<p><em>Par Alice Champollion&nbsp;</em></p> <p><em>LLACS &ndash; Universit&eacute; Paul-Val&eacute;ry Montpellier III</em></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h1>Introduction&nbsp;&nbsp;</h1> <p class="Textbody" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; margin-top: 11px; margin-bottom: 23px; margin-left: 8px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#00000a"><span style="font-style:italic"><span style="font-style:normal">Lors de la journ&eacute;e d&rsquo;&eacute;tudes des doctorants du laboratoire LLACS de 2019 sur le th&egrave;me (Faire) Rire, nous avons pr&eacute;sent&eacute; une communication &agrave; deux avec Christian Dorques, doctorant en sociolinguistique occitane, sur les p&ecirc;cheurs de l&rsquo;&eacute;tang de Thau. Pour r&eacute;pondre au th&egrave;me des journ&eacute;es d&rsquo;&eacute;tude, nous avons choisi de poser la question&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;l&rsquo;humour peut-il faire de la r&eacute;sistance&nbsp;?&nbsp;&raquo;. C. Dorques constate que ces p&ecirc;cheurs constituent une communaut&eacute; fortement li&eacute;e, ce qui cr&eacute;e une culture dans le sens donn&eacute; par Rouquette (1992)&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;chaque fois que des gens ont ensemble un certain nombre de choses sues et une certaine fa&ccedil;on &agrave; peu pr&egrave;s commune de r&eacute;agir sur ces choses, il y a de la culture&nbsp;&raquo;, et que l&rsquo;humour peut servir de r&eacute;sistance face &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;volution du m&eacute;tier qui attaque leur identit&eacute;.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; margin-bottom: 11px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Notre m&eacute;thodologie diff&egrave;re en ce que nous utilisons des extraits d&rsquo;entretiens r&eacute;alis&eacute;s sous le prisme de la dialectologie. Le corpus que nous &eacute;tudions contient plusieurs heures d&rsquo;enregistrements de p&ecirc;cheurs, anciens p&ecirc;cheurs ou personnes li&eacute;e &agrave; l&rsquo;activit&eacute; maritime, &acirc;g&eacute;es entre 35 et 90 ans (mais la plupart ont entre 70 et 90 ans), dans 19 localit&eacute;s situ&eacute;es sur le littoral m&eacute;diterran&eacute;en occitanophone, entre Gruissan et Beaulieu-sur-Mer<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a> r&eacute;alis&eacute;s entre 2016 et 2018. Le corpus se compose d&rsquo;enqu&ecirc;tes semi-guid&eacute;es &agrave; questions ouvertes ayant et ont &eacute;t&eacute; r&eacute;alis&eacute;es avec l&rsquo;objectif de documenter les variations dialectales de l&rsquo;occitan au sein du corps de m&eacute;tier des p&ecirc;cheurs et gens de mer. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Pour r&eacute;pondre &agrave; la question pos&eacute;e, nous avons relev&eacute; toutes les formes d&rsquo;humour enregistr&eacute;es lors de nos enqu&ecirc;tes qui s&rsquo;apparentent &agrave; cette &laquo;&nbsp;r&eacute;sistance&nbsp;&raquo; du groupe face &agrave; son environnement social telle que trait&eacute;e par Dorques. Nous avons laiss&eacute; de c&ocirc;t&eacute; la plupart des anecdotes personnelles sur des faits d&rsquo;enfance lorsqu&rsquo;elles ne concernent pas le milieu social de la p&ecirc;che. Deux formes d&rsquo;humour se d&eacute;tachent, que nous allons traiter dans cet article&nbsp;: l&rsquo;humour employ&eacute; par le locuteur face au chercheur et l&rsquo;humour du p&ecirc;cheur au sein de sa communaut&eacute;. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <h1 id="L+humour+du+p+cheur+face+au+chercheur" name="L+humour+du+p+cheur+face+au+chercheur">L&rsquo;humour du p&ecirc;cheur face au chercheur</h1> <p style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Pour r&eacute;pondre &agrave; certaines questions, les locuteurs utilisent parfois l&rsquo;ironie et l&rsquo;auto-d&eacute;rision. </span></span></p> <h2 id="L+ironie" name="L+ironie">L&rsquo;ironie</h2> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">L&rsquo;ironie peut &ecirc;tre employ&eacute;e afin de se moquer de certaines obligations administratives, pour d&eacute;noncer ou pour plaisanter. Les deux exemples qui suivent concernent des dipl&ocirc;mes ou licences &agrave; avoir pour p&ecirc;cher&nbsp;:</span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i>&laquo;&nbsp;Per calar una capechada<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[2]</span></span></span></b></span></span></a></i><i>, cau aver lo bac maintenant&nbsp;!&nbsp;&raquo; </i></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-left: 80px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i>(</i>Pour caler une <i>cap&eacute;chade</i>, il faut avoir le bac maintenant&nbsp;!)