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<li style="text-align:justify; margin-top:32px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="text-transform:uppercase"><a name="_Toc137623616"> - INTRODUCTION</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
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<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">La corruption est un enjeu économique et managérial qui trouve ses origines dans la philosophie morale. (Ménissier 2018). Se pose alors la question de l’évaluation des stratégies de lutte anticorruption (Garzon et Taïeb 2007; Treisman 2007). Si la mesure de l’efficacité de la lutte par un État est difficile (Mungiu-Pippidi et Dadašov 2016), pour une entreprise la question est encore plus complexe. Ne serait-ce qu’en ce qui concerne la réalité des menaces et les conditions d’une action efficace (Pereira 2007).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">La loi Sapin 2 (Assemblée Nationale 2016) introduit une innovation : une cartographie du risque corruption. Cet outil ancien est de peu d’efficacité si le processus se limite à une liste de risques classés par sévérités potentielles. Ainsi, la première décision de la commission de sanction de l’Agence française anticorruption a considéré qu’une entreprise qui établit une cartographie du risque corruption peu précise ne pouvait, du point de vue de la loi, se le faire reprocher (Agence française anticorruption 2019).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">Si l’intention de l’entreprise est de lutter contre la corruption, il lui faut donc aller au-delà de la loi : définir une stratégie, compatible avec l’obligation de résultat et l’éthique. Elle passe par un processus d’acquisition et d’analyse de l’environnement informationnel. Elle impose un changement de mode de pensée et d’action : une Intelligence Économique (Lienemann and Lemoyne 2023). </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">Cet article se base sur 52 entretiens semi-directifs de personnes, dans 19 pays et 4 continents, ayant une expérience confirmée de la corruption. En particulier les interviews de 31 décisionnels du secteur public et privé, qu’ils aient initié, accepté ou refusé un pacte corruptif. Quelles actions d’anticipation et de prévention ont-ils considérés ? Quels en ont été les effets ? La première partie reprend les variables principales qui caractérisent la corruption. La seconde partie extrait des solutions dans un processus en trois étapes dont la dernière, l’analyse des hypothèses concurrentes (ACH) valorise ces solutions par efficacité et actionnabilité. La troisième partie est une discussion sur les modèles alternatifs d’organisations confrontées à la corruption : les hypothèses efficaces et actionnables étant connues, à quelles vulnérabilités répondent-elles ?</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<li style="text-align:justify; margin-top:32px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="text-transform:uppercase">CARACTÉRISATION DE LA CORRUPTION DU B2B ET DU B2G</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
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<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">En préalable à cet article, une revue de la littérature a permis d’établir une carte heuristique exhaustive des modèles de la corruption et de l’état de la lutte anticorruption (voir Figure 4). Deux ensembles conceptuels ressortent : la complexité et l’incertitude de l’environnement et les limites cognitives des organisations modélisées respectivement par les théories de la contingence et de l’attention (voir Garzon et Very 2022 pour une liste exhaustive des questionnements et des théories concurrentes).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<li style="text-align:justify; margin-top:24px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif"><a name="_Toc137623618"> Un environnement contingent, à la fois complexe et incertain</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
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<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">Comme pour toute activité illégale, les mesures de la corruption, en particulier en termes de risque pour une entreprise particulière, sont peu informatives. Dans le cas général, la corruption n’est pas systématique, sa prévalence est inconnue<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>. Le calcul d’une sévérité (prévalence x coût) est impossible. Il s’agit alors d’une contingence et non d’un risque (Luthans et Stewart 1977).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">Certains systèmes politiques permettent de simplifier l’équation, c’est le cas notamment des kleptocraties. La prévalence de la corruption est maximale. Pour ces pays, il est possible d’affirmer que tant que le pacte corruptif n’est pas identifié, les recherches ne sont pas abouties (Labic, Memheld 2019) : une corruption systémique et visible.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">Un terme s’ajoute : l’efficacité du paiement. Cette variable, dite « critère d’arbitraire », mesure si un premier paiement va permettre la transaction corruptive ou s’il va ouvrir d’autres appétits (Wei 1997; Zhu et Shi 2019). L’arbitraire est à rapprocher du graissage de roue ou du sable dans les rouages (Méon et Sekkat 2005; Méon et Weill 2010). Le calcul de la sévérité s’exprime alors comme :</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoQuote" style="text-align:center; margin-top:13px; margin-right:58px; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:58px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="color:#404040"><span style="font-style:italic">Sévérité = prévalence x arbitraire x coût</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">Tout indique que le critère d’arbitraire est une variable importante particulièrement pour une entreprise nouvelle entrante sur un marché(Rodriguez et al. 2005). La comparaison entre Chine et Inde est révélatrice. Alors que les deux pays présentent une corruption systémique, le drainage organisé des entreprises par la dictature chinoise a permis le développement de l’économie, ce qui est moins le cas en Inde avec une corruption qui ne converge pas vers un parti unique (Heilmann 2013; Labic et Memheld 2019). A partir de 2008, les tensions internes en Chine se sont accrues, menant à un accroissement de l’arbitraire et à la réduction du profit résiduel après pots-de-vin. Certaines entreprises chinoises choisissent alors de se développer hors de Chine pour rétablir leur marge <a name="_Toc137623619"></a>(Heilmann et Stepan 2016; Chamorro et Khaw 2019; Qi et al. 2020).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<li style="text-align:justify; margin-top:24px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif">Des capacités d’analyse limitées</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
