<div class="WordSection1" style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"> <ol style="list-style-type:upper-roman"> <li style="text-align:justify; margin-top:32px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="text-transform:uppercase"><a name="_Toc137623616"> - INTRODUCTION</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> </ol> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">La corruption est un enjeu &eacute;conomique et manag&eacute;rial qui trouve ses origines dans la philosophie morale.&nbsp;(M&eacute;nissier 2018). Se pose alors la question de l&rsquo;&eacute;valuation des strat&eacute;gies de lutte anticorruption&nbsp;(Garzon et Ta&iuml;eb 2007; Treisman 2007). Si la mesure de l&rsquo;efficacit&eacute; de la lutte par un &Eacute;tat est difficile&nbsp;(Mungiu-Pippidi et Dada&scaron;ov 2016), pour une entreprise la question est encore plus complexe.&nbsp;Ne serait-ce qu&rsquo;en ce qui concerne la r&eacute;alit&eacute; des menaces et les conditions d&rsquo;une action efficace&nbsp;(Pereira 2007).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">La loi Sapin 2&nbsp;(Assembl&eacute;e Nationale 2016)&nbsp;introduit une innovation&nbsp;: une cartographie du risque corruption. Cet outil ancien est de peu d&rsquo;efficacit&eacute; si le processus se limite &agrave; une liste de risques class&eacute;s par s&eacute;v&eacute;rit&eacute;s potentielles. Ainsi, la premi&egrave;re d&eacute;cision de la commission de sanction de l&rsquo;Agence fran&ccedil;aise anticorruption a consid&eacute;r&eacute; qu&rsquo;une entreprise qui &eacute;tablit&nbsp;&nbsp;une cartographie du risque corruption peu pr&eacute;cise ne pouvait, du point de vue de la loi, se le faire reprocher&nbsp;(Agence fran&ccedil;aise anticorruption 2019).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">Si l&rsquo;intention de l&rsquo;entreprise est de lutter contre la corruption, il lui faut donc aller au-del&agrave; de la loi&nbsp;: d&eacute;finir une strat&eacute;gie, compatible avec l&rsquo;obligation de r&eacute;sultat et l&rsquo;&eacute;thique. Elle passe par un processus d&rsquo;acquisition et d&rsquo;analyse de l&rsquo;environnement informationnel. Elle impose un changement de mode de pens&eacute;e et d&rsquo;action&nbsp;: une Intelligence &Eacute;conomique&nbsp;(Lienemann and Lemoyne 2023).&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">Cet article se base sur 52 entretiens semi-directifs de personnes, dans 19 pays et 4 continents, ayant une exp&eacute;rience confirm&eacute;e de la corruption. En particulier les interviews de 31 d&eacute;cisionnels du secteur public et priv&eacute;, qu&rsquo;ils aient initi&eacute;, accept&eacute; ou refus&eacute; un pacte corruptif. Quelles actions d&rsquo;anticipation et de pr&eacute;vention ont-ils consid&eacute;r&eacute;s&nbsp;? Quels en ont &eacute;t&eacute; les effets&nbsp;? La premi&egrave;re partie reprend les variables principales qui caract&eacute;risent la corruption. La seconde partie extrait des solutions dans un processus en trois &eacute;tapes dont la derni&egrave;re, l&rsquo;analyse des hypoth&egrave;ses concurrentes (ACH) valorise ces solutions par efficacit&eacute; et actionnabilit&eacute;. La troisi&egrave;me partie est une discussion sur les mod&egrave;les alternatifs d&rsquo;organisations confront&eacute;es &agrave; la corruption&nbsp;: les hypoth&egrave;ses efficaces et actionnables &eacute;tant connues, &agrave; quelles vuln&eacute;rabilit&eacute;s r&eacute;pondent-elles&nbsp;?</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <ol start="2" style="list-style-type:upper-roman"> <li style="text-align:justify; margin-top:32px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="text-transform:uppercase">CARACT&Eacute;RISATION DE LA CORRUPTION DU B2B ET DU B2G</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> </ol> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">En pr&eacute;alable &agrave; cet article, une revue de la litt&eacute;rature a permis d&rsquo;&eacute;tablir une carte heuristique exhaustive des mod&egrave;les de la corruption&nbsp;et de l&rsquo;&eacute;tat de la lutte anticorruption (voir&nbsp;Figure&nbsp;4). Deux ensembles conceptuels ressortent&nbsp;: la complexit&eacute; et l&rsquo;incertitude de l&rsquo;environnement et les limites cognitives des organisations mod&eacute;lis&eacute;es respectivement par les th&eacute;ories de la contingence et de l&rsquo;attention (voir&nbsp;Garzon et Very 2022&nbsp;pour une liste exhaustive des questionnements et des th&eacute;ories concurrentes).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <ol> <li style="list-style-type:none"> <ol> <li style="text-align:justify; margin-top:24px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif"><a name="_Toc137623618"> Un environnement contingent, &agrave; la fois complexe et incertain</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> </ol> </li> </ol> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">Comme pour toute activit&eacute; ill&eacute;gale, les mesures de la corruption, en particulier en termes de risque pour une entreprise particuli&egrave;re, sont peu informatives. Dans le cas g&eacute;n&eacute;ral, la corruption n&rsquo;est pas syst&eacute;matique, sa pr&eacute;valence est inconnue<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>. Le calcul d&rsquo;une s&eacute;v&eacute;rit&eacute; (pr&eacute;valence x co&ucirc;t) est impossible. Il s&rsquo;agit alors d&rsquo;une contingence et non d&rsquo;un risque&nbsp;(Luthans et Stewart 1977).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">Certains syst&egrave;mes politiques permettent de simplifier l&rsquo;&eacute;quation, c&rsquo;est le cas notamment des kleptocraties. La pr&eacute;valence de la corruption est maximale. Pour ces pays, il est possible d&rsquo;affirmer que tant que le pacte corruptif n&rsquo;est pas identifi&eacute;, les recherches ne sont pas abouties&nbsp;(Labic, Memheld 2019)&nbsp;: une corruption syst&eacute;mique et visible.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">Un terme s&rsquo;ajoute&nbsp;: l&rsquo;efficacit&eacute; du paiement. Cette&nbsp;variable, dite &laquo;&nbsp;crit&egrave;re d&rsquo;arbitraire&nbsp;&raquo;, mesure si un premier paiement va permettre la transaction corruptive ou s&rsquo;il va ouvrir d&rsquo;autres app&eacute;tits&nbsp;(Wei 1997; Zhu et Shi 2019). L&rsquo;arbitraire est &agrave; rapprocher du graissage de roue ou du sable dans les rouages&nbsp;(M&eacute;on et Sekkat 2005; M&eacute;on et Weill 2010). Le calcul de la s&eacute;v&eacute;rit&eacute; s&rsquo;exprime alors comme&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" class="MsoQuote" style="text-align:center; margin-top:13px; margin-right:58px; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:58px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:#404040"><span style="font-style:italic">S&eacute;v&eacute;rit&eacute; = pr&eacute;valence x arbitraire x co&ucirc;t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">Tout indique que le crit&egrave;re d&rsquo;arbitraire est une variable importante particuli&egrave;rement pour une entreprise nouvelle entrante sur un march&eacute;(Rodriguez et al. 2005). La comparaison entre Chine et Inde est r&eacute;v&eacute;latrice. Alors que les deux pays pr&eacute;sentent une corruption syst&eacute;mique, le drainage organis&eacute; des entreprises par la dictature chinoise a permis le d&eacute;veloppement de l&rsquo;&eacute;conomie, ce qui est moins le cas en Inde avec une corruption qui ne converge pas vers un parti unique&nbsp;(Heilmann 2013; Labic et Memheld 2019). A partir de 2008, les tensions internes en Chine se sont accrues, menant &agrave; un accroissement de l&rsquo;arbitraire et &agrave; la r&eacute;duction du profit r&eacute;siduel apr&egrave;s pots-de-vin. Certaines entreprises chinoises choisissent alors de se d&eacute;velopper hors de Chine pour r&eacute;tablir leur marge&nbsp;<a name="_Toc137623619"></a>(Heilmann et Stepan 2016; Chamorro et Khaw 2019; Qi et al. 2020).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <ol> <li style="list-style-type:none"> <ol start="2"> <li style="text-align:justify; margin-top:24px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif">Des capacit&eacute;s d&rsquo;analyse limit&eacute;es</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> </ol> </li> </ol> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">A la complexit&eacute; de l&rsquo;environnement r&eacute;pondent les capacit&eacute;s d&rsquo;analyse limit&eacute;es des organisations.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">La th&eacute;orie de l&rsquo;attention&nbsp;(Ocasio 1997; Joseph et Ocasio 2012)&nbsp;montre que la chaine de d&eacute;cision est d&rsquo;autant plus efficace qu&rsquo;elle traite de questions proches de la chaine de valeur.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">Dans le cas g&eacute;n&eacute;ral, ce n&rsquo;est pas le cas de la corruption. Cet effet est renforc&eacute; si la corruption est consid&eacute;r&eacute;e comme une question de droit. La fonction juridique, l&eacute;gitimement, s&rsquo;en emparera. Mais cette fonction est elle-m&ecirc;me en dehors de la chaine de d&eacute;cision principale. Elle traite du risque juridique, non de la chaine de valeur.