</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-left: 40px;">&nbsp;</p> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: justify; margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><i><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&laquo;&nbsp;[Cau passar lo dipl&ograve;ma] Medical 1<a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[3]</span></span></span></b></span></span></a>, per sacher sauvar la vida dau matelot qu&rsquo;ai pas lo drech d&rsquo;aguer a b&ograve;rd&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></i> </span></span></p> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: justify; margin-left: 80px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(&laquo;&nbsp;M&eacute;dical 1, pour savoir sauver la vie du matelot que je n&rsquo;ai pas le droit d&rsquo;avoir &agrave; bord&nbsp;&raquo;)</span></span></span></p> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: justify; margin-left: 40px;">&nbsp;</p> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">L&rsquo;exemple qui suit est une r&eacute;action aux r&egrave;glementations et quotas mis en place par diff&eacute;rentes instances, peuvent mener &agrave; des situations &eacute;tonnantes. Le p&ecirc;cheur raconte avec une touche d&rsquo;humour que l&rsquo;Europe lui ach&egrave;te les anguilles qu&rsquo;ils remettent &agrave; la mer pour la reproduction de l&rsquo;esp&egrave;ce&nbsp;:</span></span></span></p> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: justify; margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span lang="ES" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Enqu&ecirc;trice&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;<i>E aquest an av&egrave;tz agut una b&ograve;na cala, o&hellip;</i> ?&nbsp;&raquo; </span></span></span></p> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: justify; margin-left: 80px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(Et cette ann&eacute;e, vous avez eu une bonne cale, ou&hellip;&nbsp;?&nbsp;&raquo;)</span></span></span></p> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: justify; margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Locuteur&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;<i>N&rsquo;av&egrave;m pescat quauques unas aquest an&nbsp;! N&rsquo;av&egrave;m pescat quauques unas. Pas gaire de peis mais d&rsquo;anguilas n&rsquo;av&egrave;m pescat quauques unas. </i></span><i><span lang="ES" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Qu&rsquo;av&egrave;m pescat per l&rsquo;Eur&ograve;pa, que l&rsquo;Eur&ograve;pa apr&egrave;s nos las crompan per rebalan&ccedil;ar a la mar, per la reproduccion. </span></i><i><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[&hellip;] Ah&nbsp;! </span></i><i><span lang="ES" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Ah&nbsp;! Eh, es coma aqu&ograve;. Eh, qu&rsquo;av&egrave;m d&rsquo;argent en Eur&ograve;pa. </span></i><i><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Ah&nbsp;! Ah&nbsp;!</span></i><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;&raquo; </span></span></span></p> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: justify; margin-left: 80px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(&laquo;&nbsp;On en a p&ecirc;ch&eacute; quelques-unes cette ann&eacute;e&nbsp;! On en a p&ecirc;ch&eacute;. Pas beaucoup de poissons mais des anguilles on en a p&ecirc;ch&eacute; quelques-unes. On les a p&ecirc;ch&eacute;es pour l&rsquo;Europe, et l&rsquo;Europe apr&egrave;s nous les ach&egrave;tent pour les rebalancer &agrave; la mer, pour la reproduction. Ah&nbsp;! ah&nbsp;! C&rsquo;est comme &ccedil;a. Eh, c&rsquo;est qu&rsquo;on a de l&rsquo;argent en Europe, ah, ah, ah&nbsp;!&nbsp;&raquo;)</span></span></span></p> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: justify; margin-left: 40px;">&nbsp;</p> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Mais cela ne concerne pas que le m&eacute;tier&nbsp;: lorsque nous demandions de signer une autorisation de diffusion des enregistrements dont nous avons besoin, plusieurs p&ecirc;cheurs ont r&eacute;pondu cet argument&nbsp;:</span></span></span></p> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: justify; margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Enqu&ecirc;trice&nbsp;<i>:&nbsp;&laquo;&nbsp;Pod&egrave;tz mi signar aqu&ograve;&nbsp;? </i></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: justify; margin-left: 80px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black"><i>(</i>&laquo;&nbsp;Pouvez-vous me signer ceci&nbsp;?