<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">1. Education at home and first introduction to school</span></span></b></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#222222">A number of empirical studies establish that an increased socialization of&nbsp;young children, during the 20-26 to 40 months following birth, significantly influences the ability to enter into the first formal learning setting (cf. among others Maso-Taul&egrave;re, 2005; Joignaux, 2009; Becker, 2011; Hackett et al., 2020; Torterat, Azaoui, 2021). During this period, the combination of learning within and outside the family, constitutes a determining factor for children&#39;s&nbsp;verbal-cognitive</span></span></span><b> </b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#222222">acquisition (Veneziano, 2000; Hudelot et al., 2010; Sauvage, 2015; L&uuml;ke et al. ., 2017; Canut et al., 2018; Vandenbroeck, 2021). In this regard, what can be called the &quot;contact circle&quot; of young children (Torterat et al., 2019), is understood in the broad sense. This means the daily support of daycare workers, preschool teachers and other social stakeholders that are responsible for the socio-cultural activities that foster (on different levels) the link that distinguishes between simply what&nbsp;<i>precedes</i>&nbsp;primary school versus what&nbsp;<i>facilitates </i>a high-quality preparation for primary<i> </i>school.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#222222">On the specifically socio-discursive level, the stakes are multiple. In addition to support for intra-family dialogue, there is a question of getting&nbsp;children to&nbsp;<i>actively participate in the creation of language</i>&nbsp;(Martel, 2009b) by encouraging them regularly, to move from the&nbsp;<i>unformulated</i>&nbsp;to the&nbsp;<i>formulated</i>&nbsp;(Torterat, 2012b, 2021). The constant (re)working of these skills therefore relates in whole or in part to the spontaneity of the topic, its intelligibility for the interlocutor, in particular in connection with the exercise of phonological awareness (Soul&eacute;, 2018). These learning processes and social interactions thus make it possible to familiarize the children, moreover, with how language will be used specifically in the school environment. This can constitute: gatherings, various types of workshops, free-choice games, introduction to writing, and many other educational activities, which can be hosted by a variety of institutions, including even toy or classic children&#39;s libraries</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">2. Questions concerning collaboration </span></span></b></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">2.1. Dialog and discussion about learning </span></span></i></b></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#222222">The continuous monitoring of the discourse development of young children is part of several distinct arguments. The first led some to distinguish differences using the metric of the &ldquo;below average&rdquo;, &ldquo;average&rdquo; and &ldquo;above average&quot; talkers (Florin, 1991, 1995; cf. Pulido, 2016), but such a division is subject to critique among linguists when concerning classes before primary school (Grandaty, Turco, 2001; P&eacute;roz, 2010; Masseron, P&eacute;roz, 2018). A second argument, promoted by the latter authors, applies to the &quot;intra/interlocutory&quot; dimensions of language expression, with a focus on &ldquo;tasks&rdquo; and &ldquo;behaviors&rdquo; relating to discourse (Banks-Leite, 1999 ; Grandaty, 2006; Torterat, 2014; P&eacute;roz, 2016</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">). </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#222222">This second perspective is in line with the conclusions from studies done in the field of language acquisition from different methodological viewpoints (in particular the so-called &quot;emergentist&quot; approaches: Salazar-Orvig, Hudelot, 1989; Ninio, Snow, 1999; Hickmann, 2003; Bassano, 2007 ; Hudelot, 2007 ; Golinkoff, Hirsh-Pasek, 2008), and constitute part of the French&nbsp;<i>curriculum</i>&nbsp;of preschool. Indeed, language acquisition of children appears in the dialogical presentation in which the verbal dimension represents only one of the elements of individual expression. Moreover, the component of collaboration encouraged by the bond with the parents, but also through the skills of early childhood education professionals to grasp the issues, provide in this respect a zone for effective learning with multiple variables (cf. Gilakjani et al., 2011; Torterat et al., 2020).&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">On this subject, one of the common strategies regarding language acquisition assessment consists of identifying the individual abilities of a child, for example, to rely on the phono-prosodic dimensions of language, to use and reuse words, or such constructions, from this period of 20-26 months as well as thereafter (Kail et al., 2005; Martel, 2009a; Fayol, Kail, 2015; Ochs, Schieffelin, 2017). On the cognitive level, it has also been shown that access to macrosyntactic information predominates in children&#39;s understanding of what is generally formulated (Snow, Ferguson, 1977; Bucciarelli et al., 2003; Barret , 2017). The evaluation of language acquisition in 2-3 year olds in multiple interactions, when the groups do not exceed (or exceed very little) 10 to 15 subjects, makes it possible to create an interdisciplinary analysis (over such a period with such a population of children) and an in-depth follow-up of &quot;intra&quot; and &quot;inter&quot;-individual variations in language development. This follow-up is easier in an interprofessional context, as it makes it possible to extend the study over 4 to 6 years, and into the later grades of primary school. As noted in the accompanying document,</span></span> <i><span lang="EN" style="font-size:11.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">Programmes</span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size:11.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"> <i>de l&rsquo;&Eacute;cole fran&ccedil;aise </i></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">(MEN, 2016</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size:11.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">):</span></span></span></span></p> <blockquote> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#222222">The implementation of these principles makes it possible to observe student progress on the following points: - the time given to pupils to reflect, the repetition of open questions, the possibility given to pupils to take up and reformulate what has already been said [&hellip;]; - the lengthening of the responses, confronting the students with the real problems of narration, both on the linguistic level (coherence of interpropositional sequences, marks of the construction of the second level) and on the semantic level (management of information , organization of discourse).<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#222222">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a></span></span></span></span></p> </blockquote> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">2.2. The Study </span></span></i></b></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#222222">The study setting includes small groups of children (10-15, uncombined headcount), making it possible to consider the cognitive and social dimensions of this very particular transition, which leads from the first forms of community life to &quot;class life,&quot; strictly speaking. Since the 1990s in France, two early childhood education systems have been in competition. One system is the &ldquo;tr&egrave;s petite section&rdquo; (very early section) of preschool that allows children at the age of 2 to be optionally enrolled in preschool (&ldquo;l&#39;&eacute;cole maternelle&rdquo;, in French) instead of at the obligatory age of 3. The other is the &quot;passerelle&quot; class option (Villain, Gossot, 2000; Castelle et al., 2013; Torterat and Soul&eacute;, forthcoming).