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">Pour corriger ce biais d&rsquo;attention, il faut revenir &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;tat d&rsquo;ignorance tel que d&eacute;crit par Ansoff&nbsp;(1975). Pour qu&rsquo;une menace soit prise en compte, elle doit &ecirc;tre quantifiable et poss&eacute;der un caract&egrave;re d&rsquo;urgence.&nbsp;&nbsp;En d&rsquo;autres termes, en suivant les r&eacute;sultats de Fernandez-Duque et al.&nbsp;(2000), pour qu&rsquo;une organisation soit en mesure d&rsquo;anticiper et de de pr&eacute;venir la corruption&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="tab-stops:list 0cm"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif">Soit elle conduit une veille&nbsp;: un questionnement actif conduit notamment par les fonctions qui interagissent avec l&rsquo;ext&eacute;rieur&nbsp;: les achats, les ventes, la gestion des projets et des investissements, les ressources humaines, la pr&eacute;sidence.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="tab-stops:list 0cm"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif">Soit le sentiment d&rsquo;urgence est d&eacute;j&agrave; l&agrave;, acquis par exemple &agrave; la suite d&rsquo;un trauma. M&ecirc;me sans veille, des r&eacute;flexes m&eacute;tacognitifs pourront peut-&ecirc;tre d&eacute;tecter la menace.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> <ol start="3"> <li style="text-align:justify; margin-top:24px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif"><a name="_Toc137623620"> L&rsquo;entreprise responsable</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> </ol> </li> </ul> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">L&#39;entreprise est responsable, notamment via les m&eacute;canismes de conformit&eacute; (compliance) et ce y compris dans le cas de l&rsquo;environnement syst&eacute;miquement corrompu des kleptocraties. A elles de mitiger les estimations de corruptions r&eacute;alis&eacute;es au niveau des march&eacute;s ou des pays.&nbsp;(Global Risk Profile 2023; Transparency International 2022). Les organisations ne sont pas en capacit&eacute; de remplacer l&rsquo;&Eacute;tat&nbsp;(Memheld et Labic 2021). Toutefois ce transfert de responsabilit&eacute; rappelle que, pour que la chaine de valeur fonctionne, elle doit consid&eacute;rer l&rsquo;ensemble des variables, dont la corruption.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <ol start="3" style="list-style-type:upper-roman"> <li style="text-align:justify; margin-top:32px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="text-transform:uppercase">EXTRACTION ET VALORISATION DES SOLUTIONS</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> </ol> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">Les interviews se sont d&eacute;roul&eacute;es de septembre 2020 &agrave; mars 2021. La saturation s&eacute;mantique a &eacute;t&eacute; observ&eacute;e apr&egrave;s 45 interviews. Les contacts engag&eacute;s ont &eacute;t&eacute; poursuivis pour atteindre 52 interviews&nbsp;(r&eacute;parties dans 19 pays et 4 continents)<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>. Trois groupes d&rsquo;interview&eacute;s ont &eacute;t&eacute; consid&eacute;r&eacute;s&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">(1) 31 D&eacute;cideurs du B2B et du B2G en position de refuser ou d&rsquo;accepter la corruption avec une exp&eacute;rience confirm&eacute;e de la corruption (qu&rsquo;ils l&rsquo;aient initi&eacute;e, accept&eacute;e ou refus&eacute;e)&nbsp;;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">(2) 15 Analystes&nbsp;qui &eacute;tudient la corruption a posteriori&nbsp;: chercheurs, avocats, magistrats ou&nbsp;&nbsp;forces de l&rsquo;ordre&nbsp;;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">(3) 6 Conseils anticorruption aux entreprises. Ils interviennent en pr&eacute;vention ou lors de crise.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">Un crit&egrave;re de conceptualisation a &eacute;t&eacute; ajout&eacute;, par opposition &agrave; l&rsquo;accumulation d&rsquo;anecdotes, pour permettre le recueil de solutions valid&eacute;es empiriquement. Une conceptualisation qui d&eacute;bute par abduction, puis induction et d&eacute;duction. L&rsquo;effet induit par ce crit&egrave;re a &eacute;t&eacute; la s&eacute;lection de D&eacute;cideurs plus s&eacute;niors.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">L&rsquo;objectif &eacute;tant d&rsquo;extraire les solutions efficaces d&eacute;ployables par l&rsquo;entreprise seule, l&rsquo;analyse s&rsquo;est effectu&eacute;e en trois &eacute;tapes&nbsp;: (1) par analyse factorielle des correspondances (AFC), (2) par analyse qualitative des donn&eacute;es (AQD), (3) par analyse des hypoth&egrave;ses concurrentes (ACH). Les deux premi&egrave;res &eacute;tapes (AFC et AQD) identifient et classent l&rsquo;ensemble des solutions &eacute;voqu&eacute;es par les personnes interrog&eacute;es. Elles permettent de mettre en lumi&egrave;re les &eacute;carts entre d&rsquo;une part le groupe des D&eacute;cideurs et les deux autres (Analystes et Conseils). L&rsquo;AQD permet enfin d&rsquo;identifier des ensembles de solutions jamais &eacute;voqu&eacute;es lors des interviews.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">Mais l&rsquo;int&eacute;r&ecirc;t de ces trois &eacute;tapes se cristallise avec l&rsquo;ACH&nbsp;: quelle est l&rsquo;efficacit&eacute; empirique des solutions que pratiquent les D&eacute;cideurs&nbsp;? Quelles sont les &eacute;carts et proximit&eacute;s avec les &eacute;valuations des autres groupes, entre r&eacute;gions, secteurs d&rsquo;activit&eacute;, etc&nbsp;?</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <ol> <li style="list-style-type:none"> <ol> <li style="text-align:justify; margin-top:24px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif">Analyse factorielle des correspondances (AFC)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> </ol> </li> </ol> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">L&rsquo;AFC est une analyse automatique des donn&eacute;es s&eacute;mantiques. Elle utilise principalement le calcul des inerties relatives. Elle permet de regrouper des champs s&eacute;mantiques autour de lemmes d&rsquo;inertie maximale&nbsp;(Reinert 2008; Mothe et al. 2021; Maire et Liarte 2019). Le d&eacute;veloppement ci-dessous ne pr&eacute;sente que les r&eacute;sultats significatifs pour cet article.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="break-after:avoid">&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><img height="308" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_3218_18_image1.png" width="482" /></p> <p class="MsoCaption" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:italic"><a name="_Ref158102405"></a><a name="_Ref132189478">Figure&nbsp;</a>1&nbsp;AFC, variable Groupe, texte proportionnel &agrave; la distance au Chi2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">La&nbsp;Figure 1&nbsp;montre une s&eacute;paration s&eacute;mantique entre les trois groupes. Les D&eacute;cideurs et les Analystes se situent sur une diagonale. Ils ont des approches et des visions diff&eacute;rentes. Les Conseils se superposent verticalement avec les Analystes, et horizontalement avec les D&eacute;cideurs. Les nuages de lemmes permettent d&rsquo;interpr&eacute;ter l&rsquo;axe horizontal comme une opposition entre approche terrain, pratique et approche analytique. L&rsquo;axe vertical distingue une vision formelle et normante d&rsquo;une vision risque et pr&eacute;vention.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">La classification hi&eacute;rarchique descendante (CHD), voir&nbsp;Figures&nbsp;2&nbsp;et&nbsp;3, reprend les inerties de l&rsquo;AFC. Elle cr&eacute;e 4 classes, dans une repr&eacute;sentation en 3 dimensions (ou facteurs). Ces quatre classes montrent en particulier que les organisations sociales et la culture ainsi que les institutions formelles sont des champs s&eacute;mantiques mobilis&eacute;s s&eacute;par&eacute;ment de ceux des int&eacute;r&ecirc;ts personnels, des relations, de la pratique et des actions en liens avec la corruption. Ces deux derniers champs se superposent selon les facteurs d&rsquo;inertie principaux (voir&nbsp;figure&nbsp;2), Ce n&rsquo;est que selon le troisi&egrave;me facteur (voir&nbsp;figure&nbsp;3, axe vertical) qu&rsquo;ils se s&eacute;parent. Une opposition entre des int&eacute;r&ecirc;ts personnels statiques et des pratiques de la corruption dynamiques li&eacute;es &agrave; la prise de d&eacute;cision. En d&rsquo;autres termes un substrat corruptif immuable sur lequel se construit une pratique adaptative de la corruption.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><img height="278" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_3218_18_image2.png" width="482" /></p> <p class="MsoCaption" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:italic"><a name="_Ref142398331">Figure&nbsp;</a>2&nbsp;CHD facteurs 1 et 2,&nbsp;texte proportionnel &agrave; la distance au Chi2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><img height="280" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_3218_18_image3.png" width="482" /></p> <p class="MsoCaption" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:italic"><a name="_Ref142398333">Figure&nbsp;</a>3&nbsp;CHD facteurs 1 et 3&nbsp;texte proportionnel &agrave; la distance au Chi2.