veille strat&eacute;gique et ses enjeux pour les PME</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">La veille strat&eacute;gique peut se d&eacute;cliner au travers de plusieurs facettes que sont&nbsp;: la veille technologique, la veille environnementale, la veille concurrentielle, la veille commerciale, la veille s&eacute;curitaire, etc.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">La veille technologique</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> est une cat&eacute;gorie de veille qui permet de suivre les diff&eacute;rents produits &agrave; travers leurs techniques de production et les moyens de distribution. Dans un tel contexte, l&rsquo;attention est port&eacute;e sur les diff&eacute;rents transferts de technologies et les d&eacute;p&ocirc;ts de brevets des travaux de recherche. On s&rsquo;appuie ici sur l&rsquo;observation et l&rsquo;&eacute;valuation des informations scientifiques et technologiques (Gloaguen &amp; al. 2014, p.23).Selon Rouach (1996), &laquo;&nbsp;la veille technologique est une activit&eacute; mise en place par l&rsquo;entreprise pour suivre les &eacute;volutions technologiques susceptibles d&rsquo;influer sur le devenir de son m&eacute;tier&nbsp;&raquo;. Son objectif serait d&rsquo;aider &agrave; am&eacute;liorer les produits existants, cr&eacute;er de nouveaux produits, &eacute;viter la contrefa&ccedil;on et conna&icirc;tre les projets des concurrents.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Concernant <b>la veille environnementale</b>, &laquo;&nbsp;elle analyse des informations sur chaque secteur de l&rsquo;environnement externe qui peut aider les dirigeants &agrave; projeter leurs organisations dans le futur&nbsp;&raquo;. De plus, &laquo;&nbsp;elle ne couvre pas seulement l&rsquo;environnement sp&eacute;cifique de la firme, mais elle tient compte &eacute;galement des variables cl&eacute;s de l&rsquo;environnement g&eacute;n&eacute;ral &agrave; savoir : la technologie, les conditions &eacute;conomiques, l&rsquo;environnement politique, juridique et normatif, et les tendances sociales et d&eacute;mographiques&nbsp;&raquo; (Kindo &amp; Benseddik, 2023).</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Quant &agrave; <b>la veille commerciale</b>, &laquo;&nbsp;elle s&rsquo;int&eacute;resse &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;volution des besoins des clients &agrave; long terme, &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;volution de la relation des clients &agrave; l&rsquo;entreprise et, dans une moindre mesure, &agrave; la solvabilit&eacute; des clients&nbsp;&raquo; (Pateyron, 1997). Cependant, &laquo;&nbsp;l&rsquo;int&eacute;r&ecirc;t de l&rsquo;entreprise se porte aussi sur l&rsquo;offre de produits nouveaux, la cr&eacute;ation de march&eacute;s et la d&eacute;tection de cr&eacute;neaux nouveaux&nbsp;&raquo;. Il serait donc primordial de &laquo;&nbsp;suivre l&rsquo;&eacute;volution de l&rsquo;offre de nouveaux produits, l&rsquo;&eacute;volution de la relation du fournisseur &agrave; l&rsquo;entreprise, et enfin, la capacit&eacute; du fournisseur &agrave; procurer des produits &agrave; moindre co&ucirc;t&nbsp;&raquo; (Hourenatou, 2020).</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">En outre, <b>la veille concurrentielle</b>, comme son nom l&rsquo;indique, &laquo;&nbsp;est l&rsquo;activit&eacute; par laquelle l&rsquo;entreprise identifie sa concurrence actuelle et potentielle au niveau &eacute;conomique et financier (marques, effectifs, investissements, projets en cours etc.)&nbsp;&raquo; (Hourenatou, 2020).De plus, &laquo;&nbsp;elle permet de connaitre les strat&eacute;gies et &eacute;ventuellement les intentions ou projets futurs des concurrents de mani&egrave;re &agrave; anticiper toute d&eacute;cision susceptible de perturber l&rsquo;activit&eacute; de l&rsquo;entreprise ou au contraire de conduire &agrave; une opportunit&eacute; qu&rsquo;il faudrait ne pas rater&nbsp;&raquo; (Michel, 1991).</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Enfin, <b>la veille s&eacute;curitaire</b> est d&eacute;finie comme la collecte, l&rsquo;analyse, et l&rsquo;interpr&eacute;tation en continue par les structures des forces de d&eacute;fense et de s&eacute;curit&eacute; &nbsp;des signaux qui peuvent constituer un risque pour la s&eacute;curit&eacute; des populations et de leurs biens ,dans une perspective d&rsquo;anticipation pr&eacute;coce (Bekale, 2021). De nos jours, de plus en plus de pays touch&eacute;s par une crise s&eacute;curitaire, s&rsquo;int&eacute;ressent &agrave; ce type de veille afin de limiter les cons&eacute;quences de ces crises que sont &nbsp;les d&eacute;placements massifs de la population&nbsp; qui affectent g&eacute;n&eacute;ralement l&rsquo;activit&eacute; &eacute;conomique.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Par ailleurs, dans le contexte &eacute;conomique actuel, la veille strat&eacute;gique pr&eacute;sente de nombreux enjeux pour les PME. Nous nous sommes inspir&eacute;s des travaux de Hamidou et Grari (2018) pour identifier les principaux enjeux de la pratique de la veille pour les PME. Parmi les enjeux on peut mentionner <b>les enjeux financiers</b>. En effet, la veille strat&eacute;gique permet &agrave; l&rsquo;entreprise de &laquo;&nbsp;rechercher les solutions de financement pour leur projet et de mener des &eacute;tudes de faisabilit&eacute; des investissements&nbsp;&raquo;. Elle favorise &laquo;&nbsp;la collecte d&rsquo;informations sur le cours des mati&egrave;res premi&egrave;res, l&rsquo;&eacute;volution des changes, l&rsquo;&eacute;tude de fiabilit&eacute; des nouveaux partenaires et la surveillance financi&egrave;re des principaux partenaires&nbsp;&raquo; (Hamidou &amp; Grari, 2018). A cela s&rsquo;ajoute <b>les enjeux marketing</b>. Elle concerne tout ce qui est relatif &agrave; &laquo;&nbsp;l&rsquo;&eacute;tude du march&eacute; : l&rsquo;analyse des attentes et besoins de march&eacute; ; analyse de l&rsquo;offre du concurrent ; recherche d&rsquo;opportunit&eacute; pour l&rsquo;exportation&nbsp;&raquo; (Hourenatou, 2023). La veille permettra de suivre &laquo;&nbsp;la notori&eacute;t&eacute; de l&rsquo;entreprise aupr&egrave;s des consommateurs&nbsp;&raquo; et des m&eacute;dias mais aussi de suivre &laquo;&nbsp;l&rsquo;image des produits commercialis&eacute;s par l&rsquo;entreprise&nbsp;&raquo;. De plus, il y a <b>les enjeux techniques</b>. A travers sa composante technologique, la veille permet d&rsquo;identifier les technologies d&rsquo;aujourd&rsquo;hui et celles de demain dans le but d&rsquo;inciter et d&eacute;velopper l&rsquo;innovation. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Aussi, elle facilite &laquo;&nbsp;l&rsquo;identification des partenaires potentiels industriels ou des &eacute;quipes de recherche&nbsp;&raquo;. Enfin, on retient l<b>es enjeux juridiques</b>. &laquo;&nbsp;La veille consiste ici &agrave; savoir quelles sont les nouvelles lois sur tel produit ou la nouvelle r&eacute;glementation sur les tarifs douaniers d&rsquo;un pays. Elle permet la gestion de la propri&eacute;t&eacute; industrielle et la surveillance d&rsquo;&eacute;ventuelles contre fa&ccedil;ons&nbsp;&raquo; (Hamidou &amp; Grari, 2018).</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">1.2. </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Le concept de survie des entreprises et ses d&eacute;terminants </span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-36pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">1.2.1. </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Comprendre le concept de survie des entreprises</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">La survie constitue &laquo;&nbsp;un indicateur n&eacute;cessaire durant les premi&egrave;res &eacute;tapes de l&rsquo;existence d&rsquo;une entreprise pour appr&eacute;hender les phases de d&eacute;veloppement et le succ&egrave;s de la nouvelle entreprise&nbsp;&raquo;. Tamasy (2006) montre dans son &eacute;tude que &laquo;&nbsp;le crit&egrave;re minimum de succ&egrave;s qu&rsquo;une entreprise peut escompter est la survie de celle-ci&nbsp;&raquo;. Littunen et al. (1998) quant &agrave; eux&nbsp; affirment que &laquo;&nbsp;la survie est la premi&egrave;re &eacute;tape fondamentale dans l&rsquo;acc&egrave;s au succ&egrave;s&nbsp;&raquo;.Selon ces auteurs, &laquo;&nbsp;le concept de survie appara&icirc;t donc comme l&rsquo;&eacute;l&eacute;ment n&eacute;cessaire &agrave; l&rsquo;obtention du succ&egrave;s de l&rsquo;entreprise&nbsp;&raquo;.Consid&eacute;rer la notion de survie &laquo;&nbsp;renvoie &agrave; prendre en compte un &eacute;l&eacute;ment intrins&egrave;que &agrave; cette notion qui est le temps&nbsp;&raquo;. En effet, &laquo;&nbsp;survivre implique une dur&eacute;e dans le temps&nbsp;&raquo; (Hourenatou, 2020). Si certains auteurs aimeront analyser le court ou le moyen terme, d&rsquo;autres par contre, envisageront la notion de survie &agrave; long terme voire la p&eacute;rennit&eacute; de l&rsquo;organisation. En effet, la notion de p&eacute;rennit&eacute; fait allusion &agrave; ce qui dure dans le temps, &agrave; une certaine continuit&eacute; de l&rsquo;activit&eacute; de l&rsquo;entreprise et de son existence sur le long terme. Br&uuml;derl et al. (1992) aiment analyser &laquo;&nbsp;la survie sur les 5 premi&egrave;res ann&eacute;es apr&egrave;s la cr&eacute;ation de l&rsquo;entreprise&nbsp;&raquo;. Gartner et al. (1999) quant &agrave; eux, &laquo;&nbsp;consid&egrave;rent quant &agrave; eux que la survie &agrave; 4 ans est un indicateur cl&eacute; dans le rep&eacute;rage du succ&egrave;s&nbsp;&raquo;. Ciavarella et al. (2004), &laquo;&nbsp;&eacute;valuent la notion de survie au cours d&rsquo;une &eacute;tude longitudinale sur 8 ans&nbsp;&raquo;. Par ailleurs, certains auteurs tel que Singh (1997), focalisent leur analyse sur &laquo;&nbsp;l&rsquo;observation de donn&eacute;es relatives &agrave; 30 ann&eacute;es d&rsquo;historique des entreprises &eacute;tudi&eacute;es&nbsp;&raquo;. Le concept de p&eacute;rennit&eacute; &laquo;&nbsp;appara&icirc;t donc comme le prolongement de la notion de survie, les deux &eacute;l&eacute;ments disposant de points d&rsquo;observation diff&eacute;rents, quant au stade de d&eacute;veloppement de l&rsquo;entreprise concern&eacute;e&nbsp;&raquo; (Hourenatou, 2023).</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-36pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">1.2.2. </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Les facteurs d&eacute;terminants de la survie des entreprises</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">La litt&eacute;rature nous permet d&rsquo;identifier plusieurs facteurs qui conditionnent la survie d&rsquo;une entreprise. Nous pouvons citer entre autres: la ressource financi&egrave;re, l&rsquo;innovation, la collaboration, le profil du dirigeant, l&rsquo;&acirc;ge et la taille de l&rsquo;entreprise.