<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Introduction</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Les crises (sanitaires, &eacute;conomiques, s&eacute;curitaires, institutionnelles, etc.) observ&eacute;es ces derni&egrave;res ann&eacute;es en Afrique affectent les PME camerounaises. Ce contexte conduit les d&eacute;cideurs politiques et les entrepreneurs &eacute;conomiques &agrave; rechercher des leviers de r&eacute;silience.&nbsp; C&rsquo;est dans ce cadre que le concept d&rsquo;intelligence &eacute;conomique (IE) &eacute;merge en Afrique, afin </span></span></span><span lang="FR-CM" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">de </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">mobiliser et de traiter des informations pour un usage strat&eacute;gique<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a>. Les enjeux des transformations num&eacute;riques complexifient la possibilit&eacute; pour les pays africains d&rsquo;anticiper et de capter la valeur g&eacute;n&eacute;r&eacute;e par ces innovations technologiques, pour la diffusion des pratiques d&rsquo;IE (Guerraoui, 2019). Cela complique</span></span></span><span lang="FR-CM" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> alors</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> la pratique de l&rsquo;intelligence &eacute;conomique dans le contexte africain actuel de lib&eacute;ralisation des &eacute;changes &eacute;conomiques (Saber, 2020). Dans un tel contexte, la d&eacute;tention et le contr&ocirc;le de l&rsquo;information sont des facteurs indispensables pour l&rsquo;innovation et </span></span></span><span lang="FR-CM" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">la</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> comp&eacute;titivit&eacute;. </span></span></span><span lang="FR-CM" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Les constats effectu&eacute;s</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> en Afrique subsaharienne montrent que des d&eacute;cisions strat&eacute;giques sont prises sur la base d</span></span></span><span lang="FR-CM" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&#39;</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">informations incompl&egrave;tes, non actualis&eacute;es et peu fiables. Ce qui produit des r&eacute;sultats contraires aux objectifs de croissance &eacute;conomique des PME (Azeumo, 2013).</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Ce contexte g&eacute;n&eacute;ral africain permet de circonscrire la probl&eacute;matique de l&rsquo;appropriation de l&rsquo;IE dans les PME camerounaises et de nous int&eacute;resser aux difficult&eacute;s rencontr&eacute;es pour la diffusion des pratiques de l&rsquo;IE. L&rsquo;objectif poursuivi est <a name="_Hlk133851160">d&rsquo;identifier ces difficult&eacute;s en contexte camerounais et de montrer leurs impacts inhibiteurs sur l&rsquo;appropriation de l&rsquo;IE</a>. Le fil conducteur de cette d&eacute;marche est construit autour du questionnement suivant&nbsp;: quels sont les difficult&eacute;s d&rsquo;appropriation de l&rsquo;IE dans les PME camerounaises ? Nous privil&eacute;gions la m&eacute;thode qualitative exploratoire pour r&eacute;pondre &agrave; cette question, compte tenu de la complexit&eacute; du sujet. Cette m&eacute;thode a permis d&rsquo;effectuer 24 entretiens semi-directifs d&rsquo;une dur&eacute;e moyenne de 55 minutes environ, structur&eacute;s autour des th&egrave;mes pr&eacute;alablement mis en &eacute;vidence dans la revue de litt&eacute;rature. Les r&eacute;sultats attendus permettront de formuler des recommandations (manag&eacute;riale, soci&eacute;tale, th&eacute;orique) pour l&rsquo;am&eacute;lioration des pratiques de l&rsquo;IE et la production des connaissances enracin&eacute;es dans les contextes africains, sur ce sujet (Kamdem, Chevalier et Payaud, 2020). Trois principales articulations structurent ce texte. La premi&egrave;re est une revue de litt&eacute;rature internationale sur l&rsquo;IE. La deuxi&egrave;me fait un focus sur l&rsquo;&eacute;mergence des pratiques de l&rsquo;IE et de la litt&eacute;rature d&eacute;di&eacute;e, dans les contextes africains. La troisi&egrave;me pr&eacute;sente la m&eacute;thodologie, les r&eacute;sultats, les discussions et les impacts de la recherche.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoTitle"><span style="font-size:28pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri Light&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="letter-spacing:-0.5pt"><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">L&rsquo;IE dans la litt&eacute;rature internationale&nbsp; </span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Clarification conceptuelle</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">L&rsquo;IE est une pratique organisationnelle et manag&eacute;riale qui consiste &agrave; collecter, analyser, valoriser, diffuser et prot&eacute;ger l&rsquo;information &eacute;conomique, strat&eacute;gique&nbsp;; dans le but de renforcer la comp&eacute;titivit&eacute; d&rsquo;un &Eacute;tat ou d&rsquo;une organisation (Monino &amp; Sedkaoui, 2013)</span></span></span><span lang="FR-CM" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">. </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">L&rsquo;incertitude face aux changements (sociaux, &eacute;conomiques, sanitaires, g&eacute;n&eacute;rationnels, environnementaux) qui affectent le monde aujourd&rsquo;hui conduit les organisations &agrave; d&eacute;velopper des capacit&eacute;s d&rsquo;anticipation. Qualifi&eacute; de <i>Competitive Intelligence</i> aux USA ou de <i>Business Intelligence</i> en Angleterre, ce concept a suscit&eacute; des d&eacute;bats vari&eacute;s. L&rsquo;une des premi&egrave;res d&eacute;finitions, sugg&eacute;r&eacute;e par Wilensky (1967), fait un focus sur les activit&eacute;s de production des connaissances servant les buts &eacute;conomiques et strat&eacute;giques d&rsquo;une organisation, collect&eacute;es et produites dans un contexte l&eacute;gal et &agrave; partir des sources ouvertes.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif">&nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">D&rsquo;autres auteurs insistent davantage sur l&rsquo;utilit&eacute; de l&rsquo;information que la pratique de l&rsquo;IE fournit aux acteurs de l&rsquo;organisation dans les processus d&eacute;cisionnels. C&rsquo;est dans cette veine que Martre (1994)</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"> d&eacute;finit l&rsquo;IE comme un processus de collecte et de traitement de l&rsquo;information, en vue de son utilisation utile par les acteurs &eacute;conomiques</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">. Cette information est qualifi&eacute;e de &quot;b<a name="_Hlk130903043">lanche&quot; ou de &quot;grise&quot; (El Haddani &amp; Baulant, 2020</a>). L&rsquo;information &quot;blanche&quot; est ouverte et accessible au public. G&eacute;n&eacute;ralement pas suffisante ou compl&egrave;te, elle peut de ce fait &ecirc;tre collect&eacute;e avec aisance notamment sur les plateformes digitales (Moinet, 2011). L&rsquo;information &quot;grise&quot; est cach&eacute;e et difficilement accessible. De nature informelle, elle circule tr&egrave;s souvent au sein d&rsquo;un r&eacute;seau relationnel interpersonnel.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif">&nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">D&rsquo;autres d&eacute;finitions mettent l&rsquo;accent sur le lien entre l&rsquo;information et la d&eacute;cision. Dans cette perspective, l&rsquo;IE est consid&eacute;r&eacute;e comme un outil d&rsquo;aide &agrave; la d&eacute;cision, mais aussi et surtout comme une ressource informationnelle strat&eacute;gique pour l&rsquo;entreprise qui la mobilise dans le but de ma&icirc;triser la complexit&eacute; de l&rsquo;environnement et r&eacute;duire l&rsquo;incertitude (Vidal, 2005). Les entreprises de grande taille ont depuis longtemps d&eacute;velopp&eacute; et mis en &oelig;uvre des processus formalis&eacute;s d&rsquo;observation, de collecte et de traitement de l&rsquo;information dans leur environnement. Ce qui a &eacute;t&eacute; tardivement le cas au sein des PME qui ont connu une lente et difficile appropriation de l&rsquo;IE dans leurs pratiques manag&eacute;riales (</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Narayanan, Pinches, Kelm <i>et al.,</i> 2000). Bulinge (2002) avait d&eacute;j&agrave; propos&eacute; une mod&eacute;lisation des pratiques de l&rsquo;IE dans les PME. Cette mod&eacute;lisation valorise la culture informationnelle comme &eacute;tant un &eacute;l&eacute;ment passif et non int&eacute;gr&eacute; dans le processus de prise de d&eacute;cision. La r&eacute;sistance des acteurs organisationnels au changement accentue les difficult&eacute;s d&rsquo;appropriation de l&rsquo;IE et renforce les pratiques organisationnelles sur le court terme. Les contextes de crise et d&rsquo;incertitude peuvent ainsi &ecirc;tre propices pour repenser des strat&eacute;gies gagnantes, par l&rsquo;appropriation des m&eacute;thodes et des processus de l&rsquo;IE.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Processus d&rsquo;appropriation de l&rsquo;IE dans les PME </span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">L&rsquo;appropriation de l&rsquo;IE est une d&eacute;marche en plusieurs &eacute;tapes successives et compl&eacute;mentaires. Chacune de ces &eacute;tapes est effectu&eacute;e avec des outils et la mobilisation des comp&eacute;tences qui permettent aux dirigeants de mettre en &oelig;uvre leur vision de la culture organisationnelle.&nbsp; Guilhon &amp; Tr&eacute;po (2001) proposent quatre &eacute;tapes dans le processus de d&eacute;ploiement de l&rsquo;IE au sein des PME. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">La premi&egrave;re concerne le r&ocirc;le des repr&eacute;sentations collectives dans les phases de collecte et de traitement de l&rsquo;information. Les repr&eacute;sentations des dirigeants et des acteurs organisationnels orientent leurs actions engag&eacute;es pour l&eacute;gitimer et donner du sens &agrave; la pratique de l&rsquo;IE (</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Drevon</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">, Dufour &amp; Maurel, 2021). </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">La deuxi&egrave;me &eacute;tape est construite autour de l&rsquo;intention strat&eacute;gique, consid&eacute;r&eacute;e comme le facteur central du processus d&rsquo;IE. L&rsquo;intention strat&eacute;gique port&eacute;e par la direction de l&rsquo;organisation oriente les processus de changement et r&eacute;duit les situations d&rsquo;inertie observ&eacute;es. Focalis&eacute;e sur des objectifs &agrave; long et &agrave; moyen terme, l&rsquo;intention strat&eacute;gique d&eacute;coule du style de management du dirigeant. Elle est ancr&eacute;e dans l&rsquo;histoire de l&rsquo;entreprise et les repr&eacute;sentations collectives des salari&eacute;s. Le d&eacute;ploiement de l&rsquo;IE est ainsi tributaire de la capacit&eacute; du dirigeant &agrave; comprendre et donner du sens &agrave; ces repr&eacute;sentations collectives.