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">Ces analyses font ressortir plusieurs r&eacute;sultats. Pour les D&eacute;cideurs, les int&eacute;r&ecirc;ts individuels sont proches mais distincts des int&eacute;r&ecirc;ts du groupe. Les D&eacute;cideurs placent la notion de probl&egrave;me avant celle de risque. Les risques formels (exposition &agrave; la loi, criminalit&eacute;) sont secondaires. La chaine de valeur inclut client et fournisseur et la corruption est ext&eacute;rieure &agrave; l&rsquo;organisation. Les dirigeants s&rsquo;approprient, plus que leurs subordonn&eacute;s, l&rsquo;acceptation ou le refus de la corruption, y compris lorsque ces subordonn&eacute;s disent avoir un pouvoir de d&eacute;cision autonome. L&rsquo;environnement culturel et les institutions informelles sont vus comme de moindre importance que la cha&icirc;ne de valeur. Enfin la prise de d&eacute;cision corruption (refus, acceptation, initiation) se concentre souvent sur une seule personne qui est aussi le hi&eacute;rarque. Cela y compris si le management interm&eacute;diaire dit avoir sur d&rsquo;autres sujets une autonomie de d&eacute;cision.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <ol> <li style="list-style-type:none"> <ol start="2"> <li style="text-align:justify; margin-top:24px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif">Analyse qualitative des donn&eacute;es (AQD)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> </ol> </li> </ol> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">L&rsquo;AQD code les concepts &eacute;voqu&eacute;s par les interview&eacute;s selon une carte heuristique de la corruption compos&eacute;e de 173 concepts, ou codes, identifi&eacute;s dans la litt&eacute;rature. Les 52 interviews ont permis 1688 codages obtenus en trois passes &agrave; 6 mois d&rsquo;intervalle.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><img height="258" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_3218_18_image4.png" width="482" /></p> <p class="MsoCaption" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:italic"><a name="_Ref142393739">Figure&nbsp;</a>4&nbsp;Carte heuristique de la corruption du B2B et B2G comprim&eacute;e par concepts principaux&nbsp;<span style="font-style:normal">(Labic 2023, p. 269)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">Certains concepts sont partag&eacute;s par l&rsquo;ensemble des personnes interrog&eacute;es. La relation entre les individus et les organisations corrompus domine. L&rsquo;environnement est complexe, d&rsquo;appr&eacute;hension difficile. L&rsquo;&eacute;thique individuelle (responsabilit&eacute; du D&eacute;cideur et courage civique) est vue comme d&eacute;cisive dans le refus ou l&rsquo;acceptation de la corruption.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">Des rapprochements de concepts sont observ&eacute;s fr&eacute;quemment. La corruption est vue comme une institution informelle et un biotope criminel. Elle est le produit des &eacute;go&iuml;smes et d&rsquo;un affaiblissement moral. Alternativement, l&rsquo;amoralit&eacute; (ensemble conceptuel sans implication morale) et l&rsquo;appel &agrave; des valeurs sup&eacute;rieures vient se substituer &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;thique, favorisant la corruption. Enfin la corruption est per&ccedil;ue comme trop complexe, mal r&eacute;solue par une r&eacute;duction au respect formel du droit.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">Deux ensembles conceptuels plus surprenants ressortent. (1) Tous les interview&eacute;s replacent leurs analyses dans un contexte culturel. Mais ils excluent ou doutent de ce que serait une culture de la corruption. (2) Les corrompus ou corrupteurs qui font partie de la chaine de d&eacute;cision principale, celle de la chaine de valeur, rendent le contr&ocirc;le interne inop&eacute;rant&nbsp;: en subjuguant l&rsquo;organisation ou par dissimulation.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <ol> <li style="list-style-type:none"> <ol start="3"> <li style="text-align:justify; margin-top:24px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif">Analyse des hypoth&egrave;ses concurrentes (ACH) et&nbsp;<i>LinchPins</i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> </ol> </li> </ol> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">A ce stade de l&rsquo;analyse l&rsquo;ensemble des solutions &eacute;voqu&eacute;es lors des interviews sont identifi&eacute;es et class&eacute;es. Leurs proximit&eacute;s avec la litt&eacute;rature acad&eacute;mique est connue. L&rsquo;ACH permet alors de classer ces solutions, renomm&eacute;es hypoth&egrave;ses, en fonction de leur efficacit&eacute; empirique&nbsp;(Valtorta et al. 2020). Elle se distingue de l&rsquo;approche hypoth&eacute;tico-d&eacute;ductive en conservant des hypoth&egrave;ses incompl&egrave;tes&nbsp;: que faudrait-il observer pour valider telle ou telle hypoth&egrave;se&nbsp;(Heuer 1999; Besson et al. 2010)&nbsp;? En maintenant, faute d&rsquo;&eacute;l&eacute;ment suffisant, le questionnement ouvert, l&rsquo;effet induit est une limitation des biais cognitifs&nbsp;(Lehner et al. 2008 ; Dhami et al. 2019). Les&nbsp;<i>Linchpins<a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">[3]</span></span></b></span></span></a></i>&nbsp;interviennent en compl&eacute;ment. Ils consistent &agrave; passer d&rsquo;une &eacute;valuation des hypoth&egrave;ses, par des variables discr&egrave;tes et ind&eacute;pendantes, &agrave; des variables continues et des hypoth&egrave;ses inf&eacute;rentes&nbsp;(MacEachin 1994). La combinaison ACH et&nbsp;<i>Linchpins</i>&nbsp;permet de ne pas &laquo;&nbsp;sauter&nbsp;&raquo; sur ce qui marche. La plupart des D&eacute;cideurs conservent une posture interrogative et testent leur environnement en permanence. Aucun ne fait appel &agrave; une &laquo;&nbsp;martingale anticorruption&nbsp;&raquo;.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">Face aux contraintes de ressources et de temps, ils cherchent &agrave; d&eacute;terminer la quantit&eacute; d&#39;information minimale n&eacute;cessaire &agrave; une d&eacute;cision &eacute;clair&eacute;e. Dans ce contexte, la coh&eacute;rence d&#39;une hypoth&egrave;se est &eacute;valu&eacute;e en mesurant le degr&eacute; de convergence entre les informations disponibles.&nbsp;&nbsp;Le crit&egrave;re principal est l&rsquo;applicabilit&eacute; des solutions.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="font-style:italic">Solutions non-efficaces ou non-actionnables</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">Cette perspective op&eacute;rationnelle se distingue. Il ne s&rsquo;agit pas de mod&eacute;liser la corruption du B2B et du B2G, mais de lib&eacute;rer la chaine de d&eacute;cision de ce qui n&rsquo;est pas efficace ou sort du champ d&rsquo;action de l&rsquo;organisation. Ainsi dans le cas g&eacute;n&eacute;ral, tout indique qu&rsquo;il est profitable de corrompre&nbsp;: raret&eacute; et faiblesse des sanctions, co&ucirc;t supportable des pots-de vin. La condition est que l&rsquo;environnement corruptif soit suffisamment stable pour qu&rsquo;une relation de causalit&eacute; entre le pot-de-vin et la transaction existe. A pot-de-vin &eacute;gal, les kleptocraties organis&eacute;es sont alors plus profitables que les &Eacute;tats d&eacute;sorganis&eacute;s.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">Plus encore pour le corrompu, la corruption est par essence profitable. Seul subsiste le risque de sanction. Or les corrompus du B2B et du B2G sont rarement poursuivis. S&rsquo;ils le sont, ils b&eacute;n&eacute;ficient de sanctions n&eacute;goci&eacute;es&nbsp;(Reilly 2015; Kaushik Basu 2011; Karna Basu, Basu, and Cordella 2016).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">Enfin les D&eacute;cideurs partagent une m&ecirc;me d&eacute;finition &eacute;thique de la corruption. Le choix de s&rsquo;en affranchir ou pas est d&eacute;lib&eacute;r&eacute;. L&rsquo;apport d&rsquo;une formation &eacute;thique ou juridique sera sans effet sur leur prise de d&eacute;cision. Sym&eacute;triquement, mais de fa&ccedil;on moins intuitive, une entreprise qui subit une distorsion de concurrence du fait de la corruption d&rsquo;un concurrent ne peut, au risque de s&rsquo;exclure du march&eacute;, faire appel &agrave; la loi pour &ecirc;tre prot&eacute;g&eacute;e. Cet effet est renforc&eacute; par la faible pr&eacute;valence des poursuites&nbsp;(Reilly 2015; Yates 2015)&nbsp;ainsi que la n&eacute;cessit&eacute; &eacute;thique que les entreprises, pourtant coupables, ne soient pas mises en difficult&eacute; du fait des sanctions. L&rsquo;effet est encore amplifi&eacute; par la non-poursuite des corrompus&nbsp;(Maillard 2021; Bertossa et al. 1996).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="font-style:italic">Solutions actionnables par les organisations</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">Les trois solutions ci-dessous sont un condens&eacute; des conclusions de l&rsquo;&eacute;tude d&eacute;j&agrave; cit&eacute;e&nbsp;(Labic 2023). Comme plus haut, le resserrement des solutions vers l&rsquo;op&eacute;rationnel par l&rsquo;IE ne doit pas &ecirc;tre vu comme une simplification abusive de la corruption.