<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Le document brevet se prête à nombre d’analyses, par déduction, induction ou abduction, pour la production d’informations de niveaux très différents. Les métadonnées issues des documents brevets offrent pléthore d’informations utilisables dans des contextes très variés (Jakobiak,1994). L’appréhension de la documentation brevet s’articule sur deux plans : l’information directe extraite des documents ou de leur description, et l’information indirecte tirée de l’analyse statistique (Reymond, 2017). Dans le domaine académique, de nombreuses études statistiques ont été réalisées au moyen des bases de données de brevets au cours de ces dernières années, initialement afin d’en extraire divers indicateurs macro-économiques mesurant l’activité inventive (Hall, 2004).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Nous proposons dans notre article d’analyser la puissance innovatrice de la Chine. Nous nous interrogeons si ce pays, qui est devenu en quelques années le premier demandeur de brevets dans le monde, relève d’un réel réservoir d’invention effectif ou d’une stratégie de sharp power. En d’autres termes, est-ce que la Chine, qualifiée jadis d’« usine du monde » (Ma, Lee et Chen, 2009), est devenue un véritable « moteur de la R&D mondiale » (Dou, Juillet et Clerc, 2018) ? Cette étude exploratoire vise à apporter des éléments de réponse à la problématique suivante : Peut-on déceler une stratégie de sharp power à travers l’analyse de l’information brevet ?</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="color:black">Dans les économies contemporaines, la politique industrielle (stratégie pour encourager le développement des secteurs économiques) se traduit souvent sous forme de soutien à l’innovation et à la R&D (Lundvall, 1992). Les politiques visant à dynamiser l’innovation en Chine sont nombreuses</span>.<span style="color:black"> La mise en place d’une politique de propriété intellectuelle, visant à valoriser l’innovation et à améliorer la compétitivité nationale, notamment </span>en subventionnant les coûts d’obtention de brevets (taxes), en constitue l’un des éléments fondamentaux (Dang et Motohashi, 2015). <span style="color:black">L’objectif de cette stratégie est de doter les entreprises chinoises d’un portefeuille de brevets équivalents à leurs concurrents étrangers et de devenir </span>un pays leader en matière d’innovation<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a>. Cette politique a engendré un nombre croissant de demandes de brevets dans le pays, atteignant le seuil de 1,2 million de demandes en 2016 (Dutta et al., 2017). </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Cette hausse significative des demandes a suscité la curiosité scientifique des chercheurs. Naturellement, une augmentation de la quantité de brevets soulève des questions quant à la valeur d'un brevet (Ding et Chen, 2017). Hall et Harhoff (2004) indiquent que la délivrance de brevets de qualité médiocre est susceptible d'entraîner une augmentation importante du nombre de demandes de brevets. Les chercheurs se sont interrogé si cette évolution est un indicateur fiable de la croissance des capacités d’innovation dans les industries chinoises. Autrement dit, quelle est la valeur ou la qualité des brevets chinois ? Dans la première partie de notre article nous allons essayer d’apporter des éléments de réponses à ce questionnement. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Étant donné que la transformation de la « Chine en une économie fondée sur la connaissance est l’une des questions de recherche les plus débattues »<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a> (Scherngell, Borowiecki et Hu, 2014, p.82), nous allons dans la deuxième partie de notre article s’intéresser à trois principales thématiques qui vont nous aider à mieux appréhender cette transformation, à savoir : </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="margin-left:17px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">l’analyse de l’évolution de la technologie (Zheng et al., 2011 ; Wong et Wang, 2015 ; Trappey et al., 2011 ; Nepelski et de Prato, 2015).</span></span></span></li>
<li style="margin-left:17px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">l’étude de l’impact du système de propriété intellectuelle sur le développement de l’innovation (Sun, 2003 ; Frietsch et Wang, 2007 ; Yueh, 2009 ; Liang et Xue, 2010) ;</span></span></span></li>
<li style="margin-left:17px; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">l’évaluation des capacités d’innovation des entreprises (Fisch, Block et Sander, 2018 ; Pan et al., 2017 ; Liu, 2014b).</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Les travaux scientifiques abordés dans ces thèmes ont tous un point en commun : l’examen de l’innovation chinoise à travers l’analyse des données relatives aux brevets. Par le biais de ces travaux, nous avons un double objectif. Le premier est d’ordre méthodologique en tentant de comprendre comment l’information brevet est exploitée par les chercheurs. Le deuxième concerne les résultats obtenus. Il s’agit de savoir quelle est la proportion des innovations à valeur ajoutée dans l' « explosion artificielle du nombre de brevets chinois » (Fisch, Sander et Regner, 2017). </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p class="Bibliographieperso" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0cm; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><b>Bibliographie</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-49.65pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px; margin-left:66px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">DUTTA S</span></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">.</span></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">, LANVIN</span></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial"> B.</span></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">, WUNSCH-VINCENT S</span></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">., </span></span></span></span>The global innovation index 2017: Innovation feeding the world<span lang="EN-US" style="color:black"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">, </span></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Cornell University,</span></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial"> INSEAD, WIP, Ithaca, Fontainebleau, Genève, 2017.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p class="Bibliographieperso" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-49.65pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px; margin-left:66px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">FISCH C., BLOCK J., SANDNER P., « The impact of acquisitions on Chinese acquirers’ innovation performance: an empirical investigation of 1545 Chinese acquisitions », Journal of Business Economics, JEL-M16-O33-O34-P30, pp. 1-29, 2018.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p class="Bibliographieperso" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-49.65pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px; margin-left:66px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">MA Z., LEE Y., CHEN C.F.P., « Booming or emerging ? China's technological capability and international collaboration in patent activities », Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Vol.76, N°6, pp. 787-796, 2009.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p class="Bibliographieperso" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-49.65pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px; margin-left:66px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">PAN M., ZHOU Y., ZHOU D.K., « Comparing the innovation strategies of Chinese and European wind turbine firms through a patent lens », Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, pp. 1-13, 2017.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p class="Bibliographieperso" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-49.65pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px; margin-left:66px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">ZHENG J., ZHAO Z., ZHANG X., et al., « Industry evolution and key technologies in China based on patent analysis », Scientometrics, Vol.87, N°1, pp. 175-188, 2011.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin-left:47px"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><a href="applewebdata://A5162B55-95A9-4860-A600-F477B1055993#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:20px"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a> Traduit de l’anglais. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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