</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">What these early childhood education systems teach us is that linguistic socialization in a group of peers exerts a triple influence on language acquisition: an increase of inter-individual stimuli, the emergence of spontaneous dialogues, and the ability to remake and reformulate, along with the capability to take into account interactions with others (cf. Coletta, 2004; Hudelot, Salazar Orvig, 2005; Plana et al., 2011; Canut et al., 2013). At the same time, the necessity to support such criteria reinforces the need to guarantee the same educational standards for children from at-risk communities as well as those from more privileged backgrounds. This calls for maintaining the quality of learning, and above all against a lowering of the &quot;prerequisites&quot; for a more unequal &quot;educational adaptation&quot; that might appear to be a solution at first glance (cf. Joignaux, 2013; Wright, Neuman, 2014</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">. </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#222222">Grounded in evidence-based practices, the present empirical and in-depth study took place at &Eacute;cole Maternelle (&Eacute;M) Perrault in P&eacute;zenas (H&eacute;rault). As of January&nbsp;2021, the study was composed of 102 pupils divided into four multi-level classes (from 25 to 73 months), and the &quot;passerelle&quot; class itself (from 21 to 42 months). The &quot;passerelle&quot; program in this town has existed since 2000, and has made it possible to welcome children to school alongside their parents, with the aim of working collaboratively with the other social stakeholders involved in early childhood development. In particular, this includes the services of &quot;PMI&quot; (a maternal and child welfare office) and the municipal daycare center. Citing an IGEN-IGAS report of November 2000 (Villain, Gossot, 2000), underlined that these initiatives must above all benefit vulnerable populations (&ldquo;particularly in certain underprivileged neighborhoods&rdquo;, p. 6). This educational initiative of &quot;passerelle&quot; programs makes it possible to &quot;create the conditions necessary for young children&#39;s successful socialization, to promote a gentle and progressive separation from the family [during the school day] and to support the parents in their duties and responsibilities [of educating their children]&quot; (Ibid., p. 6, our translation).&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">As far as this study&#39;s research is concerned since 2000, the numbers recorded at &Eacute;cole Perrault school have been fairly regular. In 2003, for example, out of 221 students enrolled at the school, 75 had benefited from enrolling in a &quot;Passerelle&quot; class (i.e. 33.93%). &quot;Passerelle&quot; classes can be viewed as a proactive form of early intervention that allow for an individual and graduated approach to the first introduction to formal education. Changes in the numbers of the &quot;Passerelle&quot; enrollment at Perrault for the years 2015-2022 are cited below in the table:</span></span></span></span></p> <table class="Table" style="margin-left:4px; border-collapse:collapse"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:70px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom:9px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">year of birth</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:55px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom:9px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">year of admis-sion</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:98px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom:9px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">number of children in Passerelle </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom:9px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">(over the year)</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:170px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom:9px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">numbers of children in first class of nursery school</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:151px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom:9px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">before nursery school (caregiving, day-nursery, daycare, other services)</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="width:70px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px" valign="top"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:9px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:9px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">2013</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="width:55px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px" valign="top"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:9px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:9px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">2015</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="width:98px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px" valign="top"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:9px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:9px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">28</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:85px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; background-color:#dddddd; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:9px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">from P</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:85px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:9px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">non P</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom:9px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">cr&egrave;ches (kindergar-ten, non mandatory)</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:9px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">RAM<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="FootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="FootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">[2]</span></span></span></span></a></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:85px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; background-color:#dddddd" valign="top"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:9px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">12</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px" valign="top"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:9px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">23</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:76px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px" valign="top"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:9px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">21</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:76px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px" valign="top"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:9px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">4</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:70px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px" valign="top"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:9px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">2014</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:55px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px" valign="top"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:9px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">2016</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:98px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px" valign="top"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:9px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">24</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; background-color