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<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">A la complexité de l’environnement répondent les capacités d’analyse limitées des organisations.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">La théorie de l’attention (Ocasio 1997; Joseph et Ocasio 2012) montre que la chaine de décision est d’autant plus efficace qu’elle traite de questions proches de la chaine de valeur.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">Dans le cas général, ce n’est pas le cas de la corruption. Cet effet est renforcé si la corruption est considérée comme une question de droit. La fonction juridique, légitimement, s’en emparera. Mais cette fonction est elle-même en dehors de la chaine de décision principale. Elle traite du risque juridique, non de la chaine de valeur.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">Pour corriger ce biais d’attention, il faut revenir à l’état d’ignorance tel que décrit par Ansoff (1975). Pour qu’une menace soit prise en compte, elle doit être quantifiable et posséder un caractère d’urgence. En d’autres termes, en suivant les résultats de Fernandez-Duque et al. (2000), pour qu’une organisation soit en mesure d’anticiper et de de prévenir la corruption :</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="tab-stops:list 0cm"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif">Soit elle conduit une veille : un questionnement actif conduit notamment par les fonctions qui interagissent avec l’extérieur : les achats, les ventes, la gestion des projets et des investissements, les ressources humaines, la présidence.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="tab-stops:list 0cm"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif">Soit le sentiment d’urgence est déjà là, acquis par exemple à la suite d’un trauma. Même sans veille, des réflexes métacognitifs pourront peut-être détecter la menace.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
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<li style="text-align:justify; margin-top:24px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif"><a name="_Toc137623620"> L’entreprise responsable</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
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<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">L'entreprise est responsable, notamment via les mécanismes de conformité (compliance) et ce y compris dans le cas de l’environnement systémiquement corrompu des kleptocraties. A elles de mitiger les estimations de corruptions réalisées au niveau des marchés ou des pays. (Global Risk Profile 2023; Transparency International 2022). Les organisations ne sont pas en capacité de remplacer l’État (Memheld et Labic 2021). Toutefois ce transfert de responsabilité rappelle que, pour que la chaine de valeur fonctionne, elle doit considérer l’ensemble des variables, dont la corruption.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<li style="text-align:justify; margin-top:32px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="text-transform:uppercase">EXTRACTION ET VALORISATION DES SOLUTIONS</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
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<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">Les interviews se sont déroulées de septembre 2020 à mars 2021. La saturation sémantique a été observée après 45 interviews. Les contacts engagés ont été poursuivis pour atteindre 52 interviews (réparties dans 19 pays et 4 continents)<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>. Trois groupes d’interviewés ont été considérés :</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">(1) 31 Décideurs du B2B et du B2G en position de refuser ou d’accepter la corruption avec une expérience confirmée de la corruption (qu’ils l’aient initiée, acceptée ou refusée) ;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">(2) 15 Analystes qui étudient la corruption a posteriori : chercheurs, avocats, magistrats ou forces de l’ordre ;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">(3) 6 Conseils anticorruption aux entreprises. Ils interviennent en prévention ou lors de crise.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">Un critère de conceptualisation a été ajouté, par opposition à l’accumulation d’anecdotes, pour permettre le recueil de solutions validées empiriquement. Une conceptualisation qui débute par abduction, puis induction et déduction. L’effet induit par ce critère a été la sélection de Décideurs plus séniors.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">L’objectif étant d’extraire les solutions efficaces déployables par l’entreprise seule, l’analyse s’est effectuée en trois étapes : (1) par analyse factorielle des correspondances (AFC), (2) par analyse qualitative des données (AQD), (3) par analyse des hypothèses concurrentes (ACH). Les deux premières étapes (AFC et AQD) identifient et classent l’ensemble des solutions évoquées par les personnes interrogées. Elles permettent de mettre en lumière les écarts entre d’une part le groupe des Décideurs et les deux autres (Analystes et Conseils). L’AQD permet enfin d’identifier des ensembles de solutions jamais évoquées lors des interviews.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">Mais l’intérêt de ces trois étapes se cristallise avec l’ACH : quelle est l’efficacité empirique des solutions que pratiquent les Décideurs ? Quelles sont les écarts et proximités avec les évaluations des autres groupes, entre régions, secteurs d’activité, etc ?</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<ol>
<li style="text-align:justify; margin-top:24px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif">Analyse factorielle des correspondances (AFC)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
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</li>
</ol>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">L’AFC est une analyse automatique des données sémantiques. Elle utilise principalement le calcul des inerties relatives. Elle permet de regrouper des champs sémantiques autour de lemmes d’inertie maximale (Reinert 2008; Mothe et al. 2021; Maire et Liarte 2019). Le développement ci-dessous ne présente que les résultats significatifs pour cet article.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="break-after:avoid"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><img height="308" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_3218_18_image1.png" width="482" /></p>
