<h2 style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:center"><strong><span style="color:#16a085"><span style="background-color:null">Le sublime &agrave; l&rsquo;aune de la vuln&eacute;rabilit&eacute; dans l&rsquo;&oelig;uvre grav&eacute;&nbsp;de Rembrandt</span></span></strong></h2> <h3 style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:center"><strong><span style="background-color:null">Claire Charrier*</span></strong></h3> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3 style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">Introduction</span></span></strong></span></span></h3> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">L&rsquo;&oelig;uvre de Rembrandt (1606-1669) se situe &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;poque o&ugrave; Descartes analyse l&rsquo;acte par lequel le sujet s&rsquo;approprie ce qu&rsquo;il est. M&ecirc;me si la notion d&rsquo;autonomie n&rsquo;est pas encore partag&eacute;e, l&rsquo;id&eacute;e d&rsquo;une grandeur qui demande &agrave; &ecirc;tre conquise sous-tend alors la pens&eacute;e des N&eacute;erlandais : l&rsquo;homme s&rsquo;accomplit par la vertu. Model&eacute;e par l&rsquo;humanisme d&rsquo;&Eacute;rasme et par le calvinisme, cette id&eacute;e se nourrit du r&eacute;cit de l&rsquo;ind&eacute;pendance que le peuple a gagn&eacute;e par ses efforts.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">Les &oelig;uvres d&rsquo;art mod&eacute;lisent une telle conception de l&rsquo;homme. Comme l&#39;ont montr&eacute; Simon Schama et Jan Blanc</span></span><a href="#_edn1" name="_ednref1" title=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[1]</span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">, celles-ci contribuent &agrave; construire l&rsquo;identit&eacute; culturelle des Hollandais. Les artistes r&eacute;pondent &agrave; la demande d&rsquo; &laquo; une soci&eacute;t&eacute; iconocrate, qui croit dans la puissance de l&rsquo;image et dans sa capacit&eacute; performative &agrave; construire un espace de paix et de prosp&eacute;rit&eacute;</span></span><a href="#_edn2" name="_ednref2" title=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[2]</span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">L&rsquo;&eacute;laboration de cette vision harmonieuse de la soci&eacute;t&eacute; suppose la discrimination de ceux dont le comportement semble peu vertueux. Les &oelig;uvres affirment le primat des nobles et des bourgeois, cat&eacute;gories qui se rapprochent au XVII</span><sup><span style="background-color:null">e</span></sup><span style="background-color:null"> si&egrave;cle et dont l&rsquo;excellence intellectuelle et morale appara&icirc;t exemplaire.</span></span><span style="background-color:null"> </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">&Agrave; partir des ann&eacute;es 1650, se manifeste la reconnaissance des domestiques et des travailleurs manuels (Fig.1). Leur activit&eacute; est une source de perfectionnement, car elle favorise la concentration et l&rsquo;application. Mais le jugement est s&eacute;v&egrave;re envers ceux que la paresse r&eacute;duit &agrave; la pauvret&eacute;. La d&eacute;finition de la nature humaine mod&eacute;lis&eacute;e par les &oelig;uvres inclut autant qu&rsquo;elle exclut. Les pauvres d&eacute;m&eacute;ritants, incarn&eacute;s par le vagabond, ne peuvent s&rsquo;&eacute;lever.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:center">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><img alt="" src="/img/4/images/fig.1.jpg" style="height:514px; width:600px" /></span></span></span></p> <h5 style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:null">Fig. 1 - Nicolas Ma&euml;s, la </span><em><span style="background-color:null">Dentelli&egrave;re</span></em><span style="background-color:null">, vers 1656. Huile sur toile, 45,2 &times; 52,7 cm. Collection Michael Friedsam, Metropolitan Museum, New York. Droits de reproduction : Metropolitan Museum.</span></span></span></h5> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">Comme l&rsquo;ont remarqu&eacute; un grand nombre de critiques, les estampes de Rembrandt dotent les mendiants d&rsquo;une dignit&eacute; in&eacute;dite. Elles donnent &agrave; voir leurs &eacute;motions, ce qui &eacute;tait l&rsquo;apanage des images narratives &eacute;voquant de hauts faits. Aussi la figure du mendiant est-elle exemplaire pour analyser la mani&egrave;re dont Rembrandt renouvelle la notion de sublime. H&eacute;rit&eacute;e de Longin</span></span><a href="#_edn3" name="_ednref3" title=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[3]</span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">, cette id&eacute;e &eacute;voque l&rsquo;effet produit par les &oelig;uvres dont la puissance d&rsquo;&eacute;l&eacute;vation bouleverse et transporte. Rembrandt repense cette force &agrave; travers les cat&eacute;gories chr&eacute;tiennes. Il insiste sur la pauvret&eacute; extr&ecirc;me du vagabond. Ce d&eacute;nuement a, conform&eacute;ment au sens premier du mot, une fonction de mise &agrave; nu</span></span><a href="#_edn4" name="_ednref4" title=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[4]</span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">. En d&eacute;pouillant l&rsquo;homme de sa vertu, les estampes r&eacute;v&egrave;lent la disposition qui rend possible l&rsquo;accueil du divin : la fragilit&eacute;, voire le renoncement &agrave; soi. Elles explorent ainsi une id&eacute;e pr&eacute;sente chez les R&eacute;formateurs : en s&rsquo;abaissant par amour de l&rsquo;humanit&eacute;, J&eacute;sus a pris l&rsquo;aspect m&eacute;prisable d&rsquo;un mendiant</span></span><a href="#_edn5" name="_ednref5" title=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[5]</span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">Nous commencerons par analyser la mani&egrave;re dont Rembrandt &eacute;voque l&rsquo;humanit&eacute; vertueuse en se repr&eacute;sentant lui-m&ecirc;me en courtisan. Notre deuxi&egrave;me moment sera consacr&eacute; &agrave; la figure du mendiant et &agrave; la mani&egrave;re dont son image se constitue sous le mode de la relation.&nbsp; Cela conduira &agrave; &eacute;tudier comment la disposition &agrave; l&rsquo;abandon est la condition de l&rsquo;av&egrave;nement du sublime.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <h3 style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><strong><span style="background-color:null">1. Une exploration de l&rsquo;humanit&eacute; accomplie</span></strong></span></h3> <h4 style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><strong><span style="background-color:null">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 1.1. Entre subjectivit&eacute; et harmonie</span></strong></span></h4> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">La d&eacute;couverte de la subjectivit&eacute; par Descartes proc&egrave;de d&rsquo;une s&eacute;paration. Le sujet peut s&rsquo;attribuer diff&eacute;rents actes, douter, imaginer, sentir, tant qu&rsquo;il consid&egrave;re qu&rsquo;ils ne renvoient pas &agrave; l&rsquo;existence de choses ext&eacute;rieures</span></span><a href="#_edn6" name="_ednref6" title=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[6]</span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">. L&rsquo;universalit&eacute; du sujet correspond &agrave; l&rsquo;unit&eacute; abstraite de la chose pensante</span></span><a href="#_edn7" name="_ednref7" title=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[7]</span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">. Le probl&egrave;me de l&rsquo;individuation de chaque esprit</span></span><a href="#_edn8" name="_ednref8" title=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[8]</span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null"> et celui de la possibilit&eacute; d&rsquo;une relation entre les diff&eacute;rents sujets restent entiers.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">Comme le note Hegel, la conscience de soi acquise par la pratique est n&eacute;cessaire pour d&eacute;passer l&rsquo;abstraction de la conscience th&eacute;orique. La peinture hollandaise offre un exemple de ce d&eacute;passement. Elle &eacute;voque l&rsquo;action d&rsquo;individus jouissant de leur libert&eacute; au sein d&rsquo;une communaut&eacute; harmonieuse. Cette peinture exprime un &laquo; comique r&eacute;conciliateur &raquo;, car elle donne une forme sensible &agrave; ce qui unit le peuple hollandais : la satisfaction d&rsquo;avoir conquis sa libert&eacute; vis-vis de la nature et des Espagnols. L&rsquo;art n&eacute;erlandais appara&icirc;t comme &laquo; le dimanche de la vie&nbsp;&raquo; o&ugrave; se manifeste la joie d&rsquo;&ecirc;tre au terme du proc&egrave;s apr&egrave;s avoir surmont&eacute; le n&eacute;gatif</span></span><a href="#_edn9" name="_ednref9" title=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[9]</span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">.Jouissant d&rsquo;un grand succ&egrave;s tout au long du XVII</span><sup><span style="background-color:null">e</span></sup><span style="background-color:null"> si&egrave;cle, les sc&egrave;nes de patinage incarnent visuellement cette joie</span></span><a href="#_edn10" name="_ednref10" title=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[10]</span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">. Dans les tableaux et dessins d&rsquo;Hendrick Avercamp (Fig.2), la simplicit&eacute; ou l&rsquo;&eacute;l&eacute;gance de leurs v&ecirc;tements diff&eacute;rencie les cat&eacute;gories sociales, mais aucune trace de tension n&rsquo;appara&icirc;t. S&rsquo;exer&ccedil;ant malgr&eacute; la rigueur de l&rsquo;hiver, ce divertissement devient la m&eacute;taphore de la concorde conquise par ce peuple courageux</span></span><a href="#_edn11" name="_ednref11" title=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[11]</span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">. Les efforts qui unissaient les individus tendus vers un m&ecirc;me but sont couronn&eacute;s par un plaisir partag&eacute; qui donne &agrave; chacun sa place.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><img alt="" src="/img/4/images/fig.2.jpg" style="height:347px; width:600px" /></span></span></span></p> <h5 style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:null">Fig. 2 &ndash; Hendrick Avercamp, </span><em><span style="background-color:null">Paysage avec des patineurs</span></em><span style="background-color:null">, vers 1608. Huile sur bois, 77,3 &times; 131,9 cm. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam. Droits de reproduction: Rijksmuseum</span></span></span></h5> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">L&rsquo;&oelig;uvre de Rembrandt participe de la d&eacute;marche de Descartes et de celle des peintres hollandais. L&rsquo;artiste explore la subjectivit&eacute;, en peignant son image. Cette d&eacute;couverte se diff&eacute;rencie de l&rsquo;approche de ses contemporains par les &eacute;carts qu&rsquo;elle met &agrave; jour. Rembrandt se pr&ecirc;te de multiples visages, comme pour examiner les singularit&eacute;s qui rendent possible l&rsquo;humanit&eacute;. Cette qu&ecirc;te se radicalise dans les eaux-fortes. Les diff&eacute;rences deviennent des in&eacute;galit&eacute;s difficiles &agrave; r&eacute;concilier.