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Il faut noter que <b>l&rsquo;aspect financier</b> constitue un facteur primordial dans la survie d&rsquo;une organisation. Sans &ecirc;tre sp&eacute;cifique, &laquo;&nbsp;des &eacute;tudes d&eacute;montrent que le manque de capitaux limiterait la probabilit&eacute; de survie ainsi que le taux de croissance de l&rsquo;entreprise&nbsp;&raquo; (Carpenter &amp; Petersen, 2002). Cependant, d&rsquo;autres &eacute;tudes soulignent que &laquo;&nbsp;le manque de financement &eacute;tait en fait un signe de probl&egrave;mes plus profonds comme un manque d&rsquo;innovation ou de collaboration&nbsp;&raquo;. Les revenus constituent donc un &laquo;&nbsp;gage de succ&egrave;s pour l&rsquo;entreprise&nbsp;&raquo; (Cressy, 2000).De plus, <b>l&rsquo;innovation </b>est un &eacute;l&eacute;ment important pour la survie de l&rsquo;organisation. En effet, la capacit&eacute; d&rsquo;innovation d&rsquo;une entreprise surtout de petite taille, constitue un facteur d&eacute;terminant pour sa survie. Audretsch (1998), a soulign&eacute; &laquo;&nbsp;qu&rsquo;un milieu tr&egrave;s innovant pourrait constituer une barri&egrave;re &agrave; l&rsquo;entr&eacute;e pour les nouvelles firmes si elles ne sont pas en mesure de s&rsquo;adapter au milieu&nbsp;&raquo;. Cependant, &laquo;&nbsp;apr&egrave;s avoir surv&eacute;cu, donc apr&egrave;s s&rsquo;&ecirc;tre adapt&eacute;es au milieu tr&egrave;s innovant en devenant elles-m&ecirc;mes tr&egrave;s innovantes, les entreprises auront tendance &agrave; survivre plus longtemps et &agrave; cro&icirc;tre plus rapidement&nbsp;&raquo; (Hourenatou, 2023).Aussi, <b>la collaboration</b> avec les organisations externes est un &eacute;l&eacute;ment d&eacute;terminant de la survie. Comme mentionn&eacute; par Powell et al. (1996), &laquo;&nbsp;lorsque la connaissance est &agrave; la fois complexe et co&ucirc;teuse et que les sources d&rsquo;expertise sont dispers&eacute;es, l&rsquo;innovation aura lieu dans des r&eacute;seaux d&rsquo;apprentissage plut&ocirc;t que dans les firmes&nbsp;&raquo;. Baum et al. (2000), quant &agrave; eux, d&eacute;montrent que &laquo;&nbsp;les firmes augmentent leur performance en faisant des alliances, en s&rsquo;organisant dans un r&eacute;seau efficient pour acqu&eacute;rir des connaissances et des comp&eacute;tences au meilleur co&ucirc;t&nbsp;&raquo;.En outre, <b>le profil du dirigeant</b> de l&rsquo;entreprise joue un r&ocirc;le important dans sa survie. En effet, dans un environnement en pleine turbulence, la valorisation du capital humain constitue un immense d&eacute;fi pour l&rsquo;organisation dans la cr&eacute;ation de valeur, le maintien et le d&eacute;veloppement d&rsquo;un processus de veille strat&eacute;gique acceptable (Errakkab, 2020). Ainsi, on retrouve dans la litt&eacute;rature, de nombreuses variables expliquant l&rsquo;influence des caract&eacute;ristiques et du profil de l&rsquo;entrepreneur sur non seulement la croissance mais aussi la survie de leur entreprise. Ces variables peuvent &ecirc;tre class&eacute;s en trois groupes &agrave; savoir : &laquo;&nbsp;la motivation du cr&eacute;ateur (son orientation entrepreneuriale), son capital humain g&eacute;n&eacute;ral et son exp&eacute;rience professionnelle&nbsp;&raquo; (Hourenatou, 2023).Dans ce sens, &laquo;&nbsp;le succ&egrave;s des nouvelles entreprises est li&eacute; principalement, dans de nombreuses recherches, &agrave; la personnalit&eacute; m&ecirc;me de l&rsquo;entrepreneur&nbsp;&raquo; (Bellu, 1993 ; Chell et al, 1991).</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Enfin, <b>l&rsquo;&acirc;ge et la taille de l&rsquo;entreprise</b> sont aussi des facteurs d&eacute;terminants de sa survie. En effet, &laquo;&nbsp;les toutes premi&egrave;res &eacute;tudes sur la survie, se sont concentr&eacute;es uniquement sur deux caract&eacute;ristiques de la firme, soit l&rsquo;&acirc;ge et la taille&nbsp;&raquo;. Evans (1987), fut l&rsquo;un des premiers &agrave; d&eacute;montrer que &laquo;&nbsp;l&rsquo;&acirc;ge et la taille augmentent la probabilit&eacute; de survie d&rsquo;une firme, quel que soit son secteur d&rsquo;activit&eacute;&nbsp;&raquo;.Cependant, &laquo;&nbsp;de r&eacute;centes &eacute;tudes soulignent que l&rsquo;&acirc;ge n&rsquo;aurait aucun impact sur la survie des organisations&nbsp;&raquo; (Silverman &amp; Baum, 2002). Concernant la taille, de nombreuses &eacute;tudes (Evans, 1987 ; Doms et al, 1995), &laquo;&nbsp;ont d&eacute;montr&eacute; que celle-ci avait un impact sur la survie puisque selon ces &eacute;tudes, les petites firmes sont expos&eacute;es au risque de mortalit&eacute; car elles sont plus susceptibles d&rsquo;&ecirc;tre op&eacute;r&eacute;es en dessous du minimum de la taille efficiente&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">1.3. </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Les liens possibles entre la veille strat&eacute;gique et la survie des entreprises</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">La veille occupe une place cruciale car elle donne aux entreprises ce qu&rsquo;elles ont de moins en moins &agrave; savoir le temps d&rsquo;anticiper pour prendre les bonnes d&eacute;cisions au bon moment. Selon Lesca (1994), &laquo;&nbsp;les entreprises devraient faire des efforts pour &ecirc;tre&nbsp; &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;coute&nbsp; des changements, pour surveiller les menaces et pour d&eacute;tecter les opportunit&eacute;s potentielles dans des temps compatibles avec leur d&eacute;lai d&rsquo;adaptation&nbsp;&raquo;.Avec une veille comp&eacute;tente, l&rsquo;entreprise peut agir sur son environnement, en ayant connaissance par exemple de l&rsquo;&eacute;mergence de nouveaux concurrents, de changements juridiques dans un secteur ou des critiques des consommateurs (Hourenatou,2023). De plus, si l&rsquo;entreprise est bien inform&eacute;e, elle est capable d&rsquo;anticiper des changements qui peuvent s&rsquo;op&eacute;rer sur le march&eacute;, &laquo;&nbsp;nouvelles normes, avanc&eacute;es technologiques, sortie de nouveaux produits, l&rsquo;avis de consommateurs&nbsp;&raquo;, et ainsi d&rsquo;innover dans son domaine, en am&eacute;liorant et adaptant l&rsquo;outil de production voire en cr&eacute;ant de nouveaux produits. Par cons&eacute;quent, elle aura de tr&egrave;s grande chance de survivre en menant r&eacute;guli&egrave;rement une activit&eacute; de veille.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">De ce qui pr&eacute;c&egrave;de, nous pouvons formuler les trois hypoth&egrave;ses suivantes&nbsp;: </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">&laquo;&nbsp;H1 : La veille concurrentielle impacterait positivement la survie des PME&nbsp;&raquo;&nbsp;;</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">&laquo;&nbsp;H2 : La veille technologique impacterait positivement la survie des PME&nbsp;&raquo;&nbsp;;</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">&laquo;&nbsp;H3 : La veille commerciale impacterait positivement la survie des PME&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Par ailleurs, pour l&rsquo;approche de la &laquo; Ressource-Based-View &raquo;, &laquo;&nbsp;la survie d&rsquo;une entreprise d&eacute;pend des ressources diff&eacute;rentes qu&rsquo;elle dispose par rapport &agrave; ses concurrents lui fournissant donc un avantage concurrentiel&nbsp;&raquo;. Par avantage concurrentiel, &laquo;&nbsp;il faudrait comprendre une situation avantageuse occup&eacute;e dans un domaine donn&eacute; par rapport aux concurrents. Il faut savoir que dans l&rsquo;esprit des initiateurs de cette th&eacute;orie, la survie et la performance d&rsquo;une entreprise ne r&eacute;sultent pas directement des ressources qu&rsquo;elle dispose mais plut&ocirc;t de l&rsquo;avantage concurrentiel g&eacute;n&eacute;r&eacute; par ses ressources strat&eacute;giques&nbsp;&raquo; (Hourenatou, 2023). </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Ainsi, &laquo;&nbsp;ce n&rsquo;est pas toutes les ressources poss&eacute;d&eacute;es par une entreprise qui donneraient un avantage concurrentiel&nbsp;&raquo;. La question qui se pose est la suivante : &laquo;&nbsp;quels sont les aspects des ressources qui pourraient g&eacute;n&eacute;rer des avantages concurrentiels soutenables et par cons&eacute;quent assurer la survie des entreprises ?&nbsp;&raquo;. Barney (1991), y r&eacute;pond &laquo;&nbsp;en soulignant qu&rsquo;une ressource ou une capacit&eacute; doit avoir de la valeur, &ecirc;tre rare, imparfaitement imitable et enfin difficilement substituable&nbsp;&raquo;. Dans cette logique, Slim (2004), a consid&eacute;r&eacute; &laquo;&nbsp;l&rsquo;information strat&eacute;gique issue d&rsquo;un processus de veille, comme une ressource permettant &agrave; une entreprise de survivre en s&rsquo;inspirant des attributs d&eacute;finis par Barney&nbsp;&raquo;. Ainsi, il va confirmer que &laquo;&nbsp;l&rsquo;information issue d&rsquo;un processus de surveillance de l&rsquo;environnement est une ressource strat&eacute;gique qui expliquerait les &eacute;carts de performance entre les organisations concurrentes et par cons&eacute;quent assure leur survie et leur croissance&nbsp;&raquo;. Ce faisant, nous pouvons dire que la th&eacute;orie des ressources appara&icirc;t comme un cadre th&eacute;orique adapt&eacute; et pertinent pour comprendre r&eacute;ellement l&rsquo;influence de la &laquo; ressource information &raquo; &agrave; travers la veille sur la survie des firmes. Aussi, dans un contexte de turbulence comme celui que vivent les PME burkinab&egrave; actuellement, &laquo;&nbsp;les strat&eacute;gies d&eacute;fensives comme offensives ne sauraient s&rsquo;en remettre &agrave; la seule improvisation&nbsp;&raquo;. Elles doivent se penser et se pr&eacute;parer &agrave; l&rsquo;avance. Il en va ainsi de &laquo;&nbsp;la survie de l&rsquo;entreprise tout comme il en va de celle de l&rsquo;arm&eacute;e sur le champ de bataille&nbsp;&raquo;. C&rsquo;est donc dans les p&eacute;riodes de transition et de crise, que pour &ecirc;tre vivant, &laquo;&nbsp;la survie est d&eacute;licate car, lorsque les conditions changent on peut dispara&icirc;tre&nbsp;&raquo;. Ainsi donc, selon Lesourne et Stoffa&euml;s (1996), &laquo;&nbsp;la veille strat&eacute;gique qui est un outil de la strat&eacute;gie prospective a pour finalit&eacute; ultime, la survie de l&rsquo;entreprise. Qu&rsquo;il s&rsquo;agisse d&rsquo;une entreprise, d&rsquo;une institution, d&rsquo;une administration publique, d&rsquo;un mouvement social ; quand les conditions changent, il faut imp&eacute;rativement se repositionner, examiner la validit&eacute; des comportements traditionnels, analyser les lignes d&rsquo;inflexion qui modifient l&rsquo;environnement et imaginer ce que seront les avenirs possibles&nbsp;&raquo;. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">De ce qui pr&eacute;c&egrave;de, on peut formuler l&rsquo;hypoth&egrave;se suivante&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">&laquo;&nbsp;H4 : La veille s&eacute;curitaire impacterait positivement la survie des PME&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Enfin, selon Voyant (1998), &laquo;&nbsp;la veille strat&eacute;gique, est un syst&egrave;me interconnect&eacute; aux syst&egrave;mes d&#39;information, de planification, de contr&ocirc;le de gestion et de prise de d&eacute;cision, formant un syst&egrave;me unique, destin&eacute; &agrave; pr&eacute;parer l&#39;entreprise &agrave; sa survie et &agrave; son d&eacute;veloppement&nbsp;&raquo;. De m&ecirc;me, pour Aguilar (1967), &laquo;&nbsp;l&#39;enjeu central de la veille strat&eacute;gique demeure la survie de l&#39;entreprise, qui est menac&eacute;e par l&#39;incertitude cr&eacute;&eacute;e dans l&#39;environnement&nbsp;&raquo;. La veille strat&eacute;gique appara&icirc;t ainsi &laquo;&nbsp;comme une pratique de gestion permettant aux PME d&rsquo;am&eacute;liorer leur performance et leur survie&nbsp;&raquo;. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Apr&egrave;s cette analyse, nous pouvons &eacute;tablir notre mod&egrave;le conceptuel de recherche illustr&eacute; dans la figure suivante&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Figure 1</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> : Mod&egrave;le&nbsp; conceptuel de recherche</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="2339" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_3113_18_image-20230803173415-1.jpeg" width="1654" /></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><u><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Source</span></span></u></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">&nbsp;: D&eacute;velopp&eacute; dans le cadre de cette &eacute;tude</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Selon le mod&egrave;le ci-dessus, nous indiquons les diff&eacute;rents items relatifs &agrave; chaque variable.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Tableau 1</span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> : Variables et instruments de mesure retenus</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <table class="Grilledutableau1" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:189px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Variable latente&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:340px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Items</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:75px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Code</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:none; width:189px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Veille concurrentielle</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:340px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Connaissance des technologies de la concurrence</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:75px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Vcon1</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:none; width:189px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:340px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Informations sur les produits</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:75px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Vcon2</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:none; width:189px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:340px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Innovations de la concurrence</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:75px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Vcon3</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:189px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:340px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Strat&eacute;gie de la concurrence</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:75px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Vcon4</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:none; width:189px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Veille technologique</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:340px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Outil de veille technologique</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:75px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Vtech1</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:189px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:340px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Techniques marketing</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:75px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Vtech2</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:none; width:189px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Veille s&eacute;curitaire</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:340px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Anticipation des nouveaux besoins de la client&egrave;le</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:75px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">VS1</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:none; width:189px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:340px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Mise sur pied des mesures contre la crise&raquo;</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:75px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">VS2</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:189px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:340px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Identification des crises</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:75px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">VS3</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:none; width:189px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:340px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Bonne connaissance du march&eacute;</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:75px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">VC1</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:none; width:189px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Veille commerciale</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:340px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Communication avec les partenaires </span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:75px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">VC2</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:none; width:189px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:340px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Anticipations des besoins des clients</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:75px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">VC3</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:189px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:340px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Acc&egrave;s aux mati&egrave;res premi&egrave;res</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:75px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">VC4</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:none; width:189px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:340px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">L&rsquo;innovation</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:75px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">S1</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:none; width:189px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Survie</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:340px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">La collaboration</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:75px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">S2</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:none; width:189px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:340px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">L&rsquo;aspect financier</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:75px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">S3</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:189px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:340px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Le profil du dirigeant</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:75px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">S4</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Source </span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">: Construit par nos soins</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <ol start="2" type="1"> <li style="text-align:justify; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;; margin-bottom:11px"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">D&eacute;marche m&eacute;thodologique de notre &eacute;tude</span></span></b></li> </ol> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Nous avons &eacute;voqu&eacute; pr&eacute;c&eacute;demment que &nbsp;notre &eacute;tude vise &agrave; d&eacute;terminer la relation qui existe entre les composantes de la veille strat&eacute;gique (veille concurrentielle, veille technologique, veille commerciale et veille s&eacute;curitaire) et la survie des PME de notre &eacute;chantillon, &eacute;voluant dans divers secteurs d&rsquo;activit&eacute;. Dans ce contexte, il y&rsquo;a lieu d&rsquo;&eacute;voquer notre positionnement &eacute;pist&eacute;mologique et m&eacute;thodologique. Ce faisant, notre &eacute;tude s&rsquo;inscrit dans un cadre &eacute;pist&eacute;mologique que l&rsquo;on peut qualifier de post-positiviste car pour les post-positivistes, la r&eacute;alit&eacute; sociale est externe, mais ne peut pas &ecirc;tre connue de mani&egrave;re probabiliste uniquement. Le chercheur tentera ici &laquo; d&rsquo;approcher au plus pr&egrave;s la r&eacute;alit&eacute; en particulier en multipliant les m&eacute;thodes. Alors que les positivistes n&rsquo;envisagent pas d&rsquo;autres approches que la m&eacute;thode exp&eacute;rimentale et la v&eacute;rification d&rsquo;hypoth&egrave;ses par les tests statistiques, les post-positivistes acceptent d&rsquo;autres modes de collecte de donn&eacute;es &raquo; (Gavard-Perret, &amp; al, 2013).Pour une coh&eacute;rence avec le positionnement post-positiviste, notre recherche adopte un raisonnement d&eacute;ductif et plus particuli&egrave;rement <b>hypoth&eacute;tico-d&eacute;ductif.</b> Cette logique de d&eacute;duction est choisie non pas par effet de mode, mais parce qu&rsquo;elle est l&rsquo;approche la plus coh&eacute;rente avec notre design de recherche qui vise &agrave; &eacute;tablir une relation causale entre les concepts de notre mod&egrave;le de recherche. Par ailleurs, &laquo;&nbsp;la m&eacute;thode utilis&eacute;e pour la collecte des donn&eacute;es est l&rsquo;administration du questionnaire de mani&egrave;re directe comportant uniquement des questions ferm&eacute;es &agrave; choix multiples, formul&eacute;es simplement pour la meilleure compr&eacute;hension des r&eacute;pondants&nbsp;&raquo;. Ce questionnaire est compos&eacute; de 3 axes regroupant des questions allant des caract&eacute;ristiques de l&rsquo;entreprise, de sa situation en p&eacute;riode de crise s&eacute;curitaire, de sa pratique de &laquo;&nbsp;la veille strat&eacute;gique&nbsp;&raquo; et des facteurs de survie, en terminant avec l&rsquo;identification du r&eacute;pondant. Ensuite, une analyse exploratoire a &eacute;t&eacute; effectu&eacute;e pour v&eacute;rifier la faisabilit&eacute; du questionnaire aupr&egrave;s des dirigeants de PME. Ce faisant, notre &eacute;chantillon de d&eacute;part est essentiellement constitu&eacute; de 120 entreprises employant moins de 250 personnes tous les secteurs confondus. C&rsquo;est ainsi que nous avons distribu&eacute;s 120 questionnaires aupr&egrave;s des entreprises dont 70 dans la ville de Ouagadougou et 50 dans celle de Bobo-Dioulasso. Au final, nous avons pu r&eacute;cup&eacute;rer 69 questionnaires dont 7 n&rsquo;ont pas &eacute;t&eacute; pris en compte car &eacute;tant rempli &agrave; moiti&eacute;. De ce fait, nous avons finalement un &eacute;chantillon exploitable de <b>62</b> entreprises soit un taux de r&eacute;ponse enregistr&eacute; de <b>52</b> % dont 42 &agrave; Ouagadougou et 20 &agrave; Bobo-Dioulasso. Une fois que les donn&eacute;es ont &eacute;t&eacute; collect&eacute;es &agrave; travers le questionnaire, elles ont subi des traitements statistiques &agrave; l&rsquo;aide du logiciel de traitement de donn&eacute;es <b>SPSS</b> et <b>SMART PLS</b>. Les r&eacute;sultats descriptifs et ceux de l&rsquo;analyse structurelle seront pr&eacute;sent&eacute;s dans les lignes qui suivent.