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">L&rsquo;&eacute;thique individuelle est un pr&eacute;alable irrempla&ccedil;able : la responsabilit&eacute; du D&eacute;cideur (18 interviews). Pour le B2G, seule la vertu des &eacute;lus et des agents de l&rsquo;&Eacute;tat permet de lutter (16 interviews). La recherche de la solution &eacute;thique est complexe. Elle consid&egrave;re les causes, les cons&eacute;quences et les finalit&eacute;s (9 interviews). La vuln&eacute;rabilit&eacute; &agrave; une corruption d&rsquo;origine interne est maximale. Elle est due &agrave; une faiblesse de l&rsquo;&eacute;thique individuelle, &agrave; la pens&eacute;e de groupe&nbsp;(Janis 1972)&nbsp;ou une combinaison des deux. Car les atteintes &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;thique sont un tout. 26 interviews pr&eacute;sentent une concomitance de la corruption avec d&rsquo;autres atteintes &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;thique ou &agrave; la probit&eacute;. Ces r&eacute;sultats convergent avec la litt&eacute;rature sur l&rsquo;&eacute;thique des affaires en particulier les travaux de Linda&nbsp;Trevi&ntilde;o&nbsp;(Trevi&ntilde;o et al. 2003; Trevi&ntilde;o et Brown 2004).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">Les D&eacute;cideurs identifient que tout environnement est plus ou moins corrompu. Ils consid&egrave;rent que sa m&eacute;connaissance est la cause principale d&rsquo;une corruption externe et subie. Les interfaces de l&rsquo;organisation sont donc les plus efficaces pour agir&nbsp;: achats, ventes, management des projets, pr&eacute;sidence. L&rsquo;int&eacute;gration de la corruption dans la strat&eacute;gie avant exposition permet d&rsquo;anticiper ses effets, risques et contingences&nbsp;: en compl&eacute;tant les processus cognitifs par une veille d&eacute;di&eacute;e &agrave; la corruption. L&rsquo;approche qualitative de l&rsquo;&eacute;tude, en s&eacute;lectionnant des D&eacute;cideurs ayant une exp&eacute;rience confirm&eacute;e de la corruption, a permis d&rsquo;identifier des solutions. L&rsquo;adaptation des moyens et la d&eacute;finition d&rsquo;actions anticipatrices anticorruption, font partie de la strat&eacute;gie. Pour ces m&ecirc;me D&eacute;cideurs exp&eacute;riment&eacute;s, ignorer la corruption peut &ecirc;tre d&ucirc; &agrave; un manque de comp&eacute;tence (filtre cognitif), ou r&eacute;sulter d&rsquo;un affaiblissement moral&nbsp;: peur de d&eacute;plaire, obligation de r&eacute;sultat, march&eacute; strat&eacute;gique mais corrompu, vision tunnel. Aucun ne consid&egrave;re qu&rsquo;il n&rsquo;y ait d&rsquo;autre solution que de se soumettre &agrave; la corruption.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">Dans la suite de ces r&eacute;sultats, les 6 Conseils qui, comme le montre la&nbsp;Figure&nbsp;1, p.&nbsp;5&nbsp;partagent avec les D&eacute;cideurs une vision &laquo;&nbsp;risque/pr&eacute;vention&nbsp;&raquo;, observent que leurs clients, volontairement ou involontairement, ont ignor&eacute; la corruption en la r&eacute;duisant &agrave; un interdit. Cette ignorance volontaire peut se traduire par la cr&eacute;ation d&rsquo;un service anticorruption d&eacute;di&eacute;, pr&eacute;vu comme un alibi et un fusible, ou par d&rsquo;autres adaptations structurelles&nbsp;: communication anticorruption de fa&ccedil;ade, formalisme proc&eacute;dural, etc.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div style="page-break-after: always"><span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="WordSection2" style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px">&nbsp;</p> <table class="MsoTableGrid" style="width:945px; border-collapse:collapse; border:medium" width="945"> <thead> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:113px; padding:0cm 4px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"> <p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:center"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><b><span style="font-size:9pt">Hypoth&egrave;se</span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:200px; padding:0cm 4px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:center"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><b><span style="font-size:9pt">Description</span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:59px; padding:0cm 4px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:center"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><b><span style="font-size:9pt">Coh&eacute;rence</span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:center"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><b><span style="font-size:9pt">++ / + / 0 / - / --</span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:572px; padding:0cm 4px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:center"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><b><span style="font-size:9pt">&Eacute;valuation dominante extraite des interviews</span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:113px; padding:0cm 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"> <p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:center"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:9pt">&Eacute;thique individuelle condition n&eacute;cessaire</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:200px; padding:0cm 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:9pt">L&rsquo;&eacute;thique individuelle des d&eacute;cisionnels est une condition n&eacute;cessaire &agrave; l&rsquo;anticorruption.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:59px; padding:0cm 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:center"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:9pt">++</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:572px; padding:0cm 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:9pt">Rien ne remplace l&rsquo;&eacute;thique individuelle (18 interviews) et &laquo;&nbsp;seule la vertu des politiques et des agents de l&rsquo;&Eacute;tat permet de lutter&nbsp;&raquo; (16 interviews). La recherche de la meilleure solution &eacute;thique est complexe et demande de consid&eacute;rer les causes, les cons&eacute;quences et les finalit&eacute;s (9 interviews).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:113px; padding:0cm 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"> <p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:center"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:9pt">La vuln&eacute;rabilit&eacute; &agrave; une corruption d&rsquo;origine interne est maximale</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:200px; padding:0cm 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:9pt">L&rsquo;&eacute;thique individuelle des d&eacute;cisionnels est le seul moyen de lutter contre une corruption d&rsquo;origine interne.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:59px; padding:0cm 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:center"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:9pt">+</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:572px; padding:0cm 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:9pt">La vuln&eacute;rabilit&eacute; &agrave; une corruption d&rsquo;origine interne est maximale. Elle est due &agrave; une faiblesse de l&rsquo;&eacute;thique individuelle&nbsp;(36 interviews) et/ou &agrave; la pens&eacute;e de groupe (33 interviews). L&rsquo;effet est renforc&eacute; si l&rsquo;organisation est fortement hi&eacute;rarchis&eacute;e (2 interviews). L&rsquo;effet est encore renforc&eacute; pour les corrompus&nbsp;: ils tirent un avantage personnel de la corruption (3 interviews).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:113px; padding:0cm 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"> <p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:center"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:9pt">Les atteintes &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;thique sont concomitantes</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:200px; padding:0cm 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:9pt">La d&eacute;tection d&rsquo;une atteinte &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;thique est l&rsquo;indicateur d&rsquo;une plus grande vuln&eacute;rabilit&eacute; &agrave; la corruption.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:59px; padding:0cm 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:center"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:9pt">+</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:572px; padding:0cm 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:9pt">Les vertus sont un tout, les atteintes &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;thique &eacute;galement. La pens&eacute;e de groupe neutralise l&rsquo;ensemble de l&rsquo;&eacute;thique. 26 interviews pr&eacute;sentent une concomitance entre corruption et autres atteintes &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;thique.