<p class="MsoCaption" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:italic"><a name="_Ref158102405"></a><a name="_Ref132189478">Figure </a>1 AFC, variable Groupe, texte proportionnel à la distance au Chi2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">La Figure 1 montre une séparation sémantique entre les trois groupes. Les Décideurs et les Analystes se situent sur une diagonale. Ils ont des approches et des visions différentes. Les Conseils se superposent verticalement avec les Analystes, et horizontalement avec les Décideurs. Les nuages de lemmes permettent d’interpréter l’axe horizontal comme une opposition entre approche terrain, pratique et approche analytique. L’axe vertical distingue une vision formelle et normante d’une vision risque et prévention.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">La classification hiérarchique descendante (CHD), voir Figures 2 et 3, reprend les inerties de l’AFC. Elle crée 4 classes, dans une représentation en 3 dimensions (ou facteurs). Ces quatre classes montrent en particulier que les organisations sociales et la culture ainsi que les institutions formelles sont des champs sémantiques mobilisés séparément de ceux des intérêts personnels, des relations, de la pratique et des actions en liens avec la corruption. Ces deux derniers champs se superposent selon les facteurs d’inertie principaux (voir figure 2), Ce n’est que selon le troisième facteur (voir figure 3, axe vertical) qu’ils se séparent. Une opposition entre des intérêts personnels statiques et des pratiques de la corruption dynamiques liées à la prise de décision. En d’autres termes un substrat corruptif immuable sur lequel se construit une pratique adaptative de la corruption.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"> </p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><img height="278" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_3218_18_image2.png" width="482" /></p>
<p class="MsoCaption" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:italic"><a name="_Ref142398331">Figure </a>2 CHD facteurs 1 et 2, texte proportionnel à la distance au Chi2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><img height="280" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_3218_18_image3.png" width="482" /></p>
<p class="MsoCaption" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:italic"><a name="_Ref142398333">Figure </a>3 CHD facteurs 1 et 3 texte proportionnel à la distance au Chi2.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">Ces analyses font ressortir plusieurs résultats. Pour les Décideurs, les intérêts individuels sont proches mais distincts des intérêts du groupe. Les Décideurs placent la notion de problème avant celle de risque. Les risques formels (exposition à la loi, criminalité) sont secondaires. La chaine de valeur inclut client et fournisseur et la corruption est extérieure à l’organisation. Les dirigeants s’approprient, plus que leurs subordonnés, l’acceptation ou le refus de la corruption, y compris lorsque ces subordonnés disent avoir un pouvoir de décision autonome. L’environnement culturel et les institutions informelles sont vus comme de moindre importance que la chaîne de valeur. Enfin la prise de décision corruption (refus, acceptation, initiation) se concentre souvent sur une seule personne qui est aussi le hiérarque. Cela y compris si le management intermédiaire dit avoir sur d’autres sujets une autonomie de décision.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<li style="text-align:justify; margin-top:24px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif">Analyse qualitative des données (AQD)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
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</li>
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<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">L’AQD code les concepts évoqués par les interviewés selon une carte heuristique de la corruption composée de 173 concepts, ou codes, identifiés dans la littérature. Les 52 interviews ont permis 1688 codages obtenus en trois passes à 6 mois d’intervalle.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><img height="258" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_3218_18_image4.png" width="482" /></p>
<p class="MsoCaption" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:italic"><a name="_Ref142393739">Figure </a>4 Carte heuristique de la corruption du B2B et B2G comprimée par concepts principaux <span style="font-style:normal">(Labic 2023, p. 269)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">Certains concepts sont partagés par l’ensemble des personnes interrogées. La relation entre les individus et les organisations corrompus domine. L’environnement est complexe, d’appréhension difficile. L’éthique individuelle (responsabilité du Décideur et courage civique) est vue comme décisive dans le refus ou l’acceptation de la corruption.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">Des rapprochements de concepts sont observés fréquemment. La corruption est vue comme une institution informelle et un biotope criminel. Elle est le produit des égoïsmes et d’un affaiblissement moral. Alternativement, l’amoralité (ensemble conceptuel sans implication morale) et l’appel à des valeurs supérieures vient se substituer à l’éthique, favorisant la corruption. Enfin la corruption est perçue comme trop complexe, mal résolue par une réduction au respect formel du droit.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">Deux ensembles conceptuels plus surprenants ressortent. (1) Tous les interviewés replacent leurs analyses dans un contexte culturel. Mais ils excluent ou doutent de ce que serait une culture de la corruption. (2) Les corrompus ou corrupteurs qui font partie de la chaine de décision principale, celle de la chaine de valeur, rendent le contrôle interne inopérant : en subjuguant l’organisation ou par dissimulation. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<li style="list-style-type:none">
<ol start="3">
<li style="text-align:justify; margin-top:24px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif">Analyse des hypothèses concurrentes (ACH) et <i>LinchPins</i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">A ce stade de l’analyse l’ensemble des solutions évoquées lors des interviews sont identifiées et classées. Leurs proximités avec la littérature académique est connue. L’ACH permet alors de classer ces solutions, renommées hypothèses, en fonction de leur efficacité empirique (Valtorta et al. 2020). Elle se distingue de l’approche hypothético-déductive en conservant des hypothèses incomplètes : que faudrait-il observer pour valider telle ou telle hypothèse (Heuer 1999; Besson et al. 2010) ? En maintenant, faute d’élément suffisant, le questionnement ouvert, l’effet induit est une limitation des biais cognitifs (Lehner et al. 2008 ; Dhami et al. 2019). Les <i>Linchpins<a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">[3]</span></span></b></span></span></a></i> interviennent en complément. Ils consistent à passer d’une évaluation des hypothèses, par des variables discrètes et indépendantes, à des variables continues et des hypothèses inférentes (MacEachin 1994). La combinaison ACH et <i>Linchpins</i> permet de ne pas « sauter » sur ce qui marche. La plupart des Décideurs conservent une posture interrogative et testent leur environnement en permanence. Aucun ne fait appel à une « martingale anticorruption ». </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">Face aux contraintes de ressources et de temps, ils cherchent à déterminer la quantité d'information minimale nécessaire à une décision éclairée. Dans ce contexte, la cohérence d'une hypothèse est évaluée en mesurant le degré de convergence entre les informations disponibles. Le critère principal est l’applicabilité des solutions.