</span></span></span></span></p> <h4 style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><strong><span style="background-color:null">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 1.2. L&rsquo;exploration de soi : le courtisan comme paradigme de la vertu</span></strong></span></h4> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">Se donner les traits d&rsquo;un courtisan est conventionnel. Aidant &agrave; la promotion des arts visuels, ce type de portrait est utile pour affirmer son autorit&eacute; artistique. L</span><em><span style="background-color:null">&rsquo;Autoportrait appuy&eacute; sur un mur de pierre</span></em><span style="background-color:null"> donne &agrave; la figure de Rembrandt une position d&eacute;sinvolte, proche de celle du portrait de Castiglione par Rapha&euml;l</span><a href="#_edn12" name="_ednref12" title=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[12]</span></span></a><span style="background-color:null"> (Fig.3). Cette derni&egrave;re &eacute;voque la </span><em><span style="background-color:null">sprezzatura</span></em><span style="background-color:null">, n&eacute;ologisme de Castiglione qui d&eacute;signe la gr&acirc;ce de l&rsquo;homme accompli. L&rsquo;art atteint son comble, car il efface toute trace d&rsquo;efforts pour simuler la facilit&eacute; et la spontan&eacute;it&eacute;. Moyen de servir le prince, la </span><em><span style="background-color:null">sprezzatura </span></em><span style="background-color:null">s&rsquo;apparente au contr&ocirc;le humble de soi. Le courtisan &laquo; compose &raquo; l&rsquo;ensemble de sa vie : &laquo; Une vie toute artificielle, mais dont l&rsquo;artifice consiste &agrave; construire, &agrave; des fins rh&eacute;toriques, persuasives, une seconde nature, meilleure et plus naturelle que la premi&egrave;re</span></span><a href="#_edn13" name="_ednref13" title=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[13]</span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">. &raquo;</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:center">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><img alt="" src="/img/4/images/fig.3.jpg" style="height:520px; width:422px" /></span></span></span></p> <h5 style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:null">Fig. 3 &ndash; Rembrandt, </span><em><span style="background-color:null">Autoportrait appuy&eacute; sur un mur de pierre</span></em><span style="background-color:null">, Bartsch.21, 1er &eacute;tat (sur 2),1639. Eau-forte et pointe s&egrave;che, 20,6 &times; 16,4 cm. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam. Droits de reproduction: Rijksmuseum</span></span></span></h5> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">Cette id&eacute;e d&rsquo;une seconde nature s&rsquo;inspire de la morale d&rsquo;Aristote et de celle des sto&iuml;ciens. Le courtisan incarne un id&eacute;al de sociabilit&eacute;, qui t&eacute;moigne des vertus de douceur et de retenue. La notion de </span><em><span style="background-color:null">sprezzatura</span></em><span style="background-color:null"> a une port&eacute;e esth&eacute;tique</span></span><a href="#_edn14" name="_ednref14" title=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[14]</span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">, dont l&rsquo;eau-forte de Rembrandt donne un exemple, en alliant la ma&icirc;trise technique &agrave; l&rsquo;inach&egrave;vement. Tr&egrave;s unifi&eacute;e, l&rsquo;image pr&eacute;sente un vocabulaire graphique diff&eacute;renci&eacute; : tailles espac&eacute;es du mur, tailles fines et resserr&eacute;es du v&ecirc;tement, mouchetures qui d&eacute;crivent les irr&eacute;gularit&eacute;s de la peau. Mais certaines traces restent visibles. Au-dessus du b&eacute;ret, on per&ccedil;oit l&rsquo;esquisse pr&eacute;liminaire, r&eacute;alis&eacute;e tr&egrave;s l&eacute;g&egrave;rement &agrave; la pointe s&egrave;che, et &agrave; droite, un globe &eacute;bauch&eacute; appara&icirc;t sur les &eacute;preuves du second &eacute;tat</span></span><a href="#_edn15" name="_ednref15" title=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[15]</span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">. Ind&eacute;finissables, ces marques semblent indiquer que l&rsquo;art particuli&egrave;rement ma&icirc;tris&eacute; de cette eau-forte est &laquo; venu sans peine et presque sans y penser</span></span><a href="#_edn16" name="_ednref16" title=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[16]</span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null"> &raquo;.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">Ainsi est produite une image de l&rsquo;art du graveur lib&eacute;r&eacute; de sa part de &laquo; m&eacute;tier &raquo;. L&rsquo;eau-forte demande une suite de t&acirc;ches difficiles &agrave; ma&icirc;triser : la morsure, l&rsquo;encrage, l&rsquo;impression supposent une grande exp&eacute;rience. Dissimulant le labeur, la gr&acirc;ce hausse cette pratique au niveau de la &laquo; profession &raquo; : l&rsquo;activit&eacute; d&rsquo;une vie de loisir, c&rsquo;est-&agrave;-dire la pratique lib&eacute;rale qui appartient &agrave; la noblesse</span></span><a href="#_edn17" name="_ednref17" title=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[17]</span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">. Cet autoportrait manifeste une double conqu&ecirc;te, tout en la pr&eacute;sentant comme naturelle. L&rsquo;art de la gravure devient aussi noble que les arts du texte, et Rembrandt qui se repr&eacute;sente &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;gal des ma&icirc;tres les plus prestigieux, D&uuml;rer ou Lucas de Leyde </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">&ndash;</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null"> dont il reprend certains &eacute;l&eacute;ments de costume </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">&ndash;</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null"> t&eacute;moigne qu&rsquo;il se situe parmi les plus grands.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">L&rsquo;effet de cet autoportrait le diff&eacute;rencie de ses mod&egrave;les, qui sont tout en retenue. Se d&eacute;tachant sur le vide du papier, la figure s&rsquo;impose telle une apparition. Comme le note Sophie Renouard de Bussierre, Rembrandt brouille la fronti&egrave;re entre l&rsquo;espace pictural et l&rsquo;espace r&eacute;el. La manche qui pend du c&ocirc;t&eacute; du spectateur projette une ombre, comme si la figure surgissait devant lui</span></span><a href="#_edn18" name="_ednref18" title=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[18]</span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">. Sa fulgurance est plus proche de l&rsquo;effet du sublime, comme force d&rsquo;&eacute;vidence capable de mettre sous les yeux, que de la douceur conciliante de la gr&acirc;ce. Pourtant cette force est fragile. Lieu partag&eacute; entre le courtisan et le spectateur, le mur d&eacute;labr&eacute; symbolise le caract&egrave;re &eacute;ph&eacute;m&egrave;re de la vie</span></span><a href="#_edn19" name="_ednref19" title=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[19]</span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">. Nous contraignant &agrave; entrer en relation, la figure de l&rsquo;artiste s&rsquo;inclut dans un monde commun, hant&eacute; par la pr&eacute;carit&eacute;. Cette pr&eacute;sence vuln&eacute;rable est dans un rapport de tension et de continuit&eacute; avec celle du mendiant &agrave; laquelle Rembrandt pr&ecirc;te ses traits (Fig.4 et 5).</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><img alt="" src="/img/4/images/fig.4.jpg" style="height:600px; width:368px" /></span></span></span></p> <h5 style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:null">Fig.4 &ndash; Rembrandt, </span><em><span style="background-color:null">Mendiant assis sur un talus</span></em><span style="background-color:null">. 1630. Bartsch 174, &eacute;tat unique. Eau-forte, 11,6 &times; 70 cm. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam. Droits de reproduction: Rijksmuseum</span></span></span></h5> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:center">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><img alt="" src="/img/4/images/fig.5.jpg" style="height:321px; width:421px" /></span></span></span></p> <h5 style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">Fig.5 </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">&ndash; </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">Rembrandt, </span></span><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">Mendiant assis sur un talus</span></span></em><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">, d&eacute;tail</span></span></h5> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <h3 style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><strong><span style="background-color:null">2. Une exploration de l&rsquo;humanit&eacute; vuln&eacute;rable</span></strong></span></h3> <h4 style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><strong><span style="background-color:null">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 2.1. L&rsquo;exploration de soi : le mendiant comme figure de la d&eacute;tresse</span></strong></span></h4> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">&Agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;poque, les peintres qui repr&eacute;sentent les passions s&rsquo;aident de manuels d&rsquo;inspiration physiognomonique. Or pour r&eacute;aliser </span><em><span style="background-color:null">Mendiant assis sur un talus</span></em><span style="background-color:null">, Rembrandt ne tient pas compte de tous les signes de l&rsquo;affliction donn&eacute;s par l&rsquo;ouvrage de Karel van Mander</span></span><a href="#_edn20" name="_ednref20" title=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[20]</span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">. Ne gardant que le plissement</span></span><span style="background-color:null"> </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">du front, il ajoute l&rsquo;ouverture de la bouche, qui laisse appara&icirc;tre quelques dents. Le visage est d&eacute;figur&eacute; au-del&agrave; de toute convenance. &laquo; De ce fait le profond mal-&ecirc;tre ainsi exprim&eacute; semble relever d&rsquo;un registre primaire, vital et existentiel, plus que moral et spirituel</span></span><a href="#_edn21" name="_ednref21" title=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[21]</span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">&raquo;.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">Le d&eacute;tail de la bouche ouverte, indice d&rsquo;un d&eacute;sespoir qui ne peut s&rsquo;exprimer que par le cri et non par le langage articul&eacute;, se r&eacute;p&egrave;te sur plusieurs autres figures de mendiants (</span><em><span style="background-color:null">Mendiants &agrave; c&ocirc;t&eacute; d&rsquo;une butte</span></em><span style="background-color:null">,</span></span><em><span style="background-color:null"> </span></em><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">Gueux &agrave; la jambe</span></span></em><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null"> </span><em><span style="background-color:null">de bois, dit &laquo; Capteyn Eenbeen &raquo;,</span></em><span style="background-color:null"> Fig.6 &agrave; 7). Rembrandt explore les expressions qui mettent en p&eacute;ril la d&eacute;finition de l&rsquo;humain comme &ecirc;tre vertueux. Signe de cette audace, il s&rsquo;est enlaidi. Autant le courtisan est &eacute;l&eacute;gant, autant le mendiant para&icirc;t difforme, tass&eacute; sur lui-m&ecirc;me sous l&rsquo;effet de l&rsquo;accablement. Le courtisan regarde fi&egrave;rement le spectateur. Bouche ouverte et yeux dissym&eacute;triques, le mendiant ne ma&icirc;trise m&ecirc;me pas l&rsquo;expression de ses traits.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><img alt="" src="/img/4/images/fig.6.jpg" style="height:500px; width:373px" /></span></span></span></p> <h5 style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background-color:null">Fig. 6 &ndash; Rembrandt</span><em><span style="background-color:null">, Couple de mendiants &agrave; c&ocirc;t&eacute; d&rsquo;une butte. </span></em><span style="background-color:null">Bartsch 165, 9</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">&egrave;me </span></span><span style="background-color:null">&eacute;tat (sur 9) , vers 1639. Eau-forte, pointe s&egrave;che et burin, 9,8 &times; 6,7cm. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam. Droits de reproduction: Rijksmuseum </span></span></h5> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><img alt="" src="/img/4/images/fig.7.jpg" style="height:500px; width:313px" /></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:center">&nbsp;</p> <h5 style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background-color:null">Fig. 7 - Rembrandt</span><em><span style="background-color:null">, Gueux &agrave; la jambe de bois, dit &laquo; Capteyn Eenbeen &raquo;. </span></em><span style="background-color:null">Bartsch 179, 2</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">&egrave;me </span></span><span style="background-color:null">&eacute;tat (sur 2 de la main de Rembrandt d&rsquo;apr&egrave;s le catalogue New Hollstein), 1630. Eau-forte, 11,5 &times; 6,6 cm. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam. Droits de reproduction: Rijksmuseum. </span></span></h5> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">Rembrandt s&rsquo;est aid&eacute; de sa </span><em><span style="background-color:null">phantasia</span></em><span style="background-color:null">, l&rsquo;imagination, connue depuis la </span><em><span style="background-color:null">Po&eacute;tique</span></em><span style="background-color:null"> d&rsquo;Aristote comme l&rsquo;une des conditions de la cr&eacute;ation. Pour mettre les choses sous les yeux du spectateur, le po&egrave;te doit exp&eacute;rimenter sur lui-m&ecirc;me les &eacute;motions, &laquo;&nbsp;devenir en quelque sorte les malheureux &raquo; dont il rend sensibles les souffrances, &eacute;crit Quintilien</span></span><a href="#_edn22" name="_ednref22" title=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[22]</span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">. Longin est le premier &agrave; noter que la </span><em><span style="background-color:null">phantasia</span></em><span style="background-color:null"> n&rsquo;est pas seulement reproductrice, mais a le pouvoir d&rsquo;&ecirc;tre visionnaire&nbsp;: de cr&eacute;er des images d&rsquo;une telle force que le cr&eacute;ateur peut les imposer &agrave; autrui</span></span><a href="#_edn23" name="_ednref23" title=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[23]</span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">. Or, comme s&rsquo;il prenait &agrave; la lettre le conseil de Quintilien, Rembrandt use de la </span><em><span style="background-color:null">phantasia </span></em><span style="background-color:null">pour faire fusionner des r&eacute;alit&eacute;s incompatibles selon les crit&egrave;res de la respectabilit&eacute; sociale : la figure du mendiant et son propre visage. L&rsquo;estampe</span></span><em><span style="background-color:null"> </span></em><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">Mendiant assis sur un talus</span></span></em><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null"> para&icirc;t correspondre &agrave; un projet. Rembrandt a sans doute pr&eacute;par&eacute; ce rapprochement presque scandaleux. La m&ecirc;me ann&eacute;e, il scrute son image devant le miroir et tente de fixer sur le m&eacute;tal les expressions d&rsquo;&eacute;motions extr&ecirc;mes et difficiles &agrave; d&eacute;terminer, en particulier ce qui ressemble &agrave; de la souffrance m&ecirc;l&eacute;e de col&egrave;re (Fig.8). Cet examen le contraint &agrave; forcer litt&eacute;ralement le trait. Les traits </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">&ndash;</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null"> au sens des tailles grav&eacute;es </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">&ndash;</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null"> ne construisent pas d&rsquo;image claire et lisible, contrairement &agrave; ce que demandent les crit&egrave;res de l&rsquo;&eacute;poque. La moiti&eacute; droite est couverte d&rsquo;ombre, si bien que l&rsquo;expression devient imp&eacute;n&eacute;trable. Ce sont aussi les traits du visage qui perdent la forme typique qui permet de reconna&icirc;tre un homme. La face de l&rsquo;artiste est d&eacute;figur&eacute;e en un grognement quasi animal.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><img alt="" src="/img/4/images/fig.8.jpg" style="height:500px; width:443px" /></span></span></span></p> <h5 style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background-color:null">Fig. 8 &ndash; Rembrandt, </span><em><span style="background-color:null">Autoportrait &agrave; la bouche ouverte, </span></em><span style="background-color:null">Bartsch 13, 1</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">er </span></span><span style="background-color:null">&eacute;tat (sur 3). Eau-forte, 8,3 &times; 7,2 cm. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam. Droits de reproduction: Rijksmuseum. </span></span></h5> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">Alors que l&rsquo;aum&ocirc;ne a perdu l&rsquo;&eacute;vidence qu&rsquo;elle avait au Moyen-Age, donner son visage, d&eacute;j&agrave; c&eacute;l&egrave;bre dans les ann&eacute;es 1630, &agrave; une figure honnie, &eacute;tonne et contraint &agrave; la regarder autrement. Choqu&eacute;, le spectateur d&eacute;couvre la souffrance des mendiants que la soci&eacute;t&eacute; amstellodamoise enfermait dans des institutions.</span></span></span></span></p> <h4 style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><strong><span style="background-color:null">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 2.2. Une image qui confronte &agrave; l&rsquo;invisible</span></strong></span></h4> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">Dans l&rsquo;art n&eacute;erlandais, la repr&eacute;sentation des mendiants a deux fonctions. &Eacute;tudi&eacute;es par Eddy de Jongh et Ger Luitjen, elles recoupent la distinction entre les pauvres m&eacute;ritants et les les paresseux</span></span><a href="#_edn24" name="_ednref24" title=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[24]</span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">. Prenant le point de vue du donateur, le premier type d&rsquo;images incite &agrave; pratiquer la charit&eacute; envers ceux qui ont subi un coup du sort, comme le fait la gravure de Gerard van Groeningen &laquo; Soixante ans &raquo;</span></span><a href="#_edn25" name="_ednref25" title=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[25]</span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">. Le texte affirme qu&rsquo;&agrave; partir de cet &acirc;ge-l&agrave;, les gens se soucient de leur &acirc;me et essaient d&rsquo;obtenir le salut par leurs bonnes &oelig;uvres. S&rsquo;&eacute;levant &agrave; la hauteur d&rsquo;une sc&egrave;ne d&rsquo;&eacute;dification, l&rsquo;image est performative. Elle donne &agrave; voir les effets de l&rsquo;acte de charit&eacute; : anobli, le pauvre retrouve sa dignit&eacute;. Mais il est alors le sujet passif de sa propre transformation.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">Le deuxi&egrave;me type de repr&eacute;sentation d&eacute;nonce les vices de ceux qui ne m&eacute;ritent aucun secours. Le ton est souvent satirique et moralisateur, comme dans le cas de l&rsquo;huile sur bois de David Vinckboons, la </span><em><span style="background-color:null">Distribution d&rsquo;aum&ocirc;nes</span></em><span style="background-color:null"> (Fig.9). L&rsquo;on voit, group&eacute;e devant la grille d&rsquo;une institution de charit&eacute;, une cohue d&rsquo;infirmes, au visage d&eacute;form&eacute; par la concupiscence. Incapables de compassion les uns pour les autres, ils se bousculent et se battent pour r&eacute;cup&eacute;rer les morceaux de pain qu&rsquo;un homme leur lance &agrave; travers la grille. Le m&eacute;pris que le peintre affiche pour ces mis&eacute;reux s&rsquo;inscrit ainsi dans une id&eacute;ologie commune o&ugrave; la charit&eacute; s&rsquo;accompagne de condescendance. Au premier plan, alors qu&rsquo;une fillette, apparemment valide, apprend &agrave; marcher avec une canne, un jeune homme d&eacute;penaill&eacute; d&eacute;robe son panier &agrave; la femme qui la guide. La morale est claire : ceux qui ont l&rsquo;&eacute;nergie de se battre, ou l&rsquo;intelligence de ruser, doivent utiliser leurs ressources &agrave; travailler pour gagner leur vie honn&ecirc;tement. Les infirmes m&eacute;ritants, qui ne s&rsquo;abaissent pas &agrave; qu&eacute;mander, sont pr&eacute;sent&eacute;s de fa&ccedil;on diff&eacute;renci&eacute;e. &Agrave; l&rsquo;arri&egrave;re-plan, une femme aveugle et son guide se dirigent vers le b&acirc;timent situ&eacute; &agrave; c&ocirc;t&eacute; de l&rsquo;institution de charit&eacute;, peut-&ecirc;tre le lieu de culte</span></span><a href="#_edn26" name="_ednref26" title=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[26]</span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">. Ces pauvres qui ont r&eacute;ellement besoin d&rsquo;&ecirc;tre aid&eacute;s ne sont discernables qu&rsquo;apr&egrave;s un examen attentif. Cette place qui tend vers l&rsquo;absence symbolise l&rsquo;effort n&eacute;cessaire pour d&eacute;passer les pr&eacute;jug&eacute;s. Le spectateur au regard superficiel a sans doute du mal &agrave; surmonter sa r&eacute;probation envers l&rsquo;ensemble des mendiants, qu&rsquo;il juge &agrave; l&rsquo;aune des paresseux.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><img alt="" src="/img/4/images/fig.9.jpg" style="height:400px; width:616px" /></span></span></span></p> <h5 style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background-color:null">Fig. 9 &ndash; David Vinckboons (1576-1629), </span><em><span style="background-color:null">Distribution d&rsquo;aum&ocirc;nes. </span></em><span style="background-color:null">Huile sur bois, 35 &times; 53 cm. Nationalmuseum, Stockholm. Droits de reproduction: donn&eacute;es &agrave; Wikimedia Commons par le Nationalmuseum dans le cadre du projet de coop&eacute;ration avec Wikimedia Sverige. </span></span></h5> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">Ces images t&eacute;moignent des contradictions d&rsquo;une soci&eacute;t&eacute;, fond&eacute;e sur la g&eacute;n&eacute;rosit&eacute; et l&rsquo;exclusion. Reposant sur la contribution civique, le </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">syst&egrave;me de protection sociale d&rsquo;Amsterdam</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null"> avait r&eacute;duit la mendicit&eacute;, au prix de l&rsquo;enfermement des pauvres. Le r&eacute;sident respectable, car temporairement dans le besoin, &eacute;tait int&eacute;gr&eacute; dans une institution de charit&eacute;. Et le vagabond, qui vivait de menus larcins, &eacute;tait incarc&eacute;r&eacute; et forc&eacute; de travailler, afin de corriger ses vices. Si cela &eacute;chouait, il &eacute;tait banni de la cit&eacute;. M&eacute;ritant ou non, le pauvre devenait invisible</span></span><a href="#_edn27" name="_ednref27" title=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[27]</span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">. Les citoyens avaient l&rsquo;image d&rsquo;une cit&eacute; unie et prosp&egrave;re, comme celle qui appara&icirc;t dans les sc&egrave;nes de patinage.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">Rembrandt brise cette belle unit&eacute;&nbsp;</span></span><a href="#_edn28" name="_ednref28" title=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[28]</span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">. Alors que les repr&eacute;sentations habituelles insistent sur la difformit&eacute; des mendiants, il &eacute;voque leur souffrance psychique. Proche de l&rsquo;esprit de Longin, il saisit le </span><em><span style="background-color:null">kairos </span></em><span style="background-color:null">: sa mani&egrave;re se module sur la singularit&eacute; du sujet qu&rsquo;il traite, de telle sorte qu&rsquo;ils ne font plus qu&rsquo;un</span></span><a href="#_edn29" name="_ednref29" title=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[29]</span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">. Le sublime change radicalement de sens. Il ne r&eacute;side plus dans la noblesse du sujet, mais dans la justesse de l&rsquo;expression. Le </span><em><span style="background-color:null">Mendiant se r&eacute;chauffant les mains</span></em><span style="background-color:null"> (Fig.10) est grav&eacute; par une pointe rapide. Les tailles irr&eacute;guli&egrave;res rendent perceptible la fragilit&eacute; de cet homme. Elles captent le tremblement de ses mains, qui ont du mal &agrave; se r&eacute;chauffer, l&rsquo;expression tendue de son visage &eacute;maci&eacute;. Recroquevill&eacute; sur lui-m&ecirc;me, il ne demande rien. Sans qu&rsquo;un texte ou m&ecirc;me qu&rsquo;un contexte pictural n&rsquo;oriente son interpr&eacute;tation, l&rsquo;estampe montre cr&ucirc;ment la faiblesse d&rsquo;un individu ext&eacute;nu&eacute;, r&eacute;duit &agrave; la survie. Mais </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">sa sensibilit&eacute; encore vive appara&icirc;t avec acuit&eacute;. Exprimant </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">une souffrance sans espoir, elle atteste son humanit&eacute;. D&rsquo;une lucidit&eacute; terrible, la conscience de son d&eacute;nuement fait la grandeur du mendiant. </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><img alt="" src="/img/4/images/fig.10.jpg" style="height:500px; width:330px" /></span></span></span></p> <h5 style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">Fig. 10 &ndash; Rembrandt</span></span><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">, Mendiant se r&eacute;chauffant les mains</span></span></em><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">, Bartsch 173, 2</span></span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">&egrave;me </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">&eacute;tat (sur 2). Eau-forte, 7,7 &times; 4,6 cm. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, Droits de reproduction: Rijksmuseum </span></span></h5> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">Confrontant &agrave; l&rsquo;invisible social, Rembrandt &eacute;voque son visage sous le mode de la contradiction. La tension entre la noblesse hautaine du courtisan et l&rsquo;humiliation du mendiant a une puissance comparable &agrave; celle de la cinqui&egrave;me source du sublime analys&eacute;e par Longin, l&rsquo;</span><em><span style="background-color:null">&eacute;pisynth&egrave;se</span></em><span style="background-color:null"> ou composition disjointe, qui produit l&rsquo;&eacute;merveillement gr&acirc;ce au choc des contraires</span></span><a href="#_edn30" name="_ednref30" title=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[30]</span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">. &Agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;poque moderne, le po&egrave;te Le Tasse reprend cette id&eacute;e, ce qui l&rsquo;aide &agrave; interpr&eacute;ter l&rsquo;anecdote du peintre Zeuxis d&rsquo;une mani&egrave;re originale</span></span><a href="#_edn31" name="_ednref31" title=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[31]</span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">. Observant les filles de Crotone, Zeuxis choisit les d&eacute;tails les plus beaux de leur corps. En les combinant, il r&eacute;ussit &agrave; peindre la beaut&eacute; parfaite d&rsquo;H&eacute;l&egrave;ne. Cette unit&eacute; ouverte demande la participation du lecteur. &Agrave; partir des fragments &eacute;pars, l&rsquo;imagination compose la forme de la beaut&eacute;. Celle-ci n&rsquo;atteint le sublime qu&rsquo;&agrave; condition de ne pas &ecirc;tre totalement harmonieuse, mais de laisser les tensions vivantes.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">Creusant encore les &eacute;carts, Rembrandt se met &agrave; diff&eacute;rents points de vue</span></span><a href="#_edn32" name="_ednref32" title=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[32]</span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">. Il se perd dans l&rsquo;ext&eacute;riorit&eacute; pour se retrouver, il devient tous les hommes afin de s&rsquo;atteindre lui-m&ecirc;me. Incit&eacute; &agrave; achever le portrait, le spectateur rapproche la morgue du courtisan et le visage convuls&eacute; du mendiant. Comme le constate Jean Genet, l&rsquo;individu qu&rsquo;est Rembrandt se d&eacute;personnalise : il n&rsquo;est pas identifiable, au sens o&ugrave; il n&rsquo;a pas de caract&egrave;re d&eacute;termin&eacute;</span></span><a href="#_edn33" name="_ednref33" title=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[33]</span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">. Par la force de ses contradictions internes qui sont autant de possibilit&eacute;s humaines, le portrait devient transpersonnel. Ainsi se construit une unit&eacute; dynamique, qui provoque l&rsquo;&eacute;tonnement. Celui-ci aide &agrave; d&eacute;passer la tristesse et le d&eacute;go&ucirc;t que peut susciter la vue d&rsquo;une humanit&eacute; humili&eacute;e. Alors que Le Tasse d&eacute;finit un moyen d&rsquo;atteindre la perfection, Rembrandt propose une nouvelle d&eacute;finition de l&rsquo;humanit&eacute;, unie par la vie int&eacute;rieure et par la faiblesse. La grandeur n&rsquo;est plus une nature conquise et h&eacute;ro&iuml;que. Elle ne peut exister que consciente de la fragilit&eacute; qui l&rsquo;habite. Rembrandt t&eacute;moigne ainsi des conditions de possibilit&eacute; du sublime. Conna&icirc;tre l&rsquo;&eacute;l&eacute;vation suppose d&rsquo;accepter la d&eacute;possession de soi.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <h3 style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><strong><span style="background-color:null">3. S&rsquo;abandonner pour recueillir le sublime</span></strong></span></h3> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">Mettre &agrave; nu la disposition au sublime permet d&rsquo;&eacute;voquer le nouveau lien qui peut unir les hommes. Fond&eacute; sur la reconnaissance de sa faiblesse, il exclut seulement ceux qui comptent orgueilleusement sur leurs propres forces.</span></span></span></span></p> <h4 style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><strong><span style="background-color:null">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 3.1. Le d&eacute;nuement comme condition d&rsquo;accueil du sublime</span></strong></span></h4> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">Les mendiants de Rembrandt incarnent la disponibilit&eacute; inh&eacute;rente &agrave; celui qui ne se poss&egrave;de plus lui-m&ecirc;me. Cette image n&rsquo;est pas conforme aux id&eacute;es communes, qui pr&eacute;sentent l&rsquo;abandon comme un vice. Les faux mendiants d&rsquo;Adriaen van de Venne (Fig.11 et 12) ricanent et dansent de fa&ccedil;on inconvenante, presque inqui&eacute;tante</span></span><a href="#_edn34" name="_ednref34" title=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[34]</span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">.Ces figures de la d&eacute;mesure sont des contre-exemples. &Agrave; travers leur manque de maintien physique transpara&icirc;t leur absence d&rsquo;&eacute;ducation. Ces repr&eacute;sentations sont d&eacute;riv&eacute;es des trait&eacute;s de civilit&eacute;, en particulier de celui d&rsquo;&Eacute;rasme dont le code de convenance affirme une lisibilit&eacute; du corps. &Eacute;rasme explique qu&rsquo;un comportement d&eacute;cent manifeste la vertu, dans la mesure o&ugrave; la discipline du corps aide &agrave; une ma&icirc;trise des d&eacute;sirs. Contribuant &agrave; conforter les pr&eacute;jug&eacute;s, les peintres reprennent ces indications pour diff&eacute;rencier l&rsquo;homme accompli du paysan et du mendiant</span></span><a href="#_edn35" name="_ednref35" title=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[35]</span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">. Vo&ucirc;t&eacute;s, le ventre en avant, la t&ecirc;te pench&eacute;e, les seconds ont des gestes agit&eacute;s, alors que le maintien de l&rsquo;homme vertueux exprime la beaut&eacute; et la r&eacute;gularit&eacute; d&rsquo;une nature achev&eacute;e. &Agrave; la fois donn&eacute;e et conquise, cette derni&egrave;re poss&egrave;de la gr&acirc;ce, lib&eacute;r&eacute;e de la pesanteur, qui est incarn&eacute;e par le l&eacute;ger d&eacute;s&eacute;quilibre du </span><em><span style="background-color:null">contrasposto.</span></em></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><em><img alt="" src="/img/4/images/fig.11.jpg" style="height:380px; width:800px" /></em></span></span></span></p> <h5 style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background-color:null">Fig. 11 &ndash; Adriaen van de Venne, </span><em><span style="background-color:null">Danse des mendiants</span></em><span style="background-color:null">, 1635. Huile sur bois, 12 &times; 28 cm. Mauritshuis, la Haye. Droits de reproduction: Mauritshuis. </span></span></h5> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><em><img alt="" src="/img/4/images/fig.12.jpg" style="height:500px; width:401px" /></em></span></span></span></p> <h5 style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background-color:null">Fig. 12 &ndash; Adriaen van de Venne (v. 1589- 1662), </span><em><span style="background-color:null">Mendiants se battant. </span></em><span style="background-color:null">Huile sur bois, 37.5 x 30 cm. Zeelandic Museum. Droits de reproduction: Instituut Collectie Nederland </span></span></h5> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">Le d&eacute;s&oelig;uvrement du mendiant est comparable &agrave; celui du paysan qui s&rsquo;adonne au jeu ou &agrave; l&rsquo;alcool, (Fig.13 et 14). Tous deux s&rsquo;abandonnent aux passions, qui &eacute;loignent de Dieu et de soi-m&ecirc;me, en tant qu&rsquo;&ecirc;tre raisonnable et libre</span></span><a href="#_edn36" name="_ednref36" title=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[36]</span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">. Simon Schama pr&eacute;cise que la stupeur provoqu&eacute;e par un tel abandon est proche de l&rsquo;&eacute;tat m&eacute;lancolique, le doute qui prive de volont&eacute; et de sensibilit&eacute;. La dispersion de soi-m&ecirc;me dans l&rsquo;ext&eacute;riorit&eacute; ou l&rsquo;engourdissement dans la torpeur sont deux &eacute;tats o&ugrave; l&rsquo;individu ne s&rsquo;appartient plus. Cela les oppose &agrave; la concentration calme du lecteur ou du travailleur domestique (Fig.1) Par son application qui lui donne une apparence d&rsquo;int&eacute;riorit&eacute;, celle-ci s&rsquo;apparente &agrave; la posture m&eacute;ditative, telle que la pr&eacute;sente &Eacute;rasme. &laquo; Si l&rsquo;on dit la messe, manifeste ton recueillement par tout ton maintien. &raquo; Aid&eacute; par le corps qui est orient&eacute; vers la seule direction de l&rsquo;autel, l&rsquo;esprit rentre en lui-m&ecirc;me et tourne son attention vers un objet unique : le Christ</span></span><a href="#_edn37" name="_ednref37" title=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[37]</span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><img alt="" src="/img/4/images/fig.13.jpg" style="height:500px; width:406px" /></span></span></span></p> <h5 style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background-color:null">Fig. 13 &ndash; Adriaen van Ostade, </span><em><span style="background-color:null">Paysans buvant et faisant de la musique dans une grange</span></em><span style="background-color:null">, v.1635. Huile sur bois, 33,7 &times; 27,3 cm. Collection particuli&egrave;re. Droits de reproduction: Wikipedia, Web Gallery of Art </span></span></h5> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><img alt="" src="/img/4/images/fig.14.jpg" style="height:379px; width:500px" /></span></span></span></p> <h5 style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">Fig. 14 &ndash; Adriaen van Ostade, </span></span><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">Taverne villageoise avec quatre figures</span></span></em><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">, 1635. Huile sur bois, 13 &times; 16,5 cm. Residenzgalerie, Salzbourg, Droits de reproduction: Wikipedia, Web Gallery of Art </span></span></h5> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">La lourdeur qui d&eacute;forme les corps et l&rsquo;abandon qui engourdit se retrouvent dans les eaux-fortes de Rembrandt, o&ugrave; elles deviennent signes du d&eacute;nuement qui fait fl&eacute;chir le corps et la volont&eacute;. Repli&eacute;es sur elles-m&ecirc;mes, certaines figures ne mendient plus. Elles crient leur souffrance ou se tra&icirc;nent avec lassitude. Le corps devient chair souffrante (Fig.4,6,7). Le d&eacute;sir appara&icirc;t en creux comme expression d&rsquo;un manque pur, qui ne peut se disperser dans le sensible et est emp&ecirc;ch&eacute; de s&rsquo;approprier le moindre objet. Le d&eacute;sir devient &laquo; b&eacute;ance&nbsp;</span></span><a href="#_edn38" name="_ednref38" title=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[38]</span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">&nbsp;&raquo;, attente impersonnelle, vid&eacute;e de toute objectivit&eacute; et m&ecirc;me de toute subjectivit&eacute;. Ce manque peut alors devenir r&eacute;ceptivit&eacute; &agrave; l&rsquo;alt&eacute;rit&eacute; du sublime.</span></span></span></span></p> <h4 style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><strong><span style="background-color:null">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 3.2. Se laisser secourir pour retrouver la possibilit&eacute; d&rsquo;agir</span></strong></span></h4> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">La </span><em><span style="background-color:null">Pi&egrave;ce aux cent florins</span></em><span style="background-color:null"> (Fig.15) associe le mendiant &agrave; deux autres figures de la faiblesse : l&rsquo;enfant et le malade. Leur besoin d&rsquo;&ecirc;tre soutenu rend sensible leur disponibilit&eacute;. Cette estampe donne forme &agrave; l&rsquo;opposition entre les pauvres et les Pharisiens, enclos dans leurs certitudes. Parmi ceux-l&agrave;, une femme &acirc;g&eacute;e se tient dans l&rsquo;ombre de son mari, qu&rsquo;elle soutient (Fig. 16). Pr&eacute;sence discr&egrave;te et aimante, elle aide la faiblesse devenue &laquo; torpeur &raquo;, comme le note Paul Baudiquey. Soutenu sous l&rsquo;aisselle, &laquo; en ce lieu du corps qui demeure, avec la nuque, le &laquo;&nbsp;f&eacute;minin de l&rsquo;homme &raquo;, espace d&rsquo;enfance et de totale d&eacute;pendance &raquo;, le vieil homme donne &agrave; voir &laquo;la part secr&egrave;te que la d&eacute;tresse offrira, le moment venu, au geste secourable, au geste sauveur</span></span><a href="#_edn39" name="_ednref39" title=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[39]</span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">&raquo;.