<h1 class="Normal1" style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><b><span style="font-size:13.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Introduction</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></h1> <p class="Normal1" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Le paysage sociolinguistique marocain se caract&eacute;rise par sa diversit&eacute; et sa variation linguistiques. Entre langues locales, r&eacute;gionales et nationales, cette zone du monde arabe se distingue aussi par son bilinguisme et son plurilinguisme historiques domin&eacute;s par la pr&eacute;sence du fran&ccedil;ais, de l&rsquo;anglais et de l&rsquo;espagnol faisant r&eacute;f&eacute;rence &agrave; la p&eacute;riode coloniale et postcoloniale (Lachkar, 2014b, 2017&amp; 2021a et b). &nbsp;A vrai dire, l&rsquo;arabe marocain montagnard, ou jebli, s&rsquo;&eacute;tend sur un vaste territoire dont les fronti&egrave;res territoriales d&eacute;butent au nord de la ville de F&egrave;s, en passant par les villes de Taounate, Ouezzane, Chaouane, Larache jusqu&rsquo;&agrave; la r&eacute;gion de Tanger et T&eacute;touan (Lachkar 2008 &amp; 2014a, Vicente 2017). Ce parler de la zone dialectale occidentale du monde arabe, m&eacute;rite une &eacute;tude approfondie dans un cadre transdisciplinaire et pluridisciplinaire, et ce dans la perspective de mettre en &eacute;vidence les sp&eacute;cificit&eacute;s g&eacute;olinguistiques, sociolinguistiques et culturelles de cet espace du nord du Maroc. Une telle entreprise peut se r&eacute;aliser par le questionnement des rapports de genres et de sexes dans les pratiques discursives orales individuelles et collectives des Jeblis et de leurs traces culturelles ou patrimoniales dans cette zone g&eacute;ographique. Ce qui pourrait enrichir les constats et conclusions des recherches qui se sont int&eacute;ress&eacute;es &agrave; cette langue orale et aux pratiques culturelles de ses locuteurs pour en construire une repr&eacute;sentation, incluant les ph&eacute;nom&egrave;nes de st&eacute;r&eacute;otypages, de</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">repr&eacute;sentations identitaires et d&rsquo;appartenance &agrave; l&rsquo;espace, notamment r&eacute;gional (Messaoudi 1996, 2000 &amp; 2003, Vicente 1998 &amp; </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">2002, Lachkar 2007, 2008, 2011&amp; 2013). Ces recherches psycho-socio-g&eacute;olinguistiques rendent compte des particularit&eacute;s des locuteurs de cette zone au sein de leur environnement social, en corr&eacute;lant leurs mani&egrave;res de parler avec des variables sociales (sexe, &acirc;ge, attitudes, circonstance de la communication&hellip;). Cette &eacute;tude se focalisera donc sur le r&ocirc;le crucial d&rsquo;une variable sociolinguistique&nbsp;: le genre jebli, notamment le f&eacute;minin, incluant le rapport homme/femme dans cette zone. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">En effet, une soci&eacute;t&eacute; a besoin de tout son potentiel mat&eacute;riel et immat&eacute;riel, notamment humain pour se d&eacute;velopper. La femme demeure un &eacute;l&eacute;ment important et une valeur ajout&eacute;e dans le processus de d&eacute;veloppement de la soci&eacute;t&eacute;, notamment montagnarde, dont il faut rendre compte ici. Car la femme jeblie, vu les difficult&eacute;s g&eacute;ographiques, climatiques et socio-culturelles qu&rsquo;elle subit, se pr&eacute;sente comme une personne militante qui m&egrave;ne des combats quotidiens, &agrave; l&rsquo;int&eacute;rieur comme &agrave; l&rsquo;ext&eacute;rieur de son cadre de vie, pour garantir sa survie et celle de sa famille. On peut avancer ainsi qu&rsquo;elle &eacute;tait et est toujours conservatrice du patrimoine, de la culture et des traditions de son espace, appel&eacute; territoire de Jb&acirc;la. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <h1 class="Normal1" style="border: none; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">L&rsquo;identit&eacute; ethnosocioculturelle montagnarde&nbsp;: entre Histoire, culture et soci&eacute;t&eacute;&nbsp; </span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></h1> <p class="Normal1" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Les femmes rurales, dans cette r&eacute;gion du Maroc, par les t&acirc;ches qu&rsquo;elles effectuent au quotidien, participent au d&eacute;veloppement durable, ce qui montre, d&rsquo;abord, leur capacit&eacute; de pr&eacute;server l&rsquo;environnement local et ses ressources naturelles et &eacute;cologiques, puis leur r&ocirc;le fondamental dans la r&eacute;gulation de la consommation de ces ressources. Ces individus se distinguent nettement des femmes des r&eacute;gions limitrophes par leur aspect physique et vestimentaire qui renvoie &agrave; un champ lexico-s&eacute;mantique important, vari&eacute; et riche lexicalement, associant richesse lexicale au transfert du sens et de la culture et des traditions de la communaut&eacute; linguistique en question. En effet, la femme, dans cette zone, couvre sa t&ecirc;te avec un chapeau de paille appel&eacute; &quot;&scaron;a&scaron;iya&quot; ou &quot;taraza&quot;&nbsp;(= grand chapeau de palmier nain tress&eacute;, orn&eacute; d&rsquo;&eacute;pais cordons de laine et souvent de pompons multicolores). Pour son travail agricole, elle rev&ecirc;t une &quot;tbānta&quot;(e)&nbsp;(=peau de vache que la femme met sur sa poitrine pour se prot&eacute;ger des &eacute;pines). Elle porte, &eacute;galement, autour de sa taille une &quot;kurziya&quot; ou &quot;lәḥzām&quot;&nbsp;(=&eacute;norme ceinture de laine, teint&eacute;e de couleurs et de motifs qui varient d&rsquo;une tribu &agrave; une autre). Elle la noue sur son &quot;ƫamīr&quot; ou &quot;manṣuriya&quot;&nbsp;(= pyjama ou robe qui couvre, par sa longueur, tout son corps jusqu&rsquo;au genou). Elle porte, &eacute;galement, un &quot;mәndil&quot; ou &quot;әl-foṭa&quot; (= &eacute;toffe de laine et de coton nou&eacute;e autour de sa taille, par-dessus la ceinture, et descendant jusqu&rsquo;aux mollets, comme un tablier ou un pagne)&nbsp;; on l&rsquo;appelle aussi &quot;әl-mәndil d-ә&scaron;-&scaron;ad&quot; parce qu&rsquo;il lui permet de &quot;đ&scaron;-&scaron;ad&quot;&nbsp;(= serrer un enfant sur son dos, ou de porter une &quot;ḥumla&quot;&nbsp;(= charge ou fardeau), surtout quand elle revient du march&eacute;. Parfois, elle pose sur sa t&ecirc;te un &quot;gәdwār&quot;&nbsp;(= voile de laine pour couvrir sa t&ecirc;te et ses &eacute;paules). &nbsp;Au cours des exercices agricoles, elle se sert aussi de &quot;әṭ-ṭrābaq&nbsp;(= molleti&egrave;res en peaux de moutons ou de ch&egrave;vres qui enveloppent ses mollets pour la prot&eacute;ger des &eacute;pines)</span></span></span></span><a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[1]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Avec cette tenue quotidienne et particuli&egrave;re, qui demeure conforme &agrave; sa culture et &agrave; ses traditions ancestrales, la femme jeblie (ou jebliya) assume les t&acirc;ches m&eacute;nag&egrave;res et les travaux agricoles difficiles. Elle travaille, g&eacute;n&eacute;ralement, avec ses mains, vu la raret&eacute; des mat&eacute;riaux et outillages sp&eacute;cialis&eacute;s mis &agrave; sa disposition. Ce qui lui permet de d&eacute;construire les repr&eacute;sentations et de remettre en question les st&eacute;r&eacute;otypes en vigueur dans les pays arabo-musulmans, insinuant que le labour est, par excellence, une t&acirc;che de masculine. Or, au pays de Jb&acirc;la, la femme est l&rsquo;&eacute;gale de l&rsquo;homme, elle ex&eacute;cute les m&ecirc;mes besognes que lui, elle participe &agrave; la production agricole et alimentaire locale. Elle ma&icirc;trise toute la tradition agricole puisqu&rsquo;elle conna&icirc;t parfaitement son organisation et son rythme avec ses p&eacute;riodes agraires, ses moments de cueillette et les instruments indispensables &agrave; sa r&eacute;alisation</span></span></span></span><a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[2]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">. Cela fait des femmes rurales et montagnardes arabes des actrices &agrave; part enti&egrave;re de la cha&icirc;ne de valorisation des domaines culturel et agricole, ce qui a des retomb&eacute;es directes sur le tissu socio-&eacute;conomique local et participe &agrave; son d&eacute;veloppement durable, notamment &eacute;cologique</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">. </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">En parall&egrave;le, il s&rsquo;av&egrave;re que dans un espace marqu&eacute; par sa diversit&eacute; socio-linguistique, notamment dialectale, et son contact de langues, un patrimoine oral et un parler r&eacute;gional minor&eacute;s continuent de survivre, dans cette zone du nord du Maroc, gr&acirc;ce surtout aux femmes. Ce sont elles qui pr&eacute;servent encore les traits les plus importants, pour qu&rsquo;on puisse cons&eacute;quemment parler, cette fois-ci, d&rsquo;une &eacute;cologie linguistique ou d&rsquo;une &eacute;colinguistique contextualis&eacute;e (Lachkar 2013). Par cons&eacute;quent, leur mission de conservatrices de leur langue, de leur culture et de leurs traditions d&eacute;termine leur appartenance &agrave; l&rsquo;espace de par ses aspects ethniques, identitaire et g&eacute;ographique. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Par ailleurs, les r&eacute;cits historiques et litt&eacute;raires oraux d&eacute;crivent la femme dans la r&eacute;gion de Jbala comme un mod&egrave;le de femme combattante. Elle est pr&eacute;sente dans plusieurs luttes et sur plusieurs niveaux pour le d&eacute;veloppement de son environnement, tout en assumant sa responsabilit&eacute; de femme dans sa famille et d&rsquo;actrice sociale dans la soci&eacute;t&eacute;. En plus de son r&ocirc;le biologique de procr&eacute;ation et de sa mission d&rsquo;&eacute;ducatrice des enfants, la femme jeblie assume les t&acirc;ches m&eacute;nag&egrave;res et participe, avec son mari, aux travaux agricoles dont elles ma&icirc;trisent une grande partie des techniques. Ces t&acirc;ches valent autant que celles de l&rsquo;homme et parfois m&ecirc;me plus, vu la multiplicit&eacute; de ses fonctions. Pendant les p&eacute;riodes de plantation et de moisson, elle accomplit des travaux &agrave; la for&ecirc;t et dans les champs. Elle sort de chez elle tr&egrave;s t&ocirc;t le matin pour cueillir divers produits agricoles (c&eacute;r&eacute;ales, fruits, l&eacute;gumes, bl&eacute;, cannabis, etc.) et amener les b&ecirc;tes au p&acirc;turage. La femme jeblie constitue le symbole de la patience et de la pers&eacute;v&eacute;rance par rapport aux autres femmes marocaines. Elle a particip&eacute;, &agrave; son niveau et avec ses propres moyens, &agrave; la guerre de lib&eacute;ration de sa r&eacute;gion des forces coloniales, en aidant au ravitaillement des rebelles et des insurg&eacute;s retir&eacute;s dans les sommets des montagnes. Elle transportait des paniers remplis d&rsquo;olives noires, de figues s&egrave;ches, de raisins secs et de galettes de pains d&rsquo;orge et de ma&iuml;s. Dans un des enregistrements de notre enqu&ecirc;te de terrain r&eacute;alis&eacute;e en 2019, il nous a m&ecirc;me &eacute;t&eacute; racont&eacute; que certaines femmes avaient dissimul&eacute; et transport&eacute; des armes dans leurs &quot;qatta&quot;&nbsp;(= bottes de branches d&rsquo;arbres que les femmes portent sur leurs dos et qui servent &agrave; nourrir le b&eacute;tail). La femme jeblie doit faire face &agrave; l&rsquo;&acirc;pret&eacute; de la vie et &agrave; celle de la nature. Certaines femmes interrog&eacute;es, nous ont appris que des femmes enceintes &eacute;taient parties le matin conduisant leurs troupeaux au p&acirc;turage, et qu&rsquo;elles &eacute;taient rentr&eacute;es le soir &agrave; la maison avec un nouveau-n&eacute; dans les bras&nbsp;; autrement dit, elles avaient accouch&eacute; seules dans la nature. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Le jour de son mariage, la mari&eacute;e se transporte sur un mulet, accompagn&eacute;e de l&rsquo;un de ses fr&egrave;res et est envelopp&eacute;e dans une &quot;djellaba&quot; masculine, symbole d&rsquo;honneur et de bravoure. Ce jour-l&agrave;, la jeune mari&eacute;e pleure sur un air attendrissant&nbsp;; ses larmes ne sont pas des larmes de tristesse mais constituent la marque de son passage d&rsquo;une &eacute;tape &agrave; une autre, le passage d&rsquo;une fille insouciante &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;tape de l&rsquo;&acirc;ge adulte, de l&rsquo;insouciance &agrave; l&rsquo;&acirc;ge de la responsabilit&eacute; dans tous les domaines de la vie active. Elle doit montrer qu&rsquo;elle est en mesure &agrave; participer &agrave; la vie socio&eacute;conomique de sa famille et de son environnement. La femme au territoire de Jbala ma&icirc;trise le sens de l&rsquo;&eacute;conomie participative et coop&eacute;rative&nbsp;: lorsque les femmes veulent cuire leurs pains, elles cotisent en apportant chacune des branches au four pour attiser le feu. Pour la cuisson du pain, une femme de la famille est charg&eacute;e de cette op&eacute;ration p&eacute;nible, elle s&rsquo;occupe elle-m&ecirc;me de ramener l&rsquo;eau des puits qu&rsquo;on partage, la plupart du temps, entre plusieurs m&eacute;nages. La femme jeblie est artiste par nature&nbsp;: de l&rsquo;argile</span></span></span></span><a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[3]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">, elle fa&ccedil;onne des &oelig;uvres d&rsquo;art, de la laine elle tisse</span></span></span></span><a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[4]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""> des couvertures et des tapis d&rsquo;une grande valeur. Sans oublier la pr&eacute;paration manuelle des olives</span></span></span></span><a href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[5]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""> avec toutes leurs vari&eacute;t&eacute;s et typologies</span></span></span></span><a href="#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[6]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">, le petit lait et le beurre &quot;bәldi&quot; ou bio, etc.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">L&rsquo;histoire aborde aussi le r&ocirc;le politique et strat&eacute;gique de la femme jeblie dans sa soci&eacute;t&eacute;&nbsp;; on cite souvent le cas de &quot;Sayyida al-Hurra&quot;</span></span></span></span><a href="#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[7]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""> (= la Dame libre) comme femme c&eacute;l&egrave;bre dans l&rsquo;histoire du nord du Maroc, et qui fut &agrave; une certaine &eacute;poque du XVI<sup>&egrave;me</sup> si&egrave;cle la r&eacute;gente du nord du Maroc. Cette Dame cultiv&eacute;e et aguerrie maitrisait la situation g&eacute;opolitique du bassin m&eacute;diterran&eacute;en, ce qui lui a permis de d&eacute;fier la colonisation espagnole et portugaise</span></span></span></span><a href="#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[8]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">. Elle a ainsi r&eacute;gn&eacute; sur un Etat et a gouvern&eacute; pour des ann&eacute;es la ville de T&eacute;touan et tout le nord-ouest du Maroc. M&ecirc;me si l&rsquo;histoire officielle du pays a effac&eacute; ses traces, <i>al-sayyida al-Hurra</i> est consid&eacute;r&eacute;e par les historiens, notamment les historiens andalous et espagnols comme la premi&egrave;re cheffe de la piraterie sans &eacute;quivoque dans la r&eacute;gion</span></span></span></span><a href="#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[9]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">.&nbsp; Ainsi, l&rsquo;historien Mohammed Daoud dans son ouvrage <i>Histoire de T&eacute;touane</i> pr&eacute;cise qu&rsquo;<i>al-Hurra </i>s&rsquo;appelait&nbsp;&laquo;&nbsp;Aicha fille de Al-chaykh Ali Ben Moussa Ben Rachid, de lignage Al-chaykh Abdeslam Belmchich&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span></span></span><a href="#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[10]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">. Vu l&rsquo;excellent prestige, la position noble et le poids exceptionnel de sa famille dans les tribus de Jb&acirc;la aux nord du Maroc</span></span></span></span><a href="#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[11]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><span style="color:#000000;">, se marier avec cette dame <i>al-Hurra </i>constituait une grande entreprise&nbsp;et un projet convoit&eacute; par les d&eacute;tenteurs de pouvoir au pays<i> :</i> &laquo;&nbsp;parmi les choses les plus importantes qui concernent la Dame libre, c&rsquo;est l&rsquo;histoire de son mariage avec le sultan marocain de F&egrave;s Ahmed Al-Wattassi en 1541 &raquo;</span><a href="#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color:#000000;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Mais</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">, </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">apr&egrave;s des complots internes, <i>al-sayyida al-Hurra</i> a pr&eacute;f&eacute;r&eacute; se retirer de la sc&egrave;ne politique et se consacrer au fait religieux pour lutter contre les mauvaises interpr&eacute;tations des textes religieux de l&rsquo;islam</span></span></span></span><a href="#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[13]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">. C&rsquo;est pour cette raison qu&rsquo;elle a fond&eacute; des confr&eacute;ries ou &quot;Zaouiy&acirc;t&quot; dans lesquelles les adeptes et les fid&egrave;les glorifiaient le cr&eacute;ateur de l&rsquo;univers et de ses proph&egrave;tes dans des cantiques et des chants qu&rsquo;on entend souvent de nos jours.&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">En r&eacute;alit&eacute;, cette pr&eacute;sence de <i>al-sayyida al-Hurra</i> demeure &eacute;ternelle dans la m&eacute;moire collective des Jb&acirc;las&nbsp;; son influence sur la nature de la femme du nord du Maroc se remarque clairement sur plusieurs dimensions qu&rsquo;elle a bien symbolis&eacute;es&nbsp;: (1) le mouvement de lutte et de militantisme, (2) les prises de position au niveau politique souvent r&eacute;serv&eacute;es aux hommes, (3) les traces de la vraie civilisation andalouse, (4) le mouvement soufi qu&rsquo;elle a laiss&eacute; dans cette r&eacute;gion ainsi que (5) et enfin la bonne conduite du foyer et le partage du travail avec l&rsquo;homme, notamment le remplacement de celui-ci dans les t&acirc;ches masculines, caract&eacute;ristiques distinctives de la femme jeblie d&rsquo;aujourd&rsquo;hui.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <h1 class="Normal1" style="border: none; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&Eacute;cologie linguistique et particularit&eacute;s contextuelles du domaine jebli</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></h1> <p class="Normal1" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Dans l&rsquo;espace jebli et son p&eacute;rim&egrave;tre g&eacute;olinguistique, on distingue entre deux sortes d&rsquo;influence que Louis-Jean Calvet (2016) qualifie d&rsquo;influences ext&eacute;rieures ou int&eacute;rieures sur la langue, c&rsquo;est-&agrave;-dire d&rsquo;une part l&rsquo;interf&eacute;rence &eacute;tatique &agrave; travers diff&eacute;rentes autorit&eacute;s politiques, religieuses ou publiques et d&rsquo;autre part le r&ocirc;le crucial et non n&eacute;gligeable des locuteurs envers leurs langues. La premi&egrave;re intervention est dite politique <i>in vitro, </i>tandis que pour la seconde on parle de politique <i>in vivo</i>, de part l&rsquo;intervention humaine dans l&rsquo;&eacute;volution, la survie ou la disparition d&rsquo;une langue, d&rsquo;un dialecte ou d&rsquo;une vari&eacute;t&eacute; dialectale (Calvet 2016 &amp; 2017). Dans cette deuxi&egrave;me cat&eacute;gorie, la langue de Jbala, langue r&eacute;gionale minor&eacute;e, manifeste son existence dans et par les pratiques socio-langagi&egrave;res quotidiennes de ses locuteurs, notamment celles des femmes. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Par ailleurs, au m&ecirc;me titre que Vicente (2017), cette &eacute;tude peut confirmer la perspective linguistique avanc&eacute;e par Colin (1945) en ce qui concerne les diff&eacute;rences entre les parlers de la r&eacute;gion de Jbala&nbsp;; les vari&eacute;t&eacute;s septentrionales du jebli</span></span></span></span><a href="#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[14]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""> sont plus anciennes et conservent davantage les principaux traits du parler jebli (d&rsquo;origine andalouse) par rapport aux autres vari&eacute;t&eacute;s plus m&eacute;ridionales qui sont moins anciennes &agrave; cause de l&rsquo;installation plus tardive de la population dans cette partie de la r&eacute;gion. Cette population aurait &eacute;t&eacute; arabis&eacute;e plus tard que les populations qui habitaient le nord, de telle fa&ccedil;on que la vari&eacute;t&eacute; arabe parl&eacute;e avait d&eacute;j&agrave; &eacute;volu&eacute;</span></span></span></span><a href="#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[15]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><span style="color:#000000;">. L&eacute;vi-Proven&ccedil;al souligne, &agrave; travers son enqu&ecirc;te men&eacute;e en 1918 dans les tribus de Sl&egrave;s, Fichtala, Beni Ouri&acirc;gel</span><a href="#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color:#000000;">, ainsi que celle men&eacute;e en parall&egrave;le que la sienne en 1917-18 par Colin au nord de la r&eacute;gion de Taza, dans la tribu de Br&acirc;nes, que la vari&eacute;t&eacute; arabe dans cette r&eacute;gion de Jb&acirc;la subit beaucoup plus d&rsquo;influences berb&egrave;res par opposition au sud de cette r&eacute;gion o&ugrave; les influences berb&egrave;res s&rsquo;av&egrave;rent majoritairement affaiblies &agrave; cause des apports du parler </span></span></span></span><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&lsquo;</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">aroubi (L&eacute;vi-Proven&ccedil;al 1922&nbsp;: 18) et du </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&lsquo;</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">aroubi m&eacute;lang&eacute; au mdini provenant de la ville de F&egrave;s (Lachkar 2008).