<p>Résumé</p>
<p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:24px"><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">La valorisation de la </span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">compétence plurilingue et pluriculturelle</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"> (</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">Coste, Moore, Zarate</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">, </span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">2009) </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">fait l’objet de nombreuses recherches scientifiques dans le cadre de l’enseignement-apprentissage des langues. Elle est présentée comme la base d’</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">une attitude positive</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"> d’ouverture à l’altérité et à la </span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">découverte </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">des </span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">autres cultures</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">. En effet, le développement de telle compétence permet aux</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"> apprenants</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"> de mobiliser</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"> la connaissance de toutes les langues </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">rencontrées au cours de leur vie, et plus ou moins maitrisées, </span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">pour soutenir le développement </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">de l’apprentissage de la langue cible (CECRL, </span><span style="font-family:TimesNewRomanPSMT, serif">2001 : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:TimesNewRomanPSMT, serif">105-</span><span style="font-family:TimesNewRomanPSMT, serif">1</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:TimesNewRomanPSMT, serif">06</span><span style="font-family:TimesNewRomanPSMT, serif">)</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">. Au cœur de la société dans laquelle ils évoluent, ils deviennent des « </span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">locuteurs ou des médiateurs interculturels, capables de s’engager dans un cadre complexe et un contexte</span> <span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">d’identités multiples </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">»</span> <span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">(</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">Byram</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">, </span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">s.d</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">. : 9).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:24px"><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">D</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">ans le cadre de cet article, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">notre réflexion porte sur la didactique du plurilinguisme dans le contexte des formations de français pour les adultes allophones. Nous nous demandons dans quelle mesure une </span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">démarche pédagogique témoignant d’une ouverture à l’altérité permet d’ancrer les apprentissages dans une éthique de la reliance </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">? Et comment une telle démarche est susceptible de </span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">déclenche</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">r</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"> des émotions positives </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">chez les apprenants, et, de ce fait, de faciliter leur apprentissage du français ? </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">Les </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">adultes allophones ont déjà pour la plupart développé une</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"> compétence plurilingue et pluriculturelle</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"> de par leur parcours de vie et leur chemin migratoire. Ils o</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">nt </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">côtoyé</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"> une ou plusieurs langues, maternelles ou étrangères</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">, et bénéficient d’une expérience de contact avec au moins une culture différente de la leur : tout ceci constitue leur</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">biographie langagière </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">et leur capital langagier et culturel </span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">(Cuq, 2003 : 36-37 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">; </span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">Coste, Moore, Zarate, 1997</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"> : </span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">12)</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">. Il nous parait primordial de valoriser un tel capital lors des apprentissages, de sorte que les apprenants aient la possibilité de s’appuyer sur leur(s) </span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">langue</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">(</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">s</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">)</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"> d’origine pour </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">entrer en reliance</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"> avec l</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">a langue qu’ils vont apprendre, dans une posture de «</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"> compréhension entre personnes,<i> </i>entre cultures, entre nations</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"> »</span><i> </i><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">(Morin, 2005 : </span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">1</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">39)</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:24px"><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">En outre, l</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">a migration </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">vécue par ces </span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">plurilingues </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">constitue un moment de transition radical dans leur parcours, qui se révèle parfois traumatisant. Elle donne lieu à d’importants changements dans leur vie, mais également </span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">identit</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">aires, qui seront d’autant plus faciles à gérer et à </span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">accepte</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">r</span> <span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">s’ils se sentent accueillis au sein de leur nouvelle société, ce qui sera facilité par l’acquisition </span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">de </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">leur</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"> nouvelle langue.</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"> Or, il convient de rappeler le fait que les adultes en situation migratoire sont en situation d’insécurité linguistique (Labov, 1966) et que cela est susceptible d’engendrer chez eux une réaction émotionnelle négative, ou anxiété langagière (Horwitz, 2010), qui risque d’entraver leur apprentissage. Par conséquent, il leur sera plus facile d’acquérir leur nouvelle langue s’ils sont mis en confiance par les enseignants dès le début de leur formation et tout au long du processus d’</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">acquisition</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">-apprentissage. Il nous semble donc primordial de prendre en compte les aspects émotionnels et sociaux dans nos approches pédagogiques à destination des apprenants en situation migratoire (Payant & Zuniga, 2022) et, en ce sens, nous pensons qu’il est nécessaire de mieux intégrer et valoriser l’ensemble de leur ressources langagières, aux accents plurilingues et pluriculturels.