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="font-style:italic">Solutions non-efficaces ou non-actionnables</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">Cette perspective opérationnelle se distingue. Il ne s’agit pas de modéliser la corruption du B2B et du B2G, mais de libérer la chaine de décision de ce qui n’est pas efficace ou sort du champ d’action de l’organisation. Ainsi dans le cas général, tout indique qu’il est profitable de corrompre : rareté et faiblesse des sanctions, coût supportable des pots-de vin. La condition est que l’environnement corruptif soit suffisamment stable pour qu’une relation de causalité entre le pot-de-vin et la transaction existe. A pot-de-vin égal, les kleptocraties organisées sont alors plus profitables que les États désorganisés.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">Plus encore pour le corrompu, la corruption est par essence profitable. Seul subsiste le risque de sanction. Or les corrompus du B2B et du B2G sont rarement poursuivis. S’ils le sont, ils bénéficient de sanctions négociées (Reilly 2015; Kaushik Basu 2011; Karna Basu, Basu, and Cordella 2016).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">Enfin les Décideurs partagent une même définition éthique de la corruption. Le choix de s’en affranchir ou pas est délibéré. L’apport d’une formation éthique ou juridique sera sans effet sur leur prise de décision. Symétriquement, mais de façon moins intuitive, une entreprise qui subit une distorsion de concurrence du fait de la corruption d’un concurrent ne peut, au risque de s’exclure du marché, faire appel à la loi pour être protégée. Cet effet est renforcé par la faible prévalence des poursuites (Reilly 2015; Yates 2015) ainsi que la nécessité éthique que les entreprises, pourtant coupables, ne soient pas mises en difficulté du fait des sanctions. L’effet est encore amplifié par la non-poursuite des corrompus (Maillard 2021; Bertossa et al. 1996).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="font-style:italic">Solutions actionnables par les organisations</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">Les trois solutions ci-dessous sont un condensé des conclusions de l’étude déjà citée (Labic 2023). Comme plus haut, le resserrement des solutions vers l’opérationnel par l’IE ne doit pas être vu comme une simplification abusive de la corruption.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">L’éthique individuelle est un préalable irremplaçable : la responsabilité du Décideur (18 interviews). Pour le B2G, seule la vertu des élus et des agents de l’État permet de lutter (16 interviews). La recherche de la solution éthique est complexe. Elle considère les causes, les conséquences et les finalités (9 interviews). La vulnérabilité à une corruption d’origine interne est maximale. Elle est due à une faiblesse de l’éthique individuelle, à la pensée de groupe (Janis 1972) ou une combinaison des deux. Car les atteintes à l’éthique sont un tout. 26 interviews présentent une concomitance de la corruption avec d’autres atteintes à l’éthique ou à la probité. Ces résultats convergent avec la littérature sur l’éthique des affaires en particulier les travaux de Linda Treviño (Treviño et al. 2003; Treviño et Brown 2004).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">Les Décideurs identifient que tout environnement est plus ou moins corrompu. Ils considèrent que sa méconnaissance est la cause principale d’une corruption externe et subie. Les interfaces de l’organisation sont donc les plus efficaces pour agir : achats, ventes, management des projets, présidence. L’intégration de la corruption dans la stratégie avant exposition permet d’anticiper ses effets, risques et contingences : en complétant les processus cognitifs par une veille dédiée à la corruption. L’approche qualitative de l’étude, en sélectionnant des Décideurs ayant une expérience confirmée de la corruption, a permis d’identifier des solutions. L’adaptation des moyens et la définition d’actions anticipatrices anticorruption, font partie de la stratégie. Pour ces même Décideurs expérimentés, ignorer la corruption peut être dû à un manque de compétence (filtre cognitif), ou résulter d’un affaiblissement moral : peur de déplaire, obligation de résultat, marché stratégique mais corrompu, vision tunnel. Aucun ne considère qu’il n’y ait d’autre solution que de se soumettre à la corruption.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">Dans la suite de ces résultats, les 6 Conseils qui, comme le montre la Figure 1, p. 5 partagent avec les Décideurs une vision « risque/prévention », observent que leurs clients, volontairement ou involontairement, ont ignoré la corruption en la réduisant à un interdit. Cette ignorance volontaire peut se traduire par la création d’un service anticorruption dédié, prévu comme un alibi et un fusible, ou par d’autres adaptations structurelles : communication anticorruption de façade, formalisme procédural, etc.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:center"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><b><span style="font-size:9pt">Hypothèse</span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:center"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><b><span style="font-size:9pt">Description</span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:center"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><b><span style="font-size:9pt">Cohérence</span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:center"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><b><span style="font-size:9pt">++ / + / 0 / - / --</span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:center"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><b><span style="font-size:9pt">Évaluation dominante extraite des interviews</span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:113px; padding:0cm 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black">
<p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:center"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:9pt">Éthique individuelle condition nécessaire</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:200px; padding:0cm 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none">
<p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:9pt">L’éthique individuelle des décisionnels est une condition nécessaire à l’anticorruption.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:59px; padding:0cm 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none">