:#dddddd" valign="top"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:9px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">12</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px" valign="top"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:9px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">13</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:76px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px" valign="top"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:9px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">13</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:76px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px" valign="top"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:9px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">4</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:70px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px" valign="top"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:9px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">2015</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:55px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px" valign="top"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:9px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">2017</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:98px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px" valign="top"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:9px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">23</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; background-color:#dddddd" valign="top"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:9px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">15</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px" valign="top"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:9px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">18</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:76px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px" valign="top"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:9px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">9</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:76px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px" valign="top"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:9px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">5</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:70px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px" valign="top"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:9px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">2016</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:55px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px" valign="top"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:9px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">2018</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:98px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px" valign="top"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:9px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">30</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; background-color:#dddddd" valign="top"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:9px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">19</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px" valign="top"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:9px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">11</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:76px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px" valign="top"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:9px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">7</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:76px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px" valign="top"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:9px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">1</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:70px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px" valign="top"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:9px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">2017</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:55px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px" valign="top"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:9px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">2019</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:98px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px" valign="top"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:9px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">23</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; background-color:#dddddd" valign="top"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:9px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">18</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px" valign="top"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:9px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">5</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:76px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px" valign="top"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:9px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">7</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:76px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px" valign="top"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:9px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">3</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:70px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px" valign="top"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:9px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">2018</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:55px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px" valign="top"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:9px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">2020</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:98px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px" valign="top"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:9px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">24</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; background-color:#dddddd" valign="top"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:9px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">10</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px" valign="top"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:9px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">14</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:76px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px" valign="top"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:9px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">5</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:76px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px" valign="top"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:9px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">4</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:70px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:9px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">2019</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:55px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:9px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">2021</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:98px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:9px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">18 au 10-02 2022 (projections 2022&nbsp;: 25)</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; background-color:#dddddd" valign="top"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:9px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">9</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px" valign="top"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:9px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">13</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:9px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">4</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:9px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">data non consolidated </span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#222222">Regarding the teaching formats used in the &quot;Passerelle&quot; program, see Torterat et al. (2019), in particular with regards to language. However, the main point of interest here is that a significant number of pupils from 2017 enrolled during&nbsp;2020-2021 in CP classes (first year of primary school starting at age 6), where national assessments, standardized for all classes in the country, were carried out. The following section presents the main results for the 2017 numbers. The 2018 and 2019 numbers will normally become available in 2024.