<p style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><b><span style="font-size:11.5pt">Table des mati&egrave;res&nbsp;:</span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoToc1" style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span class="MsoHyperlink" style="color:#0563c1"><span style="text-decoration:underline"><a href="#_Toc78295600" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline">1.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Introduction</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoToc1" style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span class="MsoHyperlink" style="color:#0563c1"><span style="text-decoration:underline"><a href="#_Toc78295601" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline">2.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cadre th&eacute;orique</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoToc2" style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-left:16px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span class="MsoHyperlink" style="color:#0563c1"><span style="text-decoration:underline"><a href="#_Toc78295602" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline">2.1.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Notion de posture</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoToc2" style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-left:16px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span class="MsoHyperlink" style="color:#0563c1"><span style="text-decoration:underline"><a href="#_Toc78295603" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline">2.2.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Six postures de Bucheton et Soul&eacute;&nbsp;: en pr&eacute;sentiel et &agrave; distance</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoToc2" style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-left:16px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span class="MsoHyperlink" style="color:#0563c1"><span style="text-decoration:underline"><a href="#_Toc78295604" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline">2.3.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;L&rsquo;approche par comp&eacute;tences</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoToc1" style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span class="MsoHyperlink" style="color:#0563c1"><span style="text-decoration:underline"><a href="#_Toc78295605" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline">3.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sc&eacute;nario p&eacute;dagogique</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoToc2" style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-left:16px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span class="MsoHyperlink" style="color:#0563c1"><span style="text-decoration:underline"><a href="#_Toc78295606" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline">3.1.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Le portfolio et sa d&eacute;marche r&eacute;flexive</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoToc2" style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-left:16px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span class="MsoHyperlink" style="color:#0563c1"><span style="text-decoration:underline"><a href="#_Toc78295607" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline">3.2.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;L&rsquo;organisation des s&eacute;ances pour les &eacute;tudiants DUT MMI</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoToc1" style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span class="MsoHyperlink" style="color:#0563c1"><span style="text-decoration:underline"><a href="#_Toc78295608" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline">4.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;M&eacute;thodologie</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoToc1" style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span class="MsoHyperlink" style="color:#0563c1"><span style="text-decoration:underline"><a href="#_Toc78295609" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline">5.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;R&eacute;sultats</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoToc2" style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-left:16px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span class="MsoHyperlink" style="color:#0563c1"><span style="text-decoration:underline"><a href="#_Toc78295610" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline">5.1.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Trois cat&eacute;gories de difficult&eacute;s</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoToc2" style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-left:16px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span class="MsoHyperlink" style="color:#0563c1"><span style="text-decoration:underline"><a href="#_Toc78295611" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline">5.2.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Des changements de postures</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoToc1" style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span class="MsoHyperlink" style="color:#0563c1"><span style="text-decoration:underline"><a href="#_Toc78295612" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline">6.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Conclusion</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoToc1" style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span class="MsoHyperlink" style="color:#0563c1"><span style="text-decoration:underline"><a href="#_Toc78295613" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline">7.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;R&eacute;f&eacute;rences</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <div style="page-break-after: always"><span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></div> <p style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <ol> <li style="margin-top:13px; margin-bottom:13px; margin-left:8px"><span style="font-size:16pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri Light&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#2f5496"><span style="font-weight:normal"><a name="_Toc78295600">Introduction</a></span></span></span></span></li> </ol> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">&Agrave; l&rsquo;automne 2020, l&rsquo;universit&eacute; a d&ucirc; faire face &agrave; un second confinement reli&eacute; &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;pid&eacute;mie de SRAS-COV2. Ce confinement a contraint des enseignants &agrave; r&eacute;-envisager tous leurs enseignements &agrave; distance sans d&eacute;lai. Cependant, enseigner &agrave; distance dans le cadre d&rsquo;un cours envisag&eacute; en pr&eacute;sentiel constitue un v&eacute;ritable d&eacute;fi (<span style="background-color:yellow"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Bonfils, 2020</span></span></span>&nbsp;;&nbsp;<span style="background-color:yellow"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Villiot-Leclercq, 2020</span></span></span>). L&rsquo;enseignant se doit dans certains cas de reconsid&eacute;rer ses contenus, ses attentes en mati&egrave;re de productions &eacute;tudiantes et d&rsquo;&eacute;valuations. Dans ces conditions, nombreux sont les enseignants qui n&rsquo;ont pas maintenu leur dispositif initialement envisag&eacute; et cela pour plusieurs raisons.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">La premi&egrave;re est que certains enseignants sont attentifs et/ou attach&eacute;s &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;galit&eacute; des chances (mat&eacute;rielles notamment). Cette &eacute;galit&eacute; s&rsquo;inscrit dans l&rsquo;id&eacute;e, r&eacute;pandue depuis le XVIIIe&nbsp;si&egrave;cle en Europe, qu&rsquo;il existe une &eacute;galit&eacute; des droits au sein des syst&egrave;mes &eacute;ducatifs. Ces syst&egrave;mes se doivent d&rsquo;offrir des conditions identiques de formation, d&rsquo;information et d&rsquo;&eacute;valuation &agrave; tous.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">La seconde raison est que certaines comp&eacute;tences (orales notamment) et leur apprentissage constitue un enjeu d&eacute;terminant (<span style="background-color:yellow"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Gaussel, 2017</span></span></span>) pour certaines disciplines (ex&nbsp;: les langues maternelles et &eacute;trang&egrave;res). La mise &agrave; distance spontan&eacute;e des enseignements reconditionne ces apprentissages et demande la mise en place d&rsquo;innovations p&eacute;dagogiques (<span style="background-color:yellow"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Cnir&eacute;, 2017</span></span></span>), non anticip&eacute;es et pas toujours maitris&eacute;es.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Enfin, la troisi&egrave;me raison est li&eacute;e au fait que l&rsquo;int&eacute;gration du num&eacute;rique dans la mise en place des enseignements n&eacute;cessite des comp&eacute;tences p&eacute;dagogiques, didactiques, num&eacute;riques (<span style="background-color:yellow"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Koelher et Mishra, 2009</span></span></span>) et que l&rsquo;&eacute;valuation (<span style="background-color:yellow"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Le Cunff et Jourdain, 1999</span></span></span>) ne fait pas toujours partie des priorit&eacute;s (<span style="background-color:yellow"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Demeuse et Aubert-Lotarski, 2007</span></span></span>) dans la formation professionnelle enseignante.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Afin de soutenir les pratiques de l&rsquo;enseignant se retrouvant malgr&eacute; lui oblig&eacute; de mettre en place un dispositif &agrave; distance, nous pr&eacute;sentons le r&eacute;sultat d&rsquo;une r&eacute;flexion portant sur les postures enseignantes mises en &oelig;uvre face aux difficult&eacute;s des &eacute;tudiants apparues en distanciel. Plus particuli&egrave;rement, nous pr&eacute;sentons l&rsquo;analyse d&rsquo;une exp&eacute;rience men&eacute;e au sein de l&rsquo;IUT de B&eacute;ziers qui s&rsquo;&eacute;chelonne entre septembre et d&eacute;cembre 2021. Elle visait &agrave; faire produire un portfolio par les &eacute;tudiants &agrave; partir des comp&eacute;tences qu&rsquo;ils ont pu d&eacute;velopper au cours de quatre cours qui se sont d&eacute;roul&eacute;s en pr&eacute;sentiel en d&eacute;but d&rsquo;ann&eacute;e universitaire. La cr&eacute;ation de ce portfolio s&rsquo;est d&eacute;roul&eacute;e &agrave; la suite de ces cours, en pr&eacute;sentiel puis en distanciel.