&nbsp;&raquo;)</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 11px; margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Locuteur<i>&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;Vau pas anar en preson&nbsp;? Ah, ah&nbsp;! Voil&agrave;. [&hellip;] Me portaretz d&rsquo;oranges se vau en preson&nbsp;! Ah, ah&nbsp;!&nbsp;&raquo; </i></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 11px; margin-left: 80px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(&laquo;&nbsp;Je ne vais pas aller en prison&nbsp;? Ah, ah&nbsp;! Voil&agrave;. [&hellip;]. Vous m&rsquo;apporterez des oranges si je vais en prison&nbsp;! Ah, ah&nbsp;!<i>&nbsp;</i>&raquo;).</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <div style="text-align: center;"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><img src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_87_3_image-20200622153705-5.jpeg" style="width: 500px; height: 313px;" /></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[</span></span><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Figure&nbsp;</span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><strong>1]</strong> <i>Capechada</i> au bord de l&rsquo;&eacute;tang de l&rsquo;Or</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </div> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2 id="L+autod+rision" name="L+autod+rision">L&rsquo;autod&eacute;rision</h2> <p style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; margin-bottom: 11px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Les p&ecirc;cheurs de notre corpus utilisent l&rsquo;autod&eacute;rision sur certaines th&eacute;matiques. L&rsquo;une d&rsquo;elle concerne les comp&eacute;tences linguistiques, puisque notre questionnaire contient la question&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;combien de langues parlez-vous&nbsp;?&nbsp;&raquo;. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 11px;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 11px; margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i><span lang="ES" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&laquo;&nbsp;De mau a parlar lo franc&eacute;s, de mau a parlar lo patois.&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span></i><i> </i></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 11px; margin-left: 80px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(&laquo;&nbsp;Du</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> mal &agrave; parler le fran&ccedil;ais, du mal &agrave; parler le patois.&nbsp;&raquo;)</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 11px; margin-left: 40px;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Il pr&eacute;tend mal parler alors qu&rsquo;il converse tout &agrave; fait ais&eacute;ment en fran&ccedil;ais et en occitan. &Agrave; Cannes, un p&ecirc;cheur nous d&eacute;crit son parler comme un vague m&eacute;lange&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 11px; margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&laquo;&nbsp;Un pauc transformat&nbsp;: un pauc d&rsquo;aqu&iacute; un pauc d&rsquo;ai&agrave;, fa una bolhabaissa.&nbsp;&raquo; </span></span></i></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 11px; margin-left: 80px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(&laquo;&nbsp;Un peu transform&eacute;&nbsp;: un peu de ci, de l&agrave;, &ccedil;a fait une bouillabaisse&nbsp;&raquo;)</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 11px; margin-left: 40px;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Il est int&eacute;ressant de noter qu&rsquo;il utilise l&rsquo;ethnotype du m&eacute;ridional<a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a> pour d&eacute;crire le proven&ccedil;al, la bouillabaisse &eacute;tant en effet un plat bien typique de la r&eacute;gion. Ce p&ecirc;cheur ajoute d&rsquo;ailleurs ensuite que le m&eacute;tier de p&ecirc;cheur m&ecirc;me est typique puisque les touristes les observent&nbsp;: </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="Standard" style="text-align: justify; margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&laquo;&nbsp;<i>Un pauc, venon, un pauc&nbsp;! Venon voir un peu lei pescaires, que siam derri&egrave;re les grilles, [&hellip;] nos balan&ccedil;an des cacahu&egrave;tes, eh, eh&nbsp;!</i>&nbsp;&raquo; </span></span></span></p> <p class="Standard" style="text-align: justify; margin-left: 80px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(&laquo;&nbsp;un peu, ils viennent un peu&nbsp;! Ils viennent voir les p&ecirc;cheurs, car nous sommes derri&egrave;re les grilles, [&hellip;] ils nous balancent des cacahu&egrave;tes, eh, eh&nbsp;!