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><span style="color:#000000;">Cette variation linguistique est due aux influences diachroniques mais nous pouvons d&eacute;finir entre locuteurs du parler arabe jebli une autre variation sociolinguistique cette fois-ci synchronique. En r&eacute;alit&eacute;, l&rsquo;usage social de la langue au sein de la communaut&eacute; de Jb&acirc;la rappelle deux variables importantes&nbsp;: le sexe et l&rsquo;&acirc;ge. D&rsquo;apr&egrave;s notre propre enqu&ecirc;te sur le terrain (2019) ainsi que d&rsquo;autres enqu&ecirc;tes ant&eacute;rieures comme celle de Vicente &agrave; Anjra effectu&eacute;e en 1995 mais dont les r&eacute;sultats ont &eacute;t&eacute; publi&eacute;s en 1996, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002 &amp; 2014, la femme jeblie &acirc;g&eacute;e rassemble les deux variables, &eacute;tant ainsi conservatrice de la totalit&eacute; des traits caract&eacute;risant le parler jebli. C&rsquo;est elle qui maintient l&rsquo;originalit&eacute; de ce patrimoine oral. Pour une variation genr&eacute;e, les femmes, dans ce contexte, sont r&eacute;put&eacute;es par des productions langagi&egrave;res aussi pr&eacute;serv&eacute;es que celles des hommes. Dans cette m&ecirc;me perspective, Natividad (1998), d&rsquo;apr&egrave;s son enqu&ecirc;te men&eacute;e &agrave; Chefchaouen en 1992 &amp; 1993, a soulign&eacute; que&nbsp;&laquo;&nbsp;les femmes &acirc;g&eacute;es constituent une source d&rsquo;information id&eacute;ale car les hommes ont souvent un parler d&eacute;j&agrave; influenc&eacute; par d&rsquo;autres dialectes&nbsp;&raquo;</span><a href="#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><sup><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[17]</span></span></span></sup></sup></span></a><span style="color:#000000;">. Messaoudi (2003), de son c&ocirc;t&eacute;, affirme que les femmes sont des &laquo; gardiennes des traditions, elles sont le plus souvent les relais</span></span></span></span><span style="color:#000000;"> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">privil&eacute;gi&eacute;s pour la transmission des &quot;bonnes mani&egrave;res&quot; et des fa&ccedil;ons de parler qui les accompagnent. Ce n&rsquo;est pas seulement le souci de la &quot;bonne<b><i> </i></b>&eacute;ducation&quot; qui</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">motive ce &quot;conservatisme linguistique f&eacute;minin&quot;, c&rsquo;est aussi la volont&eacute; de se d&eacute;fendre</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">face &agrave; la pr&eacute;dominance masculine et de se pr&eacute;server d&rsquo;&eacute;ventuelles critiques touchant</span></span></span> </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><span style="color:#000000;">&agrave; leur comportement ou &agrave; leurs mani&egrave;res &raquo;</span><a href="#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><sup><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[18]</span></span></span></sup></sup></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><sup>.</sup></span></span></span></span><span style="color:#000000;"> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">N&eacute;anmoins, il est important de souligner les caract&eacute;ristiques sociologiques, surtout au milieu rural, de cette soci&eacute;t&eacute; de Jb&acirc;la. La femme &acirc;g&eacute;e n&rsquo;y quitte presque jamais son foyer, m&ecirc;me en partageant le travail agricole avec l&rsquo;homme, ses fr&eacute;quentations demeurent limit&eacute;es, rarement &eacute;trang&egrave;res, elle ne s&rsquo;&eacute;loigne pas du champ, du douar ou de son village natal &agrave; la montagne. Dans ce sens, Labov (1990) parle plut&ocirc;t d&rsquo;&laquo;&nbsp;ins&eacute;curit&eacute; linguistique&nbsp;&raquo; des femmes d&rsquo;apr&egrave;s l&rsquo;enqu&ecirc;te qu&rsquo;il a men&eacute;e en 1966 sur la stratification sociale de l&rsquo;anglais &agrave; New York City</span></span></span></span><a href="#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[19]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""> et dans son article de 1990</span></span></span></span><a href="#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[20]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">, dans lequel il observe &laquo;&nbsp;un dysfonctionnement complet du comportement linguistique&nbsp;&raquo; entre hommes et femmes, une tendance au conformisme aussi apparente chez les femmes qui r&eacute;sulte d&rsquo;une diff&eacute;rence de pouvoir et de statut entre les genres et les sexes. Il confirme que&nbsp;&laquo;&nbsp;les changements d&rsquo;occupation et de mode de vie des femmes n&#39;entra&icirc;nent pas de changements imm&eacute;diats dans leurs comportement linguistique&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span></span></span><a href="#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[21]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">. &nbsp;La variante linguistique chez le f&eacute;minin demeure un choix, la femme jeblie para&icirc;t plus attach&eacute;e aux normes et traits discriminants standards et originaux du parler jebli. Autrement dit, c&rsquo;est ce qui est expliqu&eacute; inversement cette fois-ci par Labov, lorsqu&rsquo;il d&eacute;crit le comportement masculin&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;Dans une stratification sociolinguistique stable, les hommes utilisent plus fr&eacute;quemment que les femmes des formes linguistiques non standard&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span></span></span><a href="#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[22]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><span style="color:#000000;">Dans le territoire de Jb&acirc;la, le nivellement linguistique se manifeste au sein de l&rsquo;idiome utilis&eacute; par les hommes plut&ocirc;t que par celui des femmes, ce qui s&rsquo;explique essentiellement par cette s&eacute;gr&eacute;gation genr&eacute;e plus forte dans la r&eacute;gion de Jb&acirc;la que dans d&rsquo;autres zones linguistiques du Maroc. Les hommes se d&eacute;placent fr&eacute;quemment et quittent leur espace rural vers les zones urbaines les plus proches</span><a href="#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><sup><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[23]</span></span></span></sup></sup></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"> (Vicente 2017, pp&nbsp;: 42-43). Ainsi, les enfants et les jeunes, d&rsquo;aujourd&rsquo;hui, demeurent les plus concern&eacute;s par les effets de modifications intra et extralinguistiques</span></span></span></span><a href="#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[24]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">. Cela sans oublier le r&ocirc;le formateur des femmes dans la transmission &agrave; leurs enfants d&rsquo;une plus grande sensibilit&eacute; aux normes de la vari&eacute;t&eacute; standard en vigueur</span></span></span></span><a href="#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[25]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">.</span></span></span> </span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#000000;"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Tableau 1. Les informateurs par tranches d&rsquo;&acirc;ge</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> <table class="Table" style="margin-left:7px; border-collapse:collapse; border:none"> <tbody> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:197px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p class="Normal1" style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p align="center" class="Normal1" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Cat&eacute;gories d&rsquo;&acirc;ges</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:409px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" class="Normal1" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Genre</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:205px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:27px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" class="Normal1" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Hommes</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:205px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:27px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" class="Normal1" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Femmes</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:197px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:50px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" class="Normal1" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">16-26</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:205px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:50px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="Normal1" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">30</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:205px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:50px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="Normal1" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">45</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:197px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:46px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" class="Normal1" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">26-40</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:205px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:46px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="Normal1" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">25</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:205px