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif">&nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">La troisi&egrave;me &eacute;tape est l&rsquo;inventaire des r&egrave;gles, des routines, des valeurs qu&rsquo;il faudrait implanter dans l&rsquo;organisation&nbsp;; notamment les phases de diffusion et de traitement de l&rsquo;information. Ces valeurs sont construites dans le travail et sont traduites par des rites, des croyances, des proc&eacute;dures de gestion auxquels les salari&eacute;s doivent se conformer. La ritualisation est consid&eacute;r&eacute;e comme un atout pour la cr&eacute;ation, l&rsquo;appropriation et la valorisation de l&rsquo;information (Guilhon &amp; Levet, 2003). Ces auteurs pr&eacute;cisent que l&rsquo;IE est un processus de production et de transformation de l&rsquo;information ainsi que du savoir-faire enracin&eacute; dans les routines et les r&egrave;gles. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">La quatri&egrave;me &eacute;tape concerne la mobilisation des comp&eacute;tences collectives dans le processus d&rsquo;appropriation de l&rsquo;IE. Ces derni&egrave;res valorisent les pratiques d&rsquo;IE et les enrichissent au fur et &agrave; mesure de l&rsquo;utilisation des flux informationnels. Ainsi, l&rsquo;appropriation de l&rsquo;IE dans les PME est accentu&eacute;e par le fait que les comp&eacute;tences collectives interagissent pour identifier, traiter, diffuser et transformer l&rsquo;information en connaissance. Toutefois les PME se caract&eacute;risent par le fort degr&eacute; de contr&ocirc;le exerc&eacute; par les dirigeants sur les salari&eacute;s. Les dirigeants veulent r&eacute;aliser leurs objectifs en exer&ccedil;ant leur capacit&eacute; de contr&ocirc;le, en recherchant en permanence un &eacute;quilibre entre les comp&eacute;tences collectives de l&rsquo;ensemble des acteurs de l&rsquo;entreprise et leurs comp&eacute;tences sp&eacute;cifiques (Guilhon, 2005).</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif">&nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">C&rsquo;est ainsi qu&rsquo;ils ne prendront que rarement des d&eacute;cisions organisationnelles susceptibles de r&eacute;duire ou de compromettre sa contr&ocirc;labilit&eacute;. De plus, la volont&eacute; du dirigeant de contr&ocirc;ler l&rsquo;information r&eacute;duit davantage le r&ocirc;le des comp&eacute;tences collectives comme facteur de changement et lieu de cr&eacute;ation de la connaissance (</span></span></span><a name="_Hlk133499877"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Drevon</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">, Dufour &amp; Maurel</span></span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">,</span></span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> 2021). L&rsquo;absence de collaboration et d&rsquo;int&eacute;gration du collectif dans la collecte, l&rsquo;analyse et le traitement de l&rsquo;information expose la PME &agrave; l&rsquo;impr&eacute;visibilit&eacute; de l&rsquo;environnement (Lugan, 2013). Cette situation, accentu&eacute;e en p&eacute;riode de crises successives et durables, produit de nombreuses cons&eacute;quences sur les PME dont les possibilit&eacute;s de r&eacute;sistance aux crises sont limit&eacute;es. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">L&rsquo;&eacute;mergence de l&rsquo;IE dans les pratiques manag&eacute;riales (et la litt&eacute;rature) africaines</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Les PME africaines confront&eacute;es &agrave; la concurrence prennent progressivement conscience de l&rsquo;utilit&eacute; de l&rsquo;IE, dans leurs pratiques manag&eacute;riales.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">L&rsquo;IE en Afrique&nbsp;et au Cameroun : enjeux et d&eacute;fis</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">C&rsquo;est longtemps apr&egrave;s les pays occidentaux que l&rsquo;IE s&rsquo;est d&eacute;velopp&eacute;e en Afrique. Cette d&eacute;marche de veille strat&eacute;gique a d&rsquo;abord &eacute;t&eacute; adopt&eacute;e par les filiales locales des firmes multinationales. Les entreprises locales et les gouvernants semblant ignorer ou n&eacute;gliger cette pratique. Cette situation a cr&eacute;&eacute; une d&eacute;pendance ext&eacute;rieure des </span></span></span><span lang="FR-CM" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&Eacute;</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">tats africains, dans les d&eacute;cisions strat&eacute;giques (Saber, 2020). Dans un contexte de concurrence internationale, l&rsquo;absence de ma&icirc;trise du processus de collecte, de traitement, de protection et d&rsquo;usage de l&rsquo;information est un handicap pour la comp&eacute;titivit&eacute;. Par ailleurs, la faible diffusion de l&rsquo;IE (qui utilise les outils de collecte et de traitement des donn&eacute;es, de veille num&eacute;rique et technologique), contribue au renforcement de la fracture num&eacute;rique en Afrique. Il est donc urgent de reconna&icirc;tre et de valoriser l&rsquo;IE, par l&rsquo;&eacute;laboration et la mise en &oelig;uvre des strat&eacute;gies nationales adapt&eacute;es aux contextes (technologique, &eacute;conomique, institutionnel, culturel) de chaque pays (Dejider &amp; Jequier, 1987). </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Diallo &amp; Bulinge (2006) explorent des pistes fertilisantes pour la formulation de ces strat&eacute;gies en deux &eacute;tapes. La premi&egrave;re est de construire une vision de l&rsquo;IE enracin&eacute;e dans les pratiques manag&eacute;riales locales et non import&eacute;es de l&rsquo;&eacute;tranger. La d&eacute;pendance &eacute;conomique, technologique et culturelle ext&eacute;rieure ne favorise pas l&rsquo;&eacute;mergence dans les pays africains, d&rsquo;une pratique endog&egrave;ne de la gouvernance susceptible de contribuer &agrave; la production d&rsquo;une r&eacute;flexion strat&eacute;gique (Guerraoui, 2019). Dans la deuxi&egrave;me &eacute;tape, les pays africains doivent s&rsquo;investir dans la diffusion de la pratique de l&rsquo;IE, notamment par la mise en place d&rsquo;un cadre r&egrave;glementaire et technologique. L&rsquo;IE doit de ce fait r&eacute;pondre aux exigences de souverainet&eacute; des pays africains et sa pratique doit prendre en compte des facteurs culturels caract&eacute;ristiques de chaque pays. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Il est aussi important de noter que la volont&eacute; de formulation des axes de d&eacute;veloppement sp&eacute;cifiques de l&rsquo;IE, compatibles avec les objectifs et les diff&eacute;rents contextes des pays africains est tr&egrave;s complexe (Saber, 2020). Cet auteur insiste sur la n&eacute;cessit&eacute; de la forte implication des experts africains, dans l&rsquo;&eacute;laboration des strat&eacute;gies et la diffusion des pratiques d&rsquo;IE. Il fait notamment r&eacute;f&eacute;rence &agrave; la deuxi&egrave;me &eacute;dition du Forum des Associations Africaines d&rsquo;Intelligence &Eacute;conomique (FAIE), organis&eacute; en 2019. Cette rencontre a montr&eacute; l&rsquo;urgence, en Afrique, de disposer des syst&egrave;mes nationaux de veille strat&eacute;gique et de prospective. Ce qui permettra aux PME africaines d&rsquo;identifier et d&rsquo;adopter des pistes d&rsquo;am&eacute;lioration et des voies d&rsquo;innovation dans la diffusion et la pratique de l&rsquo;IE (Hourenatou, 2016). Pour r&eacute;aliser cet objectif, Saber (2020) identifie quatre conditions essentielles r&eacute;sum&eacute;es dans le tableau suivant.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <table class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:236px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Axes d&eacute;veloppement de l&rsquo;IE en Afrique</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:368px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Conditions n&eacute;cessaires</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:236px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Volont&eacute; politique</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:368px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Les dirigeants africains doivent encourager la pratique de l&rsquo;IE par les entreprises. Un appui institutionnel est indispensable.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:236px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Vision claire</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:368px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Une clarification des missions et des objectifs des pratiques de l&rsquo;IE est n&eacute;cessaire. Cela permettra d&rsquo;&eacute;valuer sa performance.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:236px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Strat&eacute;gie nationale</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:368px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Promouvoir la formation et l&rsquo;investissement dans l&rsquo;acquisition des outils technologiques de collecte, de s&eacute;curisation et de traitement de l&rsquo;information.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:236px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Organisation et coordination</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:368px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">La strat&eacute;gie nationale d&rsquo;intelligence &eacute;conomique doit &ecirc;tre clairement diffus&eacute;e au sein des administrations, des territoires, des entreprises, des universit&eacute;s, des centres de recherche. Elle doit aussi prendre en compte la n&eacute;cessit&eacute; des partenariats et des collaborations sud-sud.