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Apr&egrave;s avoir pr&eacute;sent&eacute; le cadre th&eacute;orique de la posture enseignante et de l&rsquo;approche par comp&eacute;tences, nous d&eacute;crivons le contexte de formation et plus particuli&egrave;rement le sc&eacute;nario p&eacute;dagogique qui visait &agrave; permettre aux &eacute;tudiants de produire leur portfolio. Ensuite, &agrave; partir de la m&eacute;thodologie d&rsquo;analyse des donn&eacute;es recueillies, nous cat&eacute;gorisons les difficult&eacute;s rencontr&eacute;es par les &eacute;tudiants et sp&eacute;cifions les changements de postures qui sont apparues n&eacute;cessaires afin de soutenir ces pratiques apprenantes en contexte distanciel.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <ol start="2"> <li style="margin-top:13px; margin-bottom:13px; margin-left:8px"><span style="font-size:16pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri Light&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#2f5496"><span style="font-weight:normal"><a name="_Toc78295601"> Cadre th&eacute;orique</a></span></span></span></span> <ol> <li style="margin-top:13px; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:13pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri Light&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#2f5496"><span style="font-weight:normal"><a name="_Toc78295602"> Notion de posture</a></span></span></span></span></li> </ol> </li> </ol> <p class="ISTE-paragraph" style="text-indent:14.2pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="line-height:12.5pt"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt">La notion de posture, emprunt&eacute;e &agrave; l&rsquo;italien&nbsp;<i>postura</i>&nbsp;(qui signifie &laquo;&nbsp;position&nbsp;&raquo; ou &laquo;&nbsp;disposition&nbsp;&raquo;) est peu &eacute;tudi&eacute;e en profondeur (<span style="background-color:yellow"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Deschryver, Lameul, 2016</span></span></span>). Elle appara&icirc;t commun&eacute;ment comme employ&eacute;e au sujet de r&eacute;alit&eacute;s communes. On parte de &laquo;&nbsp;posture d&rsquo;un auteur&nbsp;&raquo;, de &laquo;&nbsp;posture critique/divergente&nbsp;&raquo; sans qu&rsquo;il soit possible de lui donner un contour bien d&eacute;fini (<span style="background-color:yellow"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Saint-Amand et Vrydaghs, 2011</span></span></span>).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Le corps, comme objet de m&eacute;diation, s&#39;enrichit de ces multiples &laquo; postures &raquo; que nous assimilons progressivement. Certains d&#39;entre nous se souviennent certainement de l&#39;obligation de &laquo; se tenir droit &raquo; ou de &laquo; ne pas mettre les coudes sur la table &raquo;. Nous avons donc acquis un certain nombre de postures corporelles qui r&eacute;pondent &agrave; des normes sociales intentionnelles intervenant dans un contexte particulier. Le corps se positionne donc diff&eacute;remment selon l&#39;endroit o&ugrave; il se trouve, selon les personnes (autres corps)&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; margin-left:38px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">&laquo; En outre, tous les principes de choix sont incorpor&eacute;s, devenus postures, dispositions du corps : les valeurs sont des gestes, des mani&egrave;res de se tenir debout, de marcher, de parler. La force de l&#39;ethos, c&#39;est que c&#39;est une morale devenue hexis, geste, posture &raquo; (<span style="background-color:yellow"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Bourdieu, 1978, p.134</span></span></span>).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Il est cependant r&eacute;ducteur de restreindre la notion de posture &agrave; celle du corps. Nous entendons et verbalisons l&rsquo;expression&nbsp;</span></span></span></span>&laquo;&nbsp;&ecirc;tre en bonnes ou mauvaises postures&nbsp;&raquo;,&nbsp;<span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">&laquo;&nbsp;posture offensive/d&eacute;fensive&nbsp;&raquo; ou encore &laquo; postures r&eacute;flexives/professionnelles &raquo; qui d&eacute;signe&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:7px; margin-left:38px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">&laquo;&nbsp;la situation dans laquelle agit un professionnel, tout autant que le syst&egrave;me d&rsquo;attitudes qu&rsquo;il adopte dans cet exercice &raquo; (<span style="background-color:yellow"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Mulin, 2013, p.214</span></span></span>).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Lameul (<span style="background-color:yellow"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Lameul, 2008&nbsp;: p 89</span></span></span>&nbsp;cit&eacute; par&nbsp;<span style="background-color:yellow"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Deschryver et Lameul, 2016</span></span></span>) d&eacute;finit la posture comme une</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; margin-left:38px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">&laquo;&nbsp;manifestation (physique ou symbolique) d&rsquo;un &eacute;tat mental. Fa&ccedil;onn&eacute;e par nos croyances et orient&eacute;e par nos intentions, elle exerce une influence directrice et dynamique sur nos actions, leur donnant sens et justification&nbsp;&raquo;.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">&Agrave; travers cette d&eacute;finition, nous percevons &agrave; la fois l&rsquo;aspect dynamique de la posture situ&eacute;e &agrave; l&rsquo;interface de diverses repr&eacute;sentations (croyances et intentions) et l&rsquo;orientation vers l&rsquo;action &agrave; laquelle cette posture donne du sens (justifications des choix r&eacute;alis&eacute;s). La posture semble &ecirc;tre forg&eacute;e en grande partie par nos histoires personnelles, nos exp&eacute;riences ant&eacute;rieures et parmi elles les habitudes que nous avons &eacute;labor&eacute;es.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Chez l&rsquo;enseignant, ceci revient &agrave; dire que sa posture d&eacute;pend de son histoire personnelle (<span style="background-color:yellow"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Albero&nbsp;<i>et al</i>., 2009</span></span></span>), de son pass&eacute; scolaire (disciplinaire et relationnel) et p&eacute;ri-scolaire (activit&eacute;s sociales personnelles), de ses habitudes de pratiques professionnelles soutenues par ses intentions et ses repr&eacute;sentations reli&eacute;es &agrave; son m&eacute;tier. Cette vision rejoint les travaux men&eacute;s par Bucheton et Soul&eacute; (<span style="background-color:yellow"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">2009</span></span></span>) qui s&rsquo;inspirent de la didactique du fran&ccedil;ais (<span style="background-color:yellow"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Bucheton et Bautier, 1997</span></span></span>) et dans lesquels ils mobilisent la th&eacute;orie des concepts en actes de&nbsp;<span style="background-color:yellow"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Vergnaud (1996</span></span></span>).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <ol> <li style="list-style-type:none"> <ol start="2"> <li style="margin-top:13px; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:13pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri Light&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#2f5496"><span style="font-weight:normal"><a name="_Toc78295603"> Six postures de Bucheton et Soul&eacute;&nbsp;: en pr&eacute;sentiel et &agrave; distance</a></span></span></span></span></li> </ol> </li> </ol> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Pour Bucheton et Soul&eacute; (<span style="background-color:yellow"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">2009&nbsp;: 38)</span></span></span>&nbsp;la posture est un&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; margin-left:38px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">&laquo;&nbsp;sch&egrave;me pr&eacute;construit du &ldquo;penser-dire-faire&rdquo;, que le sujet convoque en r&eacute;ponse &agrave; une situation ou &agrave; une t&acirc;che scolaire donn&eacute;e. La posture est relative &agrave; la t&acirc;che mais construite dans l&rsquo;histoire sociale, personnelle et scolaire du sujet.&nbsp;&raquo;.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt; margin-bottom:15px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:12.5pt">Ces auteurs pr&eacute;sentent plus particuli&egrave;rement une palette de six postures d&rsquo;&eacute;tayage que le sujet (enseignant) peut mobiliser pour r&eacute;aliser une t&acirc;che&nbsp;: le contr&ocirc;le, le contre-&eacute;tayage, l&rsquo;accompagnement, l&rsquo;enseignement, le l&acirc;cher-prise et la posture du magicien.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="ISTE-paragraph" style="text-indent:14.2pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:15px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="line-height:12.5pt"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt">La posture de contr&ocirc;le se manifeste par un cadrage de la situation ce qui se traduit par plusieurs &eacute;l&eacute;ments observables : les activit&eacute;s ont lieu g&eacute;n&eacute;ralement avec l&rsquo;ensemble des apprenants (groupe classe) qui avancent tous en m&ecirc;me temps en fonction des consignes fournies par l&rsquo;enseignant. En pr&eacute;sentiel, l&rsquo;enseignant s&rsquo;efforce de r&eacute;pondre aux sollicitations des apprenants tout en ma&icirc;trisant l&rsquo;avancement de tous, envisag&eacute;e en amont. Dans l&rsquo;enseignement &agrave; distance, cette posture peut prendre forme lors de visio-conf&eacute;rences de r&eacute;ponses destin&eacute;es &agrave; tous les groupes aux questions li&eacute;es &agrave; la t&acirc;che devant &ecirc;tre r&eacute;alis&eacute;e.