<p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:center"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:9pt">++</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:9pt">Rien ne remplace l’éthique individuelle (18 interviews) et « seule la vertu des politiques et des agents de l’État permet de lutter » (16 interviews). La recherche de la meilleure solution éthique est complexe et demande de considérer les causes, les conséquences et les finalités (9 interviews).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:113px; padding:0cm 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black">
<p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:center"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:9pt">La vulnérabilité à une corruption d’origine interne est maximale</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:200px; padding:0cm 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none">
<p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:9pt">L’éthique individuelle des décisionnels est le seul moyen de lutter contre une corruption d’origine interne.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:59px; padding:0cm 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none">
<p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:center"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:9pt">+</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:572px; padding:0cm 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none">
<p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:9pt">La vulnérabilité à une corruption d’origine interne est maximale. Elle est due à une faiblesse de l’éthique individuelle (36 interviews) et/ou à la pensée de groupe (33 interviews). L’effet est renforcé si l’organisation est fortement hiérarchisée (2 interviews). L’effet est encore renforcé pour les corrompus : ils tirent un avantage personnel de la corruption (3 interviews).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:113px; padding:0cm 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black">
<p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:center"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:9pt">Les atteintes à l’éthique sont concomitantes</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:9pt">La détection d’une atteinte à l’éthique est l’indicateur d’une plus grande vulnérabilité à la corruption.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:59px; padding:0cm 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none">
<p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:center"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:9pt">+</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:572px; padding:0cm 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none">
<p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:9pt">Les vertus sont un tout, les atteintes à l’éthique également. La pensée de groupe neutralise l’ensemble de l’éthique. 26 interviews présentent une concomitance entre corruption et autres atteintes à l’éthique.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:113px; padding:0cm 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black">
<p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:center"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:9pt">La connaissance des lois et réglementations anticorruption permet la prévention</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:200px; padding:0cm 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none">
<p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:9pt">La connaissance des lois et règlementations des décisionnels de l’organisation conduit à un refus de la corruption.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:59px; padding:0cm 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none">
<p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:center"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:9pt">--</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:572px; padding:0cm 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none">
<p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:9pt">L’éthique anticorruption est universelle. Le choix de corrompre ou de se corrompre est volontaire. La prise de risque est limitée (non-application de la loi, protection des corrompus, peines anticipées et négociées pour les corrupteurs). Elle est d’autant plus limitée pour les personnes qui maitrisent les lois et règlementations et peuvent mieux les contourner.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:113px; padding:0cm 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black">
<p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:center"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:9pt">Une meilleure formation à l’éthique permet la prévention</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:200px; padding:0cm 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none">
<p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:9pt">La formation à l’éthique par l’organisation ou lors de la formation académique initiale des décisionnels de l’organisation conduit à un refus de la corruption</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:59px; padding:0cm 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none">
<p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:center"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:9pt">--</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:572px; padding:0cm 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none">
<p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:9pt">L’acquisition des vertus précède l’activité professionnelle. Certains interviewés observent un refus croissant de la corruption par la jeunesse, d’autres voient dans cette population une recherche croissante de l’intérêt personnel. Ces deux évolutions contradictoires s’observent avant l’activité professionnelle. La pensée de groupe neutralise l’éthique individuelle (14 interviews).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:113px; padding:0cm 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black">
<p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:center"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:9pt">Création d’un service dédié anticorruption</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:200px; padding:0cm 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none">
<p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:9pt">Une expertise anticorruption sous la forme d’un service dédié anticorruption permet d’anticiper et de prévenir la corruption</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:59px; padding:0cm 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none">
<p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:center"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:9pt">- / --</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:572px; padding:0cm 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none">