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <ol start="3" type="1"> <li style="text-align:justify; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;; margin-bottom:11px"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Pr&eacute;sentation des r&eacute;sultats et leurs implications manag&eacute;riales</span></span></b></li> </ol> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">3.1. </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Pr&eacute;sentation des r&eacute;sultats de l&rsquo;analyse descriptive</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-36pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">3.1.1. </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Les branches d&rsquo;activit&eacute;s des PME de l&rsquo;&eacute;chantillon</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Les entreprises impliqu&eacute;es dans cette &eacute;tude concernent particuli&egrave;rement les PME &agrave; savoir les celles employant moins de 250 personnes et exer&ccedil;ant aussi dans des secteurs d&rsquo;activit&eacute;s vari&eacute;s.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="526" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_3113_18_image-20230803173415-2.png" width="625" /></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Source</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">&nbsp;: SPSS Output</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">L&rsquo;analyse du &laquo;&nbsp;tri &agrave; plat&nbsp;&raquo; r&eacute;v&egrave;le que parmi les deux villes cibl&eacute;es, la majorit&eacute; des PME interrog&eacute;es (42 entreprises) se trouve dans la ville de Ouagadougou (67,7%), quant &agrave; celles de Bobo-Dioulasso, nous avons un taux de repr&eacute;sentation de 32,3% soit 20 entreprises. Ces entreprises exercent d&rsquo;apr&egrave;s le graphique ci-dessus, dans les secteurs de l&rsquo;industrie (16,13%), le commerce (17,74%), l&rsquo;Agriculture/Elevage (50%) et le service (16,13%). On remarque que l&rsquo;Agriculture/Elevage et le commerce sont les secteurs d&rsquo;activit&eacute;s pr&eacute;dominants dans l&rsquo;&eacute;chantillon, ce qui peut s&rsquo;expliquer par le fait que dans ces deux villes majeures du Burkina Faso, la culture entrepreneuriale est plus orient&eacute;e vers l&rsquo;Agriculture/Elevage et le commerce. En outre, les entrepreneurs sont plus tourn&eacute;s vers les activit&eacute;s qui ne n&eacute;cessitent pas d&rsquo;&eacute;normes moyens financiers comme le commerce, les activit&eacute;s agricoles et pastorales.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-36pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">3.1.2. </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">L&rsquo;anciennet&eacute; des entreprises de notre &eacute;chantillon</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="358" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_3113_18_image-20230803173415-3.png" width="615" /></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Source</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">&nbsp;: SPSS Output</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Selon les donn&eacute;es du tri &agrave; plat on constate que 33,9% des entreprises interrog&eacute;es ont une dur&eacute;e d&rsquo;existence comprise entre 1 an et 5 ans, de m&ecirc;me que celles de la tranche de 6 &agrave; 10 ans, suivie de celles de 11 &agrave; 15 ans et 16 &agrave; 20 ans pour un pourcentage de 16,1%. Ces r&eacute;sultats mettent bien en &eacute;vidence un faible niveau d&rsquo;anciennet&eacute; des entreprises de ces localit&eacute;s d&ucirc; au fait qu&rsquo;elles sont relativement toutes jeunes et dont le tri crois&eacute; r&eacute;v&egrave;le que les plus r&eacute;centes (1-5 ans) appartiennent majoritairement aux secteurs du commerce (11 PME) et de l&rsquo;Agriculture/Elevage (10 PME).</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-36pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">3.1.3. </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Etats des lieux des PME en situation de crise s&eacute;curitaire</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="526" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_3113_18_image-20230803173415-4.png" width="625" /></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Source</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">&nbsp;: SPSS Output</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Les r&eacute;sultats du tri &agrave; plat r&eacute;v&egrave;le une incidence majoritairement n&eacute;gative de la crise s&eacute;curitaire sur les PME, en ce sens que 67,74 % des entreprises interrog&eacute;es consid&egrave;rent qu&rsquo;elles ont &eacute;t&eacute; impact&eacute; n&eacute;gativement par cette crise et 16,13 % impact&eacute;es tr&egrave;s n&eacute;gativement, pour un total de 83,87 %, soit 52 PME pour qui les effets de la crise ont &eacute;t&eacute; n&eacute;fastes. Cependant, seulement 10 entreprises (16,13 %) reconnaissent que la crise a eu un impact positif sur leurs activit&eacute;s. Le tri crois&eacute; nous montre qu&rsquo;il s&rsquo;agit de 7 entreprises de l&rsquo;industrie, qui s&rsquo;est reconvertie dans la fabrication des tentes pour les d&eacute;plac&eacute;s internes et dans la confection des couvertures. Les 3 entreprises de service ont quant &agrave; elles tirer leur profit dans le transport des d&eacute;plac&eacute;s internes Ces statistiques nous montrent que la crise n&rsquo;a pas seulement eu un impact n&eacute;gatif mais certaines entreprises ont pu tirer profit des opportunit&eacute;s de crise.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-36pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">3.1.4. </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Profil des dirigeants des PME</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Les r&eacute;sultats du tri &agrave; plat nous montrent que l&rsquo;&acirc;ge des dirigeants des PME dans les localit&eacute;s cibl&eacute;es est g&eacute;n&eacute;ralement compris dans la tranche allant de 31 &agrave; 40 ans (32,3 %) et celle de 41 &agrave; 50 ans (33,9 %). Les dirigeants de la tranche d&rsquo;&acirc;ge de 20 &agrave; 30 ans et de ceux de plus de 50 ans repr&eacute;sentent respectivement (17,7 % et 16,1%) de l&rsquo;&eacute;chantillon soit au total 33,8 %. Cet &eacute;cart peut s&rsquo;expliquer par le fait que les jeunes et les plus &acirc;g&eacute;es des localit&eacute;s concern&eacute;es sont moins entreprenants et dynamiques que les personnes d&rsquo;&acirc;ge mature. De m&ecirc;me, la statistique descriptive r&eacute;v&egrave;le que le niveau scolaire pr&eacute;dominant chez les dirigeants interrog&eacute;s est celui du primaire (35,5 %) suivi du niveau secondaire (32,3 %). </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">En outre, on note 16,1 % des dirigeants qui n&rsquo;ont pas de niveau scolaire mais qui ont appris sur le tas et de ce fait sont tr&egrave;s exp&eacute;riment&eacute;s et enfin 16,1 % ont un niveau universitaire, d&rsquo;o&ugrave; ils ont acquis les bases afin de se lancer dans l&rsquo;entrepreneuriat.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">3.2. </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Pr&eacute;sentation et discussion des r&eacute;sultats relatifs &agrave; la relation entre la veille strat&eacute;gique et la survie des PME</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Dans cette &eacute;tude, &laquo;&nbsp;nous utilisons les mod&egrave;les des &eacute;quations structurelles &agrave; variables latentes, qui sont des mod&egrave;les multivari&eacute;s, utilis&eacute;s pour mod&eacute;liser les structures de causalit&eacute; dans les donn&eacute;es. L&rsquo;int&eacute;r&ecirc;t de cette mod&eacute;lisation r&eacute;side essentiellement dans sa capacit&eacute; &agrave; tester de mani&egrave;re simultan&eacute;e l&rsquo;existence de relations causales entre diverses variables latentes&nbsp;&raquo; (Chafia, 2020). Ce faisant, nous allons &eacute;valuer le mod&egrave;le de mesure et celui structurel.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-36pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">3.2.1. </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Evaluation du mod&egrave;le de mesure</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Le calcul du coefficient de corr&eacute;lation nous a conduit &agrave; &laquo; la suppression de certains indicateurs qui pr&eacute;sentaient des corr&eacute;lations premi&egrave;rement tr&egrave;s inf&eacute;rieurs &agrave; 0.7 &raquo;.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Il s&rsquo;agit (Vcon1 : 0.432&nbsp;; Vcon3&nbsp;:0.508&nbsp;; VC2&nbsp;:0.124&nbsp;; VC3&nbsp;:0.418&nbsp;; S2&nbsp;:0.553&nbsp;; Vtech2&nbsp;:0.481). Les indicateurs restants, dont les &laquo; coefficients de corr&eacute;lation &raquo; sont proches ou sup&eacute;rieurs &agrave; 0.70, sont au nombre de 11.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:Wingdings">v </span></span><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Test de fiabilit&eacute; et validit&eacute; des construits</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Pour tester la &laquo; fiabilit&eacute; des mesures &raquo;, on examine la consistance interne des 18 items restants de chaque facteur &agrave; l&rsquo;aide du &laquo; coefficient d&rsquo;alpha de cronbach, Rho-A (Rho De Joreskog) et la fiabilit&eacute; composite pr&eacute;sent&eacute;s dans le tableau suivant &raquo; : </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Tableau 2 : Analyse de la fiabilit&eacute; et validit&eacute; des construits</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <table class="Table" style="width:642px; border-collapse:collapse" width="642"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:274px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; background-color:#bdd6ee; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Variable&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Test</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:95px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; background-color:#bdd6ee; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Alpha de cronbach</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; background-color:#bdd6ee; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Rho-A</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:94px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; background-color:#bdd6ee; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Fiabilit&eacute; Composite</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:104px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; background-color:#bdd6ee; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Variance moyenne extraite (AVE)</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:274px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">La survie des PME</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:95px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span style="color:#00b050">0.713</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span style="color:#00b050">0.723</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:94px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span style="color:#00b050">0.840</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:104px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span style="color:#00b050">0.637</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:274px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Veille commerciale</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:95px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span style="color:red">0.381</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span style="color:red">0.633&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:94px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span style="color:#00b050">0.727</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:104px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span style="color:#00b050">0.590</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:274px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Veille concurrentielle</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:95px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span style="color:red">0.489</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span style="color:red">0.492&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:94px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span style="color:#00b050">0.796</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:104px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span style="color:#00b050">0.661</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:274px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Veille s&eacute;curitaire</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:95px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span style="color:red">0.600</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span style="color:#00b050">0.706&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:94px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span style="color:#00b050">0.785</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:104px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span style="color:#00b050">0.555</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:274px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:5px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Veille technologique</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:95px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:5px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span style="color:#00b050">1.000</span></span></span></b><b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:5px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span style="color:#00b050">1.000</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:94px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:5px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span style="color:#00b050">1.000</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:104px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:5px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span style="color:#00b050">1.000</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Source</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">&nbsp;: SMART PLS3 Output.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Lorsqu&rsquo;on se r&eacute;f&egrave;re aux r&eacute;sultats contenus dans le tableau 1, nous constatons que la valeur d&rsquo;alpha de cronbach est significative et acceptable statistiquement dans la majorit&eacute; des variables. Ce faisant, dans la majorit&eacute; des dimensions, la consistance interne moyenne est sup&eacute;rieure &agrave; 0.7. Cela traduit un bon niveau de fiabilit&eacute; selon les recommandations de (Nunnally &amp; Bernstein, 1994).Seules les valeurs de la veille commerciale (0.381) et la veille concurrentielle (0.489) semble faible. N&eacute;anmoins l&rsquo;indice de fiabilit&eacute; composite et la variance moyenne extraite s&rsquo;av&egrave;rent excellents.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:Wingdings">v </span></span><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Test de validit&eacute; discriminante</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Il faut savoir que &laquo; la validit&eacute; discriminante est r&eacute;alis&eacute;e si la racine carr&eacute;e de la variance moyenne partag&eacute;e est sup&eacute;rieure aux coefficients de corr&eacute;lation. Une telle validit&eacute; est acquise, si les variables manifestes partagent plus de variances avec leurs variables latentes qu&rsquo;avec d&rsquo;autres &raquo; (Kindo &amp; Benseddik, 2023).Le <b>tableau 3</b> illustre le test de validit&eacute; discriminante.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <table align="center" class="Table" style="width:463px; border-collapse:collapse; border:none" width="463"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:75px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; background-color:#bdd6ee; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:85px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; background-color:#bdd6ee; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Survie</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:84px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; background-color:#bdd6ee; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Vcom</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:67px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; background-color:#bdd6ee; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Vcon</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:66px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; background-color:#bdd6ee; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Vs&eacute;cu</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:85px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; background-color:#bdd6ee; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Vtech</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:75px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Survie</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:85px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><u><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span style="color:#00b050">0.798</span></span></span></u></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:84px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:67px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:66px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:85px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:75px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Vcom</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:85px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">0.784</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:84px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><u><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span style="color:#00b050">0.768</span></span></span></u></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:67px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:66px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:85px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:75px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Vcon</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:85px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">0.604</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:84px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">0.374</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:67px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><u><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span style="color:#00b050">0.813</span></span></span></u></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:66px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:85px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:75px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Vs&eacute;cu</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:85px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">0.785</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:84px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">0.637</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:67px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">0.708</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:66px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><u><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span style="color:#00b050">0.745</span></span></span></u></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:85px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:75px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Vtech</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:85px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">0.207</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:84px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">0.057</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:67px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">0.195</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:66px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">0.317</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:85px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><u><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span style="color:#00b050">1.000</span></span></span></u></b></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Source</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">&nbsp;: SMART PLS3 Output.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">En conclusion, nous pouvons affirmer que les diff&eacute;rentes variables que nous avons test&eacute;es de l&rsquo;&eacute;chelle de mesure, paraissent dans leur ensemble fiables et valides. Cela nous permettra donc de passer &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;tape suivante qui sera consacr&eacute;e au test du mod&egrave;le structurel. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-36pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">3.2.2. </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Evaluation du mod&egrave;le structurel</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">L&rsquo;&eacute;valuation du mod&egrave;le structurel, selon l&rsquo;approche PLS-SEM, se base sur le calcul de certains coefficients tels : (R2) et le Q2 dans le but de calculer l&rsquo;indice de Goodness of Fit index (GOF). Dans la pr&eacute;sente &eacute;tude, les r&eacute;sultats montrent que les valeurs des coefficients de d&eacute;terminations (R2&nbsp;:0.797), le test de la validit&eacute; pr&eacute;dictive (Q 2) et le test de GOF (Goodness of fit index) sont positifs et significatifs statistiquement avec (GOF)=0.368. GOF&gt; 0.36 : la qualit&eacute; de conformit&eacute; est large lorsqu&rsquo;elle d&eacute;passe 0.36, suite aux instructions de (Wetzels &amp; van ,2009&nbsp;; cit&eacute; par Chafia, 2020).Ceci confirme bien la validit&eacute; du mod&egrave;le global de notre &eacute;tude. Par ailleurs, dans le but de valider les hypoth&egrave;ses de recherches, dans cette partie, nous allons v&eacute;rifier la significativit&eacute; et l&rsquo;importance des liens de causalit&eacute; entre les variables &eacute;tudi&eacute;es. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Les coefficients de la trajectoire des hypoth&egrave;ses de recherche se pr&eacute;sentent dans le <b>Tableau 4</b>.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <table class="Table" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none" width="642"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:283px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; background-color:#bdd6ee; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Relation</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:66px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; background-color:#bdd6ee; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Original</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Sample</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">(o)</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:66px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; background-color:#bdd6ee; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Sample Mean (M)</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:95px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; background-color:#bdd6ee; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Standard</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Deviation</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">(STDEV)</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; background-color:#bdd6ee; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">T </span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Statistics</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:57px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; background-color:#bdd6ee; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">P </span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Values</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:283px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; background-color:#f7caac; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Veille commerciale -&gt;Survie des PME</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:66px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; background-color:#f7caac; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">0.456</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:66px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; background-color:#f7caac; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">0.447</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:95px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; background-color:#f7caac; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">0.071</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; background-color:#f7caac; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><u><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">6.455</span></span></u></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:57px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; background-color:#f7caac; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">0.000</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:283px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; background-color:#b4c6e7; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Veille s&eacute;curitaire-&gt; Survie des PME</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:66px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; background-color:#b4c6e7; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">0.446</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:66px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; background-color:#b4c6e7; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">0.458</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:95px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; background-color:#b4c6e7; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">0.113</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; background-color:#b4c6e7; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><u><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">3.939</span></span></u></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:57px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; background-color:#b4c6e7; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">0.000</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:283px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; background-color:#b4c6e7; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Veille concurrentielle -&gt; Survie des PME</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:66px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; background-color:#b4c6e7; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">0.114</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:66px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; background-color:#b4c6e7; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">0.130</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:95px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; background-color:#b4c6e7; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">0.097</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; background-color:#b4c6e7; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><u><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">1.180</span></span></u></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:57px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; background-color:#b4c6e7; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">0.238</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:283px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; background-color:#c5e0b3; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Veille technologique -&gt; Survie des PME</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:66px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; background-color:#c5e0b3; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">0.017</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:66px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; background-color:#c5e0b3; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">0.016</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:95px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; background-color:#c5e0b3; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">0.052</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; background-color:#c5e0b3; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><u><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">0.325</span></span></u></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:57px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; background-color:#c5e0b3; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">0.745</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:283px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; background-color:#f7caac; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">P&lt;0.05, T&gt;1.96.</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:66px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:66px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:95px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:57px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Source</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">&nbsp;: SMART PLS3 Output.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:Wingdings">v </span></span><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">La validation des hypoth&egrave;ses</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">La mod&eacute;lisation sous &laquo;&nbsp;SMART PLS reprend la forme du mod&egrave;le conceptuel pr&eacute;sent&eacute; ci-haut &agrave; savoir&nbsp;&raquo;&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">H1 :</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> &laquo;<b>&nbsp;</b>La veille concurrentielle impacterait positivement la survie des PME<b>&nbsp;</b>&raquo;.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Les estimations obtenues &laquo;&nbsp;montrent que le lien entre ces deux construits pr&eacute;sente un coefficient dont la valeur peut &ecirc;tre consid&eacute;r&eacute;e comme non satisfaisante mais positive (&beta; = 0.114). L&rsquo;examen de la valeur de T-value montre que cette derni&egrave;re est &eacute;gale &agrave; 1.180 soit inf&eacute;rieure au seuil retenu (1.96) et P-value &gt; 0.05&nbsp;&raquo;.Par cons&eacute;quent cette hypoth&egrave;se <b>(H1) est rejet&eacute;e</b>.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">H2 :</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> &laquo;<b> </b>La veille technologique impacterait positivement la survie des PME<b> </b>&raquo;.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Les estimations obtenues &laquo;&nbsp;indiquent que le lien entre ces deux construits pr&eacute;sente un coefficient dont la valeur peut &ecirc;tre consid&eacute;r&eacute;e comme non satisfaisante mais positive (&beta; = 0.017) et la valeur de T-value montre que cette derni&egrave;re est &eacute;gale &agrave; 0.325 soit inf&eacute;rieure au seuil retenu (1.96)&nbsp;&raquo;.Par cons&eacute;quent cette hypoth&egrave;se <b>(H2) est rejet&eacute;e</b>.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">H3</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> : &laquo; La veille commerciale impacterait positivement la survie des PME &raquo;.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Les estimations obtenues &laquo;&nbsp;montrent une corr&eacute;lation positive entre ces deux variables (&beta; = 0.456). L&rsquo;examen de la valeur de T-value pr&eacute;sente que cette derni&egrave;re est &eacute;gale &agrave; 6.455, soit sup&eacute;rieur au seuil retenu (&gt;1,96) et P-value=0.000 soit inf&eacute;rieur &agrave; 5%. Ce qui implique une relation significative entre les deux variables&nbsp;&raquo;. Par cons&eacute;quent cette hypoth&egrave;se <b>(H3) est&nbsp; accept&eacute;e</b>. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">H4</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> : &laquo; La veille s&eacute;curitaire impacterait positivement la survie des PME &raquo;.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Les estimations obtenues &laquo;&nbsp;montrent une corr&eacute;lation positive entre ces deux variables (&beta; = 0.446). L&rsquo;examen de la valeur de T-value pr&eacute;sente que cette derni&egrave;re est &eacute;gale &agrave; 3.939, soit sup&eacute;rieur au seuil retenu (&gt;1,96) et P-value=0.000 soit inf&eacute;rieur &agrave; 5%. Ce qui implique une relation &nbsp;significative entre les deux variables&nbsp;&raquo;. Par cons&eacute;quent cette hypoth&egrave;se <b>(H4) est accept&eacute;e</b>. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-36pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">3.2.3. </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Discussion et implications manag&eacute;riales des r&eacute;sultats</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Les r&eacute;sultats de notre &eacute;tude concernant <b>la veille concurrentielle</b>, sont en accord avec une publication du blog &laquo; cr&eacute;erentreprise.fr &raquo; du 23 septembre 2019 qui &laquo;&nbsp;soutient que, bien que la veille concurrentielle soit malheureusement peu pratiqu&eacute;e par les PME, elle est un formidable outil d&rsquo;anticipation strat&eacute;gique, au service de la survie et de la croissance de l&rsquo;entreprise&nbsp;&raquo;.Nous avons constat&eacute; que la veille concurrentielle n&rsquo;a pas un impact significatif sur la survie des PME burkinab&egrave; de notre &eacute;chantillon. Cependant, si la veille concurrentielle est bien men&eacute;e, elle peut &ecirc;tre un facteur cl&eacute; de r&eacute;ussite de l&rsquo;entreprise lui permettant de se d&eacute;marquer strat&eacute;giquement de la concurrence. En outre, Fahey et King (1977) soulignent que &laquo;&nbsp;la veille concurrentielle doit &ecirc;tre int&eacute;gr&eacute;e dans la culture organisationnelle, c&rsquo;est-&agrave;-dire qu&rsquo;elle doit &ecirc;tre accept&eacute;e par tous et int&eacute;gr&eacute;e aux activit&eacute;s de l&rsquo;entreprise pour &ecirc;tre consid&eacute;r&eacute;e comme condition de survie &agrave; long terme de l&rsquo;entreprise&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Concernant <b>la veille technologique</b>, la conclusion de nos r&eacute;sultats, rejoint celle de Romdhane (2005).M&ecirc;me si l&rsquo;impact de la veille technologique, dans notre &eacute;tude n&rsquo;est pas significatif car moins pratiqu&eacute;e par les PME burkinab&egrave;, elle constitue n&eacute;anmoins une composante cl&eacute; de la veille strat&eacute;gique. Selon Romdhane (2005), &laquo;&nbsp;la veille technologique constitue une des fonctions cl&eacute; du sommet strat&eacute;gique des entreprises&nbsp;&raquo;. En effet, &laquo;&nbsp;conna&icirc;tre la situation du march&eacute;, &ecirc;tre performant technologiquement constituent des man&oelig;uvres primordiales pour la survie de l&#39;entreprise &agrave; court et &agrave; long terme&nbsp;&raquo;. Aussi, &laquo;&nbsp;il faut noter que suivre la concurrence est l&#39;une des fonctions de la direction&nbsp;&raquo; .Cependant, &laquo;&nbsp;le sommet strat&eacute;gique dans l&#39;exercice de sa fonction doit &ecirc;tre &agrave; l&#39;&eacute;coute de l&#39;environnement plus &eacute;largi&nbsp;&raquo;. En cons&eacute;quence, &laquo;&nbsp;la veille constitue un moyen d&#39;organiser l&#39;entreprise pour une r&eacute;activit&eacute; et une efficacit&eacute; plus grande&nbsp;&raquo;. De la sorte, &laquo;&nbsp;la veille va permettre de d&eacute;crypter les facteurs externes auxquels l&#39;entreprise se trouve confront&eacute;s, au niveau du secteur et plus largement au niveau des environnements sociaux, et technologiques&nbsp;&raquo; (Moumni, 2000).</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Pour <b>la veille commerciale</b>, les r&eacute;sultats de notre &eacute;tude montrent un impact significatif de celle-ci sur la survie des PME burkinab&egrave;. Ainsi, Baumard (1996), va dans le m&ecirc;me sens que ces r&eacute;sultats, en affirmant &laquo;&nbsp;qu&rsquo;il faut pratiquer la veille commerciale &nbsp;afin de garantir la p&eacute;rennit&eacute; des entreprises&nbsp;&raquo;. Dans le but de faire face &laquo;&nbsp;aux impr&eacute;vus, provoquer et b&eacute;n&eacute;ficier d&#39;un effet de surprise ou de r&eacute;tablir un rapport de force, le dirigeant doit tenter d&#39;anticiper, mesurer et pr&eacute;voir les changements de l&#39;environnement&nbsp;&raquo;. C&rsquo;est ainsi que pour (Julien et al, 1997), &laquo;&nbsp;la veille vise l&#39;am&eacute;lioration des prestations, l&#39;am&eacute;lioration de la production et l&rsquo;augmentation de la comp&eacute;titivit&eacute;&nbsp;&raquo;. En outre, &laquo;&nbsp;pour rester comp&eacute;titif aussi bien sur le march&eacute; national qu&#39;&eacute;tranger, la veille commerciale se veut un moyen efficace pour identifier les nouvelles opportunit&eacute;s afin d&rsquo;assurer la survie et le d&eacute;veloppement de l&rsquo;entreprise&nbsp;&raquo; (Hourenatou, 2023).</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Enfin, concernant <b>la veille s&eacute;curitaire</b>, les r&eacute;sultats de notre &eacute;tude montrent que celle-ci a un impact significatif sur la survie des PME de l&rsquo;&eacute;chantillon. Ce faisant, nos r&eacute;sultats rejoignent ceux de l&rsquo;enqu&ecirc;te r&eacute;alis&eacute;e par la Conf&eacute;d&eacute;ration G&eacute;n&eacute;rale des Entreprises de C&ocirc;te d&rsquo;Ivoire (CGEI) du 19 juin 2010 et celle de Hourenatou (2023).A travers ces &eacute;tudes, la r&eacute;silience des entreprises est encourag&eacute;e pour faire face &agrave; toute crise car elle est consid&eacute;r&eacute;e comme la cl&eacute; de la survie et de la prosp&eacute;rit&eacute; &agrave; long terme. La veille s&eacute;curitaire, permet ainsi donc aux entreprises d&rsquo;adopter de nouvelles alternatives ou strat&eacute;gies pour amortir et/ou &eacute;viter les r&eacute;percussions de la crise sur leurs activit&eacute;s et de ce fait d&rsquo;assurer leur survie.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Conclusion</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">A l&rsquo;issue de cette recherche portant sur l&rsquo;analyse de l&rsquo;impact de la veille strat&eacute;gique sur la survie des PME burkinab&egrave;, il en ressort, &agrave; la lumi&egrave;re de nos r&eacute;sultats que la veille strat&eacute;gique au travers de ses composantes la veille s&eacute;curitaire, la veille concurrentielle, la veille technologique et veille commerciale a une influence sur la survie des organisations. Ainsi donc, la veille strat&eacute;gique permettra &agrave; l&rsquo;entreprise de r&eacute;duire son incertitude, notamment en anticipant les ruptures pouvant se produire dans l&#39;&eacute;volution de son environnement socio- &eacute;conomique et technologique afin d&rsquo;assurer sa p&eacute;rennit&eacute; et sa survie. La situation s&eacute;curitaire actuelle dans laquelle vivent les PME burkinab&egrave;, a ainsi d&eacute;montr&eacute; l&rsquo;utilit&eacute; de la veille strat&eacute;gique en ce sens que les entreprises qui ne la pratiquaient pas ont &eacute;t&eacute; surprises n&eacute;gativement par les r&eacute;percussions de cette crise s&eacute;curitaire. Comme implication scientifique, notre &eacute;tude apporte une contribution dans la litt&eacute;rature sur le domaine de la veille strat&eacute;gique en Afrique en g&eacute;n&eacute;ral et au Burkina Faso en particulier. Sur la base des r&eacute;sultats et de l&rsquo;analyse faite des pratiques de la veille strat&eacute;gique dans les PME burkinab&egrave;, cette recherche aboutit sur des recommandations non seulement aux dirigeants mais aussi aux pouvoirs publics. La validation de deux des hypoth&egrave;ses &agrave; savoir celles relatives &agrave; la veille s&eacute;curitaire et commerciale, interpelle et sensibilise fortement les dirigeants des PME burkinab&egrave; sur l&rsquo;importance de la pratique de la veille strat&eacute;gique comme un outil d&rsquo;aide et d&rsquo;accompagnement strat&eacute;gique pour une bonne gestion de leurs activit&eacute;s. La veille strat&eacute;gique est un meilleur outil d&rsquo;anticipation et d&rsquo;appui &agrave; la prise de d&eacute;cision. Malgr&eacute; les moyens limit&eacute;s, les dirigeants de PME doivent s&rsquo;int&eacute;resser aux activit&eacute;s de veille en utilisant les outils comme Internet et en capitalisant sur les relations humaines. Quant aux pouvoirs publics, ils doivent mettre en place des strat&eacute;gies pour instaurer une culture de veille dans les PME burkinab&egrave; &agrave; travers des sensibilisations, des formations et r&eacute;seautages. Au titre des perspectives, nous envisageons mener des recherches plus approfondi sur les PME burkinab&egrave; en mati&egrave;re de pratique de veille strat&eacute;gique et de rechercher les facteurs explicatifs de cette pratique par les dirigeants.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Bibliographie</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Aguilar, F.</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> (1967). Scanning the business environment. Mac Millan, Wiley.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Audretsch, D.</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> (1998). Agglomeration and the location of innovative activity. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 14(2), 18-29.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Ayachi, H.</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> (2007). L&rsquo;ad&eacute;quation entre le syst&egrave;me d&rsquo;information et la veille strat&eacute;gique dans une activit&eacute; de construction de sens. Revue Management et avenir(2), 49-66.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Azilal, F., &amp; Miri, M.</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> (2021). Etude des besoins en veille strat&eacute;gique chez les responsables universitaires marocains. REVUE DE L&rsquo;ENTREPRENEURIAT ET DE L&rsquo;INNOVATION, 3(12).</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Barney, J.</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> (1991). Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage. Journal of Management(17), 99-120.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Baum, J., Calabrese, T., &amp; Silverman, B.</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> (2000). Don&rsquo;t go it alone: alliance network composition and startups performance in Canadian biotechnology. Strategic Management Journal, 21(3), 267-294.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Baumard, P.</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> (1996). Organisation d&eacute;concert&eacute;es: La gestion strat&eacute;gique de connaissance. Masson &eacute;diteur. Paris.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Bekale, L. N.</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> (2021). Les dynamiques d&rsquo;organisation de la participation populaire &agrave; la lutte contre le terrorisme en Afrique. resmilitaris.net.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Bellu, R. R.</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> (1993). Task role motivation and attributional style as predictors of entrepreneurial performance: female sample findings. Entrepreneurship &amp; Regional Development, 5(4), 331-344.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Benabdeslam, C., &amp; Boukrif, M.</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> (2020). Analyse De L Inflence De La Veille Strat&eacute;gie Sur La Comp&eacute;titivit&eacute; Des Entreprises Alg&eacute;riennes Exportatrices Hors Hydrocarbures. Roa Iktissadia Review, 10(2), 221-235.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Br&uuml;derl, J., Preisend&ouml;rfer, P., &amp; &amp; Ziegler, R.</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> (1992). Survival chances of newly founded business organizations. American sociological review, 57(2), 227-242.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Carpenter, R., &amp; Petersen, B.