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:113px; padding:0cm 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"> <p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:center"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:9pt">La connaissance des lois et r&eacute;glementations anticorruption permet la pr&eacute;vention</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:200px; padding:0cm 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:9pt">La connaissance des lois et r&egrave;glementations des d&eacute;cisionnels de l&rsquo;organisation conduit &agrave; un refus de la corruption.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:59px; padding:0cm 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:center"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:9pt">--</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:572px; padding:0cm 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:9pt">L&rsquo;&eacute;thique anticorruption est universelle. Le choix de corrompre ou de se corrompre est volontaire. La prise de risque est limit&eacute;e (non-application de la loi, protection des corrompus, peines anticip&eacute;es et n&eacute;goci&eacute;es pour les corrupteurs). Elle est d&rsquo;autant plus limit&eacute;e pour les personnes qui maitrisent les lois et r&egrave;glementations et peuvent mieux les contourner.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:113px; padding:0cm 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"> <p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:center"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:9pt">Une meilleure formation &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;thique permet la pr&eacute;vention</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:200px; padding:0cm 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:9pt">La formation &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;thique par l&rsquo;organisation ou lors de la formation acad&eacute;mique initiale des d&eacute;cisionnels de l&rsquo;organisation conduit &agrave; un refus de la corruption</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:59px; padding:0cm 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:center"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:9pt">--</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:572px; padding:0cm 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:9pt">L&rsquo;acquisition des vertus pr&eacute;c&egrave;de l&rsquo;activit&eacute; professionnelle. Certains interview&eacute;s observent un refus croissant de la corruption par la jeunesse, d&rsquo;autres voient dans cette population une recherche croissante de l&rsquo;int&eacute;r&ecirc;t personnel. Ces deux &eacute;volutions contradictoires s&rsquo;observent avant l&rsquo;activit&eacute; professionnelle. La pens&eacute;e de groupe neutralise l&rsquo;&eacute;thique individuelle (14 interviews).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:113px; padding:0cm 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"> <p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:center"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:9pt">Cr&eacute;ation d&rsquo;un service d&eacute;di&eacute; anticorruption</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:200px; padding:0cm 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:9pt">Une expertise anticorruption sous la forme d&rsquo;un service d&eacute;di&eacute; anticorruption permet d&rsquo;anticiper et de pr&eacute;venir la corruption</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:59px; padding:0cm 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:center"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:9pt">- / --</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:572px; padding:0cm 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:9pt">Les interviews des personnes qui ont exerc&eacute; des fonctions dans des services d&eacute;di&eacute;s compliance/anticorruption t&eacute;moignent qu&rsquo;ils servent dans le meilleur des cas de faire-valoir, dans le pire de fusible. Leur emprise sur les d&eacute;cisions les plus susceptibles d&rsquo;une exposition &agrave; la corruption est n&eacute;cessaire pour qu&rsquo;ils puissent &ecirc;tre efficaces.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:113px; padding:0cm 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"> <p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:center"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:9pt">Int&eacute;gration de l&rsquo;anticorruption dans la strat&eacute;gie</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:200px; padding:0cm 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:9pt">La corruption fait partie de la cha&icirc;ne de valeur. Son int&eacute;gration dans la strat&eacute;gie de l&rsquo;organisation permet d&rsquo;anticiper les effets, co&ucirc;ts, risques et contingences.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:59px; padding:0cm 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:center"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:9pt">++</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:572px; padding:0cm 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:9pt">L&rsquo;int&eacute;gration de moyens anticorruption et la d&eacute;finition d&rsquo;actions anticipatrices face &agrave; un environnement toujours partiellement corruptif, fait partie de la strat&eacute;gie. L&rsquo;ignorer peut &ecirc;tre d&ucirc; &agrave; un manque de comp&eacute;tence (filtre cognitif), ou r&eacute;sulter d&rsquo;un affaiblissement moral. Ne traiter la corruption que comme un risque non provisionn&eacute; (car ill&eacute;gal) maximise l&rsquo;exposition de l&rsquo;organisation. Les Conseils observent que leurs clients ont ignor&eacute;s volontairement ou involontairement.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:113px; padding:0cm 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"> <p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:center"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:9pt">Sollicitation externe, protection de la loi.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:200px; padding:0cm 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:9pt">L&rsquo;organisation peut faire appel aux lois et r&eacute;glementations pour se prot&eacute;ger contre une corruption externe dans le cas d&rsquo;une sollicitation par un client priv&eacute; ou par un agent de l&rsquo;&Eacute;tat&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:59px; padding:0cm 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:center"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:9pt">--</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:572px; padding:0cm 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:9pt">L&rsquo;absence de poursuite contre les corrompus est le concept dominant quels que soient les march&eacute;s et les zones g&eacute;ographiques. Les lois et r&eacute;glementations qui visent &agrave; interdire la corruption sont connues et anticip&eacute;es (17 interviews). Leur effet se limite &agrave; une sophistication de la transaction (3 interviews). 1 interview note un effet positif de la loi pour pr&eacute;venir la corruption. Remarque&nbsp;: 3 interviews d&rsquo;Analystes voient un effet positif des efforts concert&eacute;s entre pays (UE, OCDE) pour inciter ou aider les organisations &agrave; lutter. 18 autres interviews voient une absence d&rsquo;effet.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:113px; padding:0cm 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"> <p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:center"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:9pt">Analyse pr&eacute;alable de l&rsquo;environnement</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:200px; padding:0cm 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:9pt">Pour anticiper, l&rsquo;adaptation des capacit&eacute;s m&eacute;tacognitives de l&rsquo;organisation doit pr&eacute;c&eacute;der son exposition &agrave; un environnement inconnu.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:59px; padding:0cm 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:center"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:9pt">++</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:572px; padding:0cm 4px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:9pt">L&rsquo;ensemble des personnes interview&eacute;s identifient dans leurs anecdotes une incompr&eacute;hension de l&rsquo;environnement comme cause initiale de la corruption (initi&eacute;e ou subie).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Tableaunormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="font-size:9pt">Remarque&nbsp;: Apr&egrave;s exposition &agrave; la corruption, l&rsquo;organisation ne peut que corriger.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p class="MsoCaption" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:italic">Tableau&nbsp;1&nbsp;Coh&eacute;rences des hypoth&egrave;ses</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div style="page-break-after: always"><span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="WordSection3" style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"> <ol start="4" style="list-style-type:upper-roman"> <li style="text-align:justify; margin-top:32px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection3"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="text-transform:uppercase">DISCUSSION</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> </ol> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection3"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">L&rsquo;&eacute;tude fait apparaitre deux mod&egrave;les de d&eacute;veloppement de l&rsquo;organisation.