<p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:9pt">Les interviews des personnes qui ont exercé des fonctions dans des services dédiés compliance/anticorruption témoignent qu’ils servent dans le meilleur des cas de faire-valoir, dans le pire de fusible. Leur emprise sur les décisions les plus susceptibles d’une exposition à la corruption est nécessaire pour qu’ils puissent être efficaces. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:113px; padding:0cm 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black">
<p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:center"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:9pt">Intégration de l’anticorruption dans la stratégie</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:200px; padding:0cm 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none">
<p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:9pt">La corruption fait partie de la chaîne de valeur. Son intégration dans la stratégie de l’organisation permet d’anticiper les effets, coûts, risques et contingences.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:59px; padding:0cm 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none">
<p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:center"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:9pt">++</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:572px; padding:0cm 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none">
<p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:9pt">L’intégration de moyens anticorruption et la définition d’actions anticipatrices face à un environnement toujours partiellement corruptif, fait partie de la stratégie. L’ignorer peut être dû à un manque de compétence (filtre cognitif), ou résulter d’un affaiblissement moral. Ne traiter la corruption que comme un risque non provisionné (car illégal) maximise l’exposition de l’organisation. Les Conseils observent que leurs clients ont ignorés volontairement ou involontairement. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:113px; padding:0cm 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black">
<p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:center"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:9pt">Sollicitation externe, protection de la loi.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:200px; padding:0cm 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none">
<p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:9pt">L’organisation peut faire appel aux lois et réglementations pour se protéger contre une corruption externe dans le cas d’une sollicitation par un client privé ou par un agent de l’État </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:59px; padding:0cm 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none">
<p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:center"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:9pt">--</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:572px; padding:0cm 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none">
<p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:9pt">L’absence de poursuite contre les corrompus est le concept dominant quels que soient les marchés et les zones géographiques. Les lois et réglementations qui visent à interdire la corruption sont connues et anticipées (17 interviews). Leur effet se limite à une sophistication de la transaction (3 interviews). 1 interview note un effet positif de la loi pour prévenir la corruption. Remarque : 3 interviews d’Analystes voient un effet positif des efforts concertés entre pays (UE, OCDE) pour inciter ou aider les organisations à lutter. 18 autres interviews voient une absence d’effet.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:113px; padding:0cm 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black">
<p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:center"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:9pt">Analyse préalable de l’environnement</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:200px; padding:0cm 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none">
<p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:9pt">Pour anticiper, l’adaptation des capacités métacognitives de l’organisation doit précéder son exposition à un environnement inconnu.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:59px; padding:0cm 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none">
<p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:center"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:9pt">++</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:572px; padding:0cm 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none">
<p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:9pt">L’ensemble des personnes interviewés identifient dans leurs anecdotes une incompréhension de l’environnement comme cause initiale de la corruption (initiée ou subie).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="font-size:9pt">Remarque : Après exposition à la corruption, l’organisation ne peut que corriger.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p class="MsoCaption" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:italic">Tableau 1 Cohérences des hypothèses</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</div>
<div style="page-break-after: always"><span style="display: none;"> </span></div>
<div class="WordSection3" style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">
<ol start="4" style="list-style-type:upper-roman">
<li style="text-align:justify; margin-top:32px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection3"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="text-transform:uppercase">DISCUSSION</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
</ol>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection3"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">L’étude fait apparaitre deux modèles de développement de l’organisation.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection3"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">Le premier est celui de la plupart des Décideurs interrogés. Ils identifient la corruption comme un des éléments d’un biotope criminel. Dans ce modèle, le paiement d’un pot-de-vin est efficace. C’est aussi la solution qui demande le moins d’analyse. Deux effets en résultent. (1) La maitrise du risque de poursuite permet de l’intégrer comme un risque parmi d’autres. Le coût de ce risque est maitrisé. Sa prévalence est faible et très inférieure à la prévalence de la corruption. (2) Anticiper ou prévenir la corruption n’est alors pas prioritaire.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection3"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">Le modèle alternatif apparait lorsque le critère d’arbitraire est élevé. Les Décideurs interviewés constatent que la multiplication des pots-de-vin, et des transactions sans résultat ou retardées, ne sont plus compatibles avec l’obligation de résultat. Deux décisions sont alors possibles. La première est la fuite, comme recommandée par certaines institutions (Chambre de Commerce Internationale et al. 2011; OCDE 2016) et observée par une partie de la littérature (Olney 2016; Qi et al. 2020). Un des Analystes, dans le cas d’une ONG qui intervient dans un État failli, considère la fuite comme une solution possible, mais aussi comme un échec personnel.