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><img alt="" src="/img/4/images/fig.15.jpg" style="height:500px; width:697px" /></span></span></span></p> <h5 style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background-color:null">Fig. 15 &ndash; Rembrandt, </span><em><span style="background-color:null">Pi&egrave;ce aux cent florins , </span></em><span style="background-color:null">Bartsch 74, 2&egrave; &eacute;tat (sur 2), 1648. Eau-forte, pointe s&egrave;che et burin, 280 &times; 393 mm. Collection H. O. Havemeyer, Metropolitan Museum, New York. Droits de reproduction: Metropolitan Museum. </span></span></h5> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><img alt="" src="/img/4/images/fig.16.jpg" style="height:600px; width:361px" /></span></span></span></p> <h5 style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background-color:null">Fig. 16 &ndash; Rembrandt, </span><em><span style="background-color:null">Pi&egrave;ce aux cent florins, </span></em><span style="background-color:null">d&eacute;tail.</span></span></h5> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">La vuln&eacute;rabilit&eacute; est don de soi aux forces qui peuvent l&rsquo;aider. Contraint &agrave; l&rsquo;humilit&eacute;, l&rsquo;individu livre son intimit&eacute; : la faiblesse qu&rsquo;il ne peut cacher. Comme en t&eacute;moigne la fermet&eacute; du soutien apport&eacute; par sa femme, &laquo; l&rsquo;acte secourable &raquo; est respectueux. Acceptant le don qui lui est fait, il le prend &agrave; sa charge sans d&eacute;poss&eacute;der l&rsquo;autre de ce qu&rsquo;il offre. Il l&rsquo;invite &agrave; reprendre la ma&icirc;trise de lui-m&ecirc;me. La femme aide l&rsquo;homme redevenu enfant &agrave; marcher. Elle lui communique un peu de son &eacute;nergie et par un geste apparemment inutile, tient fermement sa main droite qui pend, inerte</span></span><a href="#_edn40" name="_ednref40" title=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[40]</span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">. Conform&eacute;ment &agrave; la rh&eacute;torique picturale de l&rsquo;&eacute;poque, les gestes sont l&rsquo;&eacute;quivalent d&rsquo;un langage muet. La femme tr&egrave;s affaiblie aux pieds du Christ n&rsquo;a pas la force de le regarder. Elle se confie &agrave; sa pr&eacute;sence rayonnante d&rsquo;un simple geste de la main. Mais le vieil homme ne peut rien demander. Figure de l&rsquo;errance, il avance avec difficult&eacute;, le regard perdu. Sa femme l&rsquo;incite &agrave; retrouver la parole. Anticipant la parole miraculeuse du Christ : &laquo; &Eacute;tends la main &raquo;, elle le pr&eacute;pare &agrave; accepter le don qui s&rsquo;offre &agrave; lui. &laquo; Les vertus et les rites ne sont ici d&rsquo;aucun secours, car Dieu ne s&rsquo;obtient pas il se donne, &agrave; la mesure </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">&ndash; </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">et au-del&agrave; </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">&ndash;</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null"> de la b&eacute;ance que la vie creuse en nous, de l&rsquo;impr&eacute;vu et de la d&eacute;route qui nous acheminent au seuil des vrais consentements</span></span><a href="#_edn41" name="_ednref41" title=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[41]</span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">Pour accueillir Dieu, la personne vuln&eacute;rable a besoin d&rsquo;&ecirc;tre accompagn&eacute;e. Rembrandt &eacute;voque la r&eacute;ceptivit&eacute; au sublime, sous la forme d&rsquo;une longue cha&icirc;ne constitu&eacute;e par les mains des malades, depuis la femme qui &agrave; l&rsquo;extr&eacute;mit&eacute; droite se tient debout, les paumes ouvertes, le visage dans l&rsquo;ombre et encadr&eacute; de lumi&egrave;re, jusqu&rsquo;&agrave; la femme agenouill&eacute;e aux pieds du Christ. Celle-ci offre &agrave; J&eacute;sus la cha&icirc;ne de douleur dans le geste de ses mains jointes. Son ombre qui se projette sur la tunique du Christ t&eacute;moigne qu&rsquo;il se laisse toucher. J&eacute;sus assume ainsi la faiblesse humaine, qui devient compassion. Il comble de sa pr&eacute;sence ceux qui le d&eacute;sirent, comme la femme sur sa natte, abandonn&eacute;e mais heureuse. Exhauss&eacute;e par le sublime, la fragilit&eacute; est convertie en force, voire en vertu. Elle devient g&eacute;n&eacute;rosit&eacute;. Aussi l&rsquo;estampe donne-t-elle d&eacute;j&agrave; &agrave; voir le miracle. Les contraires s&rsquo;interp&eacute;n&egrave;trent. L&rsquo;ombre devient lumi&egrave;re, le renoncement se fait action. Le d&eacute;pouillement est r&eacute;ceptivit&eacute; </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">&agrave; la Parole, qui devient f&eacute;conde : &agrave; travers les c&oelig;urs purs, transform&eacute;s en attente, l&rsquo;amour se communique et rayonne.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">La transcendance du sublime n&rsquo;est plus une force de ravissement, mais a la douceur d&rsquo;une &eacute;nergie</span></span><a href="#_edn42" name="_ednref42" title=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[42]</span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null"> qui se donne &agrave; l&rsquo;individu disponible, tout en le reliant &agrave; ses semblables. Cette estampe est unifi&eacute;e par les demi-tons, par des transitions fluides</span></span><a href="#_edn43" name="_ednref43" title=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[43]</span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null"> qui engendrent une continuit&eacute; tr&egrave;s</span></span><span style="background-color:null"> </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">subtile entre l&rsquo;ombre et la lumi&egrave;re, entre l&rsquo;homme et Dieu. Certaines eaux-fortes de Rembrandt</span></span><span style="background-color:null"> </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">connaissent une rupture apparent&eacute;e au sublime de Longin. Non int&eacute;grable dans les conditions de l&rsquo;exp&eacute;rience, une force surnaturelle disjoint l&rsquo;image</span></span><a href="#_edn44" name="_ednref44" title=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[44]</span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">. Dans la </span><em><span style="background-color:null">Pi&egrave;ce aux cent florins</span></em><span style="background-color:null">, la s&eacute;paration est produite par le repli de certains hommes sur eux-m&ecirc;mes. Sans ombre et sans tache, les Pharisiens, </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">qui pr&ocirc;nent la puret&eacute; incontestable de la Loi, sont enferm&eacute;s dans un cercle de lumi&egrave;re aveuglante. </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">Misant pr&eacute;somptueusement sur leur intelligence et persuad&eacute;s de poss&eacute;der la vertu, ils </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">ne partagent pas l&rsquo;espace commun et </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">refusent l&rsquo;&eacute;change qui risquerait de troubler leurs certitudes. </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">Le sublime &eacute;mane de la transcendance de la gr&acirc;ce, mais il est autant la force immanente et interhumaine par laquelle l&rsquo;individu devient membre de la communaut&eacute;. Par sa contemplation, le spectateur exp&eacute;rimente l&rsquo;&eacute;nergie qui rassemble et la disjonction qui isole. Les lignes de force le conduisent au centre de la composition, o&ugrave; le Christ se distingue par sa stature. La direction de son regard et celle de sa main droite contraignent &agrave; abaisser les yeux vers le groupe des femmes et des enfants. La pr&eacute;sence du chien indique au spectateur un chemin lumineux qui l&rsquo;entra&icirc;ne &agrave; parcourir la droite de l&rsquo;estampe. Le jeu des regards et des mains le ram&egrave;ne progressivement &agrave; la pr&eacute;sence du Christ, qui elle-m&ecirc;me renvoie vers les pauvres, la cha&icirc;ne s&rsquo;ouvrant et se refermant sur son centre ind&eacute;finiment. Mais cette cha&icirc;ne ne peut int&eacute;grer les Pharisiens. Signe que la cl&ocirc;ture est r&eacute;versible, certaines personnes sont spatialement et spirituellement interm&eacute;diaires entre les deux groupes. Les intellectuels comme &Eacute;rasme ou le jeune homme riche d&eacute;tiennent des biens, mais restent r&eacute;ceptifs &agrave; l&rsquo;alt&eacute;rit&eacute;. Tournant le dos aux docteurs, ils &eacute;coutent le Christ, ce qui accentue l&rsquo;isolement de ces derniers, comme retir&eacute;s en leurs fausses certitudes.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <h3 style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><strong><span style="background-color:null">Conclusion</span></strong></span></h3> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">Le mendiant comme figure de l&rsquo;accueil du sublime renouvelle la vision de l&rsquo;homme dominante au XVII</span><sup><span style="background-color:null">e</span></sup><span style="background-color:null"> si&egrave;cle. L&rsquo;audace de Rembrandt se mesure &agrave; l&rsquo;aune des risques qu&rsquo;il prend. En d&eacute;figurant son image, il met en danger sa r&eacute;putation artistique. La renomm&eacute;e n&rsquo;est donc pas son but exclusif. Mais son art a une vis&eacute;e politique. Il cherche &agrave; renforcer le lien qui rend possible la vie commune des citoyens.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">Rembrandt met la soci&eacute;t&eacute; amstellodamoise face &agrave; ses contradictions. Elle manifeste l&rsquo;intention louable de secourir les pauvres. Mais en fait ils connaissent l&rsquo;exclusion. Leur existence est cach&eacute;e, &agrave; la fois dans la r&eacute;alit&eacute; des institutions et dans l&rsquo;imaginaire collectif, que les &oelig;uvres d&rsquo;art contribuent &agrave; nourrir. Rembrandt t&eacute;moigne de la responsabilit&eacute; qui incombe &agrave; l&rsquo;artiste, en travaillant sur les id&eacute;es communes. Il interroge les poncifs et redonne leur force aux id&eacute;es que l&rsquo;inertie de l&rsquo;habitude a &eacute;mouss&eacute;es. Si les sermons de Calvin insistent sur la pauvret&eacute; du Christ</span></span><a href="#_edn45" name="_ednref45" title=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[45]</span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">, la religion r&eacute;form&eacute;e contribue &agrave; la discrimination des mendiants, en valorisant les efforts comme signe visible de l&rsquo;&eacute;lection</span></span><a href="#_edn46" name="_ednref46" title=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[46]</span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">. Par l&rsquo;universalit&eacute; qu&rsquo;il conf&egrave;re au message &eacute;vang&eacute;lique, Rembrandt r&eacute;actualise le souffle qui habite les textes de Matthieu.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <h3 dir="ltr" style="text-align:justify"><strong><span style="background-color:null">Bibliographie</span></strong></h3> <p dir="ltr" style="text-align:justify"><span style="background-color:null">BLANC JAN, &laquo; La conqu&ecirc;te de l&rsquo;ordinaire &raquo;, dans BRUGEROLLES E. et SAVATIER SI&Ouml;HOLM O., Dessiner le quotidien, Paris, Louvre &eacute;ditions, 2017, p. 10-17.</span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="text-align:justify"><span style="background-color:null">BALDWING ROBERT W, &laquo;On earth we are beggars, as Christ himself was&raquo;, Konsthistorisk Tidskrift LIV, 1985, p. 122-135.</span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="text-align:justify"><span style="background-color:null">BAUDIQUEY PAUL, Un &Eacute;vangile selon Rembrandt, Paris, Mame, 1989.</span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="text-align:justify"><span style="background-color:null">CASTIGLIONE BALDASSAR, Livre du Courtisan, traduction et pr&eacute;sentation de PONS, A. Paris, G&eacute;rard Lebovici, 1987.