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="ISTE-paragraph" style="text-indent:14.2pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:15px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="line-height:12.5pt"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt">La posture de contre-&eacute;tayage se manifeste par une prise en charge par l&rsquo;enseignant de certaines t&acirc;ches ou sous-t&acirc;ches demand&eacute;es &agrave; l&rsquo;apprenant. Cette posture se manifeste par un enseignant qui r&eacute;alise des actions &agrave; la place de l&rsquo;apprenant. Elle a souvent pour but de permettre &agrave; un apprenant de rattraper le groupe. En pr&eacute;sentiel cette posture peut prendre la forme pour l&rsquo;enseignant de l&rsquo;installation d&rsquo;un logiciel dans le sens ou cette installation ne constitue pas l&rsquo;objectif principal de la s&eacute;ance de travail mais lui est indispensable. En distanciel, par cette posture l&rsquo;enseignant fournit un tutoriel d&rsquo;installation avant la s&eacute;ance ou encore accompagne pas &agrave; pas un apprenant &agrave; partir d&rsquo;un partage d&rsquo;&eacute;cran.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="ISTE-paragraph" style="text-indent:14.2pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:15px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="line-height:12.5pt"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt">La posture d&rsquo;accompagnement appara&icirc;t comme laissant du temps &agrave; l&rsquo;apprenant de comprendre afin qu&rsquo;il puisse trouver les r&eacute;ponses autant que possible par lui-m&ecirc;me. L&rsquo;action de l&rsquo;enseignant a pour but de provoquer des discussions entre les apprenants afin de les amener &agrave; confronter leurs points de vue et d&eacute;velopper une prise initiative. Ici, l&rsquo;enseignant est en position d&rsquo;observateur. Il d&eacute;limite un champ des possibles et laisse les apprenants agir et interagir entre eux et avec lui. Dans un dispositif distanciel, cette posture peut prendre la forme de phases d&rsquo;observation d&rsquo;&eacute;changes qui ont lieu par exemple en sous-groupes (division de groupes en visio-conf&eacute;rences ou travaillant sur un document partag&eacute;).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="ISTE-paragraph" style="text-indent:14.2pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:15px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="line-height:12.5pt"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt">La posture d&rsquo;enseignement est essentiellement centr&eacute;e sur la synth&egrave;se et la conceptualisation. Cette posture va permettre &agrave; l&rsquo;enseignant de formuler et de verbaliser les savoirs qui ont &eacute;t&eacute; abord&eacute;s au cours de la s&eacute;ance. Contrairement aux postures de contr&ocirc;le et de contre-&eacute;tayage, la posture d&rsquo;enseignement a lieu sur des p&eacute;riodes tr&egrave;s cibl&eacute;es telles que la fin d&rsquo;une s&eacute;ance. Elle s&rsquo;inscrit sous la forme d&rsquo;un r&eacute;sum&eacute; tout en envisageant des prolongements envisag&eacute;es ou envisageables. Cette posture a pour objectif faire prendre conscience de l&rsquo;avanc&eacute;e r&eacute;alis&eacute;e et des perspectives de travail dans une dynamique d&rsquo;am&eacute;lioration continue et de mise en lien avec d&rsquo;autres disciplines, d&rsquo;autres activit&eacute;s d&eacute;j&agrave; men&eacute;es ou &agrave; venir. Cette posture peut prendre la forme, en pr&eacute;sentiel et en distanciel, d&rsquo;un document de synth&egrave;se r&eacute;dig&eacute; par l&rsquo;enseignant &agrave; l&rsquo;ensemble des apprenants &agrave; partir des observations qu&rsquo;il a r&eacute;alis&eacute;es au cours de la s&eacute;ance ou encore d&rsquo;un document bibliographique incitant les &eacute;tudiants &agrave; poursuivre le travail par des lectures. Dans un dispositif &agrave; distance, tous ces documents peuvent &ecirc;tre d&eacute;pos&eacute;s sur une plateforme LMS<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a>&nbsp;qui offre la possibilit&eacute; &agrave; l&rsquo;apprenant de les consulter plus tard.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="ISTE-paragraph" style="text-indent:14.2pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:15px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="line-height:12.5pt"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt">La posture de l&acirc;cher-prise est un prolongement et un renforcement de la posture d&rsquo;accompagnement. Elle vise &agrave; rendre les apprenants responsables de leur travail tout en les autorisant &agrave; exp&eacute;rimenter, &eacute;changer et prendre des d&eacute;cisions argument&eacute;es. L&rsquo;enseignant incite le groupe &agrave; s&rsquo;autog&eacute;rer, r&eacute;fl&eacute;chir sur des hypoth&egrave;ses qu&rsquo;ils formulent et les cons&eacute;quences de leurs choix. L&rsquo;enseignant se refuse d&rsquo;intervenir dans les orientations prises et mais interroge l&rsquo;apprenant au niveau des justificatifs de ces choix. &Agrave; distance, cette posture est facilit&eacute;e par l&rsquo;utilisation d&rsquo;un LMS laissant par exemple &agrave; l&rsquo;apprenant une p&eacute;riode pour d&eacute;poser lorsqu&rsquo;il le souhaite les travaux attendus, pour effectuer des recherches documentaires en ligne et en laisser une trace sur la plateforme ou encore consulter diverses ressources mises &agrave; sa disposition sur la plateforme au moment o&ugrave; il le trouvera opportun.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt; margin-bottom:15px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Enfin, la posture dite du &laquo;&nbsp;magicien&nbsp;&raquo; mobilise les jeux, les gestes th&eacute;&acirc;traux, les r&eacute;cits et anecdotes personnels visant &agrave; attirer l&rsquo;attention des apprenants. Ici, l&rsquo;enseignant ouvre par cette posture la voie aux interactions avec les apprenants mais aussi avec d&rsquo;autres acteurs pouvant intervenir dans leurs s&eacute;ances de formation (un autre enseignant, un ancien &eacute;tudiant, un professionnel, etc.) offrant la possibilit&eacute; de mettre en sc&egrave;ne (corporellement / visuellement / &eacute;motionnellement) sa situation et/ou de solliciter chez l&rsquo;apprenant de nouvelles strat&eacute;gies de r&eacute;solution de probl&egrave;mes. &Agrave; distance, la posture du magicien, comme en pr&eacute;sentiel, peut amener l&rsquo;enseignant &agrave; interagir avec d&rsquo;autres acteurs, mettre en &oelig;uvre des m&eacute;taphores ou encore des innovations technologiques (ex&nbsp;: r&eacute;alit&eacute; augment&eacute;e, virtuelle).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Parmi ces six postures, celles d&rsquo;accompagnement, de l&acirc;cher-prise et de magicien repr&eacute;sentent celles qui semblaient les plus adapt&eacute;es dans la mise en place de l&rsquo;approche par comp&eacute;tences vis&eacute;e dans cette exp&eacute;rience.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <ol> <li style="list-style-type:none"> <ol start="3"> <li style="margin-top:13px; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:13pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri Light&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#2f5496"><span style="font-weight:normal"><a name="_Toc78295604"> L&rsquo;approche par comp&eacute;tences</a></span></span></span></span></li> </ol> </li> </ol> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt; margin-bottom:15px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">L&rsquo;Approche Par Comp&eacute;tences (APC) vise &agrave; construire l&#39;enseignement sur la base de savoir-faire, &eacute;valu&eacute;s dans le cadre de la r&eacute;alisation d&#39;un ensemble de t&acirc;ches int&eacute;gr&eacute;es &agrave; des situations complexes (authentiques) positionnant l&rsquo;apprenant au centre de ses apprentissages. Cette approche impulse de profonds changements dans les pratiques qui se situent notamment au niveau des modalit&eacute;s de transmission et de l&rsquo;aide apport&eacute;e &agrave; l&rsquo;appropriation des connaissances chez chacun des apprenants. Elles constituent un nouveau cadre de r&eacute;f&eacute;rence, &laquo;&nbsp;qui tente de d&eacute;passer certaines limites de la p&eacute;dagogie par&nbsp;objectifs.&nbsp;&raquo; (<span style="background-color:yellow"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Parent&nbsp;<i>et al</i>., 2012 :&nbsp;&nbsp;183</span></span></span>). M&ecirc;me si ce mode de conception de l&rsquo;enseignement (<span style="background-color:yellow"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Monchatre, 2008</span></span></span>) n&rsquo;est ni nouveau (<span style="background-color:yellow"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Crahay, 2006</span></span></span>), ni d&rsquo;origine fran&ccedil;aise, ni originale dans ses fondements (<span style="background-color:yellow"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Hirtt, 2009</span></span></span>), elle se d&eacute;finit comme un mouvement de r&eacute;forme ou les objectifs d&rsquo;enseignement ne se d&eacute;finissent plus comme des contenus à transmettre mais plut&ocirc;t comme des capacit&eacute;s d&rsquo;action qu&rsquo;un apprenant doit d&eacute;velopper d&#39;un ensemble de savoirs, savoir-faire, savoir-&ecirc;tre (<span style="background-color:yellow"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Bosman&nbsp;<i>et al</i>., 2000</span></span></span>) afin de pourvoir accomplir ses activit&eacute;s dans une situation nouvelle appartenant &agrave; une m&ecirc;me famille de t&acirc;ches/situations.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt; margin-bottom:15px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Parmi les six postures &eacute;voqu&eacute;es pr&eacute;c&eacute;demment, trois semblent plus particuli&egrave;rement &ecirc;tre&nbsp;adapt&eacute;es &agrave; la mise en place de l&rsquo;approche par comp&eacute;tences&nbsp;: la posture de l&rsquo;accompagnement, celle du l&acirc;cher-prise et celle du magicien.