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Tableau 1. Conditions de d&eacute;ploiement de l&rsquo;IE en Afrique (adapt&eacute; de Saber, 2020)</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Les difficult&eacute;s d&rsquo;appropriation de l&rsquo;IE dans les PME africaines</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Les pratiques d&rsquo;IE ont &eacute;t&eacute; d&eacute;velopp&eacute;es en Afrique du fait de la n&eacute;cessit&eacute; d&rsquo;adaptation &agrave; la globalisation des march&eacute;s, et pour mieux affronter les concurrents locaux et internationaux (Zakaria, 2011). Marchesnay (2004) soulignait d&eacute;j&agrave; la n&eacute;cessit&eacute; de la ma&icirc;trise de l&rsquo;environnement pour diminuer la vuln&eacute;rabilit&eacute; des PME dans les contextes europ&eacute;ens. C&rsquo;est bien dans cette dynamique que s&rsquo;inscrivent les PME africaines qui s&rsquo;engagent dans la pratique de l&rsquo;IE. Pour mieux accompagner cette d&eacute;marche d&rsquo;appropriation, il est important de sp&eacute;cifier les actions d&rsquo;accompagnement &agrave; mettre en &oelig;uvre dans les PME africaines.&nbsp; Moussa-Abdou (2022) en propose trois. Il s&rsquo;agit dans un premier temps de la remise en cause des pratiques de gestion de l&rsquo;information, de la connaissance et des savoir-faire (actions pr&eacute;ventives)&nbsp;; ensuite, la d&eacute;tection des connaissances, des savoir-faire, des opportunit&eacute;s, des risques et des menaces (actions de maintien)&nbsp;; et enfin, la coordination des acteurs et des activit&eacute;s en vue de la mise en &oelig;uvre des strat&eacute;gies d&rsquo;influence (actions prospectives).</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Le constat g&eacute;n&eacute;ral qui se d&eacute;gage de ces actions d&rsquo;accompagnement est que les PME africaines, en plus des enjeux et d&eacute;fis de l&rsquo;IE (identiques dans toutes les organisations et zones g&eacute;ographiques), sont confront&eacute;es &agrave; une diversit&eacute; de d&eacute;fis qui sont en lien avec quelques facteurs d&rsquo;appropriation (rapport au temps&nbsp;; qualit&eacute; des technologies de l&rsquo;information&nbsp;; impacts des cultures locales&nbsp;; etc.). Les publications africaines mobilis&eacute;es dans notre recherche nous &eacute;clairent encore davantage sur ces facteurs.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">- </span></span></span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">L&rsquo;influence des technologies de l&rsquo;information et de la communication (TIC) </span></span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Les TIC font r&eacute;f&eacute;rence aux donn&eacute;es, aux informations et aux connaissances. L&rsquo;information est une mise en forme normalis&eacute;e et compr&eacute;hensible des donn&eacute;es dans des contextes pr&eacute;cis. Une fois formalis&eacute;es et codifi&eacute;es, les informations deviennent des connaissances transmissibles au sein des &eacute;quipes d&rsquo;une organisation (Monino &amp; Sedkaoui, 2013). Le lien entre l&rsquo;IE et les TIC est perceptible dans toutes les pratiques de l&rsquo;IE (&eacute;quipements technologiques de collecte, d&rsquo;analyse, de traitement de stockage et de diffusion de l&rsquo;information strat&eacute;gique). Ces &eacute;quipements permettent l&rsquo;acc&egrave;s &agrave; des ressources informationnelles vari&eacute;es et disponibles sur les diff&eacute;rentes plateformes digitales (sites web, blogs, r&eacute;seaux sociaux, forums de discussions en ligne). Ils permettent aussi d&rsquo;effectuer la surveillance des innovations et des progr&egrave;s des concurrents (Monino &amp; Sedkaoui, 2013). L&rsquo;influence des TIC sur l&rsquo;IE est aujourd&rsquo;hui reconnue dans les organisations africaines, notamment les PME (Monino &amp; Sedkaoui, 2013). Ces auteurs pr&eacute;cisent que pour que les TIC jouent pleinement leur r&ocirc;le de soutien &agrave; l&rsquo;IE, des ressources techniques et humaines doivent &ecirc;tre disponibles. Les PME africaines ayant souvent des budgets limit&eacute;s, n&rsquo;investissent pas toujours dans l&rsquo;acquisition des outils num&eacute;riques de derni&egrave;re g&eacute;n&eacute;ration par rapport &agrave; leurs concurrentes internationales (Nonga &amp; B&eacute;chir, 2019). Par ailleurs, les ressources humaines d&eacute;di&eacute;es au management de l&rsquo;IE sont quasi inexistantes. </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Il est donc indispensable de former l&rsquo;ensemble des &eacute;quipes &agrave; l&rsquo;IE et de recruter des professionnels capables de mettre en &oelig;uvre cette d&eacute;marche au sein de l&rsquo;entreprise (Diop, 2015)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">- </span></span></span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Le rapport au temps </span></span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">L&rsquo;IE requiert une remise en question des pratiques de gestion de l&rsquo;information (Assabane &amp; Mssassi, 2022). Les d&eacute;fis informationnels imposent aux PME africaines de l&rsquo;instantan&eacute;it&eacute;, de la rapidit&eacute; et un nouveau rapport au temps </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">(Kamdem, 2010&nbsp;; Zahraoui et Zouggari, 2014).<span style="color:black"> Il faut d&eacute;velopper des comp&eacute;tences permettant de manager la r&eacute;activit&eacute; et d&rsquo;apporter des r&eacute;ponses rapides &agrave; la hauteur des enjeux&nbsp;; d&rsquo;acqu&eacute;rir et d&eacute;velopper des comportements temporels proactifs (Bahouka-Debat, 2011). Il se pose donc un probl&egrave;me complexe de gestion du temps qui peut &ecirc;tre appr&eacute;hend&eacute; &agrave; diff&eacute;rents niveaux (temps mono-chronique <i>versus</i> temps poly-chronique&nbsp;; temps personnalis&eacute; <i>versus</i> temps institutionnalis&eacute;&nbsp;; temps long <i>versus</i> temps court&nbsp;; temps instrumentalis&eacute; <i>versus</i> temps socialis&eacute;).&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">- </span></span></span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">L&rsquo;impact des cultures locales sur le management de la connaissance et de l&rsquo;information</span></span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Les publications sur l&rsquo;IE en Afrique, et notamment en Tunisie, soulignent la m&eacute;connaissance par les acteurs des PME locales des pratiques et des outils de l&rsquo;IE (</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Boukala, 2019)</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">. Cette situation dont l&rsquo;aggravation trouve une explication partielle dans les contingences culturelles, produit des impacts pr&eacute;judiciables sur le pilotage strat&eacute;gique de ces entreprises (Dhaoui, 2008).&nbsp; Par exemple, au Cameroun, ces contingences sont encore plus fortes du fait des diversit&eacute;s (notamment culturelle) caract&eacute;ristiques de ce pays o&ugrave; cohabitent plus de 200 communaut&eacute;s ethniques (Kamdem, 2018). </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">- </span></span></span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">La responsabilit&eacute; de l&rsquo;</span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&Eacute;<span style="color:black">tat</span></span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">L&rsquo;</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&Eacute;</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">tat et les acteurs publics ont une responsabilit&eacute; importante dans l&rsquo;appropriation de l&rsquo;IE au sein des PME africaines, notamment &agrave; travers les formes d&rsquo;incitations fiscales et financi&egrave;res facilitatrices (Guechtouli, 2009). Les PME africaines ont besoin de l&rsquo;accompagnement des pouvoirs publics pour r&eacute;ussir &agrave; int&eacute;grer l&rsquo;IE dans leurs strat&eacute;gies. L&rsquo;</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&Eacute;</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">tat doit donc encourager la pratique de l&rsquo;IE &agrave; travers des politiques publiques incitatives et en accompagnant, sur le plan financier et infrastructurel, des projets de d&eacute;veloppement de l&rsquo;IE au sein des PME. L&rsquo;appui de l&rsquo;</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&Eacute;</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">tat aux PME peut se faire au niveau de la mise &agrave; disposition des bases de donn&eacute;es fiables et s&eacute;curis&eacute;es. </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&Eacute;</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">tant donn&eacute; que les PME ont des ressources limit&eacute;es, les d&eacute;cideurs publics doivent inciter et encourager la culture du partage et de la diffusion de l&rsquo;information</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Regard sur le contexte camerounais</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Dans le contexte camerounais principalement cibl&eacute; dans notre recherche, plusieurs travaux permettent d&rsquo;affirmer que la pratique de l&rsquo;IE conna&icirc;t une lente et difficile &eacute;mergence ; notamment au sein des PME locales d&eacute;j&agrave; confront&eacute;es &agrave; des difficult&eacute;s diverses et susceptibles d&rsquo;affecter leur p&eacute;rennit&eacute; (Hourenatou, 2016&nbsp;; Nonga &amp; Bechir, 2019). Ces travaux permettent d&rsquo;identifier quelques facteurs susceptibles d&rsquo;avoir des impacts sur l&rsquo;appropriation de l&rsquo;IE&nbsp;(pression concurrentielle sur les march&eacute;s locaux et internationaux&nbsp;; n&eacute;cessit&eacute; de r&eacute;pondre aux exigences des clients&nbsp;; pr&eacute;sence des entreprises &eacute;trang&egrave;res mieux outill&eacute;es&nbsp;; obligation d&rsquo;appliquer des normes internationales, etc.) De mani&egrave;re g&eacute;n&eacute;rale, l&rsquo;appropriation de l&rsquo;IE dans les PME camerounaises est encore faible, malgr&eacute; ses nombreux avantages et comparativement &agrave; la situation observ&eacute;e au sein des firmes multinationales implant&eacute;es dans le pays. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Cette situation est justifi&eacute;e en partie par les difficult&eacute;s des PME locales &agrave; s&rsquo;approprier les TIC, notamment <span style="color:black">le co&ucirc;t d&rsquo;acquisition des &eacute;quipements (<i>sofware</i> et <i>hardware</i>)&nbsp;; le co&ucirc;t, la disponibilit&eacute; et la qualit&eacute; approximative de la connexion internet&nbsp;; la r&eacute;sistance &agrave; l&rsquo;acquisition de la culture digitale, par les seniors et les personnes en fin de carri&egrave;re </span>(Babei, 2020). Le taux de p&eacute;n&eacute;tration des TIC dans ces derni&egrave;res est en encore faible, en lien avec le faible usage des outils num&eacute;riques dans la veille strat&eacute;gique (Sone Mbassi, 2012). D&rsquo;autres facteurs inhibiteurs de l&rsquo;appropriation de l&rsquo;IE sont &eacute;galement mis en &eacute;vidence par les auteurs cit&eacute;s en amont (compr&eacute;hension partielle et limit&eacute;e de cette activit&eacute; manag&eacute;riale&nbsp;; connaissance approximative des avantages potentiels&nbsp;; d&eacute;ficit des ressources financi&egrave;res et des comp&eacute;tences humaines&nbsp;; culture organisationnelle qui ne favorise pas l&rsquo;innovation, l&rsquo;anticipation et la prise de risque).