</span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="text-align:justify"><span style="background-color:null">JONGH EDDY DE and LUITJEN GER, Mirror of everyday life, Genreprints in the Netherlands 1550-1700, translated from the Dutch by HOYLE M., Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, 1997.</span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="text-align:justify"><span style="background-color:null">&Eacute;RASME, La civilit&eacute; pu&eacute;rile, traduction fran&ccedil;aise de BONNEAU A., Paris, Isidore Liseux, 1877.</span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="text-align:justify"><span style="background-color:null">GENET JEAN, Rembrandt, Paris, Gallimard, 2016.</span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="text-align:justify"><span style="background-color:null">HEGEL GEORG WILHELM FRIEDRICH, Esth&eacute;tique, traduction de LEFEBVRE J. P. et VON SCHENCK V., Aubier, Paris, 1997.</span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="text-align:justify"><span style="background-color:null">KNAAP ANNA C., &laquo; From Lowlife to Rustic Idyll: the Peasant Genre in 17th Century Dutch Drawing and Prints &raquo;, Harvard University Art Museum Bulletin, IV, 2, 1996, p. 30-59.</span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="text-align:justify"><span style="background-color:null">LONGIN, Du sublime, traduction et pr&eacute;sentation de PIGEAUD J., Paris, Payot et Rivages, coll. &laquo;&nbsp;Petite Biblioth&egrave;que &raquo;, 1993.</span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="text-align:justify"><span style="background-color:null">QUINTILIEN, De l&rsquo;institution oratoire, traduction de OUZILLE M. C, revue par CHARPENTIER M., Paris, Garnier Flammarion, 1921.</span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="text-align:justify"><span style="background-color:null">RENOUARD DE BUSSIERRE SOPHIE, Rembrandt, eaux-fortes, Paris mus&eacute;es, 2006.</span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="text-align:justify"><span style="background-color:null">SCHAMA SIMON, L&rsquo;embarras de richesses, La culture hollandaise au si&egrave;cle d&rsquo;or, traduction fran&ccedil;aise de DAUZAT P. E., Paris, Gallimard, coll. &laquo; Biblioth&egrave;que illustr&eacute;e des histoires &raquo;, 1991.</span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="text-align:justify"><span style="background-color:null">SAINT GIRONS BALDINE, Fiat Lux, une philosophie du sublime, Paris, Quai Voltaire, 1993.</span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="text-align:justify"><span style="background-color:null">SAINT GIRONS BALDINE, Le sublime de l&rsquo;Antiquit&eacute; &agrave; nos jours, Paris, Desjonqu&egrave;res, 2005.</span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="text-align:justify"><span style="background-color:null">TASSE (le), Discours de l&rsquo;art po&eacute;tique. Discours du po&egrave;me h&eacute;ro&iuml;que, traduction et pr&eacute;sentation de GRAZIANI F., Paris, Aubier, 1997.</span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="text-align:justify"><span style="background-color:null">VAN MANDER KAREL, Principe et fondement de l&rsquo;art noble et libre de la peinture, Paris, Les Belles Lettres, 2008.</span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="text-align:justify"><span style="background-color:null">VELDMAN ILJA M., &laquo; Images of diligence and labour: the secularization of the work ethic &raquo;, dans Images for the eye and soul: function and meaning in netherlandish prints (1450-1650), Leyden, 2006, Primavera Pers, p.171-192.</span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="text-align:justify"><span style="background-color:null">WEBER MAX, L&rsquo;&eacute;thique protestante et l&rsquo;esprit du capitalisme, traduction fran&ccedil;aise de KALINOWSKI I., Paris, Flammarion, 2002.</span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="text-align:justify"><span style="background-color:null">WHITE CHRISTOPHER, Rembrandt as an etcher, Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1999.</span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <h3 dir="ltr" style="text-align:justify"><strong><span style="background-color:null">Sources</span></strong></h3> <p dir="ltr" style="text-align:justify"><span style="background-color:null">CASTIGLIONE BALDASSAR, Il Libro del cortegiano, li heredi di Philippo di Giunta, Florence, 1528.</span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="text-align:justify"><span style="background-color:null">&Eacute;RASME, De civilitate morum puerilium, B&acirc;le, 1530.</span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="text-align:justify"><span style="background-color:null">HEGEL GEORG WILHELM FRIEDRICH, Vollstandige Ausgabe von einem Verein von Freuden des Verewigten, Merheineke, Schulze, Gans, Henning, Hothe, Michelet, Forster, Berlin, 1835.</span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="text-align:justify"><span style="background-color:null">TASSO, TORQUATO, Discorsi del poema eroico, Naples, 1594.</span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="text-align:justify"><span style="background-color:null">VAN MANDER KAREL, Den Grondt der Edel vrij Schilder-const, Haarlem, 1604.</span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="text-align:justify"><span style="background-color:null">WEBER MAX, &laquo;&nbsp;Die protestantische Ethik und der Geist des Kapitalismus&nbsp;&raquo;, Archiv f&uuml;r Sozialwissenschatft und Sozialpolitik, T. XX-XXI,T&uuml;bingen, Mohr, 1904-1905.</span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <h3 style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><strong><span style="background-color:null">Biographie de l&#39;autrice</span></strong></h3> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background-color:null">Claire Charrier<strong><span style="background-color:null"> </span></strong>est professeur de philosophie au lyc&eacute;e de B&eacute;thune. Associ&eacute;e &agrave; l&rsquo;HAR (Histoire des Arts et des Repr&eacute;sentations) de Paris Nanterre, elle est l&rsquo;auteur d&rsquo;une th&egrave;se en philosophie esth&eacute;tique, pr&eacute;par&eacute;e sous la codirection de Baldine Saint Girons&nbsp;et de Marianne Cojannot-Le Blanc. Cette th&egrave;se a &eacute;t&eacute; soutenue en d&eacute;cembre 2016 &agrave; l&rsquo;Universit&eacute; de Paris Nanterre. Son sujet &eacute;tait &laquo; Du sublime dans l&rsquo;&oelig;uvre grav&eacute; de Rembrandt &raquo;.</span></span></p> <div>&nbsp; <hr /> <div id="edn1"> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref1" name="_edn1" title=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[1]</span></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">Voir</span></span><span style="background-color:null"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">S</span></span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">IMON</span></span><span style="background-color:null"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">S</span></span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">CHAMA</span></span><span style="background-color:null">, </span><em><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">L&rsquo;embarras de richesses, La culture hollandaise au si&egrave;cle d&rsquo;or, </span></span></em><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">traduction</span></span><span style="background-color:null"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">fran&ccedil;aise de</span></span><span style="background-color:null"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">D</span></span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">AUZAT</span></span><span style="background-color:null"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">P. E</span></span><span style="background-color:null">., </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">Paris, Gallimard, coll. &laquo; Biblioth&egrave;que illustr&eacute;e des histoires &raquo;, 1991. J</span></span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">AN</span></span><span style="background-color:null"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">B</span></span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">LANC</span></span><span style="background-color:null">, </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">&laquo; La conqu&ecirc;te</span></span><span style="background-color:null"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">de l&rsquo;ordinaire &raquo;, dans</span></span><span style="background-color:null"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">E. B</span></span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">RUGEROLLES </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">et</span></span><span style="background-color:null"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">O. S</span></span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">AVATIER</span></span><span style="background-color:null"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">S</span></span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">I&Ouml;HOLM</span></span><span style="background-color:null">., </span><em><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">Dessiner le quotidien</span></span></em><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">, Paris, Louvre &eacute;ditions, 2017, p. 15 </span><em><span style="background-color:null">sq.</span></em></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn2"> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref2" name="_edn2" title=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[2]</span></span></a><span style="background-color:null">J</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">AN</span></span><span style="background-color:null"> B</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">LANC</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">, </span></span><em><span style="background-color:null">ibidem,</span></em><span style="background-color:null"> p. 16.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn3"> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref3" name="_edn3" title=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[3]</span></span></a><span style="background-color:null">L</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">ONGIN</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">, </span></span><em><span style="background-color:null">Du sublime</span></em><span style="background-color:null">, traduction et pr&eacute;sentation de P</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">IGEAUD</span></span><span style="background-color:null"> J.</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">, </span></span><span style="background-color:null">Paris, Payot et Rivages, coll. &laquo; Petite Biblioth&egrave;que &raquo;, 1993.Datant du 1</span><sup><span style="background-color:null">er</span></sup><span style="background-color:null"> si&egrave;cle apr&egrave;s J&eacute;sus Christ, ce trait&eacute; est red&eacute;couvert &agrave; la Renaissance. Au XVII</span><sup><span style="background-color:null">e</span></sup><span style="background-color:null"> si&egrave;cle, il est connu dans toute l&rsquo;Europe, o&ugrave; il fait l&rsquo;objet de d&eacute;bats dans les milieux th&eacute;ologiques et artistiques.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn4"> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref4" name="_edn4" title=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[4]</span></span></a><span style="background-color:null">Voir A</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">LAIN</span></span><span style="background-color:null"> R</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">EY,</span></span><em><span style="background-color:null"> Robert</span></em><span style="background-color:null">, 2000, Dictionnaire historique de la langue fran&ccedil;aise. Ce sens a pr&eacute;domin&eacute; dans la langue fran&ccedil;aise jusqu&rsquo;au XV</span><sup><span style="background-color:null">e</span></sup><span style="background-color:null"> si&egrave;cle.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn5"> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref5" name="_edn5" title=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[5]</span></span></a><span style="background-color:null">R</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">OBERT</span></span><span style="background-color:null"> W. B</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">ALDWING</span></span><span style="background-color:null">, &laquo;On earth we are beggars, as Christ himself was&raquo;, </span><em><span style="background-color:null">Konsthistorisk Tidskrift</span></em><span style="background-color:null"> LIV, 1985, p. 125-127.