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt; margin-bottom:15px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Dans la posture de l&rsquo;accompagnement, l&rsquo;enseignant&nbsp;laisse du temps &agrave; l&rsquo;apprenant de comprendre (seul ou en groupe) le probl&egrave;me qui lui est soumis par une situation (authentique) propos&eacute;e afin qu&rsquo;il puisse trouver les r&eacute;ponses par lui-m&ecirc;me en fonction de ses repr&eacute;sentations. Cette posture&nbsp;offre les moyens &agrave; chaque &eacute;tudiant de mobiliser ses propres&nbsp;savoirs, savoir-faire, savoir-&ecirc;tre&nbsp;dans un probl&egrave;me dont il se construit une repr&eacute;sentation, et &agrave; laquelle il associe une r&eacute;solution non pr&eacute;sag&eacute;e ni anticip&eacute;e par l&rsquo;enseignant ouvert &agrave; toutes les strat&eacute;gies et r&eacute;sultats apprenants.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt; margin-bottom:15px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Par la posture de l&acirc;cher-prise,&nbsp;l&rsquo;enseignant responsabilise l&rsquo;apprenant dans l&rsquo;avancement du travail collectif et individuel, ses choix et leurs cons&eacute;quences. L&rsquo;enseignant donne ainsi les moyens &agrave; l&rsquo;apprenant de mener une r&eacute;flexion personnelle sur les possibilit&eacute;s qui lui sont offertes selon les contraintes qu&rsquo;il per&ccedil;oit d&rsquo;une situation, et celles qui sont envisageables si les conditions &eacute;voluent.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt; margin-bottom:15px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Dans la posture du magicien, l&rsquo;enseignant est amen&eacute; &agrave; proposer des situations (authentiques) qui donnent de la cr&eacute;dibilit&eacute; et du sens aux diff&eacute;rentes activit&eacute;s soumises &agrave; l&rsquo;apprenant. Il peut faire intervenir d&rsquo;autres acteurs qui par exemple fournissent des t&eacute;moignages pr&eacute;sentant l&rsquo;utilit&eacute; de la situation propos&eacute;e (anciens &eacute;l&egrave;ves, formateurs d&rsquo;&eacute;coles sup&eacute;rieures) ou faire intervenir des commanditaires externes (professionnels, responsables de services) dans la formulation de la consigne associ&eacute;e &agrave; la r&eacute;solution d&rsquo;un probl&egrave;me r&eacute;el de terrain et/ou dans l&rsquo;&eacute;valuation des livrables produits par les &eacute;tudiants r&eacute;pondant &agrave; ce m&ecirc;me probl&egrave;me.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <ol start="3"> <li style="margin-top:13px; margin-bottom:13px; margin-left:8px"><span style="font-size:16pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri Light&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#2f5496"><span style="font-weight:normal"><a name="_Toc78295605"> Sc&eacute;nario p&eacute;dagogique</a></span></span></span></span> <ol> <li style="margin-top:13px; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:13pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri Light&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#2f5496"><span style="font-weight:normal"><a name="_Toc78295606"> Le portfolio et sa d&eacute;marche r&eacute;flexive</a></span></span></span></span></li> </ol> </li> </ol> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Que ce soit pour la planification d&rsquo;apprentissages cibl&eacute;s, la recherche d&rsquo;un emploi ou la reconnaissance d&rsquo;acquis et de comp&eacute;tences, le portfolio (ou&nbsp;<i>e-portfolio</i>&nbsp;dans sa version num&eacute;rique) s&rsquo;impose dans la mise en place d&rsquo;une d&eacute;marche de d&eacute;veloppement personnel et/ou professionnel en vue d&rsquo;une insertion r&eacute;ussie ou d&rsquo;une poursuite d&rsquo;&eacute;tudes. Dans ce sens, il se d&eacute;finit comme&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:15px; margin-left:38px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">&laquo;&nbsp;une collection d&rsquo;informations num&eacute;riques d&eacute;crivant et illustrant l&rsquo;apprentissage ou la carri&egrave;re d&rsquo;une personne, son exp&eacute;rience et ses r&eacute;ussites. Un&nbsp;<i>e-portfolio</i>&nbsp;est un espace privé et son propri&eacute;taire a le contr&ocirc;le complet de qui y a acc&egrave;s, comment et quand&nbsp;&raquo;. (<span style="background-color:yellow"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Cloutier&nbsp;<i>et al</i>., 2006&nbsp;: 11</span></span></span>).&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt; margin-bottom:15px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Son analyse constitue une fen&ecirc;tre sur la comp&eacute;tence et son &eacute;valuation permet un jugement fid&egrave;le (<span style="background-color:yellow"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Touzel, 1993</span></span></span>).&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt; margin-bottom:15px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">La constitution d&rsquo;un portfolio dans l&rsquo;approche par comp&eacute;tences n&rsquo;a pas vocation directe &agrave; faciliter l&rsquo;insertion professionnelle. Il s&rsquo;int&egrave;gre plut&ocirc;t dans une d&eacute;marche d&rsquo;&eacute;valuation, r&eacute;flexive visant &agrave; appr&eacute;hender pour chaque apprenant sa propre d&eacute;marche d&rsquo;appropriation de situations authentiques et le d&eacute;veloppement de comp&eacute;tences associ&eacute;es &agrave; la r&eacute;solution des probl&egrave;mes rattach&eacute;s &agrave; chacune d&rsquo;elles.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt; margin-bottom:15px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Le d&eacute;veloppement de la comp&eacute;tence et la mise en place d&rsquo;une d&eacute;marche r&eacute;flexive ne constituent pas une entreprise solitaire. Ils se construisent par la confrontation &agrave; l&rsquo;alt&eacute;rit&eacute;, alternant temps d&rsquo;&eacute;change et temps d&rsquo;&eacute;criture. L&rsquo;&eacute;tude de Peter et ses coll&egrave;gues (<span style="background-color:yellow"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Peters&nbsp;<i>et al</i>., 2017</span></span></span>) sugg&egrave;re que cette d&eacute;marche est reli&eacute;e &agrave; la performance dans le sens ou la r&eacute;flexivit&eacute; offre l&rsquo;opportunit&eacute; &agrave; l&rsquo;apprenant de se connecter/reconnecter &agrave; un but personnel professionnel, lui donnant confiance et fiert&eacute; d&rsquo;un parcours accompli.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt; margin-bottom:15px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">L&rsquo;&eacute;criture (<span style="background-color:yellow"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Bibauw et Dufays, 2010)</span></span></span>&nbsp;est individuelle. Venant apr&egrave;s le temps d&rsquo;&eacute;changes, elle se d&eacute;finit moins comme exercice r&eacute;flexif en tant que tel, qu&rsquo;un effort d&rsquo;int&eacute;riorisation, de mise en &eacute;vidence de ce qu&rsquo;a enclench&eacute; les &eacute;changes dans une confrontation ant&eacute;rieure remettant en question ou approfondissant (<span style="background-color:yellow"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Bibauw, 2010</span></span></span>), une notion, une organisation.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt; margin-bottom:15px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Ce temps d&rsquo;&eacute;criture individuelle, servant de support &agrave; chacun des &eacute;tudiants dans son d&eacute;veloppement (<span style="background-color:yellow"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Chabanne, 2006</span></span></span>) personnel, est ponctu&eacute; de temps d&rsquo;&eacute;changes assur&eacute;s au sein d&rsquo;un groupe de travail&nbsp;<span style="font-size:11.5pt">facilitateur d&rsquo;une confrontation cognitive et activateur de r&eacute;flexions personnelles. Constitu&eacute;&nbsp;</span>d&rsquo;un enseignant (pour un des groupes) et d&rsquo;un ensemble d&rsquo;&eacute;tudiants appartenant &agrave; la m&ecirc;me promotion, chaque groupe au cours de s&eacute;ances programm&eacute;es &eacute;changent autour de la situation authentique que tous les &eacute;tudiants ont rencontr&eacute;e et de la pr&eacute;sentation des traces d&rsquo;apprentissage associ&eacute;es &agrave; chaque comp&eacute;tence identifi&eacute;e par chaque &eacute;tudiant.<span style="font-size:11.5pt">&nbsp;Ce temps collectif constitue &laquo;&nbsp;l&rsquo;occasion d&rsquo;une confrontation des points de vue et des expertises &raquo; (<span style="background-color:yellow"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Cahour et Licoppe, 2010, p. 249</span></span></span>). Chaque membre du groupe qui participe &agrave; ce temps d&rsquo;&eacute;change formule des feedbacks formatifs questionnant l&rsquo;&eacute;tudiant sur ses traces de comp&eacute;tences qu&rsquo;il pr&eacute;sentera ensuite (sous format visuel/audio/audiovisuel) dans son portfolio.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:11.5pt">Le but de ces groupes d&rsquo;&eacute;changes est de faciliter les partages et les &eacute;changes (<span style="background-color:yellow"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Poumay, 2017</span></span></span>), de pousser chaque &eacute;tudiant &agrave; une r&eacute;flexion en profondeur sur les traces de sa comp&eacute;tence et de sa modalit&eacute; de d&eacute;ploiement telle qu&rsquo;elle est envisag&eacute;e dans une activit&eacute; professionnelle future.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <ol> <li style="list-style-type:none"> <ol start="2"> <li style="margin-top:13px; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:13pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri Light&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#2f5496"><span style="font-weight:normal"><a name="_Toc78295607"> L&rsquo;organisation des s&eacute;ances pour les &eacute;tudiants DUT MMI</a></span></span></span></span></li> </ol> </li> </ol> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt; margin-bottom:15px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Le Dipl&ocirc;me Universitaire de Technologie sp&eacute;cialit&eacute; M&eacute;tiers du Multim&eacute;dia et de l&rsquo;Internet (DUT-MMI) a pour objectif de former (Bac +2) professionnellement des &eacute;tudiants &agrave; la communication num&eacute;rique&nbsp;:&nbsp;<i>web design</i>, infographie 2D et 3D, production audiovisuelle, d&eacute;veloppement de sites web et d&rsquo;applications interactives.