</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> (2002). Is the growth of small firms constrained by internal finance? Review of Economics and Statistics, 84(2), 298-309.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Chell, E., Haworth, J. M., &amp; Brearly, S. A.</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> (1991). The entrepreneurial personality: concepts, cases and categories. London, Routledge.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Ciavarella, M. A., Buchholtz, A. K., Riordan, C. M., Gatewood, R. D., &amp; Stokes, G. S.</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> (2004). The Big Five and venture survival: Is there a linkage? Journal of business venturing, 19(4), 465-483.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Cressy, R.</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> (2000). Credit rationing or entrepreneurial risk aversion ? An alternative explanation forthe Evans and Jovanovic finding. Economics Letters, 66(2), 235-240.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Doms, M., Dunne, T., &amp; Roberts, M.</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> (1995). Le r&ocirc;le de l&rsquo;utilisation de la technologie dans la survie et la croissance des usines de fabrication. Revue Internationale d&rsquo;Organisation industrielle, 13(4), 523-542.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Errakkab, S.</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> (2020). Capital humain et veille strat&eacute;gique: Quelle interd&eacute;pendance ? Revue Internationale des Sciences de Gestion, 3(4).</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Evans, D. S.</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> (1987). Tests of Alternatives Theories of firm growth. Journal of Political Economy, 95(4), 657-674.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Fahey, L., &amp; King, W. R.</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> (1977). Environmental scanning for corporate planning. Business horizons, 20(4), 61-71.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Gartner, W., Starr, J., &amp; Bhat, S.</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> (1999). Predicting new venture survival: an analysis of &ldquo;anatomy of a start-up.&rdquo; cases from Inc. Magazine. Journal of Business venturing, 14(2), 215-232.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Gavard-Perret, M. L., Gotteland, D., Haon, C., &amp; Jolibert, A</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">. (2013). M&eacute;thodologie de la recherche en sciences de gestion. Revue internationale PME: &eacute;conomie et gestion de la petite et moyenne entreprise, 26(3-4), 237-240.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Hamidou benyelles, k., &amp; Tchouar, K.</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> (2017). L&rsquo;intelligence &eacute;conomique au service de la strat&eacute;gie de l&rsquo;entreprise. Les cahiers du MECAS(14), 131-141.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Hamidou, K., &amp; Grari, Y.</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> (2018). L&rsquo;Intelligence Economique enjeu majeur pour les PME. Revue du contr&ocirc;le, de la comptabilit&eacute; et de l&rsquo;audit, 2(3).</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Hourenatou</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">. (2020). Les r&eacute;alit&eacute;s de la veille strat&eacute;gique et de l&rsquo;intelligence &eacute;conomique dans les entreprises au Cameroun. Dossiers de Recherches en Economie et Gestion, 9(1), 121-138.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Hourenatou.</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> (2023). Influence de la pratique de la veille strategique sur la survie des tres petites et moyennes entreprises en situation de covid-19. Revue Internationale du chercheur, 4(1), 555 - 586.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Julien, P. A., Raymond, L., Jacob, R., &amp; Ramangalahy, C.</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> (1997). Information, strat&eacute;gies et pratiques de veille technologique dans les PME. L&#39;entreprise-r&eacute;seau: Dix ans d&#39;exp&eacute;rience de la Chaire Bombardier Produits r&eacute;cr&eacute;atifs.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Kalika, M.</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> (1991). De l&rsquo;organisation r&eacute;active &agrave; l&rsquo;organisation anticipative. HAL Post-Print, hal-00155336.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Kindo, H., &amp; Benseddik, M.</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> (2021). Pratiques de l&rsquo;intelligence financi&egrave;re au service des ONG en p&eacute;riode de crise: Vers une proposition d&rsquo;un mod&egrave;le de gestion de crise. Alternatives Manag&eacute;riales Economiques, 3(1), 577-594.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Kindo, H., &amp; Benseddik, M.</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> (2023). Intelligence financi&egrave;re comme levier d&rsquo;am&eacute;lioration du pouvoir organisationnel et de la performance des ONG africaines. Revue Fran&ccedil;aise d&#39;Economie et de Gestion, 4(6), 22-49.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Kriaa-Medhaffer, S.</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> (2006). Veille anticipative strat&eacute;gique, probl&eacute;matique de l&rsquo;animation, proposition et exp&eacute;rimentations des connaissances actionnables situ&eacute;es, Cas des entreprises tunisiennes,Th&egrave;se de Doctorat en Sciences de Gestion. Universit&eacute; Pierre Mendes, France-Grenoble 2.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Lesca, H.</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> (1994). Veille strat&eacute;gique pour le management strat&eacute;gique. Etat de la question et axes de recherche, Collection Economies et Soci&eacute;t&eacute;s. Revue Sciences de Gestion(20), 31-50.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Lesca, H.</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> (2003). Veille strat&eacute;gique, la m&eacute;thode L.E.SCAnning. Edition Management et Soci&eacute;t&eacute;, France.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Lesca, H.</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> (2004). Veille strat&eacute;gique : la methode L.E.Scanning. Edition Management et Soci&eacute;t&eacute;.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Lesca, N., &amp; Caron-Fasan, M.-L.</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> (2006). Veille anticipative, une autre approche de l&#39;intelligence &eacute;conomique. Lavoisier.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Lesourne, J., &amp; Stoffa&euml;s, C.</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> (1996). La prospective strat&eacute;gique d&rsquo;entreprise : concepts et &eacute;tudes de cas. InterEditions, paris.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Littunen, H., Storhammar, E., &amp; Nenonen, T.</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> (1998). The Survival of Firms over the Critical First3 Years and the Local Environment. Entrepreneurship &amp; Regional Development, 10(3), 189-202.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Maier, J. L., Rainer, R. K., &amp; Snyder, C. A.</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> (1997). Environmental scanning for information technology: an empirical investigation. Journal of Management Information Systems, 14(2), 177-201.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Michel, D.</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> (1991). Comment s&#39;informer sur ses concurrents. L&#39;Entreprise, n&deg;72.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Moumni, R.</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> (2000). Les pratiques de veille commerciale : une &eacute;tude exploratoire sur des pme exportatrices de la r&eacute;gion de trois-rivi&egrave;res. Universit&eacute; Du Qu&eacute;bec &Agrave; Trois-Rivi&egrave;res.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Nunnally, J., &amp; Bernstein, I.</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> (1994). The Assessment of Reliability. Psychometric Theory(3), 248-292.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Outellou, S.</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> (2022). L&rsquo;importance de l&rsquo;Intelligence Economique pour les entreprises marocaines. International Journal of Economic Studies and Management, 2(5).</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Pateyron, E.</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> (1997). Veille strat&eacute;gique &rdquo;, Encyclop&eacute;die de Gestion, sous la Direction de Yves Simon et de Joffre, P. Economica, 2&egrave;me Edition.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Pateyron, E.</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> (1998). La veille strat&eacute;gique. Paris : Economica.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Powell, W., Koput, K., &amp; Smith-Doerr, L.</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> (1996). nterorganizational collaboration and the locus of innovation: Networks of learning in biotechnology. Administrative science quarterly, 41(1), 116-145.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Romdhane, H. B.</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> (2005). Etude sur le processus de la veille dans les pme : comment accomplir la veille efficacement dans le contexte de la pme ? Universit&eacute; du QU&Eacute;BEC &Agrave; TROIS-RIVI&Egrave;RES.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Rouach, D.</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> (1996). La veille technologique et l&rsquo;intelligence &eacute;conomique. Presses Universitaires de France, Paris.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Saida, Y.</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> (2022). La Veille Strat&eacute;gique: apports au management des entreprises. ESCA Shaping Leaders.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Silverman, B., &amp; Baum, J.</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> (2002). Alliance Based Competitive Dynamics. Academy of Management Journal, 45(4), 791-806.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Singh, K.</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> (1997). The Impact of Technological Complexity and Interfirm Cooperation on Business Survival. Academy of Management Journal, 40(2), 339-367.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Slim, A.</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> (2004). Veille strat&eacute;gique et performance des Petites et Moyennes Entreprises exportatrices tunisiennes. atlas.irit.fr.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Tamasy, C.</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> (2006). Determinants of regional entrepreneurship dynamics in contemporary Germany: A conceptual and empirical analysis. Regional studies, 40(4), 365-384.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Voyant, O.</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> (1998). Les enjeux du d&eacute;veloppement d&#39;un syst&egrave;me de veille strat&eacute;gique int&eacute;gr&eacute; au sein des PME-PMI. AIMS.</span></span></span></span></span></p>