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoQuote" style="text-align:justify; margin-top:13px; margin-right:58px; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:58px"><span style="page:WordSection3"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="color:#404040"><span style="font-style:italic">« Il y a quatre portes de sortie à la corruption : payer, ne pas payer, partir ou s’effondrer (faire une dépression). » <span style="font-style:normal">interviewé 15</span>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection3"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">Un des Conseils considère aussi la fuite. Il l’intègre dans une analyse de l’environnement de l’organisation.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoQuote" style="text-align:justify; margin-top:13px; margin-right:58px; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:58px"><span style="page:WordSection3"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="color:#404040"><span style="font-style:italic">« Il est très important de comprendre que tous les risques ne se valent pas. Si l’environnement est très sollicitant en termes de corruption, il n’y a pas vraiment de solution à part partir. On peut jouer sur la maturité de son interlocuteur et voir avec lui s’il n’y a pas des projets qui seraient politiquement ou économiquement favorables à son interlocuteur et éventuellement proposer de le financer. […] Cela permet d’éviter de payer un pot-de-vin. » <span style="font-style:normal">interviewé 28.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection3"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">Cette approche est celle de l’IE : une démarche structurée de collecte et de valorisation de l’information (Besson et al. 2010). Elle permet de passer des résultats de l’étude – enchainement de l’AFC, l’AQD, des <i>Linchpins</i> et de l’ACH – à une recherche propre à chaque organisation et limitée à trois vulnérabilités.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="list-style-type:none"><span style="page:WordSection3"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="font-style:italic">Vulnérabilité interne : faiblesse éthique du management</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection3"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">Un ensemble de travaux depuis un premier article de Trevi<span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif">ñ</span>o et Youngblood (1990) utilise la métaphore de la pomme et du tonneau : qui contamine l’autre ? (Gonin e<i>t al.</i> 2012; Gifford et al. 2019). Ce corpus établit, comme le disent les personnes interviewées, que les atteintes à l’éthique sont un tout. L’objet de cet article étant d’anticiper et de prévenir, une « mauvaise pomme » doit être identifiée avant d’être dans le « tonneau » : avant son recrutement. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="list-style-type:none"><span style="page:WordSection3"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="font-style:italic">Vulnérabilité externe : méconnaissance de l’environnement corruptif</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection3"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">L’approche comportementale à la suite d’Ansoff (1975) et d’Ocasio (1997, 2011) parle des limites physiologiques de l’attention de l’organisation à son environnement. Elle montre qu’il n’est pas naturel pour une organisation de maintenir son attention sur ce qui n’est pas central à la chaine de valeur. Parvenir à une veille attentive à la corruption demande de s’exercer. Cela sera d’autant plus facile si la corruption est intégrée à la chaine de décision de la chaine de valeur. Plus que la découverte d’un risque ignoré, l’effet sera un élargissement des capacités cognitives, et une attention – une souplesse d’esprit – à la contingence corruption.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<h3 style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0cm; margin-top:16px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection3"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="tab-stops:35.4pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="font-style:italic">Vulnérabilité temporelle : non intégration du risque corruptif avant exposition</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h3>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection3"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">Cette dernière vulnérabilité est créée par les entreprises les plus naïves. Elles découvrent les contingences d’un environnement nouveau au fil de leur exploration. Elles survivent de crise en crise. La plupart des Décideurs ont acquis leur expérience ainsi, comme manager junior avant qu’ils n’aient de responsabilité opérationnelle. Si l’entreprise parvient à ne plus subir et identifie les deux vulnérabilités précédente, ce sera peut-être la fin de la naïveté vers une maitrise de la contingence corruption.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<li style="text-align:justify; margin-top:32px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection3"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="text-transform:uppercase"><a name="_Toc137623632">CONCLUSION</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
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<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection3"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">N’appliquer la cartographie des risques qu’à la corruption est une faiblesse de raisonnement. C’est toutefois un progrès par rapport à la situation précédente où beaucoup ne pratiquaient, ni cartographie des risques, ni aucune autre analyse structurée de l’environnement. C’était le reproche du rapport Martre (1994). C’est aussi le constat d’une absence de progrès notée dans le rapport d’information du Sénat du 12 juillet 2023 sur l’intelligence économique (Lienemann et Lemoyne 2023).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection3"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">Lors de l’étude qualitative qui a servi de base pour cet article, après avoir utilisé les outils d’analyse sémantiques et conceptuels que sont l’AFC et l’AQD, il s’est avéré nécessaire d’utiliser une méthode d’analyse structurée que sont l’ACH et les <i>Linchpins</i>. Elle se distingue de la synthèse « manuelle » observée le plus souvent, au risque de biais d’interprétation.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection3"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">En termes de solutions actionnables, la méthode est d’autant plus efficace qu’elle est appliquée, non seulement à la corruption et ses trois vulnérabilités internes, externes et temporelles, mais à l’ensemble des risques et des contingences.