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Afin de faciliter la d&eacute;marche de mise en place du portfolio impos&eacute; dans le cadre du BUT &agrave; partir de septembre 2021, nous avons propos&eacute; aux &eacute;tudiants inscrits en DUT MMI en 2019-20 de r&eacute;aliser un portfolio en prenant appui sur quatre activit&eacute;s extraites des diff&eacute;rentes missions des &eacute;tudiants inscrits en DUT-MMI seconde ann&eacute;e en apprentissage<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a>. Ces activit&eacute;s font r&eacute;f&eacute;rence &agrave; des situations authentiques pouvant &ecirc;tre demand&eacute;es &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;tudiant durant sa p&eacute;riode de stages en entreprise (priv&eacute;e ou publique) et/ou ensuite lors d&rsquo;une activit&eacute; professionnelle. Ces quatre activit&eacute;s ont &eacute;t&eacute; men&eacute;es en pr&eacute;sentiel dans les locaux de l&rsquo;IUT, par groupe de quatre &eacute;tudiants, constitu&eacute;s sur la base du volontariat entre septembre en novembre 2020&nbsp;:&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <ol> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">production d&rsquo;un mot-crois&eacute;s sur le th&egrave;me du vocabulaire du multim&eacute;dia, pr&eacute;sent&eacute; dans un journal local &agrave; la rubrique jeux. Ce mot-crois&eacute;s est commandit&eacute; par le r&eacute;dacteur en chef du journal Midi Libre&nbsp;;</span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">r&eacute;daction d&rsquo;une&nbsp;<i>Newletter</i>&nbsp;pour le compte de la biblioth&egrave;que de l&rsquo;IUT de B&eacute;ziers, informant ses abonn&eacute;s de l&rsquo;ouverture de ses nouveaux locaux et des diff&eacute;rents services propos&eacute;s (ex&nbsp;: modes de consultation des documents en ligne, des p&eacute;riodiques, des affiches, etc.). Cette&nbsp;<i>Newletter&nbsp;</i>a &eacute;t&eacute; demand&eacute;e par le responsable administratif de l&rsquo;Espace Michel Serres de l&rsquo;IUT de B&eacute;ziers&nbsp;;</span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">conception d&rsquo;une application num&eacute;rique interactive &agrave; partir d&rsquo;un texte litt&eacute;raire &eacute;tudi&eacute; en classe de sixi&egrave;me. Ce texte est impos&eacute; par un &eacute;diteur de manuels scolaires d&rsquo;o&ugrave; sont extraits les textes propos&eacute;s ;&nbsp;</span></span></li> <li style="margin-bottom:15px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">production d&rsquo;une capsule vid&eacute;o de 2 mn exposant une r&egrave;gle de grammaire ou d&rsquo;orthographe fran&ccedil;aise associ&eacute; &agrave; un exemple de phrase et un exercice (<span style="background-color:yellow"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Jacob-Thobois et P&eacute;lissier, 2019</span></span></span>). Cette capsule a &eacute;t&eacute; demand&eacute;e par une enseignante de Fran&ccedil;ais du coll&egrave;ge de B&eacute;ziers en vue d&rsquo;alimenter son cours d&rsquo;orthographe aux &eacute;l&egrave;ves de sixi&egrave;me.</span></span></li> </ol> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt; margin-bottom:15px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Chacune de ces activit&eacute;s a &eacute;t&eacute; r&eacute;alis&eacute;e dans le cadre du module intitul&eacute; &laquo;&nbsp;&Eacute;criture pour les m&eacute;dias num&eacute;riques&nbsp;&raquo; dont l&rsquo;objectif est de sensibiliser les &eacute;tudiants au vocabulaire du num&eacute;rique et du multim&eacute;dia, &agrave; des pratiques d&rsquo;analyse et de conception de sites web/applications interactives et &agrave; la conception de supports de communication num&eacute;rique (hors r&eacute;seaux sociaux).&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt; margin-bottom:15px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Les productions &eacute;taient demand&eacute;es &agrave; partir d&rsquo;une t&acirc;che professionnelle (posture du magicien) formul&eacute;e &agrave; l&rsquo;oral (et doubl&eacute;e sous le LMS-Moodle dans sa version &eacute;crite) par le commanditaire qui est venu pr&eacute;senter la situation en cours ou a produit une vid&eacute;o mettant directement les &eacute;tudiants en situation de production de livrables. Dans le cadre des cours d&rsquo;apr&egrave;s, les connaissances li&eacute;es aux m&eacute;thodes professionnelles et/ou aux savoirs n&eacute;cessaires &agrave; la production de chaque livrable demand&eacute; par le commanditaire &eacute;taient pr&eacute;sent&eacute;es dans un cours magistral/Travaux dirig&eacute;s et/ou mis &agrave; disposition des &eacute;tudiants (posture accompagnement) dans l&rsquo;espace LMS-Moodle sous la forme de documents audio-visuels, textuels et/ou graphiques. Ainsi, l&rsquo;&eacute;tudiant avait la possibilit&eacute; de consulter d&egrave;s le d&eacute;but mais &eacute;galement tout au long de la p&eacute;riode allou&eacute; &agrave; cette tache l&rsquo;ensemble des documents fournis par l&rsquo;enseignant, depuis plusieurs lieux et outils de connexion (ordinateur, tablette, t&eacute;l&eacute;phone, etc.). Il pouvait &eacute;galement rechercher par lui-m&ecirc;me des documents (sur le web notamment), demander de l&rsquo;aide &agrave; un ou plusieurs autres enseignants/professionnels et/ou utiliser d&rsquo;autres supports fournis lors de sc&eacute;narios p&eacute;dagogiques int&eacute;gr&eacute;s &agrave; d&rsquo;autres modules de la formation (posture l&acirc;cher-prise).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Apr&egrave;s le d&eacute;p&ocirc;t collectif du livrable demand&eacute;, quatre s&eacute;ances structuraient la d&eacute;marche de conception/production du portfolio personnel&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">La premi&egrave;re s&eacute;ance amenait dans une premier temps chaque groupe d&rsquo;&eacute;tudiants &agrave; &eacute;changer entre eux sur les comp&eacute;tences qu&rsquo;ils avaient selon eux d&eacute;velopp&eacute;es durant chaque activit&eacute;. Ces comp&eacute;tences &eacute;taient de trois natures&nbsp;: celles reli&eacute;es au r&eacute;f&eacute;rentiel associ&eacute; au BUT (<i>hard skills</i>), les comp&eacute;tences transversales (<i>soft skills</i>) et les comp&eacute;tences extra-professionnelles (<i>mad skills</i>) identifi&eacute;es lors de diff&eacute;rents ateliers organis&eacute;s par le service qualit&eacute; de l&rsquo;IUT de B&eacute;ziers (<span style="background-color:yellow"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">P&eacute;lissier et Di Gennaro, 202</span></span></span>1). Ces listes de comp&eacute;tences &eacute;taient disponibles dans des documents d&eacute;pos&eacute;s par l&rsquo;enseignant sous Moodle et cela d&egrave;s le d&eacute;part de l&rsquo;exp&eacute;rience.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Dans un second temps, chaque &eacute;tudiant &eacute;tait amen&eacute; &agrave; &eacute;crire le contenu de son portfolio par rapport &agrave; sa propre activit&eacute; discut&eacute;e lors de la premi&egrave;re s&eacute;ance&nbsp;: il devait y d&eacute;poser les traces de sa comp&eacute;tence (copie d&rsquo;&eacute;cran, contenu de feuilles volantes, extraits de documents collectifs, r&eacute;sultats de recherches r&eacute;alis&eacute;es sur le Web avec les mots cl&eacute;s cibl&eacute;s et explicit&eacute;s, etc.) et proposer un texte personnel rappelant :</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">le contexte de cette trace (qui faisait quoi &agrave; ce moment-l&agrave; au sein du groupe)&nbsp;;</span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">l&rsquo;action r&eacute;alis&eacute;e (t&acirc;che collective &agrave; laquelle la trace choisie par l&rsquo;&eacute;tudiant est rattach&eacute;e)&nbsp;;</span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">les moyens mis en &oelig;uvre (strat&eacute;gie personnelle mise en place)&nbsp;;</span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">les raisons du choix li&eacute;s &agrave; cette trace (lien avec la liste de comp&eacute;tences fournies et son projet professionnel personnel)&nbsp;;</span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">le cadre dans lequel il pense pouvoir r&eacute;-exploiter cette comp&eacute;tence&nbsp;: identification de familles de situations en fonction de son objectif personnel professionnel.</span></span></li> </ul> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">La troisi&egrave;me s&eacute;ance &eacute;tait consacr&eacute;e &agrave; des &eacute;changes au sein de groupes. Elle &eacute;tait divis&eacute;e en trois temps : dans un premier temps un &eacute;tudiant de chaque groupe pr&eacute;sentait son portfolio<i>&nbsp;</i>(les diff&eacute;rentes traces selon ses comp&eacute;tences identifi&eacute;es) au reste du groupe. Dans un second temps, les membres du groupe posaient des questions autour des trois familles de crit&egrave;res qualit&eacute; d&rsquo;un portfolio (<span style="background-color:yellow"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Gauthier&nbsp;<i>et al</i>., 2006)</span></span></span>&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <ol> <li style="text-align:justify; margin-left:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">la pertinence&nbsp;: les membres du groupe interrogent l&rsquo;&eacute;tudiant sur les raisons de ses choix en mati&egrave;re de traces par rapport &agrave; son projet professionnel et font des propositions en prenant appui sur leur propre exp&eacute;rience. Ils proposent aussi des arguments suppl&eacute;mentaires pour conforter ou contrarier le choix de l&rsquo;&eacute;tudiant&nbsp;;</span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify; margin-left:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">la coh&eacute;rence&nbsp;: certains membres de groupe expliquent notamment la mani&egrave;re dont la trace s&eacute;lectionn&eacute;e par l&rsquo;&eacute;tudiant fait &eacute;cho &agrave; une trace qu&rsquo;ils ont eux-m&ecirc;mes choisies (ou non) pour leur portfolio personnel. Ces commentaires t&eacute;moignent ainsi de la coh&eacute;rence de la s&eacute;lection de la trace en fonction d&rsquo;un ou plusieurs comp&eacute;tences, projets professionnels, mais aussi d&eacute;montrent qu&rsquo;une m&ecirc;me trace peut &ecirc;tre utilis&eacute;e pour justifier plusieurs comp&eacute;tences selon l&rsquo;argumentaire qui lui est associ&eacute;&nbsp;;</span></span></li> <li style="margin-bottom:15px; margin-left:8px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">le pragmatisme&nbsp;: des &eacute;tudiants apportent des commentaires li&eacute;s &agrave; l&rsquo;esth&eacute;tique du portfolio pr&eacute;sent&eacute;. Les &eacute;tudiants DUT-MMI re&ccedil;oivent lors de leur formation des enseignements d&rsquo;esth&eacute;tique, d&rsquo;histoire de l&rsquo;art et d&rsquo;ergonomie des supports de communication (2D et 3D). Ainsi, des arguments visant &agrave; am&eacute;liorer un portfolio d&rsquo;un point de vue graphique peuvent &ecirc;tre apport&eacute;s et d&eacute;battus au sein du groupe ou chacun donne son avis et ses solutions esth&eacute;tiques.