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection3"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">Le premier est celui de la plupart des D&eacute;cideurs interrog&eacute;s. Ils identifient la corruption comme un des &eacute;l&eacute;ments d&rsquo;un biotope criminel. Dans ce mod&egrave;le, le paiement d&rsquo;un pot-de-vin est efficace. C&rsquo;est aussi la solution qui demande le moins d&rsquo;analyse. Deux effets en r&eacute;sultent. (1) La maitrise du risque de poursuite permet de l&rsquo;int&eacute;grer comme un risque parmi d&rsquo;autres. Le co&ucirc;t de ce risque est maitris&eacute;. Sa pr&eacute;valence est faible et tr&egrave;s inf&eacute;rieure &agrave; la pr&eacute;valence de la corruption. (2) Anticiper ou pr&eacute;venir la corruption n&rsquo;est alors pas prioritaire.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection3"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">Le mod&egrave;le alternatif apparait lorsque le crit&egrave;re d&rsquo;arbitraire est &eacute;lev&eacute;. Les D&eacute;cideurs interview&eacute;s constatent que la multiplication des pots-de-vin, et des transactions sans r&eacute;sultat ou retard&eacute;es, ne sont plus compatibles avec l&rsquo;obligation de r&eacute;sultat. Deux d&eacute;cisions sont alors possibles. La premi&egrave;re est la fuite, comme recommand&eacute;e par certaines institutions&nbsp;(Chambre de Commerce Internationale et al. 2011; OCDE 2016)&nbsp;et observ&eacute;e par une partie de la litt&eacute;rature&nbsp;(Olney 2016; Qi et al. 2020). Un des Analystes, dans le cas d&rsquo;une ONG qui intervient dans un &Eacute;tat failli, consid&egrave;re la fuite comme une solution possible, mais aussi comme un &eacute;chec personnel.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoQuote" style="text-align:justify; margin-top:13px; margin-right:58px; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:58px"><span style="page:WordSection3"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:#404040"><span style="font-style:italic">&laquo;&nbsp;Il y a quatre portes de sortie &agrave; la corruption&nbsp;: payer, ne pas payer, partir ou s&rsquo;effondrer (faire une d&eacute;pression).&nbsp;&raquo;&nbsp;<span style="font-style:normal">interview&eacute; 15</span>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection3"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">Un des Conseils consid&egrave;re aussi la fuite. Il l&rsquo;int&egrave;gre dans une analyse de l&rsquo;environnement de l&rsquo;organisation.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoQuote" style="text-align:justify; margin-top:13px; margin-right:58px; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:58px"><span style="page:WordSection3"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:#404040"><span style="font-style:italic">&laquo;&nbsp;Il est tr&egrave;s important de comprendre que tous les risques ne se valent pas. Si l&rsquo;environnement est tr&egrave;s sollicitant en termes de corruption, il n&rsquo;y a pas vraiment de solution &agrave; part partir. On peut jouer sur la maturit&eacute; de son interlocuteur et voir avec lui s&rsquo;il n&rsquo;y a pas des projets qui seraient politiquement ou &eacute;conomiquement favorables &agrave; son interlocuteur et &eacute;ventuellement proposer de le financer. [&hellip;] Cela permet d&rsquo;&eacute;viter de payer un pot-de-vin.&nbsp;&raquo;&nbsp;<span style="font-style:normal">interview&eacute; 28.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection3"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">Cette approche est celle de l&rsquo;IE&nbsp;: une d&eacute;marche structur&eacute;e de collecte et de valorisation de l&rsquo;information&nbsp;(Besson et al. 2010). Elle permet de passer des r&eacute;sultats de l&rsquo;&eacute;tude &ndash; enchainement de l&rsquo;AFC, l&rsquo;AQD, des&nbsp;<i>Linchpins</i>&nbsp;et de l&rsquo;ACH &ndash; &agrave; une recherche propre &agrave; chaque organisation et limit&eacute;e &agrave; trois vuln&eacute;rabilit&eacute;s.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="list-style-type:none"><span style="page:WordSection3"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="font-style:italic">Vuln&eacute;rabilit&eacute; interne&nbsp;: faiblesse &eacute;thique du management</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection3"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">Un ensemble de travaux depuis un premier article de Trevi<span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif">&ntilde;</span>o et Youngblood&nbsp;(1990)&nbsp;utilise la m&eacute;taphore de la pomme et du tonneau&nbsp;: qui contamine l&rsquo;autre&nbsp;?&nbsp;(Gonin e<i>t al.</i>&nbsp;2012; Gifford et al. 2019). Ce corpus &eacute;tablit, comme le disent les personnes interview&eacute;es, que les atteintes &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;thique sont un tout. L&rsquo;objet de cet article &eacute;tant d&rsquo;anticiper et de pr&eacute;venir, une &laquo;&nbsp;mauvaise pomme&nbsp;&raquo; doit &ecirc;tre identifi&eacute;e avant d&rsquo;&ecirc;tre dans le &laquo;&nbsp;tonneau&nbsp;&raquo;&nbsp;: avant son recrutement.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="list-style-type:none">​​​​​​​<span style="page:WordSection3"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="font-style:italic">Vuln&eacute;rabilit&eacute; externe&nbsp;: m&eacute;connaissance de l&rsquo;environnement corruptif</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection3"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">L&rsquo;approche comportementale &agrave; la suite d&rsquo;Ansoff&nbsp;(1975)&nbsp;et d&rsquo;Ocasio&nbsp;(1997, 2011)&nbsp;parle des limites physiologiques de l&rsquo;attention de l&rsquo;organisation &agrave; son environnement. Elle montre qu&rsquo;il n&rsquo;est pas naturel pour une organisation de maintenir son attention sur ce qui n&rsquo;est pas central &agrave; la chaine de valeur. Parvenir &agrave; une veille attentive &agrave; la corruption demande de s&rsquo;exercer. Cela sera d&rsquo;autant plus facile si la corruption est int&eacute;gr&eacute;e &agrave; la chaine de d&eacute;cision de la chaine de valeur. Plus que la d&eacute;couverte d&rsquo;un risque ignor&eacute;, l&rsquo;effet sera un &eacute;largissement des capacit&eacute;s cognitives, et une attention &ndash; une souplesse d&rsquo;esprit &ndash; &agrave; la contingence corruption.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <h3 style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0cm; margin-top:16px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection3"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="tab-stops:35.4pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="font-style:italic">Vuln&eacute;rabilit&eacute; temporelle&nbsp;: non int&eacute;gration du risque corruptif avant exposition</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h3> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection3"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">Cette derni&egrave;re vuln&eacute;rabilit&eacute; est cr&eacute;&eacute;e par les entreprises les plus na&iuml;ves. Elles d&eacute;couvrent les contingences d&rsquo;un environnement nouveau au fil de leur exploration. Elles survivent de crise en crise. La plupart des D&eacute;cideurs ont acquis leur exp&eacute;rience ainsi, comme manager junior avant qu&rsquo;ils n&rsquo;aient de responsabilit&eacute; op&eacute;rationnelle. Si l&rsquo;entreprise parvient &agrave; ne plus subir et identifie les deux vuln&eacute;rabilit&eacute;s pr&eacute;c&eacute;dente, ce sera peut-&ecirc;tre la fin de la na&iuml;vet&eacute; vers une maitrise de la contingence corruption.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <ol start="5" style="list-style-type:upper-roman"> <li style="text-align:justify; margin-top:32px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection3"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="text-transform:uppercase"><a name="_Toc137623632">CONCLUSION</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> </ol> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection3"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">N&rsquo;appliquer la cartographie des risques qu&rsquo;&agrave; la corruption est une faiblesse de raisonnement. C&rsquo;est toutefois un progr&egrave;s par rapport &agrave; la situation pr&eacute;c&eacute;dente o&ugrave; beaucoup ne pratiquaient, ni cartographie des risques, ni aucune autre analyse structur&eacute;e de l&rsquo;environnement. C&rsquo;&eacute;tait le reproche du rapport Martre&nbsp;(1994). C&rsquo;est aussi le constat d&rsquo;une absence de progr&egrave;s not&eacute;e dans le rapport d&rsquo;information du S&eacute;nat du 12 juillet 2023 sur l&rsquo;intelligence &eacute;conomique&nbsp;(Lienemann et Lemoyne 2023).