</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Repr&eacute;sentations et pratiques de l&rsquo;IE dans les PME camerounaises</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">M&eacute;thodologie</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">L&rsquo;objectif de notre recherche </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">est de comprendre les difficult&eacute;s d&rsquo;appropriation de l&rsquo;IE en contexte camerounais. Pour les raisons d&eacute;j&agrave; &eacute;voqu&eacute;es en amont, nous avons opt&eacute; pour la m&eacute;thodologie qualitative exploratoire </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">(</span></span></span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Wacheux, 1996</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">). Cette derni&egrave;re a permis de d&eacute;crypter quelques </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">pratiques d&rsquo;IE observ&eacute;es dans les entreprises &eacute;tudi&eacute;es. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b>&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Collecte des donn&eacute;es</span></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Les d&eacute;clarations des personnes interview&eacute;es ont &eacute;t&eacute; recueillies gr&acirc;ce &agrave; un guide d&rsquo;entretien semi-directif dont la construction s&rsquo;est faite en lien avec les principaux th&egrave;mes mis en &eacute;vidence dans la revue de litt&eacute;rature&nbsp;: la repr&eacute;sentation de l&rsquo;IE&nbsp;; </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">l&rsquo;adoption et la pratique de l&rsquo;IE au sein des PME&nbsp;; les facteurs d&rsquo;appropriation de l&rsquo;IE&nbsp;; l&rsquo;influence de la culture locale dans les pratiques de l&rsquo;IE. La recherche empirique s&rsquo;est d&eacute;roul&eacute;e du 10 novembre 2022 au 20 mars 2023, au cours de laquelle nous avons interview&eacute; 20 acteurs (dirigeants et salari&eacute;s) des PME camerounaises et 4 experts des organisations publiques et des organisations patronales priv&eacute;es en charge de l&rsquo;accompagnement des PME. La dur&eacute;e des interviews &eacute;tait de 55 minutes en moyenne. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <table class="Table" style="border-collapse:collapse" width="605"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:27px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Entreprise</span></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:180px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:27px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Secteur d&#39;activit&eacute;</span></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:66px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:27px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Statut </span></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:142px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:27px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Fonction du r&eacute;pondant</span></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:38px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:27px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Sexe</span></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:104px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:27px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Dur&eacute;e</span></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">E1</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:180px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Construction cl&eacute;s en mains</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:66px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">SARL</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:142px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Cadre administratif</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:38px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">F</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:104px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">45 Min 54</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">E2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:180px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Agence de Marketing</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:66px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">SARL</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:142px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Chef de la publicit&eacute;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:38px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">M</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:104px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">40 Min 57</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">E3</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:180px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Formation</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:66px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">SARL</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:142px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Dirigeant/propri&eacute;taire</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:38px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">M</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:104px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">55 Min 06</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:18px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">E4</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:180px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:18px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Agroalimentaire</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:66px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:18px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">SARL</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:142px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:18px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Responsable achat</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:38px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:18px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">M</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:104px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:18px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">40 Min 42</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">E5</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:180px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">P&eacute;trole et gaz naturel</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:66px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">SAS</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:142px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Cadre commerciale</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:38px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">M</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:104px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">45 Min 14</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">E6</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:180px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Cabinet consulting</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:66px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">SARL</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:142px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Dirigeant</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:38px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">M</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:104px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">1H50 Min 36</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:15px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">E7</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:180px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:15px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Commerce et distribution</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:66px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:15px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">SARL</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:142px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:15px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Cadre marketing</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:38px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:15px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">M</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:104px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:15px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">47 min 34</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:27px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">E8</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:180px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:27px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Emballages et conditionnement</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:66px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:27px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">SARL</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:142px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:27px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Vendeur</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:38px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:27px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">F</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:104px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:27px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">35 Min 37</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">E9</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:180px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Audit et fiscalit&eacute;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:66px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">SARL</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:142px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Dirigeant</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:38px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">M</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:104px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">48 