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:46px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="Normal1" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">50</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:197px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:46px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" class="Normal1" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">40-60</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:205px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:46px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="Normal1" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">45</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:205px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:46px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="Normal1" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">50</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:197px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:47px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" class="Normal1" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">60-80<sup>+</sup></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:205px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:47px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="Normal1" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">30</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:205px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:47px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="Normal1" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">72</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:197px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:47px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" class="Normal1" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p align="center" class="Normal1" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Total</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" class="Normal1" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:205px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:47px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="Normal1" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">130</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:205px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:47px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="Normal1" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">217</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:409px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:68px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" class="Normal1" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p align="center" class="Normal1" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">347</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#000000;"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Figure 1. Les informateurs par tranches d&rsquo;&acirc;ge</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><img height="486" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_602_3_IMAGE SAKINA FIG.1.jpg" width="772" /><br /> <span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><img align="left" hspace="12" src="file:///C:/Users/yasso/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" style="width:1px; height:1px" /></span></span></span></span></p> <h1 class="Normal1" style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">La palatalisation de /a/ ou </span></span></span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">الإمالة</span></span></span><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""> &quot;al-&rsquo;imāla&quot; </span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></h1> <p class="Normal1" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">La palatalisation repr&eacute;sente le changement ou l&rsquo;&eacute;volution du lieu d&rsquo;articulation d&rsquo;une consonne dite palatale sous l&rsquo;influence d&rsquo;une voyelle pr&eacute;c&eacute;dente ou suivante. En l&rsquo;occurrence, la derni&egrave;re syllabe d&rsquo;un morph&egrave;me peut &ecirc;tre touch&eacute;e par ce ph&eacute;nom&egrave;ne de palatalisation ou la <i>&rsquo;imāla</i>, d&eacute;fini par les grammairiens arabes comme &eacute;tant l&rsquo;inclinaison d&rsquo;une voyelle ouverte&nbsp;/a/ (fatḥa) vers une certaine fermeture qui peut &ecirc;tre partielle (suġra)&nbsp;/e/ ou totale (kubra)&nbsp;/i/. La raison de cette utilisation de la <i>&rsquo;imāla</i> est, avant tout, d&rsquo;att&eacute;nuer et de faciliter la prononciation, surtout au moment de la lecture coranique</span></span></span></span><a href="#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[26]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Dans la r&eacute;gion de Jb&acirc;la, la <i>&rsquo;imāla</i> &eacute;voque un h&eacute;ritage linguistique andalou et renvoie au rapprochement linguistique entre le Maghreb et le Mashreq. L&rsquo;arriv&eacute;e de l&rsquo;arabe andalou a &eacute;t&eacute; consid&eacute;r&eacute;e comme la deuxi&egrave;me vague d&rsquo;arabisation de toute la r&eacute;gion septentrionale du Maroc</span></span></span></span><a href="#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[27]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">. Cet usage linguistique existe, encore aujourd&rsquo;hui, comme trait discriminant de l&rsquo;arabe des Jb&acirc;las du nord du Maroc. Il marque leur idiome dans diff&eacute;rentes zones, surtout les plus rurales. N&eacute;anmoins, il demeure opportun de signaler que l&rsquo;emploi de ce ph&eacute;nom&egrave;ne linguistique tend &agrave; prendre une particularit&eacute; f&eacute;minine, une caract&eacute;ristique du parler jebli adopt&eacute;e et conserv&eacute;e par ses locutrices jeblies. En effet, durant notre s&eacute;jour dans cette r&eacute;gion (en 2019), nous avons &eacute;t&eacute; &eacute;tonn&eacute;e de la pr&eacute;sence de tous les traits caract&eacute;ristiques du parler jebli dans les pratiques langagi&egrave;res et discursives des femmes &acirc;g&eacute;es, comme la &quot;&rsquo;imāla&quot;</span></span></span></span><a href="#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[28]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><span style="color:#000000;"> qui se veut, aussi bien, moins une caract&eacute;ristique du parler des hommes au profit de celui des femmes. Vicente (2017), &agrave; travers son enqu&ecirc;te men&eacute;e dans la tribu d&rsquo;Anjra, avance qu&rsquo;&laquo;&nbsp;auparavant les hommes pronon&ccedil;aient aussi la <i>&rsquo;imāla</i> qui est devenue un trait f&eacute;minin apr&egrave;s l&rsquo;influence d&rsquo;autres vari&eacute;t&eacute;s sur les parlers masculins&nbsp;&raquo;</span><a href="#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><sup><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[29]</span></span></span></sup></sup></span></a><span style="color:#000000;">. En plus du substrat berb&egrave;re, le parler jebli conna&icirc;t une conservation de quelques traits caract&eacute;ristiques de l&rsquo;arabe andalou ou de l&rsquo;arabe espagnol, soulign&eacute;s par exemple dans le parler de Chaouane (Moscoso, 2002) et celui d&rsquo;Anjra (Vicente, 2000). Cette influence est attest&eacute;e dans d&rsquo;autres r&eacute;gions du Maroc, de plus en plus, moins marquante. Des r&eacute;alisations phon&eacute;tiques rappelant le substrat andalou, telle que la palatalisation de /a/ avec des degr&eacute;s de fermeture prononc&eacute;s en /ә/, /e/ ou bien /i/. </span></span></span></span><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Ce degr&eacute; de fermeture dans le parler jebli nous rappelle aussi une certaine fermeture vocalique finale r&eacute;alis&eacute;e dans le standard arabe mashr&eacute;quin, notamment libanais. La &rsquo;<i>imāla</i> de /a/ s&rsquo;av&egrave;re un trait distinctif de l&rsquo;arabe dialectal libanais et des autres dialectes voisins comme le syrien et le palestinien. On cite entre autres&nbsp;: &quot;ken&quot;=il &eacute;tait, &quot;istez&quot;=professeur, &quot;&scaron;ǝbbek&quot;=fen&ecirc;tre, etc.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><span style="color:#000000;">De son c&ocirc;t&eacute;, Guerrero (2016) pr&eacute;sente, dans son &eacute;tude comparative des diff&eacute;rentes vari&eacute;t&eacute;s rurales de l&rsquo;arabe maghr&eacute;bin, des exemples qui ont &eacute;t&eacute; constat&eacute;s dans les parlers villageois tunisiens, le parler de la Kabylie orientale et dans une moindre mesure le parler des Jb&acirc;las du Maroc</span><a href="#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><sup><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[30]</span></span></span></sup></sup></span></a><span style="color:#000000;">. Ainsi, il cite les exemples suivants&nbsp;: bda&gt;bde </span></span></span></span><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&quot;</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">il commen&ccedil;a</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&quot;</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""> (Mar&ccedil;ais et Gu&icirc;ga 1925&nbsp;: 67), nsa&gt;nse </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&quot;</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">femmes</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&quot; </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">(W.Mar&ccedil;ais 1950&nbsp;:211), teqliha&gt;teqlēha, </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&quot;</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">elle la fait frire</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&quot;, md</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">ī</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">na&gt;</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">mdīn&aelig; </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><span style="color:#000000;">ville&quot;, nʕăsna&gt;nʕăsni &quot;nous avons dormi&quot;(Vicente 2000&nbsp;:29), wāḥda&gt; wāḥd&aelig; &quot;une&quot; (Guerrero 2015&nbsp;:60), (Moscosso 2004&nbsp;:27), brīt&gt;bṛēt &quot;(que tu sois) gu&eacute;ri&quot;(Ph.Mar&ccedil;ais 1954&nbsp;:573)</span><a href="#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><sup><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[31]</span></span></span></sup></sup></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><sup>. </sup>Cette particularit&eacute; linguistique qu&rsquo;on a pu enregistrer, &agrave; plusieurs reprises, par des voies f&eacute;minines, affecte surtout la derni&egrave;re syllabe des noms propres des personnes femmes ou hommes. Pareillement, on l&rsquo;a rep&eacute;r&eacute;e au cours des discussions quotidiennes