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">3. Discussion of results and initial conclusions</span></span></b></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">The sample below corresponds to the number of pupils in CP during the 2020-2021 school year (sample group of two classes subdivided into four cohorts).</span></span></span></span></p> <table class="Table" style="margin-left:6px; border-collapse:collapse"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:83px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:52px; background-color:#eeeeee; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">Sample Passerelle 2017</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:229px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:52px; background-color:#eeeeee; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Passerelle Groups</span></span></span></b></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">(E)</span></span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:229px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:52px; background-color:#eeeeee; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Control Groups</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">(C)</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:83px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:24px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;</span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;</span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">14</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:114px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:24px; background-color:#dddddd; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Class 1 (A)</span></span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:114px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:24px; background-color:#cccccc; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Class 2 (B)</span></span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:114px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:24px; background-color:#dddddd; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Class 1 (A)</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:114px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:24px; background-color:#cccccc; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Class 2 (B)</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:114px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:59px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center">&nbsp;</p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">6</span></span></b></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">(22,2%)</span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:114px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:59px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center">&nbsp;</p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">8</span></span></b></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">(29,6%)</span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:114px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:59px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center">&nbsp;</p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">&nbsp;21</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:114px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:59px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center">&nbsp;</p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">&nbsp;19</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:Palatino">The national assessments were organized on the basis of fully standardized questions</span></span><a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="FootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span class="FootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">. </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:Palatino">For the present study, the corresponding results were encoded according to three levels established by the scores of the pupils, through sets noted as &quot;satisfactory&quot;, &quot;below satisfactory&quot; and &quot;at-risk&quot;, on 8 questions of which the first 5 appear below. The other three relate to children&#39;s ability to understand the concepts of &ldquo;words&rdquo;, &ldquo;short utterances&rdquo; and &ldquo;long utterances&rdquo;. Pupils who did not respond to at least 6 out of 8 questions during the exam period, were not taken into account in the sample group (here 1E and 1C in class A, and 1C in class B). In the case of only one to two non-responses, the data was encoded on the basis of an accommodating variable (here the median over all the questions, 15 in all). The results are indicated below in green in the event of equivalent scores between the experimental group and the control group. The results in blue show the event of scores exceeding the coeff. &gt; 1.1 (in bold if coeff. &gt; 1.2) for the experimental group, and plain font in the case of poor scores for cohort E.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">&rarr; within class A (27 students) </span></span></span></span></p> <table class="Table" style="margin-left:6px; border-collapse:collapse"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:45px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:27px; background-color:#dddddd; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center">&nbsp;</p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">pupils</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:99px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:27px; background-color:#dddddd; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Compare series of letters</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">(% (tot/pot) )</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:99px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:27px; background-color:#dddddd; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Recognition of letters</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">(% (tot/pot) )</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:99px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:27px; background-color:#dddddd; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Designation of letters and&nbsp; sounds applied</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:99px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:27px; background-color:#dddddd; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Phonological units operating (phonemes)</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:99px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:27px; background-color:#dddddd; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Prosodic units operating (syllables)</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:45px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:27px" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">EA</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:27px; background-color:#eeeeee" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#00cc00">83,3 (10/12)</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:27px; background-color:#eeeeee" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">33,3 (4/12)</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:27px; background-color:#dddddd" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:blue">91,6 (11/12)</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:27px; background-color:#cccccc" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:blue">100 (12/12)</span></span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:27px; background-color:#cccccc" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:blue">100 (12/12)</span></span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:45px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:27px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">CA</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:99px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:27px; background-color:#eeeeee; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#00cc00">85,7 (36/42)</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:99px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:27px; background-color:#eeeeee; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">57,1 (24/42)</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:99px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:27px; background-color:#dddddd; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:blue">78,5 (33/42)</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:99px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:27px; background-color:#cccccc; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:blue">80,9 (34/42)</span></span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:99px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:27px; background-color:#cccccc; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:blue">64,2 (27/42)</span></span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">&rarr; within class B (27 students)&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></p> <table class="Table" style="margin-left:6px; border-collapse:collapse"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:45px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:27px; background-color:#dddddd; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center">&nbsp;</p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">pupils</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:99px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:27px; background-color:#dddddd; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Compare series of letters</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">(% (tot/pot) )</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:99px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:27px; background-color:#dddddd; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Recognition of letters</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">(% (tot/pot) )</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:99px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:27px; background-color:#dddddd; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Designation of letters and&nbsp; sounds applied</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:99px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:27px; background-color:#dddddd; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Phonological units operating (phonemes)</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:99px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:27px; background-color:#dddddd; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Prosodic units operating (syllables)</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:45px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:27px" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">EB</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:27px; background-color:#eeeeee" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:blue">100 </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:blue">(16/16)</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:27px; background-color:#eeeeee" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:blue">75 </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:blue">(12/16)</span></span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:27px; background-color:#dddddd" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:blue">81,2 </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:blue">(13/16)</span></span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:27px; background-color:#cccccc" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:blue">93,7 </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:blue">(15/16)</span></span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:27px; background-color:#cccccc" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:blue">100 </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:blue">(16/16)</span></span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:45px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:27px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">CB</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:99px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:27px; background-color:#eeeeee; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:blue">86,8 </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:blue">(33/38)</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:99px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:27px; background-color:#eeeeee; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:blue">50 </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:blue">(19/38)</span></span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:99px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:27px; background-color:#dddddd; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:blue">65,7 </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:blue">(25/38)</span></span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:99px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:27px; background-color:#cccccc; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:blue">71 </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:blue">(27/38)</span></span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:99px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:27px; background-color:#cccccc; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:blue">73,7 </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:blue">(28/38)</span></span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:Palatino"><span style="color:#222222">The results between the two cohorts show some similarities, which are corroborated by the overall relative percentages:</span></span></span></span></span></p> <table class="Table" style="margin-left:6px; border-collapse:collapse"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:45px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:27px; background-color:#dddddd; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center">&nbsp;</p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">pupils</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:99px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:27px; background-color:#dddddd; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Compare series of letters</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">(% (tot/pot) )</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:99px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:27px; background-color:#dddddd; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Recognition of letters</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">(% (tot/pot) )</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:99px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:27px; background-color:#dddddd; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Designation