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection3"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">Plus largement ces outils de l’IE, comme les autres, prennent tout leur sens s’ils parviennent à installer une culture de l’intelligence économique partagée par ceux-là même qui sont au cœur de la chaine de décision.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection3"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">Certain des Décideurs interrogés ont dit que subalternes, ils avaient subi le poids de devoir payer, sur ordre, un corrompu. A force d’expérience, ils sont parvenus à conceptualiser la corruption et à chercher des solutions compatibles avec l’obligation de résultat, l’éthique et la loi. C’est aussi la conclusion des 6 Conseils qui, à force de pratique, voient des alternatives et savent – cela peut être aussi le cas – quand il n’y a pas de solution hors la fuite : la moins mauvaise des solutions après l’intelligence de l’environnement. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<li style="text-align:justify; margin-top:32px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="text-transform:uppercase">BIBLIOGRAPHIE</span></span></span></span></li>
</ol>
<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none">AGENCE FRANCAISE ANTICORRUPTION, « Commission de Sanction - Décision N°19-01 », Paris, 2019</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none">ANSOFF Igor, « Managing Strategic Surprise by Response to Weak Signals », California Management Review 18 (2): 21–33, 1975</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none">ASSEMBLEE NATIONALE, « Loi Sapin 2 N° 2016-1691 Du 9 Décembre 2016 Relative à La Transparence, à La Lutte Contre La Corruption et à La Modernisation de La Vie Économique », Paris, 2016</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none">BASU Karna, BASU Kaushik, and CORDELLA Tito, « Asymmetric Punishment as an Instrument of Corruption Control », Journal of Public Economic Theory, 18 (6): 831–56, 2016</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none">BASU Kaushik, « Why, for a Certain Class of Bribes, the Act of Giving a Bribe Should Be Considered Legal », Policy-Making for Indian Planning, Ministry of Finance, India, 2011</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none">BESSON Bernard, DESCHAMPS Christophe, HASINA Andriamiamina, ARCHAMBAUD Benoit, BARET Catherine, BESNARD Marion, BLANCHET Antoine, et al., « Le Livre Blanc - Méthodes d’analyse Appliquées à l’intelligence Économique », Institut de communication de l’Université de Poitiers, 2011</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none">PEREIRA Brigitte, « Éthique, gouvernance et corruption », Revue Française de Gestion, 6 (186): 53–57, 2007</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none">REILLY Peter R., « Justice deferred is justice denied: We must end our failed experiment in deferring corporate criminal prosecutions », Brigham Young University Law Review, (2): 307–58, 2015</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none">REINERT Max, « Mondes lexicaux stabilisés et analyse statistique de discours », JADT 2008 : 9ème journées internationales d’analyse statistique des données textuelles, 981–93, 2008</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none">AQUIN Thomas d’, « Question 64, Art. 7 », Somme Théologique, Livre IIa, IIae, 1273</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none">TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL, Corruption perception index », <a href="https://www.transparency.org/" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline">https://www.transparency.org/</a>, 2022</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none">TREVINO Linda K., BROWN Michael E., « Managing to be ethical: Debunking five business ethics myths », Academy of Management Executive, 18 (2): 69–81, 2004</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none">TREVINO Linda K., YOUNGBLOOD Stuart A., « Bad apples in bad barrels: A causal analysis of ethical decision-making behavior », Journal of Applied Psychology, 75 (4): 378–85, 1990</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none">VALTORA Marco, HUHNS Michael, DANG Jiangbo, GORADIA Hrishikesh, HUANG Jingshan, « Extending Heuer’s analysis of competing hypotheses method to support complex decision analysis », Springer Tracts in Advanced Robotics, 2020</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none">YATES Sally Quillian, « Yates Memorandum », United States departement of justice, Washington DC États-Unis, 2015</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none">ZHU Boliang, SHI Weiyi, « Greasing the wheels of commerce? Corruption and foreign investment », Journal of Politics, 81 (4): 1311–27, 2019</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:8pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><a href="applewebdata://C1827740-907A-4D0D-AD37-B8F026943E2C#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:8pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">[1]</span></span></span></span></a> La prévalence exprime la fréquence ou l'étendue de la corruption. Dans le cas général cette prévalence n’est pas connue. Des indicateurs indirects comme les mesures de perception de la corruption, les enquêtes auprès des entreprises ou les indices de gouvernance, permettent une estimation au niveau d’un pays. Ils sont de moindre signification pour une entreprise qui agit dans un secteur d’activité particulier.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:8pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><a href="applewebdata://C1827740-907A-4D0D-AD37-B8F026943E2C#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:8pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">[2]</span></span></span></span></a> Pour garantir la confidentialité, aucun enregistrement électronique n’a été fait. Les noms des personnes et des organisations ont été codés. La trame d’interview n’utilise aucun concept de la littérature académique sur la corruption. L’interviewé doit décrire la corruption telle qu’il la conceptualise avec son langage propre : sa conceptualisation de la corruption dont les causes, conséquences et finalités, l’état de la lutte, les processus internes, l’environnement de l’organisation dont les lois et réglementations, les solutions de l’interviewé, ses autres recommandations</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:8pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><a href="applewebdata://C1827740-907A-4D0D-AD37-B8F026943E2C#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:8pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">[3]</span></span></span></span></a> <i>Linchpin</i> : ici, pivot ou point de fixation, ensemble d’éléments qui affirment ou infirment un ensemble d’hypothèses. Les <i>Linchpins</i> permettent surtout d’éliminer des ensembles de solutions impossibles. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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