au sein de leur foyer ou encore &agrave; l&rsquo;ext&eacute;rieur de celui-ci, aux champs, dans la for&ecirc;t, au cours de leur activit&eacute; authentique plus que traditionnelle, l&rsquo;agriculture. Nous avons constat&eacute; que l&rsquo;ensemble du lexique jebli, se terminant par une syllabe ouverte et parfois ferm&eacute;e, prononc&eacute;e par les femmes &acirc;g&eacute;es, maintient cette particule de &quot;l&rsquo;imāla&quot;, de telle mani&egrave;re que l&rsquo;on n&rsquo;arrive pas &agrave; distinguer le degr&eacute; de fermeture de cette palatalisation qui affecte la voyelle /a/ &agrave; la fin du mot, elle est soit l&eacute;g&egrave;rement, soit partiellement, soit totalement ferm&eacute;e&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="Normal1" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Tableau 2. Lexique jebli avec &quot;imāla&quot;</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> <table class="Table" style="margin-left:102px; border-collapse:collapse; border:none" width="397"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:205px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p class="Normal1" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Mots en A.D.M. sans &quot;imāla&quot;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:192px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="Normal1" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Mots en jebli (f&eacute;minin) avec &quot;imāla&quot;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:205px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p class="Normal1" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Aicha </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Hamza</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">roumaysa</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&quot;lġāba&quot;&nbsp;: for&ecirc;t </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&quot;dāba&quot;&nbsp;: Maintenant</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&quot;žina&quot; : nous sommes venus</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&quot;ḥaža&quot;&nbsp;: une chose</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&quot;waḥad&quot;&nbsp;: un/un seul</span></span></span> </span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:192px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="Normal1" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&quot;ɜay&scaron;ә&quot;&lt;&nbsp;/e/</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&quot;ḥamzә&quot;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&quot;rumaysә&quot;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&quot;lġābә&quot;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&quot;dābә&quot;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&quot;žinә&quot;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&quot;ḥaž</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">ә</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&quot;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&quot;waḥ</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">ә</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">d&quot;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p class="Normal1" style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <h1 class="Normal1" style="border: none; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Le diminutif des noms et des adjectifs</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></h1> <p class="Normal1" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">La communaut&eacute; linguistique des Jb&acirc;las, notamment les femmes et les enfants, se sert des diminutifs pour</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">qualifier une chose, un objet ou un &ecirc;tre comme petit ou insuffisant. C&rsquo;est aussi une connotation affective de ces m&ecirc;mes &eacute;l&eacute;ments dans les pratiques socioculturelles et linguistiques. Dans notre terrain d&rsquo;enqu&ecirc;te, ce sont les femmes qui ont tendance &agrave; employer ces formes lexicales dans leur langage pour le transformer ainsi en un ph&eacute;nom&egrave;ne linguistique essentiellement f&eacute;minin, ce qui risque de ne pas &ecirc;tre le cas dans d&rsquo;autres tribus et communes rurales et urbaines de la m&ecirc;me zone d&rsquo;&eacute;tude (Lachkar 2013).&nbsp; Cela rejoint la d&eacute;finition du diminutif par Dubois (2007) qui le consid&egrave;re comme &laquo;&nbsp;un nom qui se r&eacute;f&egrave;re &agrave; un objet consid&eacute;r&eacute; comme</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">petit ou en g&eacute;n&eacute;ral accompagn&eacute; d&rsquo;une connotation affective (hypocoristique)&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span></span></span><a href="#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[32]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">. Les formes diminutives sont tr&egrave;s fr&eacute;quentes, au sein du discours f&eacute;minin jebli, pour d&eacute;crire aussi bien les noms que les adjectifs. L&rsquo;usage des diminutifs touche toutes les activit&eacute;s quotidiennes (agricole, culinaire, artisanale, commerciale, etc.). </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">La femme jeblie se sert du diminutif du nom de ses proches et des personnes qui lui sont ch&egrave;res, de fa&ccedil;on &agrave; les entourer de tendresse et de sympathie. Le diminutif f&eacute;minin prend des formes vari&eacute;es, et rares sont les r&egrave;gles qui r&eacute;gissent sa formation. C&rsquo;est ce que d&eacute;montrent, ici, les diminutifs des pr&eacute;noms de personnes prononc&eacute;s par les femmes&nbsp;enqu&ecirc;t&eacute;es :</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="Normal1" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Tableau 3. Dimunitifs de noms propres</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> <table class="Table" style="margin-left:102px; border-collapse:collapse; border:none" width="406"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:205px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p class="Normal1" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Noms propres</span></span></span> </span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:201px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="Normal1" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Diminutifs Jeblis</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:205px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p class="Normal1" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Lahcen</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Rahma</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Hamid </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Fatima </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Aicha </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Salah</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:201px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="Normal1" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&quot;ḥsinu&quot;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&quot;rḥimu&quot;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&quot;ḥmidu&quot;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&quot;fṭiṭəm&quot;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&quot;ԑwi&scaron;a&quot;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&quot;ṣwiləḥ&quot;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p class="Normal1" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:18pt; margin-bottom:13px"><br /> <span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Par ailleurs, les formes les plus courantes des adjectifs et de quelques noms communs que nous avons enregistr&eacute;es lors de nos divers entretiens sur le terrain des Jb&acirc;las sont fʕīwal فعِيوَل et fʕīʕalفعِيعَال</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">. Ces formes ont d&eacute;j&agrave; &eacute;t&eacute; rep&eacute;r&eacute;es par L&eacute;vi-Proven&ccedil;al</span></span></span></span><a href="#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[33]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""> dans <i>ses textes arabes de l&rsquo;Ouargha</i>, puis Mar&ccedil;ais pour le parler de Tanger</span></span></span></span><a href="#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[34]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">, Gaudefroy-Demom-Bynes et Mercier pour l&rsquo;A.D.M</span></span></span></span><a href="#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[35]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""> en g&eacute;n&eacute;ral. En guise d&rsquo;exemple, nous citons&nbsp;: </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Tableau 4. Dimunitif des adjectifs</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> <table class="Table" style="margin-left:102px; border-collapse:collapse; border:none" width="416"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:205px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p class="Normal1" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Adjectifs/ Noms communs</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:210px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="Normal1" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Diminutifs Jeblis</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:205px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:223px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p class="Normal1" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&quot;sġīr&quot;&nbsp;: Petit</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&quot;ṭwīl&quot;&nbsp;: Long</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&quot;qlīl&quot;&nbsp;: Peu</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&quot;ɜwaž&quot;&nbsp;: D&eacute;form&eacute;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&quot;xḍār&quot;&nbsp;: Vert</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&quot;ḥmār&quot;&nbsp;: Rouge</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&quot;qiṭ&quot;&nbsp;: Un chat </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&quot;&scaron;ġəl&quot;&nbsp;: Un travail</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:210px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:223px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="Normal1" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&quot;sġīwar&quot;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&quot;ṭwīwal&quot;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&quot;qlīlwal&quot;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&quot;ɜwīwaž&quot;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&quot;xḍiḍār&quot;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&quot;ḥmimār&quot;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&quot;qṭīwaṭ&quot;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&quot;&scaron;ġīwal&quot;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p class="Normal1" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:18pt; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="Normal1" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%">&nbsp;<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">D&rsquo;autant plus, certains noms ou adjectifs peuvent avoir la forme diminutive comme forme originale d&eacute;nominative&nbsp;: </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&quot;</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&scaron;wiwə&scaron;&quot;: un peu&nbsp;/ &quot;stitu&quot;&nbsp;: petit / &quot;stitwa&quot;&nbsp;: petite /</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&quot;stitwīn&quot;&nbsp;: petits / petites (avec confusion de genre). Parfois ce caract&egrave;re de petitesse dit, aussi, &quot;əṣ-ṣġīra&quot;, &quot;əṣ-ṣġīwra&quot; ou &quot;ʔā&hellip;əṣ-ṣġīwra&quot; qu&rsquo;on attribue g&eacute;n&eacute;ralement &agrave; la femme et &agrave; la m&egrave;re en particulier, devient la meilleure repr&eacute;sentation linguistique r&eacute;v&eacute;latrice ou exprimant le degr&eacute; d&rsquo;amour et d&rsquo;affection, dans un contexte significatif et symbolique qui caract&eacute;rise surtout les chants populaires des femmes jeblies ou &quot;ʔaԑyyuԑ&quot;.