Min 04</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">E10</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:180px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Expertise comptable</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:66px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">SARL</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:142px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">comptable</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:38px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">M</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:104px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">39 Min 17</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:3px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">E11</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:180px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:3px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Commerce et distribution</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:66px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:3px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">SARL</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:142px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:3px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Dirigeante</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:38px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:3px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">F</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:104px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:3px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">57 Min 15</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:8px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">E12</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:180px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:8px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Bureau d&#39;&eacute;tude technique</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:66px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:8px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">SARL</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:142px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:8px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Charg&eacute; des &eacute;tudes </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:38px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:8px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">F</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:104px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:8px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">44 Min 04</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">E13</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:180px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Cabinet de gestion des projets</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:66px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">SARL</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:142px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Chef de projet </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:38px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">M</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:104px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">54 Min 34</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">E14</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:180px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Services d&rsquo;immigration</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:66px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">SARL</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:142px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Dirigeant</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:38px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">M</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:104px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">1h19 Min 56</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">E15</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:180px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Cabinet de gestion des talents</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:66px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">SARL</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:142px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Dirigeant</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:38px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">M</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:104px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">44 Min 55</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:13px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">E16</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:180px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:13px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Cabinet de contr&ocirc;le de gestion</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:66px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:13px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">SARL</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:142px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:13px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Auditrice</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:38px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:13px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">F</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:104px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:13px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">47 Min 54</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">E17</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:180px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Conseil en management</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:66px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">SARL</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:142px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Consultant</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:38px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">M</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:104px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">1H05&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:36px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">E18</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:180px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:36px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Administration publique en charge des PME&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:66px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:36px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Public&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:142px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:36px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Expert accompagnement PME</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:38px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:36px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">M</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:104px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:36px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">50Min&nbsp;06</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">E19</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:180px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Association patronale&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:66px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">&nbsp;ONG</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:142px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Expert accompagnement </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:38px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">F</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:104px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">53Min15</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:5px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">E20</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:180px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:5px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Chambre de commerce&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:66px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:5px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Para Public&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:142px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:5px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Expert accompagnement </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:38px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:5px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">F</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:104px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:5px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">1h20 min &nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">E21</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:180px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Chambre de commerce&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:66px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">&nbsp;Para Public</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:142px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Expert accompagnement </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:38px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">F</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:104px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">56min 10&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">E22</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:180px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">&nbsp;Agriculture</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:66px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">&nbsp;SAS</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:142px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Assistance de Direction</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:38px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">F</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:104px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">45min 