of letters and&nbsp; sounds applied</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:99px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:27px; background-color:#dddddd; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Phonological units operating (phonemes)</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:99px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:27px; background-color:#dddddd; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Prosodic units operating (syllables)</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:45px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:27px" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">E</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:27px; background-color:#eeeeee" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:blue">92,9 </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:blue">(26/28)</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:blue">+ 6,7</span></span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:27px; background-color:#eeeeee" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:blue">57,1 </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:blue">(16/28)</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:blue">+ 3,4</span></span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:27px; background-color:#dddddd" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:blue">85,7 </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:blue">(24/28)</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:blue">+ 13,2</span></span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:27px; background-color:#cccccc" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:blue">96,4 </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:blue">(27/28)</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:blue">+ 20,2</span></span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:27px; background-color:#cccccc" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:blue">100 </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:blue">(28/28)</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:blue">+ 31,3</span></span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:45px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:27px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">C</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:99px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:27px; background-color:#eeeeee; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:blue">86,2 </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:blue">(69/80)</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:99px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:27px; background-color:#eeeeee; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:blue">53,7 </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:blue">(43/80)</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:99px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:27px; background-color:#dddddd; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:blue">72,5 </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:blue">(58/80)</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:99px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:27px; background-color:#cccccc; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:blue">76,2 </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:blue">(61/80)</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:99px; padding:4px 4px 4px 4px; height:27px; background-color:#cccccc; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:blue">68,7 </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:blue">(55/80)</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:Palatino"><span style="color:#222222">However, it can be seen that the scores obtained by the students from the &quot;Passerelle&quot; program exceed the other cohort, with percentage differences ranging from 3.4% to 31.3%. It is important to note that the best scores concern aspects of phono-prosodic development and the links between prosody and letter recognition.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:Palatino"><span style="color:#222222">It should be noted that these are the first results of an exploratory study conducted with a limited sample (54 pupils) and from two cohorts of CP. The possible methodological biases concern the differences between the two cohorts. Namely, the central issue is if these differences according to classes A and B are significant for questions 1 and 5, and to a lesser extent 3 and 4, then they would be contradictory to question 2. This then raises the question&nbsp;of<i> </i>the impact of previous and subsequent background information on the overall representativeness of the data<i>.&nbsp;</i>It would also be appropriate to measure the influence of the conditions under which questions were administered, accounting for variations among evaluators. Even if the exams are standardized and overseen by administrators, variations can occur. However, the conclusion that we can draw at this time is that the collaboration with families and other early childhood education stakeholders, on the socialized learning of language, seems to contribute to significantly reducing inequalities among children enrolled in a &quot;Passerelle&quot; program. It is of further significant interest that all of these students come from vulnerable backgrounds.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="background:white"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:Palatino"><span style="color:#222222">Our hypotheses, partly announced in Torterat et al. (2019), are that the benefits for children are numerous when a school system develops targeted programs that allow multiple stakeholders in early childhood education to work together, with the possibility for parents to participate. Parents regularly participating in early learning activities have a lasting impact on children&#39;s language acquisition abilities, at least up to the first year of primary school. The fact that the learning most concerned relates to procedural skills and phono-prosodic awareness constitutes, here too, an interesting aspect, given the prerequisite relationship between language acquisition and learning to write (for example, the case of letter recognition: see Negro, Genelot, 2009). Nevertheless, it is necessary to verify these hypotheses over a minimum of three evaluation sessions, with an overall sample of 160 to 180 pupils, before drawing more universal conclusions. On the other hand, we are of the opinion that collecting more data until the time of the French national evaluations at the level of CE2 (8 years old), would involve too many variables and would in fact impede understanding the nuanced impact of &quot;Passerelle&quot; programs on language acquisition. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span lang="EN" style="font-size:11.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">R&eacute;f&eacute;rences</span></span></b></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-variant:small-caps">Banks-Leite</span></span><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">, Lucy (1999). Langue et argumentation&nbsp;: consid&eacute;rations sur les &eacute;changes linguistiques &agrave; l&#39;&eacute;cole maternelle. <i>Psychologie de l&#39;interaction, 7-8</i>&nbsp;: 81-100.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-variant:small-caps">Barrett</span></span><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">, Martyn 2017). Early lexical development. Dans Paul <span style="font-variant:small-caps">Fletcher</span> and Brian <span style="font-variant:small-caps">MacWhinney</span> (ed.), <i>The handbook of child language</i> (p. 361-392). Wiley.