&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">A vrai dire, le maintien de la culture et des traits caract&eacute;ristiques de la langue demeure un choix pour les femmes jeblies, voire une volont&eacute; d&rsquo;attachement &agrave; l&rsquo;identit&eacute; ethnolinguistique. Pour cela, et pour &eacute;claircir le probl&egrave;me des repr&eacute;sentations linguistiques dans un syst&egrave;me &eacute;colinguistique pr&eacute;cis, Calvet (1999) ajoute qu&rsquo;&laquo;&nbsp;une langue peu parl&eacute;e mais dont les locuteurs consid&egrave;rent qu&rsquo;il est important de la maintenir (pour des raisons, embl&eacute;matiques, identitaires, religieuses, etc.) peut avoir une survie que le seul facteur que constitue le nombre de locuteurs ne laisse pas pr&eacute;voir&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span></span></span><a href="#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[36]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><span style="color:#000000;">. De m&ecirc;me, il est opportun de souligner que l&rsquo;attitude aussi positive des femmes jeblies vis-&agrave;-vis de leur langue d&rsquo;origine est une conduite consciente du maintien de la variation linguistique dans l&rsquo;espace arabe marocain</span><a href="#_ftn37" name="_ftnref37" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><sup><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[37]</span></span></span></sup></sup></span></a><span style="color:#000000;">. N&eacute;anmoins, il est aussi n&eacute;cessaire de souligner l&rsquo;importance de la relation entre la culture, le savoir, le savoir-faire et la langue, ce qui est illustr&eacute; dans les formes lexicales en usage dans les pratiques discursives des Jb&acirc;las. C&rsquo;est dans ce domaine que ces derniers prouvent leur enracinement culturel et linguistique qui rappelle leur appartenance &agrave; une &eacute;cologie linguistique enracin&eacute;e dans un &eacute;cosyst&egrave;me particulier.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <h1 class="Normal1" style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:18px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><b>Conclusion </b></span></span></span></span></span></span></h1> <p class="Normal1" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Les rapports de genre et de sexes marquent bien les pratiques culturelles et sociolinguistiques des locuteurs jeblis dans leur contexte g&eacute;olinguistique. La condition du f&eacute;minin dans l&rsquo;espace rural de la r&eacute;gion de Jb&acirc;la m&eacute;rite plus d&rsquo;int&eacute;r&ecirc;t et de mise en relief de la part des chercheurs en sciences humaines et sociales. La pr&eacute;sence des femmes continue &agrave; se manifester, brillamment, dans le type des t&acirc;ches qu&rsquo;elles accomplissent pour garantir une continuit&eacute; &agrave; leur &eacute;cosyst&egrave;me et conserver son authenticit&eacute;. Elles jouent un r&ocirc;le de premier plan dans le maintien des traditions et de la culture, autrement dit, elles sont des gardiennes de l&rsquo;identit&eacute; culturelle. Leur pr&eacute;servation du patrimoine oral passe, prioritairement, par le langage, les pratiques langagi&egrave;res et la conservation de l&rsquo;usage des traits caract&eacute;ristiques de leur langue orale tels que la palatalisation et le diminutif des noms, pr&eacute;noms et adjectifs. On ajoute aussi les diphtongues et la pr&eacute;sence du segment /ǰ/, des traits qui permettent de reconnaitre un jebli aussi bien &agrave; l&rsquo;int&eacute;rieur de son propre espace qu&rsquo;&agrave; son ext&eacute;rieur au moment des d&eacute;placements et du voyage (Messaoudi, 1996 &amp;2003).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">La revitalisation des langues et des cultures locales et r&eacute;gionales chez les Jb&acirc;las fait &eacute;cho au droit des langues &agrave; l&rsquo;existence. Elle fait aussi penser au paysage sociolinguistique marocain marqu&eacute; par sa pluriglossie et son plurilinguisme&nbsp;; les caract&eacute;ristiques linguistiques du parler montagnard constituent, en r&eacute;alit&eacute;, des points de variation linguistique qui soul&egrave;vent les limites interindividuelles, collectives et spatiales permettant de distinguer aussi bien la culture que l&rsquo;identit&eacute; langagi&egrave;re et linguistique des Jb&acirc;las des autres communaut&eacute;s linguistiques marocaines et arabes. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <h1 class="Normal1" style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:18px;"><em><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="line-height:115%"><b><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">R&eacute;f&eacute;rences bibliographiques</span></span></b></span></span></span></em></span></h1> <p class="Normal1" style="border:none; text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">- </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">AGUADE, J., CRESSIER, P., VICENTE, A., 1998, <i>Peuplement et arabisation au Maghreb Occidental. Dialectologie et Histoire</i>, Universidad De Zaragoza, Madrid. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="border:none; text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">- AKESBI, N., BENATYA D., ZAGDOUNI, L., ZOUGGARI, A. (2007). <i>Devenir de la soci&eacute;t&eacute; rurale, d&eacute;veloppement &eacute;conomique et mobilisation sociale, </i>Hommage &agrave; Paul Pascon, Institut Agronomique et V&eacute;t&eacute;rinaire Hassan II, Rabat.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="border:none; text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">- </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">ALAFIA, A. (1989).&nbsp; <i>Amirat Al-jabal Al-Hurra Bint Ali Ben Rachid</i>, librairie Al-nour .Tetouan. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="border:none; text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">- CALVET, L.J. (201). <i>La M&eacute;diterran&eacute;e, mer de nos langues</i>, CNRS Edition, Paris</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="border:none; text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">- CALVET, L.J. (2017). <i>Les langues&nbsp;: quel avenir&nbsp;? Les effets linguistiques de la mondialisation,</i> <i>CNRS Editions, coll. Paris.</i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="border:none; text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">- CALVET, &nbsp;L.J. 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(1996a). &laquo;&nbsp;Note sur l&rsquo;affriqu&eacute;e [dj] dans le parler des Jbala (Nord du Maroc)&nbsp;&raquo;, in <i>Estudios de dialectologia norte africana y andalusi</i>, pp. 167-175.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="border:none; text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">- MESSAOUDI, L. 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(2003).<i> Etudes Sociolinguistiques, </i>impression &eacute;dition OKAD, Facult&eacute; des lettres et des sciences humaines et sociales, Universit&eacute; Ibn Tofail- Kenitra (Maroc)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="border:none; text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">- PROVENҪAL, E.L. (1922). <i>Textes Arabes de l&rsquo;Ouargha, Dialecte des Jbala (Maroc septentrional)</i>, Edition Ernest Leroux, Paris.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="border:none; text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">- SINGY. P. (1998). <i>Les femmes et la langue, l&rsquo;ins&eacute;curit&eacute; l&rsquo;linguistique en question</i>., delachaux et niestl&eacute;, Paris</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="border:none; text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">- SCHAPIRA, Ch. (1999). <i>Les st&eacute;r&eacute;otypes en fran&ccedil;ais&nbsp;: Proverbes et autres formules</i>, Paris/Gap, Ophrys.&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="border:none; text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">- VICENTE, &Aacute;., CAUBET, D., NACIRI-AZZOUZ, A. (2017). <i>La r&eacute;gion du Nord-Ouest marocain&nbsp;: Parlers et pratiques sociales et culturelles</i>., &eacute;ds Pensas de universidad de Zaragoza</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="border:none; text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">- VICENTE, &Aacute;. (2002). &laquo;&nbsp;une interpr&eacute;tation sociolinguistique d&rsquo;un dialecte de Jbala&nbsp;: les parlers f&eacute;minins et masculins dans le dialecte d&rsquo;Anjra&nbsp;&raquo;, dans <i>Aspects of the Dialects of Arabic Today</i>, Rabat, Amapartil, p&nbsp;: 336-346. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="border:none; text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">- VIGNET-ZUNZ, J.J. (2014). <i>Les Jbalas du Rif, des lettr&eacute;s en montagne, </i>Editions la crois&eacute;e des chemins, Casablanca.