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection3"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">Lors de l&rsquo;&eacute;tude qualitative qui a servi de base pour cet article, apr&egrave;s avoir utilis&eacute; les outils d&rsquo;analyse s&eacute;mantiques et conceptuels que sont l&rsquo;AFC et l&rsquo;AQD, il s&rsquo;est av&eacute;r&eacute; n&eacute;cessaire d&rsquo;utiliser une m&eacute;thode d&rsquo;analyse structur&eacute;e que sont l&rsquo;ACH et les&nbsp;<i>Linchpins</i>. Elle se distingue de la synth&egrave;se &laquo;&nbsp;manuelle&nbsp;&raquo; observ&eacute;e le plus souvent, au risque de biais d&rsquo;interpr&eacute;tation.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection3"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">En termes de solutions actionnables, la m&eacute;thode est d&rsquo;autant plus efficace qu&rsquo;elle est appliqu&eacute;e, non seulement &agrave; la corruption et ses trois vuln&eacute;rabilit&eacute;s internes, externes et temporelles, mais &agrave; l&rsquo;ensemble des risques et des contingences.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection3"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">Plus largement ces outils de l&rsquo;IE, comme les autres, prennent tout leur sens s&rsquo;ils parviennent &agrave; installer une culture de l&rsquo;intelligence &eacute;conomique partag&eacute;e par ceux-l&agrave; m&ecirc;me qui sont au c&oelig;ur de la chaine de d&eacute;cision.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="page:WordSection3"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif">Certain des D&eacute;cideurs interrog&eacute;s ont dit que subalternes, ils avaient subi le poids de devoir payer, sur ordre, un corrompu. A force d&rsquo;exp&eacute;rience, ils sont parvenus &agrave; conceptualiser la corruption et &agrave; chercher des solutions compatibles avec l&rsquo;obligation de r&eacute;sultat, l&rsquo;&eacute;thique et la loi. C&rsquo;est aussi la conclusion des 6 Conseils qui, &agrave; force de pratique, voient des alternatives et savent &ndash; cela peut &ecirc;tre aussi le cas &ndash; quand il n&rsquo;y a pas de solution hors la fuite&nbsp;: la moins mauvaise des solutions apr&egrave;s l&rsquo;intelligence de l&rsquo;environnement.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div style="page-break-after: always"><span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></div> <ol start="6" style="list-style-type:upper-roman"> <li style="text-align:justify; margin-top:32px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="text-transform:uppercase">BIBLIOGRAPHIE</span></span></span></span></li> </ol> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none">AGENCE FRANCAISE ANTICORRUPTION, &laquo;&nbsp;Commission de Sanction - D&eacute;cision N&deg;19-01&nbsp;&raquo;, Paris, 2019</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none">ANSOFF Igor, &laquo;&nbsp;Managing Strategic Surprise by Response to Weak Signals&nbsp;&raquo;, California Management Review 18 (2): 21&ndash;33, 1975</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none">ASSEMBLEE NATIONALE, &laquo;&nbsp;Loi Sapin 2 N&deg; 2016-1691 Du 9 D&eacute;cembre 2016 Relative &agrave; La Transparence, &agrave; La Lutte Contre La Corruption et &agrave; La Modernisation de La Vie &Eacute;conomique&nbsp;&raquo;, Paris, 2016</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none">BASU Karna, BASU Kaushik, and CORDELLA Tito, &laquo;&nbsp;Asymmetric Punishment as an Instrument of Corruption Control&nbsp;&raquo;, Journal of Public Economic Theory, 18 (6): 831&ndash;56, 2016</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none">BASU Kaushik, &laquo;&nbsp;Why, for a Certain Class of Bribes, the Act of Giving a Bribe Should Be Considered Legal&nbsp;&raquo;, Policy-Making for Indian Planning, Ministry of Finance, India, 2011</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none">BERTOSSA Bernard, BRUTI LIBERALI Edmondo, COLOMBO Gherardo, DEJEMEPPE Beno&icirc;t, GARZON REAL Baltasar, VILLAREJO Carlos Jimenez, VAN RUYMBEKE Renaud, &laquo;&nbsp;Appel de Gen&egrave;ve&nbsp;&raquo;, 1996</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none">BESSON Bernard, DESCHAMPS Christophe, HASINA Andriamiamina, ARCHAMBAUD Benoit, BARET Catherine, BESNARD Marion, BLANCHET Antoine, et al., &laquo;&nbsp;Le Livre Blanc - M&eacute;thodes d&rsquo;analyse Appliqu&eacute;es &agrave; l&rsquo;intelligence &Eacute;conomique&nbsp;&raquo;, Institut de communication de l&rsquo;Universit&eacute; de Poitiers, 2011</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none">CHAMBRE DE COMMERCE INTERNATIONALE, PACTE MONDIAL DES NATIONS UNIES, TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL, FORUM &Eacute;CONOMIQUE MONDIAL, &laquo;&nbsp;RESIST : R&eacute;sister aux extorsions de fonds et aux sollicitations dans le cadre des transactions internationales - Un outil d&rsquo;entreprise pour la formation des salari&eacute;s&nbsp;&raquo;, New York, 2011</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none">CHAMORRO Dane, Bliss Khaw, &laquo;&nbsp;China: What Xi Jinping Means For Your Business&nbsp;, Forbes. 2019</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none">DHAMI Mandeep K., Ian K. Belton, MANDEL David R., &laquo;&nbsp;The analysis of competing hypotheses in intelligence analysis&nbsp;&raquo;, Applied Cognitive Psychology, 33 (6): 1080&ndash;90, 2019</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none">FERNANDEZ-DUQUE Diego, BAIRD Jodie A., POSNER Michael I., &laquo;&nbsp;Executive attention and metacognitive regulation&nbsp;&raquo;, Consciousness and Cognition, 9 (2): 288&ndash;307, 2000</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none">GARZON C&eacute;sar, TAIEB Hasfi, &laquo;&nbsp; L&rsquo;&eacute;valuation Des Strat&eacute;gies de Lutte Contre La Corruption&nbsp;&raquo;, Revue Fran&ccedil;aise de Gestion, 6 (175) : 61&ndash;81, 2007</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none">GARZON C&eacute;sar, VERY Philippe, &laquo;&nbsp;Crime et Corruption&nbsp;&raquo; 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text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none">GLOBAL RISK PROFILE, &laquo;&nbsp;Indices de risques&nbsp;&raquo;, https://risk-indexes.com/?lang=fr, 2023</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none">GONIN Michael, PALAZZO Guido, HOFFRAGE Ulrich, &laquo;&nbsp;Neither bad apple nor bad barrel: How the societal context impacts unethical behavior in organizations&nbsp;&raquo;, Business Ethics, 21 (1): 31&ndash;46, 2012</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none">HEILMANN Sebastian, &laquo;&nbsp;Chinas fragiles Zentralnervensystem : Die KP als Organismus neuen Typs&nbsp;&raquo;, China Analysis,&nbsp;&nbsp;101: 117&ndash;23, 2013</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none">HEILMANN Sebastian, STEPAN Matthias, &laquo;&nbsp;China&rsquo;s core executive - leadership styles, structures and processes under Xi Jinping&nbsp;&raquo;, Merics Papers on China, 2016</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none">HEUER Richards J., Psychology of intelligence analysis, Center for the study of intelligence, Washington, 1999</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none">JANIS Irving L., Victims of groupthink: A psychological study of foreign-policy decisions and fiascoes, Houghton Mifflin, 1972</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none">JOSEPH John, OCASIO William, &laquo;&nbsp;Architecture, attention, and adaptation in the multibusiness firm: General Electric from 1951 to 2001&nbsp;&raquo;, Strategic Management Journal, 33 (6): 633&ndash;60, 2012</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none">LABIC Paul, &laquo;&nbsp;Anticipation et pr&eacute;vention de la corruption : entre philosophie morale et mod&egrave;les &eacute;conomiques&nbsp;&raquo;, Universit&eacute; de Strasbourg, 2023</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none">LABIC Paul, MEMHELD Pierre, &laquo;&nbsp;Permettre le d&eacute;veloppement de l&rsquo;entreprise dans un environnement corruptif : les cas de la Chine et de l&rsquo;Inde&nbsp;&raquo;, Annales Des Mines - G&eacute;rer et Comprendre, 135 (Mars 2019): 13&ndash;27, 2019</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none">LEHNER Paul Edward, ADELMAN Leonar, CHEIKES Brant A., BROWN Mark J., &laquo;&nbsp;Confirmation bias in complex analyses&nbsp;&raquo;, IEEE transactions on systems, man, and cybernetics part A: Systems and humans, 38 (3): 584&ndash;92, 2008</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none">LIENENMANN Marie-No&euml;lle, LEMOYNE Jean-Baptiste,&nbsp;&laquo;&nbsp;Rapport d&rsquo;information Sur l&rsquo;intelligence &Eacute;conomique&nbsp;&raquo;, S&eacute;nat, 2023</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none">LUTHANS Fred, STEWART Todd I., &laquo;&nbsp; A general contingency theory of management&nbsp;&raquo;, Academy of Management Review, 2 (2): 181&ndash;95, 1977</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none">MACEACHIN Douglas J., The tradecraft of analysis - challenge and change in CIA&rsquo;s directorate of intelligence, Washington, 1994</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none">MAILLARD Jean de.,&nbsp;&laquo;&nbsp;Vingt-cinq ans apr&egrave;s l&rsquo;appel de Gen&egrave;ve, bilan contrast&eacute;, menace av&eacute;r&eacute;e&nbsp;&raquo;, Colloque 25 ans apr&egrave;s l&rsquo;appel de Gen&egrave;ve, 26 juin 2021</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none">MAIRE Sarah, LIARTE S&eacute;bastien, &laquo;&nbsp;Classifier, repr&eacute;senter et labelliser : cadre et outils m&eacute;thodologiques associ&eacute;s pour une &eacute;mergence automatique de th&eacute;matiques sur donn&eacute;es textuelles&nbsp;&raquo;, Finance Contr&ocirc;le Strat&eacute;gie, NS-6, 2019</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none">MARTRE Henri, Intelligence &eacute;conomique et strat&eacute;gie des entreprises, Commissariat g&eacute;n&eacute;ral du plan, Paris, 1994</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none">MEMHELD Pierre, LABIC Paul, &laquo;&nbsp;Lutte contre la corruption : l&rsquo;implication des &eacute;tats est imp&eacute;rative - &agrave; chacun son r&ocirc;le&nbsp;&raquo;, Cercle K2, 10 novembre 2021</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none">MENISSIER Thierry, Philosophie de la corruption, Hermann Editeurs, Paris, 2018</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none">MEON Pierre-Guillaume, SEKKAT Khalid, &laquo;&nbsp; Does corruption grease or sand the wheels of growth?