</span></span></li> </ol> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Durant la quatri&egrave;me et derni&egrave;re partie de la s&eacute;ance, chaque &eacute;tudiant retravaille son<i>&nbsp;</i>portfolio et effectue des am&eacute;nagements &agrave; partir des &eacute;changes qui se sont d&eacute;roul&eacute;s au cours de la troisi&egrave;me &eacute;tape. L&rsquo;&eacute;tudiant ayant particip&eacute; aux diff&eacute;rents &eacute;changes s&rsquo;interroge sur ses propres choix, revoit ses arguments et les modes de pr&eacute;sentation de ses traces.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <ol start="4"> <li style="margin-top:13px; margin-bottom:13px; margin-left:8px"><span style="font-size:16pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri Light&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#2f5496"><span style="font-weight:normal"><a name="_Toc78295608"> M&eacute;thodologie</a></span></span></span></span></li> </ol> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt; margin-bottom:15px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Au niveau de l&rsquo;&eacute;valuation des livrables des &eacute;tudiants dans ce dispositif, nous avons dissoci&eacute; l&rsquo;&eacute;valuation r&eacute;alis&eacute;e par le commanditaire portant sur la production de chacun des quatre livrables et l&rsquo;&eacute;valuation des portfolios. N&rsquo;&eacute;tant pas sp&eacute;cialiste des champs propres &agrave; chacun des professionnels commanditaires (journalisme, documentaliste/biblioth&eacute;caire, &eacute;diteurs de manuels scolaires et enseignants de Fran&ccedil;ais au coll&egrave;ge), nous ne sommes pas intervenus dans l&rsquo;&eacute;valuation de ces livrables. Nous nous sommes centr&eacute;s sur l&rsquo;&eacute;valuation des portfolios et plus particuli&egrave;rement sur l&rsquo;ensemble des notes prises par les &eacute;tudiants au cours des diff&eacute;rents &eacute;changes (premi&egrave;re s&eacute;ance de portfolio) et l&rsquo;analyse des portfolios eux-m&ecirc;mes. L&rsquo;analyse des portfolios a &eacute;t&eacute; men&eacute;e &agrave; partir de la grille propos&eacute;e par&nbsp;<span style="background-color:yellow"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Lebel et B&eacute;lair</span></span></span>&nbsp;(<span style="background-color:yellow"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">2004</span></span></span>) qui s&rsquo;organise autour de quatre niveaux et de sept crit&egrave;res<a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a>. Apr&egrave;s l&rsquo;avoir diffus&eacute;e aux &eacute;tudiants au d&eacute;but de l&rsquo;exp&eacute;rience (posture l&acirc;cher-prise) en amont de leurs productions collectives (disponible sous LMS-Moodle), cette grille nous a servi de support &agrave; l&rsquo;accompagnement et &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;valuation finale du portfolio. L&rsquo;usage d&rsquo;un m&ecirc;me outil &agrave; la fois pour la conception (grille donn&eacute;e aux &eacute;tudiants) et pour son &eacute;valuation (utilis&eacute;e par l&rsquo;enseignant) nous offre les moyens d&rsquo;observer d&rsquo;une part la d&eacute;marche suivie par chaque &eacute;tudiant et d&rsquo;autre part de caract&eacute;riser le r&eacute;sultat final d&eacute;pos&eacute;.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Les donn&eacute;es recueillies lors de cette &eacute;tude sont d&rsquo;une part les 49 portfolios &eacute;valu&eacute;s pour chacun des sept crit&egrave;res composant la grille (note de 1 &agrave; 4 pour chaque crit&egrave;re) et d&rsquo;autre part les notes prises par l&rsquo;ensemble des participants lors des s&eacute;ances d&rsquo;&eacute;change. Dans ce retour d&rsquo;exp&eacute;rience, nous ne pouvions pas pr&eacute;senter l&rsquo;ensemble des r&eacute;sultats. Nous pr&eacute;sentons seulement l&rsquo;analyse des notes formul&eacute;es par les &eacute;tudiants.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Nous avons r&eacute;cup&eacute;r&eacute; l&rsquo;int&eacute;gralit&eacute; les brouillons sur lesquels les &eacute;tudiants ont pris des notes&nbsp;: 43 % comportent uniquement des dessins (li&eacute;s au crit&egrave;re de pragmatisme de la grille) non interpr&eacute;tables pour l&rsquo;enseignant sans entretien avec l&rsquo;&eacute;tudiant, 8 % pr&eacute;sentent des &eacute;crits illisibles. Le reste (49 %) contiennent des mots ou des expressions : &laquo;&nbsp;pourquoi&nbsp;?&nbsp;&raquo;, &laquo;&nbsp;pas compris&nbsp;&raquo;, &laquo;&nbsp;il faudrait dire&nbsp;&raquo;. Cela repr&eacute;sente 86 documents analys&eacute;s sur toute la p&eacute;riode du dispositif. Plus particuli&egrave;rement, en pr&eacute;sentiel, nous avons r&eacute;cup&eacute;r&eacute; les feuilles sur lesquelles les &eacute;tudiants avaient inscrit leur commentaires (59 documents recueillis) et en distanciel, nous avons demand&eacute; le fichier personnel (27 documents) de chaque &eacute;tudiant (sur la base du volontariat). Les notes de l&rsquo;enseignant prises au cours des diff&eacute;rentes &eacute;changes ont &eacute;galement &eacute;t&eacute; prises en compte pour ce travail&nbsp;: cela repr&eacute;sente 9 pages d&rsquo;&eacute;criture manuscrite (3 pages concernent les &eacute;changes qui ont eu lieu en pr&eacute;sentiel et les 6 autres pages concernent la p&eacute;riode en distanciel.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <ol start="5"> <li style="margin-top:13px; margin-bottom:13px; margin-left:8px"><span style="font-size:16pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri Light&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#2f5496"><span style="font-weight:normal"><a name="_Toc78295609"> R&eacute;sultats</a></span></span></span></span></li> </ol> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Des travaux listant les difficult&eacute;s des &eacute;tudiants face &agrave; la production d&rsquo;un portfolio ont d&eacute;j&agrave; &eacute;t&eacute; publi&eacute;s&nbsp;<span style="font-family:&quot;NúÕË›7f &quot;, serif">(<span style="background-color:yellow"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Poumay&nbsp;<i>et al.,</i>2019</span></span></span>). Cependant, &agrave; travers l&rsquo;analyse&nbsp;</span>des notes remises par les &eacute;tudiants et celles de l&rsquo;enseignant, nous soulignons trois cat&eacute;gories de difficult&eacute;s qui nous ont amen&eacute; &agrave; proposer des changements de posture durant la p&eacute;riode de distanciel.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <ol> <li style="list-style-type:none"> <ol> <li style="margin-top:13px; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:13pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri Light&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#2f5496"><span style="font-weight:normal"><a name="_Toc78295610"> Trois cat&eacute;gories de difficult&eacute;s</a></span></span></span></span></li> </ol> </li> </ol> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Trois cat&eacute;gories de difficult&eacute;s ont &eacute;t&eacute; identifi&eacute;es au cours de ce dispositifs. Certaines ont &eacute;t&eacute; pr&eacute;sentes tout au long du dispositif mais d&rsquo;autres se sont accentu&eacute;es&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <ol> <li style="margin-left:7px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">l&rsquo;utilit&eacute; de la cr&eacute;ation de ce portfolio. Plus particuli&egrave;rement, les &eacute;tudiants soulignent&nbsp;:&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> </ol> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:-21.25pt; margin-left:85px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">1.1.&nbsp;leurs difficult&eacute;s &agrave; voir la diff&eacute;rence entre ce portfolio et leur CV. Ils demandent lors des temps d&rsquo;&eacute;change &laquo;&nbsp;ou je dois mettre le CV dans ce portfolio&nbsp;?&nbsp;&raquo;, &laquo;&nbsp;ili faut mettre le CV avant ou apr&egrave;s le portfolio&nbsp;?&nbsp;&raquo;&nbsp;;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:-21.25pt; margin-left:85px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">1.2.&nbsp;leurs besoins de comprendre &agrave; quoi ce travail peut servir. Les &eacute;tudiants inscrivent sur leur brouillon&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;c&rsquo;est n&rsquo;importe quoi ce truc&nbsp;&raquo;, &laquo;&nbsp;Pourquoi on fait &ccedil;a d&rsquo;abord&nbsp;?&nbsp;&raquo;&nbsp;;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:-21.25pt; margin-left:85px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">1.3.&nbsp;ou encore leur difficult&eacute; &agrave; rentrer&nbsp;dans la d&eacute;marche de production de trace de comp&eacute;tences qui n&rsquo;a pas de sens pour certains &eacute;tudiants. Les notes de l&rsquo;enseignant soulignent&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;j&rsquo;y comprends rien&nbsp;&raquo;, &laquo;&nbsp;c&rsquo;est trop flou &agrave; faire&nbsp;&raquo;, &laquo;&nbsp;on a d&eacute;j&agrave; fait &ccedil;a la semaine derni&egrave;re&nbsp;&raquo;&nbsp;;&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt; margin-bottom:15px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Cette difficult&eacute; a &eacute;t&eacute; pr&eacute;sente tout au long du dispositif. On aurait pu s&rsquo;attendre &agrave; ce que l&rsquo;&eacute;loignement physique des &eacute;tudiants (dans le distanciel) provoque une prise en charge individuelle du travail de production du portfolio. Il n&rsquo;en a rien &eacute;t&eacute;. Les commentaires recueillis dans la p&eacute;riode en distanciel montrent tout le contraire&nbsp;: les &eacute;tudiants ont &eacute;t&eacute; agac&eacute;s et de plus en plus perdus face &agrave; la production du portfolio demand&eacute;e. La grande majorit&eacute; n&rsquo;ont plus particip&eacute; activement &agrave; distance aux &eacute;changes collectifs (80% environ) et une partie (15% environ) ont demand&eacute; &agrave; pouvoir pr&eacute;senter un CV &agrave; la fin duquel les 5 comp&eacute;tences (du programme national BUT) &eacute;taient illustr&eacute;es par des r&eacute;alisations finales collectives (les livrables produits par le groupe).