&nbsp;&raquo;)</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">L&rsquo;&eacute;cole est un autre th&egrave;me sujet &agrave; l&rsquo;auto-d&eacute;rision, notamment chez les p&ecirc;cheurs les plus &acirc;g&eacute;s, mais quelques jeunes partagent &eacute;galement le sentiment de n&rsquo;&ecirc;tre pas faits pour les &eacute;tudes&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 11px; margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&laquo;&nbsp;On nous a fait faire des barres pendant une semaine. Ensuite on va faire des i. On n&rsquo;y est plus all&eacute;s&nbsp;!&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 11px; margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&laquo;&nbsp;I si&aacute;u pas anat longtemps a l&rsquo;esc&ograve;la, m&rsquo;agrada pas&nbsp;! Ah, ah, ah.&nbsp;&raquo; </span></span></i></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 11px; margin-left: 80px;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(&laquo;&nbsp;J&rsquo;y suis pas all&eacute; longtemps &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;cole, &ccedil;a ne me plait pas&nbsp;! Ah, ah, ah&nbsp;&raquo;).</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">D&rsquo;autres, &agrave; la question &laquo;&nbsp;&ecirc;tes-vous all&eacute; &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;cole&nbsp;&raquo;, ont r&eacute;pondu&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;<i>oh, oh&nbsp;! Eraviam a l&rsquo;esc&ograve;la dei cancres&nbsp;!</i>&nbsp;&raquo; (&laquo;&nbsp;oh, oh, nous &eacute;tions &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;cole des cancres&nbsp;&raquo;). Et son ami d&rsquo;ajouter plus s&eacute;rieusement&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;<i>voei mas enfin, i anaviam a l&rsquo;esc&ograve;la quand m&egrave;ma</i>&nbsp;&raquo; (&laquo;&nbsp;oui mais enfin, nous y allions &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;cole quand m&ecirc;me&nbsp;&raquo;). En effet, il convient de ne pas g&eacute;n&eacute;raliser ce rapport d&rsquo;auto-d&eacute;rision &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;cole. Un p&ecirc;cheur parmi les plus &acirc;g&eacute;s nous a indiqu&eacute; qu&rsquo;il a obtenu le certificat d&rsquo;&eacute;tude haut la main&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;<i>si&aacute;u estat re&ccedil;auput eh, coma cal, un des primiers dal canton.&nbsp;</i>&raquo; (&laquo;&nbsp;J&rsquo;ai &eacute;t&eacute; re&ccedil;u hein, comme il faut, un des premiers du canton&nbsp;&raquo;). </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Les p&ecirc;cheurs emploient donc l&rsquo;ironie pour critiquer des pratiques contraignantes &agrave; leur activit&eacute; professionnelle. Selon la gravit&eacute; du sujet d&eacute;nonc&eacute;, la forme d&rsquo;ironie et sa puissance critique varie, mais dans tous les cas elle prend le sens donn&eacute; par la psychologue Jos&eacute; Morel Cinq-Mars (2008), qui rattache l&rsquo;ironie <span style="background:#fafafa"><span style="color:#323232">au &laquo;&nbsp;<em>nonsense</em>, au pas de c&ocirc;t&eacute; et &agrave; l&rsquo;effet de surprise [qui] mettent en difficult&eacute; la pens&eacute;e format&eacute;e, celle qui pr&eacute;tend d&eacute;tenir un savoir enti&egrave;rement totalisable et entend imposer pour cette raison une gestion comptable des esprits et des c&oelig;urs.&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span></span> <span style="background:#fafafa"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#323232">&Agrave;</span></span></span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> l&rsquo;inverse, l&rsquo;autod&eacute;rision utilis&eacute;e face au chercheur n&rsquo;appara&icirc;t donc pas comme une forme de r&eacute;sistance puisqu&rsquo;au contraire elle est utilis&eacute;e pour parler de soi en toute humilit&eacute;.</span></span></span></p> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <h1 id="La+pratique+du+rire+du+p+cheur+au+sein+du+groupe+social+professionnel+de+la+p+che+" name="La+pratique+du+rire+du+p+cheur+au+sein+du+groupe+social+professionnel+de+la+p+che+">La pratique du rire du p&ecirc;cheur au sein du groupe social professionnel de la p&ecirc;che</h1> <p style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Nous allons &agrave; pr&eacute;sent &eacute;tudier l&rsquo;emploi de l&rsquo;humour du p&ecirc;cheur au sein de son groupe social, c&rsquo;est-&agrave;-dire face aux p&ecirc;cheurs. Nous entendons par l&agrave; les d&eacute;monstrations de litt&eacute;rature orale, d&rsquo;un &laquo;&nbsp;humour p&ecirc;cheur&nbsp;&raquo;. Puisque &laquo;&nbsp;notre rire est toujours le rire d&rsquo;un groupe&nbsp;&raquo; et que &laquo; le rire cache une arri&egrave;re-pens&eacute;e d&rsquo;entente, je dirais presque complicit&eacute; avec d&rsquo;autres rieurs, r&eacute;els ou imaginaires &raquo;. &Agrave; l&rsquo;instar de (Bergson, 1950, p&nbsp;: 5) nous allons &eacute;tudier quelques facettes de l&rsquo;humour traditionnel p&ecirc;cheur. </span></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</p> <h2 id="Surnoms" name="Surnoms">Surnoms</h2> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Louis Michel&nbsp;(1964, p&nbsp;: 115-117) dans son &eacute;tude sur le parler des p&ecirc;cheurs du Golfe du Lion indique que les p&ecirc;cheurs utilisent beaucoup de surnoms par n&eacute;cessit&eacute;, pour simplement &eacute;viter les homonymies, mais aussi par&nbsp;&laquo;&nbsp;le go&ucirc;t de la couleur qui caract&eacute;rise la langue des p&ecirc;cheurs&nbsp;&raquo;. </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Nous avons demand&eacute; aux p&ecirc;cheurs s&rsquo;ils employaient des surnoms entre eux et avons ainsi collect&eacute; de nombreux surnoms. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Il existe deux cat&eacute;gories de surnoms de personnes&nbsp;: les diminutifs de noms individuels (hypocoristiques), qui sont donn&eacute;s par les proches de la personne, et les sobriquets qui viennent de l&rsquo;ext&eacute;rieur et plut&ocirc;t moqueurs, grossissant un trait de caract&egrave;re ou physique. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Nous avons </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">relev&eacute; les surnoms du corpus et les ai list&eacute;s dans l&rsquo;ordre alphab&eacute;tique afin de ne pas d&eacute;voiler leur origine, car&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;<i>n&rsquo;i a que lo preni&aacute;n ben, n&rsquo;i a que lo preni&aacute;n mau</i>&nbsp;!&nbsp;&raquo; (&laquo;&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">il y en a qui le prenaient bien, il y en a qui le prenaient mal&nbsp;!&nbsp;&raquo;)</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">. Nous les avons ortographi&eacute;s de fa&ccedil;on intuitive et qui peut &ecirc;tre fausse car nous n&rsquo;avons pas toujours les r&eacute;f&eacute;rences n&eacute;cessaires pour transcrire ce patrimoine oral&nbsp;:</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Alain le gros, Alain le grand, l</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&rsquo;Anguilon, Bachicha, Basene, Borroch, Boulet noir, la Buga (un poisson), La Chepa &laquo;&nbsp;<i>es un pescaire&nbsp;; perque son grand se sonava coma aqu&ograve;&nbsp;: Jep, Josep. A contunhat coma aqu&ograve;</i>&nbsp;&raquo; (&laquo;&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">C&rsquo;est un p&ecirc;cheur&nbsp;; parce qu&rsquo;il s&rsquo;appelait comme &ccedil;a&nbsp;: Chep, Josep. &Ccedil;a a continu&eacute; comme &ccedil;a&nbsp;&raquo;)</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">, Chicha, Chonet &laquo;&nbsp;pichonet&nbsp;<a href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a>&raquo;, la Cigogne, Coq d&rsquo;&oelig;uf, Courte-botte &laquo;&nbsp;<i>pichona gamba</i>, (&laquo;&nbsp;petite jambe&nbsp;&raquo;) et son fr&egrave;re le grand&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;grande botte&nbsp;&raquo;, Cr&eacute;mier, Diable &laquo;&nbsp;avi&aacute; un pichon boc&nbsp;&raquo; (&laquo;&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">il avait un petit bouc&nbsp;&raquo;)</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">, Fajou, lo Frisat, Gilou, Gip (ces deux derniers sont les surnoms donn&eacute;s &agrave; un p&ecirc;cheur nomm&eacute; Gilbert), Giscl&eacute;, Grand miral, La Limpa, Maissa&nbsp;&laquo;&nbsp;il parle sans arr&ecirc;t&nbsp;&raquo;, </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Malholet</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">, </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Marie las Alumetas, Marie Cailloux, Marie Cardinal, Marie Chameau, Marie N&ograve;i, Marie Pica-pola, Monina, Moust&egrave;que, N&eacute;n&eacute;, Pagadegun (qui ne paye jamais), Petit Cul, Pitan&ccedil;a, Plein phare, Pois chiche, lo Pomen, Radar &laquo;&nbsp;gr&ograve;ssas aurelhas&nbsp;&raquo; (&laquo;&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">grosses oreilles&nbsp;&raquo;)</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">, Sabati&egrave;r &laquo;&nbsp;a una gr&ograve;ssa t&egrave;sta&nbsp;&raquo; (&laquo;&nbsp;il a une grosse t&ecirc;te&nbsp;&raquo;), Saquetoun &laquo;&nbsp;per de qu&eacute; &egrave;ra entassat&nbsp;&raquo; (&laquo;&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">parce qu&rsquo;il &eacute;tait entass&eacute;&nbsp;&raquo;)</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> , Teston, Tisana&nbsp;&laquo;&nbsp;il buvait pas que la limonade&nbsp;!