&nbsp;&raquo;, Public Choice, 122 69-97, 2005</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none">MEON Pierre-Guillaume, WEILL Laurent, &laquo;&nbsp;Is corruption an efficient grease?&nbsp;&raquo;, World Development, 38 (3): 244&ndash;59, 2010</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none">MOTHE Caroline, DELFOSSE Estelle, BOCQUET Anne Marie, &laquo;&nbsp;L&rsquo;analyse de donn&eacute;es textuelles assist&eacute;e par ordinateur 1&nbsp;&raquo;, Revue Fran&ccedil;aise de Gestion, 2 (295): 11&ndash;37, 2021</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none">MUNGIU-PIPPIDI Alina, DADASOV Ramin, &laquo;&nbsp; Measuring control of corruption by a new index of public integrity&nbsp;&raquo;, European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 22 (3): 415&ndash;38, 2016</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none">OCASIO William, &laquo;&nbsp;Towards an attention-based view of the firm&nbsp;&raquo;, Strategic Management Journal 18 (Summer Special Issue): 187&ndash;206, 1997</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none">OCASIO William, &laquo;&nbsp;Attention to attention&nbsp;&raquo;, Organization Science, 22 (5): 1286&ndash;96, 2011</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none">OCDE, Putting an end to corruption, Editions OCDE, Paris, 2016</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none">OLNEY William W., &laquo;&nbsp;Impact of corruption on firm-level export decisions&nbsp;&raquo;, Economic Inquiry, 54 (2): 1105&ndash;27, 2016</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none">PEREIRA Brigitte, &laquo;&nbsp;&Eacute;thique, gouvernance et corruption&nbsp;&raquo;, Revue Fran&ccedil;aise de Gestion, 6 (186): 53&ndash;57, 2007</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none">QI Guoyou, ZOU Hailiang, XIE Xuemei, MENG Xiaohua, FAN Tijun Fan, CAO Yuanhe, &laquo;&nbsp; Obedience or escape: examining the contingency influences of corruption on firm exports&nbsp;&raquo;, Journal of Business Research, 106: 261&ndash;72, 2020</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none">REILLY Peter R., &laquo;&nbsp; Justice deferred is justice denied: We must end our failed experiment in deferring corporate criminal prosecutions&nbsp;&raquo;, Brigham Young University Law Review, (2): 307&ndash;58, 2015</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none">REINERT Max, &laquo;&nbsp;Mondes lexicaux stabilis&eacute;s et analyse statistique de discours&nbsp;&raquo;, JADT 2008 : 9&egrave;me journ&eacute;es internationales d&rsquo;analyse statistique des donn&eacute;es textuelles, 981&ndash;93, 2008</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none">RODRIGUEZ Peter, UHLENBRUCK Klaus, EDEN Lorraine, &laquo;&nbsp; Government corruption and the entry strategies of multinationals&nbsp;&raquo;, Academy of Management Review, 30 (2): 383&ndash;96, 2005</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none">AQUIN Thomas d&rsquo;, &laquo;&nbsp;Question 64, Art. 7&nbsp;&raquo;, Somme Th&eacute;ologique, Livre IIa, IIae, 1273</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none">TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL, Corruption perception index&nbsp;&raquo;,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.transparency.org/" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline">https://www.transparency.org/</a>, 2022</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none">TREISMAN Daniel, &laquo;&nbsp;What have we learned about the causes of corruption from ten years of cross-national empirical research?&nbsp;&raquo;, Annual Review of Political Science, 10 (1): 211&ndash;44, 2007</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none">TREVINO Linda K., BROWN Michael E., &laquo;&nbsp; Managing to be ethical: Debunking five business ethics myths&nbsp;&raquo;, Academy of Management Executive, 18 (2): 69&ndash;81, 2004</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none">TREVINO Linda K., HARTMAN Laura P., BROWN Michael, &laquo;&nbsp;A qualitative investigation of perceived executive ethical leadership: Perceptions from inside and outside the executive suite&nbsp;&raquo;, Human Relations, 56 (1): 5&ndash;37, 2003</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none">TREVINO Linda K., YOUNGBLOOD Stuart A., &laquo;&nbsp;Bad apples in bad barrels: A causal analysis of ethical decision-making behavior&nbsp;&raquo;, Journal of Applied Psychology, 75 (4): 378&ndash;85, 1990</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none">VALTORA Marco, HUHNS Michael, DANG Jiangbo, GORADIA Hrishikesh, HUANG Jingshan, &laquo;&nbsp; Extending Heuer&rsquo;s analysis of competing hypotheses method to support complex decision analysis&nbsp;&raquo;, Springer Tracts in Advanced Robotics, 2020</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none">WEI Shang-jin, &laquo;&nbsp;Why is corruption so much more taxing than tax? Arbitrariness kills&nbsp;&raquo;, 6255. NBER Working Paper. NBER Working Paper, 1997</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none">YATES Sally Quillian, &laquo;&nbsp;Yates Memorandum&nbsp;&raquo;, United States departement of justice, Washington DC &Eacute;tats-Unis, 2015</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none">ZHU Boliang, SHI Weiyi, &laquo;&nbsp;Greasing the wheels of commerce? Corruption and foreign investment&nbsp;&raquo;, Journal of Politics, 81 (4): 1311&ndash;27, 2019</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <div style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp; <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:8pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><a href="applewebdata://C1827740-907A-4D0D-AD37-B8F026943E2C#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:8pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>&nbsp;La pr&eacute;valence exprime la fr&eacute;quence ou l&#39;&eacute;tendue de la corruption. Dans le cas g&eacute;n&eacute;ral cette pr&eacute;valence n&rsquo;est pas connue. Des indicateurs indirects comme les mesures de perception de la corruption, les enqu&ecirc;tes aupr&egrave;s des entreprises ou les indices de gouvernance, permettent une estimation au niveau d&rsquo;un pays. Ils sont de moindre signification pour une entreprise qui agit dans un secteur d&rsquo;activit&eacute; particulier.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn2"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:8pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><a href="applewebdata://C1827740-907A-4D0D-AD37-B8F026943E2C#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:8pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>&nbsp;Pour garantir la confidentialit&eacute;, aucun enregistrement &eacute;lectronique n&rsquo;a &eacute;t&eacute; fait. Les noms des personnes et des organisations ont &eacute;t&eacute; cod&eacute;s. La trame d&rsquo;interview n&rsquo;utilise aucun concept de la litt&eacute;rature acad&eacute;mique sur la corruption. L&rsquo;interview&eacute; doit d&eacute;crire la corruption telle qu&rsquo;il la conceptualise avec son langage propre : sa conceptualisation de la corruption dont les causes, cons&eacute;quences et finalit&eacute;s, l&rsquo;&eacute;tat de la lutte, les processus internes, l&rsquo;environnement de l&rsquo;organisation dont les lois et r&eacute;glementations, les solutions de l&rsquo;interview&eacute;, ses autres recommandations</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn3"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:8pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><a href="applewebdata://C1827740-907A-4D0D-AD37-B8F026943E2C#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:8pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>&nbsp;<i>Linchpin</i>&nbsp;: ici, pivot ou point de fixation, ensemble d&rsquo;&eacute;l&eacute;ments qui affirment ou infirment un ensemble d&rsquo;hypoth&egrave;ses. Les&nbsp;<i>Linchpins</i>&nbsp;permettent surtout d&rsquo;&eacute;liminer des ensembles de solutions impossibles.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> </div>