20&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:14px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">E23</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:180px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:14px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Entreprise de BTP&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:66px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:14px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">&nbsp;SAS</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:142px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:14px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Dirigeant</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:38px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:14px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">M</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:104px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:14px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">1h15min&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">E24</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:180px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Microfinance&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:66px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">&nbsp;SARL</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:142px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Charg&eacute; des &Eacute;tudes </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:38px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">M</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:104px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">59min&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Tableau 2. Caract&eacute;ristiques des interview&eacute;s</span></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Traitement des donn&eacute;es</span></span></span></span></b> </span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Apr&egrave;s la retranscription </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">des interviews, nous avons proc&eacute;d&eacute; au d&eacute;cryptage des donn&eacute;es secondaires puis au traitement des donn&eacute;es primaires collect&eacute;es, en adoptant la m&eacute;thode d&rsquo;analyse de contenu th&eacute;matique au sens de Paill&eacute; &amp; Mucchelli (2012)</span></span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> Cette analyse a permis d&rsquo;appr&eacute;hender le contenu et le sens des d&eacute;clarations des personnes interview&eacute;es sur les pratiques de l&rsquo;IE dans leurs entreprises. Notre codage &agrave; priori et &agrave; post&eacute;riori a &eacute;t&eacute; am&eacute;lior&eacute; gr&acirc;ce au double codage r&eacute;alis&eacute; avec la collaboration d&rsquo;un autre chercheur int&eacute;ress&eacute; par le sujet. Cette am&eacute;lioration a permis de r&eacute;duire les biais pr&eacute;visibles. </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Ensuite, les donn&eacute;es ont &eacute;t&eacute; analys&eacute;es avec le logiciel de traitement de contenu NVivo 12. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">R&eacute;sultats, discussions et impacts </span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Les r&eacute;sultats obtenus montrent l&rsquo;influence de deux principaux facteurs <a name="_Hlk132566224">qui agissent comme des difficult&eacute;s d&rsquo;appropriation de l&rsquo;IE au sein des PME camerounaises</a> (le d&eacute;ficit de confiance entre les dirigeants et les salari&eacute;s, les al&eacute;as de l&rsquo;environnement institutionnel). Les verbatim illustratifs ont &eacute;t&eacute; s&eacute;lectionn&eacute;s en lien avec quelques axes th&eacute;matiques de la revue de litt&eacute;rature.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Pr&eacute;sentation des principaux r&eacute;sultats</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p class="ListParagraph1" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span></span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Le d&eacute;ficit de confiance entre dirigeants et employ&eacute;s&nbsp;: un obstacle &agrave; la disponibilit&eacute; des informations</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Nos r&eacute;sultats r&eacute;v&egrave;lent la faible connaissance de l&rsquo;IE (son utilit&eacute; et sa pratique) comme levier de performance des PME camerounaises &eacute;tudi&eacute;es. Quelques personnes interview&eacute;es (dirigeants ou managers) ont r&eacute;pondu dans ce sens et leur compr&eacute;hension de l&rsquo;IE est limit&eacute;e &agrave; la veille commerciale. Un des dirigeants explique en ces termes la faible pratique de l&rsquo;IE dans son entreprise&nbsp;: <i>&laquo; J&rsquo;ai demand&eacute; plusieurs fois &agrave; mes &eacute;quipes de faire de la veille &eacute;conomique, de collecter les informations, mais elles n&rsquo;y comprennent rien.</i>&nbsp;&raquo; (E3). Dans le contexte camerounais, cette situation est li&eacute;e &agrave; un sentiment de m&eacute;fiance entre les dirigeants et les employ&eacute;s. Ces derniers justifient leur absence de motivation pour l&rsquo;IE par le d&eacute;ficit d&rsquo;incitation et de formation qu&rsquo;ils attribuent &agrave; leurs dirigeants auxquels ils reprochent une tendance av&eacute;r&eacute;e &agrave; la dissimulation d&rsquo;informations sur le fonctionnement de leur entreprise. Cette situation est perceptible dans l&rsquo;absence de programme de formation, de prime incitative, de dotation en mat&eacute;riels d&eacute;di&eacute;s &agrave; la pratique de l&rsquo;IE. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Cette m&eacute;fiance trouve aussi une explication dans le comportement des dirigeants des PME &eacute;tudi&eacute;es qui sont majoritairement les fondateurs de leurs entreprises et communiquent peu sur leurs exp&eacute;riences entrepreneuriales ou manag&eacute;riales&nbsp;: &laquo; <i>Vous savez au Cameroun, certains salari&eacute;s volent les id&eacute;es pour aller lancer leurs projets entrepreneuriaux personnels et faire une concurrence d&eacute;loyale &agrave; l&rsquo;entreprise dont ils sont salari&eacute;s.&nbsp;Donc ici chez nous, il faut &ecirc;tre prudent pour livrer des informations pr&eacute;judiciables &agrave; votre entreprise.&nbsp;&raquo;</i> (E23). Cette m&eacute;fiance dans la relation employeur-salari&eacute; est d&rsquo;autant plus forte que la disponibilit&eacute; des informations fiables sur l&rsquo;entreprise (chiffre d&rsquo;affaire, r&eacute;sultat, personnel contractualis&eacute; ou non contractualis&eacute;, etc.) peut susciter des revendications salariales et/ou pour l&rsquo;am&eacute;lioration des conditions de travail. Cette situation peut cr&eacute;er ou entretenir un risque de d&eacute;pendance de l&rsquo;entreprise vis-&agrave;-vis des salari&eacute;s, d&eacute;tenteurs d&rsquo;informations strat&eacute;giques que la direction ne souhaite pas diffuser. Les employ&eacute;s insatisfaits de leurs conditions (salariales, temporelles, infrastructurelles) de travail pourraient ainsi divulguer ces informations (suppos&eacute;es confidentielles) aux administrations fiscales ou aux m&eacute;dias. Ce constat est une illustration de l&rsquo;enjeu du pouvoir dans l&rsquo;acc&egrave;s &agrave; l&rsquo;information et son utilisation, comme le montre l&rsquo;arbre de mots de nos r&eacute;sultats.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="418" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_2902_18_image-20230506053132-1.png" width="894" /></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Figure 1</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">. Recherche textuelle associ&eacute;e au mot information gr&acirc;ce au logiciel Nvivo 12</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Ce d&eacute;ficit de transparence informationnelle entrave le partage de la vision manag&eacute;riale au sein de l&rsquo;entreprise. On se trouve de fait dans un mod&egrave;le de gestion familiale avec un acc&egrave;s limit&eacute; du personnel &agrave; l&rsquo;information, &agrave; l&rsquo;exception parfois des salari&eacute;s qui entretiennent une forte proximit&eacute; (familiale, associative, etc.) avec leurs dirigeants&nbsp;: <i>&laquo;&nbsp;Il y a des r&eacute;unions strat&eacute;giques o&ugrave; ne sont convi&eacute;s que les membres de l&rsquo;entreprise qui ont un lien de parent&eacute; avec le Directeur. Il est trop m&eacute;fiant et organise parfois des r&eacute;unions professionnelles le week-end &agrave; son domicile familial.&nbsp;</i>&raquo; (E8). </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="ListParagraph1" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span></span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">L&rsquo;environnement institutionnel&nbsp;: un obstacle &agrave; l&rsquo;appropriation de l&rsquo;IE</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Nos r&eacute;sultats confortent le constat effectu&eacute; dans la revue de litt&eacute;rature, sur l&rsquo;environnement institutionnel camerounais qui ne favorise pas encore la compr&eacute;hension et la diffusion des pratiques de l&rsquo;IE dans les entreprises. L&rsquo;</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&Eacute;</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">tat camerounais ne joue pas pleinement son r&ocirc;le d&rsquo;acteur principal dans la cr&eacute;ation d&rsquo;un cadre r&egrave;glementaire, technologique, culturel pour la collecte, le stockage et la mise &agrave; disposition permanente d&rsquo;informations fiables, actualis&eacute;es et s&eacute;curis&eacute;es : &laquo;&nbsp;<i>Tout le monde sait que l&rsquo;information fiable et accessible est une denr&eacute;e rare au Cameroun. Nous sommes confront&eacute;s &agrave; la triste r&eacute;alit&eacute; selon laquelle m&ecirc;me les informations utiles que l&rsquo;</i></span></span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&Eacute;</span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">tat devrait nous fournir ne sont pas disponibles&nbsp;; et quand elles le sont, leur acc&egrave;s est limit&eacute;. &raquo; </span></span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">(E21)<i>. </i>Ce point de vue est partag&eacute; par un autre r&eacute;pondant qui </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">insiste sur l&rsquo;obsolescence et la non-pertinence des informations mises &agrave; disposition par l&rsquo;</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&Eacute;</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">tat<i>&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;Quand bien m&ecirc;me elles le sont, g&eacute;n&eacute;ralement elles sont d&eacute;j&agrave; obsol&egrave;tes. Par exemple, les r&eacute;sultats du recensement de la population ne sont disponibles que 10 ans apr&egrave;s.