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-variant:small-caps">Bassano</span></span><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">, Dominique (2007). Emergence et d&eacute;veloppement du langage : enjeux et apports des nouvelles approches fonctionnalistes. Dans Elisabeth <span style="font-variant:small-caps">Demont</span> et Marie-No&euml;lle <span style="font-variant:small-caps">Metz-Lutz</span> (&eacute;d.), <i>L&#39;acquisition du langage et ses troubles</i> (p. 13-46). Solal Editeurs.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-variant:small-caps">Becker</span></span><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">, Birgit (2011). Social disparities in children&#39;s vocabulary in early childhood. Does pre‐school education help to close the gap? <i>The British journal of sociology, 62</i>(1) : 69-88.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-variant:small-caps">Bucciarelli</span></span><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">, Monica, <span style="font-variant:small-caps">Colle</span>, Livia, <span style="font-variant:small-caps">Bara</span>, Bruno G. (2003). How Children comprehend speech acts,&nbsp; communicative gestures. <i>Journal of Pragmatics, 35</i>&nbsp;: 207-241.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-variant:small-caps">Canut</span></span><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">, Emmanuelle, <span style="font-variant:small-caps">Espinosa</span>, Natacha, <span style="font-variant:small-caps">Vertalier</span>, Martine (2013). Corpus et prise de conscience des processus interactionnels d&rsquo;apprentissage du langage pour repenser les pratiques enseignantes en maternelle. <i>Linx, 68-69 </i>: 69-93.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-variant:small-caps">Canut</span></span><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">, Emmanuelle, <span style="font-variant:small-caps">Masson</span>, Caroline, <span style="font-variant:small-caps">Leroy</span> Marie (2018). <i>Accompagner l&#39;enfant dans son apprentissage du langage : de la recherche en acquisition &agrave; l intervention des professionnels.</i> Hachette &Eacute;ducation.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-variant:small-caps">Castelle</span></span><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">, Magali, <span style="font-variant:small-caps">Muteau,</span> Doroth&eacute;e, <span style="font-variant:small-caps">Villeval,</span> Isabelle et al. (2013). La participation des parents dans une classe passerelle de Roubaix. Dans Catherine <span style="font-variant:small-caps">Bouve</span> (&eacute;d.), <i>Petite enfance et participation. 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Litt&eacute;ratie, forme et in&eacute;galit&eacute;s scolaires&nbsp;: le cas de la &laquo;scolarisation&raquo; de l&#39;&eacute;cole maternelle&nbsp;. <i>Le Fran&ccedil;ais aujourd&#39;hui</i>, <i>183</i>&nbsp;: 41-50.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-variant:small-caps">Kail</span></span><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">, Mich&egrave;le, <span style="font-variant:small-caps">Boibieux</span>, Magali, <span style="font-variant:small-caps">Coulaud</span>, Henri (2005). Early comprehension of transitive,&nbsp; intransitive French sentences. Dans Barbara <span style="font-variant:small-caps">Bokus</span> (ed.), <i>Studies in the Psychology of Child Language</i> (p. 195-226). 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Unit&eacute;s prosodiques et premi&egrave;res combinaisons de mots. <i>Travaux Linguistiques du CerLiCO, 22</i>&nbsp;: 11-22.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-variant:small-caps">Martel</span></span><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">, Karine (2009b). Introduction. L&rsquo;&eacute;tude de la prosodie en acquisition: un enjeu clinique. <i>Enfance, 3</i>&nbsp;: 259-272.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-variant:small-caps">Maso-Taul&egrave;re</span></span><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">, Jeanine (2005). La construction des in&eacute;galit&eacute;s : d&eacute;j&agrave; en maternelle ! <em><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">Spirale. Revue de recherches en &eacute;ducation, 36 </span></em>: 67-76.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-variant:small-caps">Masseron</span></span><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">, Caroline, <span style="font-variant:small-caps">P&eacute;roz</span>, Pierre (2018). Langage oral &agrave; l&#39;&eacute;cole maternelle. &Eacute;tude d&#39;un corpus homog&egrave;ne. Pr&eacute;sentation. <i>Pratiques, 177 </i>: 1-10.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">MEN 2016, Apprendre &agrave; parler et &agrave; raconter. </span><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">Pr&eacute;sentation de Pierre P&eacute;roz au rendez-vous des Lettres de novembre 2015</span><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">. Url : </span><a href="https://cache.media.eduscol.education.fr/file/Francais/67/3/RA16_C3_FRA_1_oral_pratique_peroz_573673.pdf"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">https://cache.media.eduscol.education.fr/file/Francais/67/3/RA16_C3_FRA_1_oral_pratique_peroz_573673.pdf</span></a></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-variant:small-caps">Myre-Bisaillon</span></span><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">, Julie, <span style="font-variant:small-caps">Torterat</span>, Fr&eacute;d&eacute;ric (coord.) 2021). <i>Les Transitions du pr&eacute;scolaire au scolaire. Approches empiriques</i>. 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Les pr&eacute;dicteurs en grande section maternelle de la r&eacute;ussite en lecture en fin de premi&egrave;re ann&eacute;e d&#39;&eacute;cole &eacute;l&eacute;mentaire: l&#39;impact du nom des lettres. <i>Bulletin de psychologie, 3 </i>: 291-306.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-variant:small-caps">Ninio</span></span><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">, Anat, <span style="font-variant:small-caps">Snow</span>, Catherine (1999). The development of pragmatics&nbsp;: learning to use language appropriately. Dans Tej K. <span style="font-variant:small-caps">Bhatia</span> and William C. <span style="font-variant:small-caps">Ritchie</span> (eds.), <i>Handbook of language acquisition</i> (p. 347-383). Academic Press. </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-variant:small-caps">Ochs</span></span><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">, Elinor, <span style="font-variant:small-caps">Schieffelin</span>, Bambi (2017). Language socialization : An historical overview. Dans N.H. <span style="font-variant:small-caps">Hornberger</span> (ed.), <i>Encyclopedia of Language and Education</i>. Springer. </span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30424-3_193"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30424-3_193</span></a> </span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-variant:small-caps">Peroz</span></span><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">, Pierre 2010). Pourquoi parler des &laquo;petits parleurs&raquo; ? </span><span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">Communication pr&eacute;sent&eacute;e aux journ&eacute;es </span></span><i><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">Pratiques langagi&egrave;res &agrave; la maternelle</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">, 25-26 novembre 2010, &agrave; N&icirc;mes, organis&eacute;es par l&rsquo;IUFM de l&rsquo;Acad&eacute;mie de Montpellier, DIPRALANG / Equipe Didaxi</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">s.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-variant:small-caps">Peroz</span></span><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">, Pierre (2016). Apprentissage du langage oral &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;cole maternelle. Mise en &oelig;uvre d&rsquo;un mod&egrave;le polylogal d&rsquo;apprentissage du langage oral en moyenne et grande section de maternelle en 2010-2013. <i>Pratiques, 169-170</i> : DOI&nbsp;: </span><a href="https://doi.org/10.4000/pratiques.3100"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">https://doi.org/10.4000/pratiques.3100</span></a></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-variant:small-caps">P</span></span><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-variant:small-caps">lana</span></span><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">, Mar&iacute;a Dolores, <span style="font-variant:small-caps">Silva</span>, Mar&iacute;a Luisa, <span style="font-variant:small-caps">Borzone</span>, Ana Mar&iacute;a (2011). 