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn6"> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref6" name="_edn6" title=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[6]</span></span></a><span style="background-color:null">R</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">ENE</span></span><span style="background-color:null"> D</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">ESCARTES</span></span><span style="background-color:null">, </span><em><span style="background-color:null">Principes de la philosophie</span></em><span style="background-color:null">, 1685, art. 9.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn7"> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref7" name="_edn7" title=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[7]</span></span></a><span style="background-color:null">P</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">IERRE</span></span><span style="background-color:null"> G</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">UENANCIA</span><em><span style="background-color:null">, </span></em></span><em><span style="background-color:null">Lire Descartes</span></em><span style="background-color:null">, Paris, Gallimard, coll. &laquo; Folio/ Essais &raquo;, 2000, p. 158.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn8"> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref8" name="_edn8" title=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[8]</span></span></a><span style="background-color:null">F</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">REDERIC DE</span></span><span style="background-color:null"> B</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">UZON</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null"> et </span></span><span style="background-color:null">D</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">ENIS</span></span><span style="background-color:null"> K</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">AMBOUCHNER</span></span><span style="background-color:null">, </span><em><span style="background-color:null">Le vocabulaire de Descartes</span></em><span style="background-color:null">, Paris, Ellipses, coll. &laquo; Vocabulaire de &raquo;, 2002, p. 70</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn9"> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref9" name="_edn9" title=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[9]</span></span></a><span style="background-color:null">G</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">EORG </span></span><span style="background-color:null">W</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">ILHELM</span></span><span style="background-color:null"> F</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">RIEDRICH</span></span><span style="background-color:null"> H</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">EGEL</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">, </span></span><em><span style="background-color:null">Esth&eacute;tique</span></em><span style="background-color:null">, traduction de L</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">EFEBVRE</span></span><span style="background-color:null"> J. P. et V</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">ON </span></span><span style="background-color:null">S</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">CHENCK</span></span><span style="background-color:null"> V.</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">, </span></span><span style="background-color:null">Aubier, Paris, 1997, p. 119 et p. 118.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn10"> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref10" name="_edn10" title=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[10]</span></span></a><span style="background-color:null">Pieter Brueghel en donne les premi&egrave;res versions. J</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">AN</span></span><span style="background-color:null"> B</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">LANC</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">,</span><em><span style="background-color:null"> </span></em></span><em><span style="background-color:null">Dessiner le quotidien, op. cit.,</span></em><span style="background-color:null"> p. 16.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn11"> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref11" name="_edn11" title=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[11]</span></span></a><span style="background-color:null">J</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">AN</span></span><span style="background-color:null"> B</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">LANC</span></span><em><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">, </span></span></em><em><span style="background-color:null">ibidem</span></em><span style="background-color:null">, p. 28.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn12"> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref12" name="_edn12" title=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[12]</span></span></a><span style="background-color:null"> Rapha&euml;l, </span><em><span style="background-color:null">Portrait de Baldassar Castiglione. </span></em><span style="background-color:null">Avant 1516. Huile sur toile, 82 &times; 67 cm. Mus&eacute;e du Louvre, Paris.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn13"> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref13" name="_edn13" title=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[13]</span></span></a><span style="background-color:null">A</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">LAIN </span></span><span style="background-color:null">P</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">ONS,</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null"> &laquo; </span></span><span style="background-color:null">Pr&eacute;sentation &raquo; dans B. C</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">ASTIGLIONE</span></span><span style="background-color:null">.</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">, </span></span><em><span style="background-color:null">Livre du Courtisan</span></em><span style="background-color:null">, Paris, G&eacute;rard Lebovici, 1987, p. XXVIII. Le </span><em><span style="background-color:null">Livre du Courtisan</span></em><span style="background-color:null"> est publi&eacute; pour la premi&egrave;re fois en 1528. Pour la notion de </span><em><span style="background-color:null">sprezzatura</span></em><span style="background-color:null">, voir le texte de B. Castiglione I, XXV.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn14"> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref14" name="_edn14" title=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[14]</span></span></a><span style="background-color:null">B</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">ALDASSAR</span></span><span style="background-color:null"> C</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">ASTIGLIONE</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">, </span></span><em><span style="background-color:null">Le Livre du Courtisan</span></em><span style="background-color:null">, </span><em><span style="background-color:null">ibidem</span></em><span style="background-color:null">, I, XXVIII.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn15"> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref15" name="_edn15" title=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[15]</span></span></a><span style="background-color:null">Sur une &eacute;preuve du premier &eacute;tat conserv&eacute;e au British Museum, une architecture dessin&eacute;e &agrave; la pierre noire sugg&egrave;re ce qui aurait pu combler le vide. Voir C</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">HRISTOPHER</span></span><span style="background-color:null"> W</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">HITE</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">, </span></span><em><span style="background-color:null">Rembrandt as an etcher</span></em><span style="background-color:null">, Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1999, p. 133.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn16"> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref16" name="_edn16" title=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[16]</span></span></a><span style="background-color:null">B</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">ALDASSAR</span></span><span style="background-color:null"> C</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">ASTIGLIONE</span></span><span style="background-color:null">, </span><em><span style="background-color:null">Le Livre du Courtisan</span></em><span style="background-color:null">, </span><em><span style="background-color:null">op. cit</span></em><span style="background-color:null">., I, XXVI.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn17"> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref17" name="_edn17" title=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[17]</span></span></a><span style="background-color:null">A</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">LAIN </span></span><span style="background-color:null">P</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">ONS,</span></span><span style="background-color:null"> &laquo; Pr&eacute;sentation &raquo; dans B</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">ALDASSAR</span></span><span style="background-color:null">.C</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">ASTIGLIONE</span></span><span style="background-color:null">., </span><em><span style="background-color:null">Livre du Courtisan</span></em><span style="background-color:null">, </span><em><span style="background-color:null">op.cit</span></em><span style="background-color:null">., p. V et XV.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn18"> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref18" name="_edn18" title=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[18]</span></span></a><span style="background-color:null">S</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">OPHIE</span></span><span style="background-color:null"> R</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">ENOUARD</span></span><span style="background-color:null"> </span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">DE</span></span><span style="background-color:null"> B</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">USSIERRE</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">, </span></span><em><span style="background-color:null">Rembrandt, eaux-fortes</span></em><span style="background-color:null">, Paris mus&eacute;es, 2006, p.56.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn19"> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref19" name="_edn19" title=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[19]</span></span></a><span style="background-color:null">Remarque d</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">&rsquo;</span></span><span style="background-color:null">E</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">DWIN</span></span><span style="background-color:null"> B</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">UIJSEN</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">, </span></span><span style="background-color:null">P</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">ETER</span></span><span style="background-color:null"> S</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">CHATBORN</span></span><span style="background-color:null">, B</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">EN </span></span><span style="background-color:null">B</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">ROOS</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">, </span></span><span style="background-color:null">&laquo; Catalogue &raquo; dans Q</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">. </span></span><span style="background-color:null">B</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">UVELOT </span></span><span style="background-color:null">et C. W</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">HITE</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">, </span></span><em><span style="background-color:null">Rembrandt par lui-m&ecirc;me</span></em><span style="background-color:null">, Paris, Flammarion, 1999, p. 172. Cela se voit non seulement &agrave; la structure des pierres, mais aux herbes et aux mousses &agrave; gauche de la main de Rembrandt, ainsi qu&rsquo;aux deux pierres pos&eacute;es irr&eacute;guli&egrave;rement l&rsquo;une sur l&rsquo;autre derri&egrave;re son dos.