<i> </i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <h1 class="Normal1" style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-size:18px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="line-height:115%"><b><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Syst&egrave;me de transcription phon&eacute;tique</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></h1> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><img height="501" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_602_3_IMAGE SAKINA FIG.2.JPG" width="505" /></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><img height="508" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_602_3_IMAGE SAKINA FIG.3.JPG" width="505" /></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><img height="470" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_602_3_IMAGE SAKINA FIG.4.JPG" width="504" /></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><em><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Voyelles </span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></em></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><img height="183" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_602_3_IMAGE SAKINA FIG.5.JPG" width="249" /></p> <p class="Normal1" style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <div>&nbsp; <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1"> <h1 class="Normal1" style="border: none; text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 13px;"><em><span style="font-size:18px;">Notes</span></em></h1> <p class="Normal1" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[1]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times="">Jacques Jawhar Vignet-Zunz cite aussi </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times="">cet aspect vestimentaire de la femme montagnarde</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""> dans son ouvrage <i>Les Jbalas du Rif, des lettr&eacute;s en montagne, </i>Casablanca&nbsp;: La crois&eacute;e des chemins, 2014. P&nbsp;: 196. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn2"> <p class="Normal1" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[2]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times="">Jacques Jawhar Vignet-ZunZ signale, en se r&eacute;f&eacute;rant aussi &agrave; l&rsquo;ouvrage de Mingote calder&oacute;n (1996), que la pr&eacute;sence de la femme &agrave; l&rsquo;ext&eacute;rieur pour le travail agricole est une coutume qui se r&eacute;pand aussi dans une grande partie des r&eacute;gions espagnoles (Ibid, p&nbsp;: 240)</span></span> </span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn3"> <p class="Normal1" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[3]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""> Un excellent exemple dans la province de Chefchaouen, pr&eacute;cis&eacute;ment Dcher Ferran Ali dans lequel les femmes, en plus de leur travail agricole, exercent le m&eacute;tier de la poterie, qui est devenu une de leurs propres sp&eacute;cialit&eacute;s et un h&eacute;ritage r&eacute;alis&eacute; par leurs propres mains. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn4"> <p class="Normal1" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><a href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[4]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""> Le tissage traditionnel est tr&egrave;s connu dans des tribus et douars jeblis, notamment dans la zone de Taounate&nbsp;; on peut en citer entre autres dcher Oulad Azem -Beni Oulid, Taounate- tr&egrave;s connu du fait de cette activit&eacute; ancestrale actuellement de plus en plus menac&eacute;e d&rsquo;extinction &agrave; cause de la concurrence &eacute;trang&egrave;re et de l&rsquo;introduction des machines dans cet espace.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn5"> <p class="Normal1" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><a href="#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[5]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""> Le Maroc est le 5<sup>&egrave;me</sup> pays producteur et exportateur mondial d&rsquo;huile d&rsquo;olive. La femme, au pays de Jbala, participe, avec force et expertise, &agrave; cette production, de la pr&eacute;paration &agrave; la transformation des olives en huile avec ses diff&eacute;rentes vari&eacute;t&eacute;s qu&rsquo;elle </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times="">conna&icirc;t avec expertise. Mais, la production d&rsquo;huile d&rsquo;olive dans la grande r&eacute;gion de Jbala est peu touch&eacute;e par la mise en march&eacute; nationale et/ou internationale d&rsquo;autres huiles concurrentes des autres r&eacute;gions du Maroc comme la r&eacute;gion F&egrave;s-Mekn&egrave;s, par exemple.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn6"> <p class="Normal1" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><a href="#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[6]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""> Comme celles que les femmes &acirc;g&eacute;es de Beni Zeroual-Taounate pr&eacute;parent manuellement et uniquement avec le jus de citron de terroir.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn7"> <p class="Normal1" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><a href="#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[7]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""> Fatima El Mernissi souligne que la Dame libre &eacute;tait d&rsquo;abord une femme marocaine d&rsquo;origine andalouse, elle s&rsquo;&eacute;tait aventur&eacute;e dans la piraterie afin d&rsquo;oublier la chute de Grenade et l&rsquo;expulsion des Andalous musulmans, avant qu&rsquo;elle ne soit gouvernante sur Tetouan. Il est &agrave; noter, comme le confirme El Mernissi, qu&rsquo;il existe un manque de r&eacute;f&eacute;rences relatant le parcours de cette personnalit&eacute; f&eacute;minine, car les historiens musulmans ont pr&eacute;f&eacute;r&eacute; garder le silence sur sa personnalit&eacute; historique de femme de pouvoir. Les r&eacute;f&eacute;rences concernant la Dame libre sont tellement limit&eacute;es que les chercheurs ont recours, parfois, aux documents historiques espagnols et portugais.&nbsp; (Fatima El Mernissi, 2000, <i>Monarchies oubli&eacute;es</i>, centre culturel arabe, pp. 36-39).&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times="">Pour &eacute;laborer cette recherche, nous avons aussi visionn&eacute; un feuilleton intitul&eacute; &quot;Sayyida al-Hurra&quot;, diffus&eacute; par la chaine marocaine <i>al-Oula</i>. Ces &eacute;pisodes retracent, plus ou moins, les &eacute;v&eacute;nements m&eacute;morables grav&eacute;s dans l&rsquo;histoire m&eacute;diterran&eacute;enne par une femme d&rsquo;Afrique du Nord et du nord du Maroc.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn8"> <p class="Normal1" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><a href="#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[8]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""> Ibid.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn9"> <p class="Normal1" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><a href="#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[9]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""> Abdelkader Alafia, 1989, <i>Amirat Al-jabal Al-Hurra Bint Ali Ben Rachid, </i>librairie Al-nour<i>,</i> Tetouan, p&nbsp;.18.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn10"> <p class="Normal1" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><a href="#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[10]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""> Mohammed Daoud, 1959, <i>Histoire de T&eacute;touan</i>, Tome 1, Maahad Moulay Al Hassan, Tetouan. </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times="">Pp&nbsp;:117-123. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn11"> <p class="Normal1" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><a href="#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[11]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""> Ibid.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn12"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><a href="#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span calibri="">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"> Ibid.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn13"> <p class="Normal1" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><a href="#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[13]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""> Une vertu qui sera h&eacute;rit&eacute;e par la femme jeblie r&eacute;put&eacute;e par sa ponctualit&eacute; avec laquelle elle s&rsquo;acquitte de ses devoirs religieux.</span></span> </span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn14"> <p class="Normal1" style="border:none; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><a href="#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[14]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""> Les vari&eacute;t&eacute;s septentrionales sont parl&eacute;es par les populations habitant entre le d&eacute;troit de Gibraltar et l&rsquo;Ouest de Ouezzane tandis que les vari&eacute;t&eacute;s m&eacute;ridionales sont en usage entre Ouezzane et Taza (Colin 1945, 226-229).</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn15"> <p class="Normal1" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><a href="#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[15]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""> &Aacute;ngeles Vicente, Dominique Caubet, Amina Naciri-Azzouz., 2017, <i>La r&eacute;gion du Nord-Ouest marocain&nbsp;: Parlers et pratiques sociales et culturelles</i>., Pensas de Universidad de Zaragoza, p&nbsp;: 31.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn16"> <p class="Normal1" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><a href="#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span calibri="">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times="">Les textes recueillis par L&eacute;vis-Proven&ccedil;al, lui ont &eacute;t</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times="">&eacute; dict&eacute;s par des locuteurs jeblis de Beni Zeroual, la conf&eacute;d&eacute;ration qui &eacute;tait encore dissidente et non soumise au contr&ocirc;le politique et administratif du cercle de l&rsquo;Ouargha, d&eacute;pendant de la r&eacute;gion de F&egrave;s. Il s&rsquo;agit ici d&rsquo;informateurs jeblis fr&eacute;quentant la zone soumise au protectorat fran&ccedil;ais.&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn17"> <p class="Normal1" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><a href="#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[17]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""> Emma Natividad, 1998, &laquo;&nbsp;Le dialecte de Chefchaouen&nbsp;&raquo;, in<i> Peuplement et arabisation du Maghreb Occidental. Dialectologie et histoire</i>, Actes r&eacute;unis et pr&eacute;par&eacute; par Jordi Aguad&eacute;, Patrice Cressier et &Aacute;ngeles Vicente, Universidad de Zaragoza, Madrid, P&nbsp;: 109.