</i> &raquo; (E19). </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Discussions des r&eacute;sultats et impacts de la recherche</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Nos r&eacute;sultats r&eacute;v&egrave;lent deux principales difficult&eacute;s d&rsquo;appropriation de l&rsquo;IE, identifi&eacute;es dans la revue de litt&eacute;rature mobilis&eacute;e. D&rsquo;une part, la m&eacute;fiance des acteurs et l&rsquo;absence de confiance organisationnelle dans la circulation de l&rsquo;information entre des acteurs dont les int&eacute;r&ecirc;ts sont divergents (</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Azeumo, 2013&nbsp;; Lugan, 2013&nbsp;; Guerraoui, 2019&nbsp;; Anasse, Bidan, Ouedraogo <i>et al.</i>, 2020</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">). D&rsquo;autre part, l&rsquo;environnement institutionnel peu favorable &agrave; la valorisation de l&rsquo;IE (</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Guerraoui, 2019&nbsp;; </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Saber, 2020). &nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Ces r&eacute;sultats sugg&egrave;rent des voies de recherche sur les modalit&eacute;s et les actions qu&rsquo;il faudrait initier et mettre en &oelig;uvre pour l&eacute;gitimer et donner un sens &agrave; la pratique de l&rsquo;IE en contextes camerounais (</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Nonga &amp; B&eacute;chir, 2019&nbsp;; </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Hourenatou, 2016) et africains (</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Guerraoui,</span></span></span><i> </i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">2016&nbsp;; </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Moussa Abdou, 2022</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">). </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">D&rsquo;autre part, nos r&eacute;sultats permettent de comprendre comment les pratiques manag&eacute;riales des dirigeants des PME camerounaises peuvent influer n&eacute;gativement ou positivement sur l&rsquo;appropriation de l&rsquo;IE (</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Hourenatou, 2020</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">). Ces pratiques sont r&eacute;v&eacute;latrices d&rsquo;une gouvernance familiale qui limite l&rsquo;acc&egrave;s aux informations, principalement aux salari&eacute;s membres des r&eacute;seaux familiaux ou ethniques du dirigeant. Ce qui est un obstacle majeur &agrave; la diffusion de la vision strat&eacute;gique du dirigeant sur l&rsquo;IE, ainsi qu&rsquo;&agrave; la construction d&rsquo;une culture d&rsquo;entreprise forte dont l&rsquo;IE pourrait &ecirc;tre un des piliers (Guilhon, 2005). Dans cette veine, les PME camerounaises pourraient mobiliser des pratiques culturelles (rites, croyances et repr&eacute;sentations collectives) pour faciliter l&rsquo;appropriation de l&rsquo;IE par les salari&eacute;s, en tirant les meilleurs atouts de la r&eacute;volution num&eacute;rique.</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> Cet impact manag&eacute;rial de notre recherche rejoint des travaux ant&eacute;rieurs sur l&rsquo;influence des cultures dans les pratiques manag&eacute;riales, en contexte de transformation num&eacute;rique (</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Kamdem et Nkouandou Njiemessa, 2021).</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Conclusion</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Notre recherche a permis de comprendre les difficult&eacute;s d&rsquo;appropriation de l&rsquo;IE dans les PME camerounaises &eacute;tudi&eacute;es. Les r&eacute;sultats r&eacute;v&egrave;lent deux principales sources des difficult&eacute;s&nbsp;: le d&eacute;ficit de confiance dans l&rsquo;acc&egrave;s &agrave; l&rsquo;information et l&rsquo;environnement institutionnel. Ces r&eacute;sultats permettent de sugg&eacute;rer quelques impacts de la recherche &agrave; trois niveaux principalement. L&rsquo;impact manag&eacute;rial est de consid&eacute;rer l&rsquo;IE comme un atout important pour la construction d&rsquo;une culture d&rsquo;entreprise enracin&eacute;e dans les cultures africaines. L&rsquo;impact soci&eacute;tal fait r&eacute;f&eacute;rence &agrave; la responsabilit&eacute; et &agrave; l&rsquo;implication de l&rsquo;&Eacute;tat dans l&rsquo;accompagnement des entreprises, &agrave; travers la r&eacute;gulation du cadre institutionnel d&rsquo;appropriation de l&rsquo;IE. L&rsquo;impact </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">th&eacute;orique est une interpellation adress&eacute;e aux chercheurs africains pour proposer des mod&egrave;les analytiques d&rsquo;appropriation et de gestion de l&rsquo;IE dans les contextes africains, afin d&rsquo;&eacute;viter le transfert syst&eacute;matique des mod&egrave;les emprunt&eacute;s &agrave; d&rsquo;autres contextes. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Bibliographie </span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Anasse, A., Bidan, M., Ouedraogo, A., Oruezabala, G. et Plane, J. (2020). Alternatives africaines en management : entre frugalit&eacute; et agilit&eacute;. <i>Revue fran&ccedil;aise de gestion</i>, 289, 77-100. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><a href="https://www.cairn.info/revue--2020-4-page-77.htm" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">https://www.cairn.info/revue--2020-4-page-77.htm</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span lang="FR-CM" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Assabane, I. et Mssass, S. (2022). La veille strat&eacute;gique : un dispositif de management de risques </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span lang="FR-CM" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">en PME exportatrices. <i>Journal of Information Sciences</i>, 21(1), 84-96.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span lang="FR-CM" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Azeumo, S.W (2013). </span></span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">L&rsquo;intelligence &eacute;conomique camerounaise (IEC)</span></span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">. Paris&nbsp;: L&rsquo;Harmattan.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Babei, J. (2020). Exploration des obstacles &agrave; l&#39;expansion des SI en Afrique Subsaharienne. <i>Revue Management et Data Science</i>.&nbsp; </span></span></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.36863/mds.a.14005" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">https://doi.org/10.36863/mds.a.14005</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><a name="_Hlk131637964"></a><a name="_Hlk131422109"></a></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Bahouka-Debat, A. (2011)</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">. <i>Appropriation et mise en &oelig;uvre de l&rsquo;intelligence et de la s&eacute;curit&eacute; &eacute;conomique dans le contexte de l&rsquo;&eacute;conomie congolaise : une plateforme exp&eacute;rientielle : la direction g&eacute;n&eacute;rale de l&rsquo;&eacute;conomie. Economies et finances</i>. Th&egrave;se de doctorat, Conservatoire National des Arts et M&eacute;tiers (CNAM), Paris. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Boukala, S. (2019). <i>Intelligence &eacute;conomique et PME en Afrique : cas de la Tunisie</i>. </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Sarrebruck&nbsp;:</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&Eacute;ditions universitaires europ&eacute;ennes.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Bulinge, F. (2002). <i>Pour une culture de l&rsquo;information dans les petites et moyennes organisations&nbsp;: un mod&egrave;le incr&eacute;mental d&rsquo;intelligence &eacute;conomique</i>. </span></span></span><span lang="FR-CM" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Th&egrave;se doctorat, Universit&eacute; de Toulon, France.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span lang="FR-CM" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Dedijer S. &amp; Jequier, N. (1987).<i> </i></span></span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Intelligence for Economic Development: An Inquiry into the Role of Knowledge Industry</span></span></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">. </span></span></span><span lang="FR-CM" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Oxford : Bergamon. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><a name="_Hlk131320736"></a></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Dhaoui, C. (2008). <i>Les crit&egrave;res de r&eacute;ussite d&rsquo;un syst&egrave;me d&rsquo;intelligence &eacute;conomique pour un meilleur pilotage strat&eacute;gique</i>. Th&egrave;se de doctorat, Universit&eacute; de Nancy 2, France.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Diallo, A. &amp; Bulinge, F. (2006). R&eacute;flexion pr&eacute;alable &agrave; une recherche sur le d&eacute;veloppement de l&rsquo;intelligence &eacute;conomique en Afrique sub-saharienne. <i>Actes du colloque IE et comp&eacute;tition internationale</i>. IECI, Paris La D&eacute;fense. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><a href="http://isdm.univ-tln.fr/PDF/isdm27/isdm27_DIALLO_bulinge.pdf" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">http://isdm.univ-tln.fr/PDF/isdm27/isdm27_DIALLO_bulinge.pdf</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Diop, A. M. (2015). L&#39;intelligence &eacute;conomique dans les PME africaines : cas de la r&eacute;gion de Dakar. <i>Revue des Sciences de Gestion</i>, 293(2), 37-45.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Drevon</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">, E., Dufour, C. et Maurel, D. (2021). De la prise de d&eacute;cision &agrave; la strat&eacute;gie des organisations&nbsp;: les finalit&eacute;s de la veille orient&eacute;e vers la strat&eacute;gie. <i>Revue internationale d&#39;intelligence &eacute;conomique</i>, 13, 23-42. https://www.cairn.info/revue--2021-2-page-23.htm.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">El Haddani, M. et Baulant, C. (2020). </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><a href="https://www.cairn.info/publications-de-Tapsoba/revue-internationale-d-intelligence-economique-2020-1-page-39.htm" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="text-underline:none">Approche dynamique d&rsquo;intelligence &eacute;conomique&nbsp;: le cas d&rsquo;une grande entreprise au Maroc</span></span></a>. <i>Revue Internationale d&rsquo;Intelligence </i><i>&Eacute;conomique</i>, 12, 39-61.