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <ol start="2"> <li style="margin-left:7px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">difficult&eacute; li&eacute;e &agrave; la mise en lien de leur production avec les comp&eacute;tences cibl&eacute;es par la formation (cartographie propos&eacute;e)&nbsp;:</span></span></span></li> </ol> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:-21.25pt; margin-left:85px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">2.1.&nbsp;leurs difficult&eacute;s &agrave; comprendre la cartographie propos&eacute;e&nbsp;: les &eacute;tudiants demandent &agrave; l&rsquo;enseignant lors des s&eacute;ances d&rsquo;&eacute;change en groupe la signification de plusieurs items comme &laquo;&nbsp;faire preuve de&nbsp;<i>leadership&nbsp;&raquo;&nbsp;</i>ou encore &laquo;&nbsp;&eacute;largir sa culture&nbsp;&raquo; &nbsp;;&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:-21.25pt; margin-bottom:15px; margin-left:85px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">2.2.&nbsp;leurs difficult&eacute;s &agrave; mettre en lien leurs traces personnelles avec les comp&eacute;tences exprim&eacute;es dans le r&eacute;f&eacute;rentiel&nbsp;: dans la pratique, ils assimilent comp&eacute;tences &agrave; savoir-faire (li&eacute;es au livrable collectif d&eacute;pos&eacute;) et ne per&ccedil;oivent pas qu&rsquo;une m&ecirc;me trace, selon le place qu&rsquo;on lui donne dans son propre d&eacute;veloppement peut &ecirc;tre reli&eacute; &agrave; plusieurs comp&eacute;tences.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt; margin-bottom:15px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Cette difficult&eacute; a &eacute;galement pr&eacute;sente tout au long du dispositif. Cela peut s&rsquo;expliquer de par un besoin de temps d&rsquo;appropriation des termes de la cartographie des comp&eacute;tences au fur et &agrave; mesure de l&rsquo;avanc&eacute;e du travail d&rsquo;analyse des traces personnelles associ&eacute;es &agrave; chaque livrable r&eacute;alis&eacute;e. Durant la p&eacute;riode en distanciel, cette difficult&eacute; ne s&rsquo;est pas aggrav&eacute;e mais plut&ocirc;t maintenue. Au cours des &eacute;changes, les questions portaient sur les m&ecirc;mes comp&eacute;tences&nbsp;: les &eacute;tudiants qui n&rsquo;&eacute;coutaient pas forc&eacute;ment les questions pos&eacute;es par les uns et les r&eacute;ponses fournies par les autres (apprenants ou enseignants). Ils ne parvenaient pas &agrave; capitaliser les r&eacute;ponses d&rsquo;une s&eacute;ance d&rsquo;&eacute;change &agrave; l&rsquo;autre ni &agrave; nourrir leur propre r&eacute;flexion sur leur portfolio.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt; margin-bottom:15px">&nbsp;</p> <ol start="3"> <li style="margin-left:7px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">difficult&eacute;s &agrave; comprendre la grille d&rsquo;analyse fournie&nbsp;:&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> </ol> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:-21.25pt; margin-left:76px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">3.1.&nbsp;le vocabulaire des crit&egrave;res n&rsquo;est pas connu des &eacute;tudiants. Les &eacute;tudiants disent&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;il y a des trucs que je ne comprends pas la dedans&nbsp;&raquo;, &laquo;&nbsp;c&rsquo;est quoi la diff&eacute;rence entre envergure et profondeur&nbsp;&raquo;, &laquo;&nbsp;on ne vous a pas demand&eacute; de bien r&eacute;diger (crit&egrave;re de la langue) dans le portfolio si&nbsp;?&nbsp;&raquo;&nbsp;;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:-21.25pt; margin-left:76px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">3.2.&nbsp;une trace est difficilement analysable par les &eacute;tudiants selon tous les crit&egrave;res : &laquo;&nbsp;cette copie d&rsquo;&eacute;cran, je peux la mettre dans la pr&eacute;cision et dans l&rsquo;originalit&eacute;&nbsp;&raquo; ou encore &laquo;&nbsp;je ne sais pas ou la classer, un peu dans la langue et un peu dans l&rsquo;envergure&nbsp;&raquo;.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Cette difficult&eacute; pr&eacute;sente tout au long du dispositif, s&rsquo;est amoindri en distanciel. La grille, ne constituait pas pour certains &eacute;tudiants, une aide &agrave; la production du portfolio mais plut&ocirc;t une contrainte suppl&eacute;mentaire dont les difficult&eacute;s de lecture se sont peu &agrave; peu estomp&eacute;es en pr&eacute;sentiel. Cependant, durant, la p&eacute;riode de distanciel, les difficult&eacute;s de d&rsquo;incompr&eacute;hension de la grille ont refait surface comme au tout d&eacute;but du dispositif. La mise &agrave; distance des &eacute;changes et de la production individuelle du portfolio a ramen&eacute; les &eacute;tudiants au point de d&eacute;part du dispositif ou de nombreuses questions sur les crit&egrave;res ont &eacute;t&eacute; largement &agrave; nouveau abord&eacute;s.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <ol> <li style="list-style-type:none"> <ol start="2"> <li style="margin-top:13px; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:13pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri Light&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#2f5496"><span style="font-weight:normal"><a name="_Toc78295611"> Des changements de postures</a></span></span></span></span></li> </ol> </li> </ol> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt; margin-bottom:15px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Afin de faire face &agrave; ces difficult&eacute;s, des changements de posture de l&rsquo;enseignant ont &eacute;t&eacute; r&eacute;alis&eacute;es au cours du dispositif en distanciel.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Premi&egrave;rement, en ce qui concerne&nbsp;l&rsquo;utilit&eacute; de la cr&eacute;ation de ce portfolio,&nbsp;les &eacute;tudiants formulent s&rsquo;&ecirc;tre trouv&eacute;s relativement perdus. Certains &eacute;tudiants disent lors des ateliers avoir consult&eacute; de nombreux sites web pour trouver l&rsquo;inspiration mais n&rsquo;avoir trouv&eacute;s aucun exemple de portfolio correspondant &agrave; leur discipline. Ils souhaitaient des exemples auxquels &laquo;&nbsp;se raccrocher tr&egrave;s vite&nbsp;&raquo; disent-ils.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:15px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Au cours du dispositif &agrave; distance, la question de leur fournir des exemples de portfolio appropri&eacute;s &agrave; leur discipline restait enti&egrave;re car nous n&rsquo;avions aucun exemple en lien avec le BUT MMI &agrave; leur fournir. Par ailleurs, l&rsquo;APC inscrit les &eacute;tudiants dans une d&eacute;marche personnelle par laquelle il s&rsquo;agit de cr&eacute;er mais pas de re-cr&eacute;er des choses existantes (recopie d&rsquo;exemples). Fournir des exemples aurait amen&eacute; les &eacute;tudiants &agrave; effectuer un copier-coller non envisageable. Une solution a donc &eacute;t&eacute; de proposer la mise en place d&rsquo;une posture d&rsquo;enseignement au cours de laquelle l&rsquo;enseignant formulait un bilan des commentaires de l&rsquo;ensemble des &eacute;tudiants qui faisait ressortir la diff&eacute;rence entre le CV et le portfolio (cf. difficult&eacute; 1.1), rappelait la vocation du portfolio dans le cadre du BUT (cf. difficult&eacute; 1.2) et reprenait les caract&eacute;ristiques des traces &eacute;voqu&eacute;s dans le cadre de l&rsquo;atelier par l&rsquo;ensemble des membres du groupe (cf. difficult&eacute;. 1.3).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Deuxi&egrave;mement, les &eacute;tudiants ont dit rencontrer des difficult&eacute;s &agrave; s&rsquo;approprier la d&eacute;marche qui consiste &agrave; formuler leurs propres traces de celles qui ont &eacute;t&eacute; produites collectivement.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:15px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Afin d&rsquo;aider au mieux les &eacute;tudiants, l&rsquo;enseignant a donc fait le choix dans le dispositif &agrave; distance de mettre en place une posture de contr&ocirc;le. En particulier il a illustr&eacute; (&agrave; deux reprises) &agrave; tous (avec le partage d&rsquo;&eacute;cran en visio-conf&eacute;rence) l&rsquo;ensemble des comp&eacute;tences pr&eacute;sentes dans la cartographie (cf. difficult&eacute; 2.1) en prenant appui sur des productions collectives ant&eacute;rieures d&eacute;taill&eacute;es. Class&eacute;e par versions successives, par &eacute;tudiants-auteurs des diff&eacute;rents composants, par applications utilis&eacute;es (ex&nbsp;: Photoshop, Illustrator, Word, Powerpoint, etc.) et supports de repr&eacute;sentation choisies (textuel, audio, audio-visuel), l&rsquo;enseignant a &eacute;galement sp&eacute;cifi&eacute; des exemples de traces et les a associ&eacute;es &agrave; des comp&eacute;tences vis&eacute;es (cf. difficult&eacute; 2.2). Ainsi, il a repos&eacute; les bases d&rsquo;un collectif sur des activit&eacute;s pass&eacute;es connues de tous mais hors contexte.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Troisi&egrave;mement, en ce qui concerne la r&eacute;flexion sur les crit&egrave;res de production et d&rsquo;&eacute;valuation des traces int&eacute;gr&eacute;es au portfolio (cf. difficult&eacute; 3), les &eacute;tudiants ont propos&eacute; la mise en place d&rsquo;un glossaire des crit&egrave;res.