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Intervention &agrave; l&rsquo;IF&Eacute; disponible &agrave; l&rsquo;url : </span><a href="http://centre-alain-savary.ens-lyon.fr/CAS/maternelle/la-delicate-question-du-langage-en-maternelle"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">http://centre-alain-savary.ens-lyon.fr/CAS/maternelle/la-delicate-question-du-langage-en-maternelle</span></a><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">, 2018.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-variant:small-caps">Torterat</span></span><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">, Fr&eacute;d&eacute;ric (2012). Ce que l&#39;Interlocution apporte &agrave; l&#39;acquisition&nbsp;: l&#39;exemple des co-constructions textuelles en classes de maternelle. Dans Catherine <span style="font-variant:small-caps">Douay</span> et Daniel <span style="font-variant:small-caps">Roulland</span> (eds.), <i>L&#39;Interlocution comme param&egrave;tre</i> (p. 303-320). PUR.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-variant:small-caps">Torterat</span></span><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">, Fr&eacute;d&eacute;ric (<span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">2014</span>), <span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">La Diversification des constructions verbales lors d&#39;&eacute;crits collectifs en classes de maternelle&nbsp;: productivit&eacute; de l&#39;exercice pour une approche p&eacute;dagogique du verbe. Dans Dominique <span style="font-variant:small-caps">Ulma</span> et Corinne <span style="font-variant:small-caps">Gomila</span> (&eacute;ds), <i>Le Verbe en toute complexit&eacute;</i> (p. 171-186). L&#39;Harmattan, Collection <i>Enfance et Langages, 12</i>.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-variant:small-caps">Torterat</span></span><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">, Fr&eacute;d&eacute;ric, <span style="font-variant:small-caps">Blazin</span>, Delphine, <span style="font-variant:small-caps">Cros</span>, Arlette, <span style="font-variant:small-caps">Jarrige</span>, Isabelle, <span style="font-variant:small-caps">Morel</span>, Fran&ccedil;oise (2019). &laquo;&nbsp;Apports et mise en pratique de d&eacute;marches coop&eacute;ratives en classe <i>Passerelle</i>&nbsp;&raquo;, <i>Recherches, 70 </i>: 195-219.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-variant:small-caps">Torterat</span></span><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">, Fr&eacute;d&eacute;ric, <span style="font-variant:small-caps">Azaoui</span>, Brahim, <span style="font-variant:small-caps">Boutevin</span>, Christine, <span style="font-variant:small-caps">Dupuy</span>, Catherine (2020). Une recherche collaborative en REP, entre apports de la recherche et reconfiguration du travail. <i>Recherches et &eacute;ducations, Varia 2020,1</i>.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-variant:small-caps">Torterat</span>, Fr&eacute;d&eacute;ric, <span style="font-variant:small-caps">Azaoui</span>, Brahim (coord.) (2021). <i>Initiatives collaboratives pour l&rsquo;enfance.</i> PULM.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-variant:small-caps">Torterat</span>, Fr&eacute;d&eacute;ric, <span style="font-variant:small-caps">Soul&eacute;</span>, Yve (to appear). En quoi l&rsquo;inter peut &eacute;clairer l&rsquo;intra&nbsp;: professions du travail social, de l&rsquo;&eacute;ducation et de l&rsquo;assistance maternelle. Dans &Eacute;ric <span style="font-variant:small-caps">Maleyrot</span> (&eacute;d.), </span><i><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">Partenariat(s) et interprofessionnalit&eacute;(s) dans les m&eacute;tiers de l&#39;&eacute;ducation, de la m&eacute;diation et de la sant&eacute;.</span></i><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"> PULM.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-variant:small-caps">Vandenbroeck</span></span><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">, Muchel (2021). Les lieux d&rsquo;accueil des jeunes enfants qui peuvent faire la diff&eacute;rence. Dans Chantal <span style="font-variant:small-caps">Zaouche</span> et al. (&eacute;d.), <i>Espaces de socialisation extrafamiliale</i> (p. 35-54). &Eacute;r&egrave;s.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-variant:small-caps">Veneziano</span></span><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">, Edy (2000). Interaction, conversation et acquisition du langage dans les trois premi&egrave;res ann&eacute;es. Dans Mich&egrave;le <span style="font-variant:small-caps">Kail</span> et Michel <span style="font-variant:small-caps">Fayol</span> (eds.), <i>L&#39;Acquisition du langage (vol. 1&nbsp;: Le Langage en &eacute;mergence)</i> (p. 2</span><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">31-265). PUF.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-variant:small-caps">Villain</span></span><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">, Daniel, <span style="font-variant:small-caps">Gossot</span> Bernard (2000). <i>Rapport sur les dispositifs Passerelle. De la famille et du lieu de garde &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;cole maternelle.</i> IGEN-IGAS.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-variant:small-caps">Wright</span></span><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">, Tanya S., <span style="font-variant:small-caps">Neuman</span>, Susan B. (2014). Paucity,&nbsp; disparity in kindergarten oral vocabulary instruction. <i>Journal of Literacy Research</i>, <i>46</i>(3)&nbsp;: 330-357.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <div>&nbsp; <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent:-16.95pt; margin-left:23px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="Caractresdenotedebasdepage" style="vertical-align:super"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span class="Caractresdenotedebasdepage" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Our translation.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn2"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent:-16.95pt; margin-left:23px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="Caractresdenotedebasdepage" style="vertical-align:super"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span class="Caractresdenotedebasdepage" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; RAM&nbsp;: R&eacute;seau d&rsquo;Assistantes Maternelles (network of caregivers)</span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn3"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-16.95pt; margin-left:23px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="Caractresdenotedebasdepage" style="vertical-align:super"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span class="Caractresdenotedebasdepage" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; According to the French National Minister of Education (2022), &ldquo;the situations proposed relate to the transition from oral to written, letter recognition, phonology, oral and written comprehension, and reading aloud. The assessment takes place in 3 sequences with collective and individual methods. Reading skills assessment activities require individual time. The effective working time of the student is estimated at 8 min for the first sequence and 10 min for the second sequence. The third sequence corresponds to the two individual tests whose duration is fixed at 2 min. Additional time for explanations and examples is to be expected&rdquo; (our translation). </span></span></span></span></p> </div> </div>