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Guechtouli, M. (2009). Comment organiser son syst&egrave;me de veille strat&eacute;gique ? <i>Models, Methods, Engineering of Competitive Intelligence</i>, 25-26 Novembre. Beaulieu sur Mer : France.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Guerraoui, D. (2019). <i>L&#39;intelligence &eacute;conomique en Afrique. Exp&eacute;riences nationales et partenariats Africains. </i>Paris&nbsp;: L&rsquo;Harmattan.<i> </i></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Guerraoui,</span></span></span><i> </i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">D. (2016).</span></span></span><i> </i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">L&rsquo;intelligence &eacute;conomique en Afrique. Constats, besoins et d&eacute;fis futurs</span></span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">, Chronique, L&rsquo;&eacute;conomiste, </span></span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">n&deg;4804.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Guilhon, A. (2005). </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Processus d&rsquo;intelligence &eacute;conomique et identit&eacute; de la Pme. In Guilhon, A. (&eacute;d.) (2005), <i>L&rsquo;intelligence &eacute;conomique dans la PME&nbsp;: Visions &eacute;parses, paradoxes et manifestations</i>. Paris&nbsp;: L&rsquo;Harmattan.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Guilhon, B. &amp; Levet, J-L. (2003). De l&rsquo;Intelligence &Eacute;conomique &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;conomie de la connaissance, Paris&nbsp;: Economica.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Guilhon, A. et Trepo, G., (2001), R&eacute;ussir les changements par le d&eacute;veloppement de l&rsquo;apprentissage organisationnel&nbsp;: les le&ccedil;ons du cas de Shell, <i>G&eacute;rer et Comprendre</i>, septembre, 65, 41-54.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Hourenatou, (2020).</span></span></span><i> </i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">La pratique de l&#39;intelligence &eacute;conomique dans les entreprises au Cameroun&nbsp;: enjeux et perspectives</span></span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">. </span></span></span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Journal of the Cameroon Academy of sciences, </span></span></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">15(3), 181-192.</span></span></span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">DOI:</span></span></span>&nbsp;<span style="color:black"><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jcas.v15i3.4" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="border:none windowtext 1.0pt; font-size:12.0pt; padding:0cm"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">10.4314/jcas.v15i3.4</span></span></a></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Hourenatou, (2016). La veille strat&eacute;gique dans les entreprises au Cameroun : &eacute;tat des lieux d&#39;une pratique embryonnaire, informelle et discontinue. </span></span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies</span></span></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">, 17(3), 726-737.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Kamdem, E. &amp; Nkouandou Njiemessa, M. (2021). </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">Cultures africaines et r&eacute;volution num&eacute;rique&nbsp;: implications comportementales et manag&eacute;riales<i>. </i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">In Simen, S. F., Hounkou, E., Nkakleu, R., (&eacute;d.), <i>Management des organisations africaines, diversit&eacute; et d&eacute;veloppement des territoires. M&eacute;langes en l&rsquo;honneur du professeur Bassirou Tidjani</i><i>. </i><span style="background:white"><span style="color:black">Caen,&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&Eacute;</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">ditions Management et Soci&eacute;t&eacute;, 47-67<span style="background:white"><span style="color:black"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Kamdem, E., Chevalier, F. et Payaud, M. (&eacute;d.) (2020). <i>La recherche enracin&eacute;e en management&nbsp;: contextes nouveaux et perspectives nouvelles en Afrique</i>, Caen&nbsp;: &eacute;ditions EMS, collection Business Science Institute. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">Kamdem, E. (2018). Les d&eacute;fis du management de la diversit&eacute; en Afrique&nbsp;: le cas du Cameroun. </span></span></span></span><span lang="FR-CM" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">In Chanlat J.-F., &Ouml;zbilgin, M. F. (&eacute;d.). <i>Management et diversit&eacute;&nbsp;: c</i></span></span></span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">omparaisons internationales</span></span></span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">. Qu&eacute;bec&nbsp;: Presses de l&rsquo;Universit&eacute; Laval, 233-254. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">Kamdem, E. (2010).&nbsp;Itin&eacute;raire de recherche qualitative sur les temporalit&eacute;s en Afrique. <i>Revue des Recherches Qualitatives</i>, <i>Association pour la Recherche Qualitative</i> (ARQ), Hors-s&eacute;rie, 61-75.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Lugan</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">, J. (2013). &Eacute;laborer la strat&eacute;gie. In J. Lugan, J. <i>Manager l&#39;impr&eacute;visible : faire de l&rsquo;incertitude un avantage concurrentiel</i>. </span></span></span><span lang="FR-CM" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Paris : Dunod, 41-88.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Marchesnay, M. (2004). <i>Management Strat&eacute;gique.</i> Paris&nbsp;: &Eacute;ditions Eyrolles. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Martre, H. (1994). <i>Intelligence &eacute;conomique et strat&eacute;gie des entreprises</i>. Paris&nbsp;: Commissariat g&eacute;n&eacute;ral au plan, f&eacute;vrier.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><a name="_Hlk131674198"></a><a name="_Hlk131611135"></a></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Monino, J. &amp; Sedkaoui, S. (2013</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">). </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Les TIC&nbsp;: un outil indispensable pour une d&eacute;marche d&#39;intelligence &eacute;conomique, <i>March&eacute; et organisations</i>, n&deg; 18, 173-188. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><a href="https://doi.org/10.3917/maorg.018.0173" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">https://doi.org/10.3917/maorg.018.0173</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Moinet, N. (2011), <i>Intelligence &eacute;conomique&nbsp;: mythes et r&eacute;alit&eacute;s</i>. Paris&nbsp;: CNRS &Eacute;ditions.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Moussa Abdou, I. (2022). Intelligence &eacute;conomique, une nouvelle pratique manag&eacute;riale au service du d&eacute;veloppement des firmes multinationales africaines. <i>Revue Internationale des Sciences de Gestion</i>, 7(4), 947-966.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><a name="_Hlk133520958"><span lang="FR-CM" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Narayanan, V., Pinches, G., Kelm, K., Lander, D</span></span></span></a><span lang="FR-CM" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">. (2000). </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">The influence of voluntarily disclosed qualitative information. </span></span></span><i><span lang="FR-CM" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Strat&eacute;gic</span></span></span></i><span lang="FR-CM" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> <i>Management Journal</i>, 21(7), 9-18.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Nonga, D. K. &amp; B&eacute;chir, A. M. (2019). Adoption de l&#39;intelligence &eacute;conomique par les PME africaines : une &eacute;tude empirique au Cameroun. <i>Revue Internationale PME</i>, 32(1-2), 151-174.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Saber H., (2020). L&rsquo;intelligence &eacute;conomique dans la Zone de Libre-&Eacute;change Continentale Africaine. Enjeux et d&eacute;fis. <i>Dossiers de Recherches en &Eacute;conomie et Gestion</i>, Dossier 9, n&deg;1, 283-300.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span lang="FR-CM" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Sone-Mbassi, A. N. (2012). TIC, changements organisationnels et productivit&eacute; des entreprises manufacturi&egrave;res &raquo;. <i>Revue Camerounaise de Management,</i> 23, janvier-juin, 29-44.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><a name="_Hlk131669907"></a></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Vidal, P. (2005), La PME face &agrave; l&rsquo;information, attention ! In Guilhon, A. (&eacute;d.) (2005), <i>L&rsquo;intelligence &eacute;conomique dans la PME&nbsp;: visions &eacute;parses, paradoxes et manifestations</i>. </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Paris&nbsp;: L&rsquo;Harmattan.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Wilensky, H. L. (1967), </span></span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Organizational Intelligence:&nbsp;</span></span></span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Knowledge and Policy in Government and Industry</span></span></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">. University of California: Basic Books.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Zahraoui, O. et Zouggari, M. (2014). </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Intelligence &eacute;conomique et performance des PME marocaines. <i>Revue Marocaine de Recherche en Management et Marketing, </i>6(1), 77-99.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Zakaria, D. (2011). Qu&rsquo;est-ce que l&rsquo;intelligence &eacute;conomique (IE) et quelle est son utilit&eacute; pour l&rsquo;Afrique&nbsp;? <i>IE en Afrique</i>, Mars. </span></span></span><a href="http://www.ieafrique.com" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">www.ieafrique.com</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <div>&nbsp; <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="FR-CM" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">L&rsquo;acronyme IE (intelligence &eacute;conomique) est utilis&eacute; dans le texte.</span></span></span></p> </div> </div>