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:24px"><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="color:black">Notre </span></span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="color:black">posture </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="color:black">épistémologique </span></span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="color:black">est celle du praticien-chercheur</span></span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="color:black"> (D</span></span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="color:black">e Lavergne</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="color:black">, 2007)</span></span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="color:black">,</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="color:black"> en ce que</span></span> <span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="color:black">notre </span></span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="color:black">activité professionnelle </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="color:black">sur le terrain des formations de français à destination d’adultes allophones se veut réflexive, dans l’optique d’une démarche qualitative en faveur des apprenants. Nous souhaitons, en ce sens, interroger les approches pédagogiques et les contenus didactiques qui nous semblent les plus pertinents pour faciliter leur apprentissage du français. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:24px"><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="color:black">Tout comme Payant et Zuniga (2022 : 3) nous postulons que les approches plurielles sont les plus à mêmes de </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="color:black">déclencher les </span></span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="color:black">émotions positives </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="color:black">nécessaires à optimiser les apprentissages, du fait de la valorisation de l’</span></span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="color:black">identité linguistique </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="color:black">qu’elles induisent. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:24px"><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">Concrètement, l</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">ors</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"> des situations d’apprentissage initiales, telles que la présentation personnelle</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">, il s’agira </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">pour l’enseignant </span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">de v</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">alori</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">ser</span> <span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">le</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"> répertoire langagier des apprenants allophones, afin de favoriser une ouverture à l’altérité et de créer un lien entre culture d’origine et culture d’accueil, dans l’optique de l’acquisition des compétences interculturelles de savoir-être et savoir comprendre (Byram, 1997). Il conviendra, en effet, de </span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">construit</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">re, au sein du groupe d’apprenants, </span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">une compétence communicative </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">où</span> <span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">les expériences et les </span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">connaissance</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">s</span> <span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">des langues </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">de chacun entrent </span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">en corrélation</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"> et </span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">interagissent</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">, selon que le préconise une approche plurilingue (CECRL, </span><span style="font-family:TimesNewRomanPSMT, serif">2001 : 11)</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:TimesNewRomanPSMT, serif"> à même de valoriser les différents</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">répertoire</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">s</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"> verba</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">ux</span> <span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">(</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">Gumperz</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">, </span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">1964). </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"> </p>
<p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:24px"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">Bibliographie</span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Byram, M. (s.d) «6908-dimension interculturelle».</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Byram, M. (1997). « Teaching and Assessing Intercultural Communicative Competence ». <i>Clevedon: Multilingual Matters</i>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Conseil de l’europe (2001), <i>Cadre européen commun de référence pour les langues : apprendre, enseigner, évaluer</i>, Paris, Didier.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Coste D., Moore D. & Zarate G. (1997), <i>Compétence plurilingue et pluri-culturelle</i>, Strasbourg, Conseil de l’Europe. En ligne : https://rm.coe.int/168069d29c.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">Coste D., Moore D. & Zarate G. </span><span lang="IT" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">(2009). </span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">«</span> <span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">Compétence plurilingue et pluriculturelle. Vers un Cadre Européen Commun de référence pour l’enseignement et l’apprentissage des langues vivantes». Consult</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">é le </span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">1</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">0 </span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">mar</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">s</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"> 2023. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272353128_Competence_plurilingue_et_pluriculturelle_Vers_un_Cadre_Europeen_Commun_de_reference_pour_l%27enseignement_et_l%27apprentissage_des_langues_vivantes.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">Cuq, J.-P. (2003). Dictionnaire de didactique du français langue étrangère. CLE International.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">De Lavergne, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">C. (</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">2007</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">). </span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">« La posture du praticien-chercheur : un analyseur de l’évolution de la recherche qualitative », <i>Recherches qualitatives.</i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">Gumperz J. J. (1964), « Linguistic and social interaction in two communities », <i>American Anthropologist</i> 66, p. 137-53. En</span> <span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">ligne : https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1964.66.suppl_3.02a00100.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">Horwitz, E. K. (2010). Foreign and second language anxiety. <i>Language Teaching</i>, <i>43</i>(2), 154-167.doi : https://doi.org/10.1017/S026144480999036X</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">Morin, E</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">. (</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">2005</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">)</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">« </span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">La Méthode T VI</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"> »</span><i><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">, Ethique</span></i><i><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">. </span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:24px"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif">Payant, C. & Zuniga, M. (2022). Introduction : dimensions sociales, émotionnelles et cognitives dans l’apprentissage des langues additionnelles. <i>La Revue de l’AQEFLS</i>, <i>35</i>(1). https://doi.org/10.7202/1095058ar </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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