&nbsp;&raquo;, Tortusa (peut-&ecirc;tre qu&rsquo;il semblait tordu)&hellip; </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom: 11px; text-align: center;"><img src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_87_3_image-20200622153705-6.jpeg" style="width: 500px; height: 242px;" /></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 11px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[Figure 2]</span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Le restaurant porte le surnom d&rsquo;un Joseph&nbsp;: la Tchepe</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 11px; text-align: center;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">On remarque donc l&rsquo;utilisation de surnoms hypocoristiques tels que la Tchepe, que l&rsquo;on voit &eacute;crit ainsi sur le nom de ce restaurant &agrave; Bouzigues en figure 2<a href="#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a>. On trouve &eacute;galement les surnoms cr&eacute;&eacute;s par rapport au physique&nbsp;: lo Frisat (le fris&eacute;), Petit Cul, et les mots ajout&eacute;s pour &eacute;viter l&rsquo;homonymie comme tous ceux qui suivent les pr&eacute;noms Alain ou Marie.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">La liste est donc longue et cela t&eacute;moigne de l&rsquo;usage encore tr&egrave;s courant de ces surnoms. Pr&eacute;cisons que fort souvent les locuteurs me r&eacute;pondaient &laquo;&nbsp;de surnoms&nbsp;? Ne mancam pas&nbsp;!&nbsp;&raquo; (&laquo;&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Des surnoms&nbsp;? On n&rsquo;en manque pas&nbsp;!&nbsp;&raquo;)</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">, suivi souvent d&rsquo;un rire. Un ancien p&ecirc;cheur nous a m&ecirc;me avou&eacute; qu&rsquo;il croyait que c&rsquo;&eacute;taient de vrais noms&nbsp;!</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <h2 id="Chanson" name="Chanson">Chanson</h2> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Nous n&rsquo;avions pas int&eacute;gr&eacute; de questions consacr&eacute;es aux chansons dans le questionnaire r&eacute;alis&eacute; pour guider les enqu&ecirc;tes. Mais certains p&ecirc;cheurs ont exprim&eacute; eux-m&ecirc;mes la volont&eacute; de chanter. L&rsquo;un d&rsquo;eux, &acirc;g&eacute;, t&eacute;moigne d&rsquo;une vie sociale intense dans le village&nbsp;notamment la participation aux f&ecirc;tes du village parfois au sein de la fanfare, d&rsquo;autres fois en patron p&ecirc;cheur. Il connait donc de nombreuses chansons de p&ecirc;cheurs, souvent humoristiques, grivoises, ou encore moqueuses&nbsp;: une femme de p&ecirc;cheur qu&rsquo;&laquo;&nbsp;&egrave;ra crassosa&nbsp;&raquo; (qui &eacute;tait crasseuse, sale) ou le douanier qui &eacute;tait d&eacute;test&eacute;&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></p> <table align="center" class="MsoTableGrid" style="width:491px; border-collapse:collapse; border:none" width="491"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:236px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ES" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">La m&egrave;rda es un medicament,</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Guer&iacute;s furoncles e mal d&#39;aurelhas.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Se quauque c&ograve;p n&#39;&egrave;res picat,</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ES" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">D&#39;una rascassa o d&#39;una abelha.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ES" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Rende melhor pels agacins,</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ES" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&Ccedil;&ograve; que bondiu es veridic&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ES" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">La m&egrave;rda es un bon medecin,</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ES" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Fa mai de [fem&nbsp;?] que de reliques.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Per te citar de cas,</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Si&aacute;u pas dins l&#39;embarr&agrave;s&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">I avi&aacute; madama Berta,</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">N&#39;i avi&aacute; un furoncle dins lo nas,</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Se ve? guerit amb de m&egrave;rda.</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:255px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">La merde est un m&eacute;dicament,</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Qui gu&eacute;rit furoncles et mal d&rsquo;oreilles.