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Une suggestion d&rsquo;un &eacute;tudiant est de mettre &agrave; la disposition de tous des petites vid&eacute;os consultables &agrave; n&rsquo;importe quel moment, extraites du web, permettant tout au long du dispositif et plus particuli&egrave;rement d&egrave;s le d&eacute;but des quatre activit&eacute;s demand&eacute;es de pouvoir se construire une id&eacute;e de la signification de ces crit&egrave;res. Il s&rsquo;agit l&agrave; d&rsquo;une proposition int&eacute;ressante d&rsquo;un point de vue de l&rsquo;APC ou l&rsquo;enseignant n&rsquo;intervient pas comme transmetteur mais plut&ocirc;t comme collectionneur (posture magiciens) de productions produites par des acteurs ext&eacute;rieurs et organis&eacute;es par les &eacute;tudiants eux-m&ecirc;mes. Enfin, afin d&rsquo;aider chaque &eacute;tudiant &agrave; produire de fa&ccedil;on individuelle les traces de sa comp&eacute;tence, l&rsquo;enseignant a demand&eacute; &agrave; distance &agrave; chaque &eacute;tudiant de d&eacute;poser une trace selon une fr&eacute;quence prescrite (posture de l&acirc;cher-prise) dans une temporalit&eacute; large. Lorsque ce d&eacute;p&ocirc;t n&rsquo;&eacute;tait pas r&eacute;alis&eacute;, l&rsquo;enseignant posait alors des questions et/ou formulait des exemples de r&eacute;ponses &agrave; la place de l&rsquo;&eacute;tudiant (posture de contre-&eacute;tayage).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <ol start="6"> <li style="margin-top:13px; margin-bottom:13px; margin-left:8px"><span style="font-size:16pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri Light&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#2f5496"><span style="font-weight:normal"><a name="_Toc78295612"> Conclusion</a></span></span></span></span></li> </ol> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt; margin-bottom:15px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Demander &agrave; un &eacute;tudiant inscrit en premi&egrave;re ann&eacute;e universitaire de rendre compte de ses comp&eacute;tences acquises durant un cours par la pr&eacute;sentation et l&rsquo;organisation de traces dans un portfolio dont la constitution a d&eacute;but&eacute; en pr&eacute;sence et s&rsquo;est termin&eacute; &agrave; distance, a constitu&eacute; une t&acirc;che complexe et in&eacute;dite &agrave; la fois pour lui mais aussi pour l&rsquo;enseignant.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt; margin-bottom:15px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">&Agrave; l&rsquo;origine du dispositif, trois postures enseignantes (posture d&rsquo;accompagnement, de l&acirc;cher-prise et du magicien) avaient &eacute;t&eacute; envisag&eacute;es comme r&eacute;pondant aux principes de l&rsquo;approche par comp&eacute;tences mise en &oelig;uvre dans le cadre du BUT MMI. Cependant, &agrave; partir de novembre 2020, lors de la mise en place du dispositif &agrave; distance, certaines difficult&eacute;s des &eacute;tudiants se sont agrav&eacute;es (cf. difficult&eacute; 1), d&rsquo;autres se sont maintenues (cf. difficult&eacute;s 2) et d&rsquo;autres enfin qui s&rsquo;&eacute;taient att&eacute;nu&eacute;s lors du pr&eacute;sentiel ont r&eacute;apparus (cf. difficult&eacute;s 3).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt; margin-bottom:15px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Pour faire face &agrave; ces besoins, des changements de postures ont &eacute;t&eacute; mis en place &agrave; distance&nbsp;: posture de contr&ocirc;le, de contre-&eacute;tayage, d&rsquo;enseignement. Ces trois postures viennent compl&eacute;ter les trois autres postures initialement choisies par l&rsquo;enseignant pour ce dispositif. Cette diversit&eacute; de postures mises en &oelig;uvre montre tout le chemin qu&rsquo;il reste &agrave; parcourir pour notifier les formes de postures qu&rsquo;il est n&eacute;cessaire de mettre en place dans un dispositif pour r&eacute;pondre &agrave; des attentes apprenantes mails &eacute;galement toutes les combinaisons possibles de ces postures selon les &eacute;tudiants, la dynamique de groupes indispensable &agrave; la production de chaque portfolio.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Par cette &eacute;tude, nous esp&eacute;rions nourrir la r&eacute;flexion collective des enseignants de l&rsquo;&eacute;quipe du d&eacute;partement de formation IUT-MMI dans la mise en place du BUT. Malheureusement, les difficult&eacute;s rencontr&eacute;es par les &eacute;tudiants au cours de cette exp&eacute;rience soul&egrave;vent aujourd&rsquo;hui plus d&rsquo;interrogations que de solutions pour la rentr&eacute;e septembre 2021. Une discussion collective autour des opportunit&eacute;s pouvant apparaitre par la mise &agrave; distance de l&rsquo;approche par comp&eacute;tences constitue un important chantier &agrave; explorer. Une r&eacute;flexion non pas sur les postures elles-m&ecirc;mes mais plut&ocirc;t sur leur forme en pr&eacute;sentiel et &agrave; distance ainsi que sur leur combinatoire au cours de laquelle plusieurs enseignants pourront participer est &agrave; envisager.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <ol start="7"> <li style="margin-top:13px; margin-bottom:13px; margin-left:8px"><span style="font-size:16pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri Light&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#2f5496"><span style="font-weight:normal"><a name="_Toc78295613"> R&eacute;f&eacute;rences</a></span></span></span></span></li> </ol> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:-1cm; margin-left:38px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#434343"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">Albero, B., Linard, M., Robin, J. -Y. (&eacute;d.)&nbsp;</span></span></span></span><span style="color:#434343"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">(2009).</span></span></span></span></b>&nbsp;Petite fabrique de l&rsquo;innovation ordinaire &agrave; l&rsquo;universit&eacute;. Quatre parcours de pionniers. Paris : L&rsquo;Harmattan.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:-1cm; margin-left:38px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><b>Bibauw, S. (2010).</b>&nbsp;&Eacute;criture r&eacute;flexive et r&eacute;flexion critique dans l&rsquo;exercice d&rsquo;un compte rendu. Revue internationale de p&eacute;dagogie de l&rsquo;enseignement sup&eacute;rieur, 26(1). Rep&eacute;r&eacute; &agrave; http://ripes.revues.org/358.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:-1cm; margin-left:38px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><b><span style="color:black">Bibauw, S. et Dufays, J.-L. 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Compr&eacute;hension, d&eacute;veloppement et r&eacute;gulation de l&#39;agir dans un monde de plus en plus r&eacute;flexif.&nbsp;<i>Revue d&#39;anthropologie des connaissances</i>, 4(2), pp 243-253.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:-1cm; margin-left:38px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><b><span style="color:black">Chabanne, J-C. 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Soci&eacute;t&eacute; de formation &agrave; distance des commissions scolaires du Qu&eacute;bec (SOFAD) et C&eacute;gep@distance. R&eacute;cup&eacute;r&eacute; le 18 f&eacute;vrier 2021 du site de la SOFAD :&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.sofad.qc.ca/media/portfolio_numerique.pdf" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline">http://www.sofad.qc.ca/media/portfolio_numerique.pdf</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:-1cm; margin-left:38px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><b>Cnir&eacute;, (2017).</b>&nbsp;Innover pour une &eacute;cole plus juste et plus efficace. Synth&egrave;se des travaux du Cnir&eacute; 2016-17 pour l&rsquo;ensemble des membres, Philippe Watrelot, pr&eacute;sident du conseil national de l&rsquo;innovation pour la r&eacute;ussite &eacute;ducative, 29 mars 2017. Disponible en ligne&nbsp;:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.education.gouv.fr/innover-pour-une-ecole-plus-juste-et-plus-efficace-synthese-des-travaux-du-cnire-2016-2017-11333" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline">https://www.education.gouv.fr/innover-pour-une-ecole-plus-juste-et-plus-efficace-synthese-des-travaux-du-cnire-2016-2017-11333</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:-1cm; margin-left:38px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><b>Crahay, M. 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(2006).&nbsp;</b>Mise en &oelig;uvre exp&eacute;rimentale du ePortfolio dans une fili&egrave;re universitaire en sciences humaines, Philippe-Didier Gauthier, Benoit Ravaleau, G&eacute;rard Thebault, Universit&eacute; catholique de l&rsquo;OUEST, Avril 2006, in Actes du colloque ePortfolio Qu&eacute;bec 200, Qu&eacute;bec, Canada. R&eacute;cup&eacute;r&eacute; de&nbsp;:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289670351_Mise_en_oeuvre_experimentale_du_e-portfolio_dans_une_filiere_universitaire_en_Sciences_Humaines" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289670351_Mise_en_oeuvre_experimentale_du_e-portfolio_dans_une_filiere_universitaire_en_Sciences_Humaines</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:-1cm; margin-left:38px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><b>Hirtt, N. 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Distance and Mediation of Knowledge</i>,&nbsp;<i>30</i>.&nbsp;<a href="http://journals.openedition.org/dms/5203" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline">http://journals.openedition.org/dms/5203</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <div style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp; <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><a href="applewebdata://1547100D-3384-4ACA-BC10-981D729D3B31#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a>&nbsp;<i>Learning Management System</i>&nbsp;: Claroline ou Moodle.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn2"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><a href="applewebdata://1547100D-3384-4ACA-BC10-981D729D3B31#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a>&nbsp;Formation qui existe depuis trois ans au d&eacute;partement MMI de l&rsquo;IUT de B&eacute;ziers.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn3"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><a href="applewebdata://1547100D-3384-4ACA-BC10-981D729D3B31#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a>&nbsp;pertinence, profondeur, envergure, coh&eacute;rence, pr&eacute;cision, originalit&eacute;, autonomie et langue.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> </div>