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn18"> <p class="Normal1" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><a href="#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[18]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""> Leila Messaoudi, 2003, <i>Etudes sociolinguistiques</i>, Universit&eacute; Ibn Tofail, K&eacute;nitra, OKAD, </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times="">P. 14.</span></span>&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn19"> <p class="Normal1" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><a href="#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[19]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""> W. Labov, 1966. &laquo;&nbsp;The Social Stratification of English in New York City&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn20"> <p class="Normal1" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><a href="#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[20]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""> W. Labov, 1990. &laquo;&nbsp;The Intersection of sex and Social Class in the Course of Linguistic Change&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn21"> <p class="Normal1" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><a href="#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[21]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""> W. Labov, 1998. &laquo;&nbsp;Vers une r&eacute;&eacute;valuation de l&rsquo;ins&eacute;curit&eacute; linguistique des femmes&nbsp;&raquo;, In- <i>Les femmes et la langue, l&rsquo;ins&eacute;curit&eacute; </i></span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times="">linguistique en question</span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times="">. Paris, </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times="">Delachaux et Niestl&eacute;, p&nbsp;: 29.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn22"> <p class="Normal1" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><a href="#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[22]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""> W. Labov, 1990.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn23"> <p class="Normal1" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><a href="#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[23]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""> &Aacute;. Vicente, 2017, op, cit, p&nbsp;:42-43.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn24"> <p class="Normal1" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><a href="#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[24]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""> On souligne le r&ocirc;le de la scolarisation, vu le manque d&rsquo;&eacute;tablissements dans le milieu rural, dans un monde marqu&eacute; par l&rsquo;arriv&eacute;e des technologies d&rsquo;information et de communication. Vicente (2017, p&nbsp;: 43) signale aussi, d&rsquo;apr&egrave;s son enqu&ecirc;te sur le terrain, que les plus jeunes sont plus touch&eacute;s que les adultes par le nivellement dialectal, une situation o&ugrave; les diff&eacute;rences de genres semblent s&rsquo;amenuiser ou m&ecirc;me dispara&icirc;tre. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn25"> <p class="Normal1" style="border:none; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><a href="#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[25]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""> W. Labov, 1998. P&nbsp;: 35.</span></span><i> </i></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn26"> <p class="Normal1" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><a href="#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[26]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""> Les grammairiens arabes et les religieux musulmans se sont pr&eacute;occup&eacute;s des points d&rsquo;articulations et des sorties des phon&egrave;mes arabes telle que &quot;l&rsquo;imāla&quot;&nbsp;; ils ont simplifi&eacute; cela dans leurs manuscrits, en expliquant l&#39;importance d&#39;en tenir compte pour l&#39;am&eacute;lioration de la lecture coranique, parce que chaque lettre ou phon&egrave;me en constitue une issue. &Agrave; savoir que, la ma&icirc;trise de la lecture coranique est synonyme d&rsquo;une ma&icirc;trise de la performance de la langue arabe. Apprendre &agrave; prononcer le Coran c&rsquo;est aussi apprendre la prononciation de la langue arabe et sa vraie articulation. Ce qui rappelle le grand r&ocirc;le des &quot;Zaouayats&quot; dans l&rsquo;enseignement du Coran et de la langue arabe au pays de Jbala. Ce qui a facilit&eacute; le processus d&rsquo;arabisation pr&eacute;coce de cette r&eacute;gion du Maroc.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn27"> <p class="Normal1" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><a href="#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[27]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times="">&Agrave;. Vicente, 2017. P&nbsp;: 38.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn28"> <p class="Normal1" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><a href="#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[28]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""> Plus de la moiti&eacute; de nos informateurs sont des femmes. Elles nous ont fourni un nombre important de donn&eacute;es de ce patrimoine oral que nous ne pouvons limiter &agrave; cet article, &agrave; savoir les contes, les chants populaires, les proverbes, sans oublier nos discussions &agrave; propos des traditions et des coutumes agricoles. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn29"> <p class="Normal1" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><a href="#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[29]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""> Ibid</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times="">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn30"> <p class="Normal1" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><a href="#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[30]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><sup> </sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times="">Jairo Guererro, 2016. &laquo;&nbsp;Les parlers Jbalas villageois. Etude grammaticale d&rsquo;une typologie rurale de l&rsquo;arabe maghr&eacute;bin&nbsp;&raquo;, <i>Dialectologia</i> 2018, 85-105, Universit&eacute; de Grenade. P&nbsp;: 89.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn31"> <p class="Normal1" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><a href="#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[31]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""> Ibid. Voir aussi Mar&ccedil;ais (1950&nbsp;: 211) et F&eacute;raud (1870&nbsp;:&nbsp;37)&nbsp;: le premier pr&eacute;cise que ī et ū deviennent ē et ō devant l&rsquo;affixe -ha de la troisi&egrave;me personne du f&eacute;minin dans les dialectes villageois de Tunisie. Tandis que le deuxi&egrave;me souligne que &laquo;&nbsp;la lettre <i>a</i> se rend souvent <i>&eacute;</i> &raquo; dans la Kabylie orientale.</span></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn32"> <p class="Normal1" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><a href="#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[32]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""> Jean Dubois et al., 2007, <i>Grand dictionnaire linguistique et sciences de langage</i>, Paris&nbsp;: Larousse, p.148.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn33"> <p class="Normal1" style="border:none; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><a href="#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[33]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""> L. Proven&ccedil;al, 1922, op. cit, p&nbsp;: 33. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn34"> <p class="Normal1" style="border:none; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><a href="#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[34]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""> W. Mar&ccedil;ais, 1911, op. cit, p : 99.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn35"> <p class="Normal1" style="border:none; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><a href="#_ftnref35" name="_ftn35" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[35]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""> M. Gaudefroy-Demom-Bynes et L. Mercier, 1914, Manuel d&rsquo;Arabe Marocain, Paris. p&nbsp;: 144.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Normal1" style="border:none; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times="">&nbsp;Il faut pr&eacute;ciser, dans ce sens, qu&rsquo;en plus du parler jebli, plusieurs villes marocaines imp&eacute;riales (comme F&egrave;s et Mekn&egrave;s) utilisent le diminutif dans leurs parlers.</span></span>&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn36"> <p class="Normal1" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><a href="#_ftnref36" name="_ftn36" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[36]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""> L.-J. Calvet., 1999. <i>Pour une &eacute;cologie des langues du monde</i>, Plon, Paris. P&nbsp;: 38.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn37"> <p class="Normal1" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><a href="#_ftnref37" name="_ftn37" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[37]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""> Cela est confirm&eacute;, &agrave; plusieurs reprises, dans les donn&eacute;es linguistiques recueillies par Vicente, depuis qu&rsquo;elle a commenc&eacute; &agrave; travailler dans cette r&eacute;gion de Jb&acirc;la, en 1995, notamment dans la zone de Fahs-Anjra. Voici un &eacute;chantillon des paroles des femmes jeblies&nbsp;interrog&eacute;es par Vicente : <i>əl-haḍra dyānna mā&scaron;i fḥāl əl-haḍra d-ən-nās d-ntāxəl, ƫəmma f-ə&scaron;kəl u hnāya f-<b>ə&scaron;kəl</b></i><b>&nbsp;</b>(= notre fa&ccedil;on de parler n&rsquo;est pas comme la fa&ccedil;on de parler de gens de l&rsquo;int&eacute;rieur, l&agrave;-bas ils parlent d&rsquo;une fa&ccedil;on et ici, d&rsquo;une autre. (&Aacute;.Vicente 2017, &laquo;&nbsp;Les&nbsp; parlers arabes montagnards du Nord du Maroc, une question d&rsquo;identit&eacute; langagi&egrave;re&nbsp;&raquo;, dans&nbsp; &Aacute;.Vicente, D.Caubet, A.Naciri-Azzouz., La r&eacute;gion du Nord-Ouest marocain&nbsp;: Parlers et pratiques sociales et culturelles., &eacute;ds Pensas de universidad de Zaragoza, p&nbsp;: 29.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> </div>