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Si un jour tu te faisais piquer,</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Par une rascasse ou une abeille.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&Ccedil;a soulage les cors aux pieds,</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Ce qui bon dieu est v&eacute;ridique&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">La merde est un bon m&eacute;decin,</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Qui fait plus de&nbsp;[fumier&nbsp;?] que de reliques.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Pour te citer des cas,</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Je ne suis pas dans l&rsquo;embarras&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Il y avait madame Berte,</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Elle avait un furoncle dans le nez,</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Elle a &eacute;t&eacute; gu&eacute;rie avec de la merde.</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p align="center" style="text-align:center">&nbsp;</p> <table align="center" class="MsoTableGrid" style="width:13.0cm; border-collapse:collapse; border:none" width="491"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:236px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&Egrave;res dins ton vilatge,</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Que crebavas de fam.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Un soli&egrave;r, una grolha,</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Semblavas un mendiant,</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Ara dins la doana</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">V&ograve;s faire l&rsquo;important,</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">En frisant tas mostachas,</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Coma lo president</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:255px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Tu &eacute;tais dans ton village,</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">O&ugrave; tu crevais de faim.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Un soulier, une savate,</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Tu ressemblais &agrave; un mendiant.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Maintenant dans la douane</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Tu veux faire l&rsquo;important,</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">En frisant tes moustaches,</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Comme le pr&eacute;sident.</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="text-align: left;"><br /> <span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Les surnoms, chansons, mais aussi les proverbes sont autant de formes de litt&eacute;rature orale qui n&eacute;cessiteraient une &eacute;tude approfondie car cela int&eacute;resse fortement le patrimoine immat&eacute;riel des p&ecirc;cheurs traditionnels. On peut dire que cela participe &agrave; une r&eacute;sistance contre une mondialisation qui affecte les cultures locales, m&ecirc;me si ce concept un peu caricatural serait &agrave; pr&eacute;ciser dans le cadre d&rsquo;une &eacute;tude ethnologique par exemple.</span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <h1 id="Conclusion" name="Conclusion">Conclusion</h1> <p style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Le fil conducteur de l&rsquo;&laquo;&nbsp;humour pour faire de la r&eacute;sistance&nbsp;&raquo; a donc mis en lumi&egrave;re plusieurs formes d&rsquo;humour. L&rsquo;ironie, qui permet de d&eacute;crire des &eacute;tats de fait au chercheur, d&eacute;noncer ou critiquer, est une forme de r&eacute;sistance, mais pas l&rsquo;auto-d&eacute;rision utilis&eacute;e pour parler de soi. Ensuite, en ce qui concerne l&#39;humour de groupe, on a vu que l&rsquo;on entre dans le cadre de la transmission orale traditionnelle. En effet, l&rsquo;utilisation des surnoms, la connaissance de chansons moqueuses se transmettent de p&egrave;re en fils, du retrait&eacute; au jeune, et ce, m&ecirc;me s&rsquo;il a d&ucirc; passer le bac pour caler une <i>capechada</i>&nbsp;! On peut dire que c&rsquo;est &eacute;galement une forme de r&eacute;sistance face &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;volution du m&eacute;tier.</span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <h1 id="Bibliographie+" name="Bibliographie+">Bibliographie&nbsp;</h1> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 11px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Bergson, H. (1950). <em>Le rire. Essai sur la signification du comique</em>, Paris, Presses universitaires de France. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 11px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Lafont, R. (1971). &laquo;&nbsp;Deux types ethniques&nbsp;&raquo;, <i>le Sud et le Nord, dialectique de la France</i>, Toulouse, Privat.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Michel, L. (1964). <i>La langue des p&ecirc;cheurs du Golfe du Lion</i>, Editions d&rsquo;Atray</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#323232">Morel Cinq-Mars</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#323232">, J. (2008).&nbsp;<em>Witz</em>, humour et ironie. R&eacute;sister au Ma&icirc;tre.&nbsp;<i>Che vuoi</i>, 30(2), 125-133. doi:10.3917/chev.030.0125.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="color:black">Rouquette, Y. (1992). <i>S&egrave;te</i>. Toulouse, Privat. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Mots-cl&eacute;&nbsp;: p&ecirc;che, occitan, rire, r&eacute;sister, m&eacute;diterran&eacute;e, littoral, traditionnel, linguistique </span></span></span></span></span></p> <div>&nbsp; <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1"> <h1>Notes</h1> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="color:#00000a"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#00000a">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Ce ne sont pas tout &agrave; fait les limites du littoral m&eacute;diterran&eacute;en occitanophone mais celles de notre corpus.</span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn2"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="color:#00000a"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#00000a">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> La cap&eacute;chade est un filet fixe souvent utilis&eacute;e dans les &eacute;tangs. Une premi&egrave;re muraille appel&eacute;e <i>paladiera</i> accueille le poisson qui sera conduit ensuite dans trois poches et ainsi pi&eacute;g&eacute;. Le p&ecirc;cheur emploie l&rsquo;exag&eacute;ration pour se moquer de la r&eacute;glementation jug&eacute;e inadapt&eacute;e. &laquo;&nbsp;Caler une capechada&nbsp;&raquo; signifie le moment o&ugrave; le p&ecirc;cheur installe le filet dans l&rsquo;&eacute;tang.</span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn3"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="color:#00000a"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#00000a">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Le m&eacute;dical 1 est la certification de premier niveau n&eacute;cessaire aux patrons p&ecirc;cheurs pour &ecirc;tre autoris&eacute; &agrave; embarquer d&rsquo;autres personnes sur le bateau.</span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn4"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="color:#00000a"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><a href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#00000a">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> En Provence c&rsquo;est autour du f&eacute;librige et surtout des auteurs francophones Daudet et Pagnol que l&rsquo;ethnotype du proven&ccedil;al se diffuse, que Robert Lafont d&eacute;crit ainsi&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;le Proven&ccedil;al est &eacute;ternellement de loisir, devant son &laquo;&nbsp;pastis&nbsp;&raquo;. Il occupe le temps que lui laisse son inaction &agrave; un jeu maniaque de h&acirc;bleries. &Agrave; d&eacute;faut de la langue refoul&eacute;e, le signe ethnique galvaud&eacute;, l&rsquo;accent grossi, syst&eacute;matis&eacute; ne manque jamais &agrave; une c&eacute;r&eacute;monie. Car il s&rsquo;agit bien d&rsquo;une c&eacute;r&eacute;monie, dans la psychologie nationale. Une exorcisation rituelle, par le rire, de l&rsquo;Occitanie historique. Les Proven&ccedil;aux y sont convi&eacute;s et, se faisant de leur ali&eacute;nation un tr&eacute;teau de foire, ils r&eacute;ussissent fort bien&nbsp;&raquo; (Lafont, 1971&nbsp;: 134).</span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn5"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="color:#00000a"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><a href="#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#00000a">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Diminutif de petit.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn6"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="color:#00000a"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><a href="#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#00000a">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">On peut observer la graphie phon&eacute;tique qui d&eacute;voile un trait typique du parler occitan autour de l&rsquo;&eacute;tang de Thau o&ugrave; la fricative [ʒ] se prononce [ʧ]</span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> </div>