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn20"> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref20" name="_edn20" title=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[20]</span></span></a><span style="background-color:null">K</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">AREL</span></span><span style="background-color:null"> </span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">VAN</span></span><span style="background-color:null"> M</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">ANDER</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">, </span></span><em><span style="background-color:null">Principe et fondement de l&rsquo;art noble et libre de la peinture</span></em><span style="background-color:null">, Paris, Les Belles Lettres, 2008, fol. 25 r&sect;29 et folio 26 v&sect;45-46.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn21"> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref21" name="_edn21" title=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[21]</span></span></a><span style="background-color:null">S</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">OPHIE</span></span><span style="background-color:null"> R</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">ENOUARD</span></span><span style="background-color:null"> </span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">DE</span></span><span style="background-color:null"> B</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">USSIERRE</span></span><span style="background-color:null">, </span><em><span style="background-color:null">Rembrandt, eaux-fortes</span></em><span style="background-color:null">, </span><em><span style="background-color:null">op.cit</span></em><span style="background-color:null">., p. 42.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn22"> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref22" name="_edn22" title=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[22]</span></span></a><span style="background-color:null">Q</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">UINTILIEN</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">, </span></span><em><span style="background-color:null">De l&rsquo;institution oratoire</span></em><span style="background-color:null">, traduction de O</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">UZILLE</span></span><span style="background-color:null"> M. C</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">, </span></span><span style="background-color:null">revue par C</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">HARPENTIER</span></span><span style="background-color:null"> M.</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">, </span></span><span style="background-color:null">Paris, Garnier Flammarion, 1921, VI, 2.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn23"> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref23" name="_edn23" title=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[23]</span></span></a><span style="background-color:null">L</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">ONGIN</span></span><span style="background-color:null">, </span><em><span style="background-color:null">Du sublime, op. cit., </span></em><span style="background-color:null">XV. Pour une analyse du pouvoir de la </span><em><span style="background-color:null">phantasia </span></em><span style="background-color:null">chez Longin, voir B</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">ALDINE</span></span><span style="background-color:null"> S</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">AINT </span></span><span style="background-color:null">G</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">IRONS</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">, </span></span><em><span style="background-color:null">Le sublime de l&rsquo;Antiquit&eacute; &agrave; nos jours</span></em><span style="background-color:null">, Paris, Desjonqu&egrave;res, 2005, p. 43-45.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn24"> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref24" name="_edn24" title=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[24]</span></span></a><span style="background-color:null">E</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">DDY</span></span><span style="background-color:null"> </span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">DE</span></span><span style="background-color:null"> J</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">ONGH</span></span><span style="background-color:null"> and G</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">ER</span></span><span style="background-color:null"> L</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">UITJEN</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">, </span></span><em><span style="background-color:null">Mirror of everyday life, Genreprints in the Netherlands</span></em><span style="background-color:null"> </span><em><span style="background-color:null">1550-1700</span></em><span style="background-color:null">, translated from the Dutch by H</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">OYLE</span></span><span style="background-color:null"> M., Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, 1997, p. 279 et p. 112.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn25"> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref25" name="_edn25" title=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[25]</span></span></a><span style="background-color:null">Gerard van Groeningen, &laquo; Soixante ans &raquo;, dans </span><em><span style="background-color:null">Les Ages de l&rsquo;homme</span></em><span style="background-color:null">, entre 1569 et 1575, eau-forte et burin, 24,1 &times; 19,5 cm, Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, rijksmuseum.nl</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn26"> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref26" name="_edn26" title=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[26]</span></span></a><span style="background-color:null">L&rsquo;&eacute;glise, vers laquelle se dirigent les infirmes m&eacute;ritants, est nettement identifiable sur l&rsquo;estampe de Pieter Serwouters, </span><em><span style="background-color:null">Mendiants faisant la bringue,</span></em><span style="background-color:null"> d&rsquo;apr&egrave;s David Vinckboons,<em><span style="background-color:null"> </span></em>Holl. Dutch 17, entre 1608 et 1652, eau-forte, 28&times; 35,9 cm, Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam. La lettre souligne que certains se font passer pour des infirmes par paresse, alors que les v&eacute;ritables pauvres se soucient avant tout de leur salut</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn27"> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref27" name="_edn27" title=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[27]</span></span></a><span style="background-color:null">Voir S</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">IMON</span></span><span style="background-color:null"> S</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">CHAMA</span></span><span style="background-color:null">, </span><em><span style="background-color:null">L&rsquo;embarras de richesses, op. cit. </span></em><span style="background-color:null">p. 754</span><em><span style="background-color:null"> sq.,</span></em><span style="background-color:null"> I</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">LJA</span></span><span style="background-color:null"> M.<em><span style="background-color:null"> </span></em>V</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">ELDMAN</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">., </span></span><span style="background-color:null">&laquo; Images of diligence and labour: the secularization of the work ethic &raquo;, in </span><em><span style="background-color:null">Images for</span></em><span style="background-color:null"> </span><em><span style="background-color:null">the</span></em><span style="background-color:null"> </span><em><span style="background-color:null">eye and soul: function and meaning in netherlandish prints</span></em><span style="background-color:null"> </span><em><span style="background-color:null">(1450-1650),</span></em><span style="background-color:null"> Leyden, 2006, Primavera Pers, p.171-192</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn28"> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref28" name="_edn28" title=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[28]</span></span></a><span style="background-color:null">R</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">OBERT</span></span><span style="background-color:null"> W</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">. </span></span><span style="background-color:null">B</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">ALDWING</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">, </span></span><span style="background-color:null">&laquo;On earth we are beggars, as Christ himself was&raquo;, </span><em><span style="background-color:null">op. cit.</span></em><span style="background-color:null">, p. 122-123.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn29"> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref29" name="_edn29" title=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[29]</span></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">L</span></span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">ONGIN</span></span><span style="background-color:null">, </span><em><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">Du sublime</span></span></em><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">, </span><em><span style="background-color:null">op.cit</span></em><span style="background-color:null">., XVII, 1-2. Pour une analyse des enjeux de l&rsquo;analyse</span></span><span style="background-color:null"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">du principe du </span><em><span style="background-color:null">kairos</span></em><span style="background-color:null">,</span></span><span style="background-color:null"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">voir </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">B</span></span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">ALDINE </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">S</span></span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">AINT</span></span><span style="background-color:null"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">G</span></span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">IRONS</span></span><span style="background-color:null">, </span><em><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">Fiat Lux, une philosophie du sublime, </span></span></em><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">Paris</span><em><span style="background-color:null">, </span></em><span style="background-color:null">Quai Voltaire, 1993,<em><span style="background-color:null"> </span></em>p. 233 et p. 309.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn30"> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref30" name="_edn30" title=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[30]</span></span></a><span style="background-color:null">L</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">ONGIN,</span></span><span style="background-color:null"> </span><em><span style="background-color:null">Du sublime, op.cit</span></em><span style="background-color:null">.,<em><span style="background-color:null"> </span></em>XXXIX &agrave; XLIV.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn31"> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref31" name="_edn31" title=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[31]</span></span></a><span style="background-color:null">L</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">E</span></span><span style="background-color:null"> T</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">ASSE</span></span><span style="background-color:null">, </span><em><span style="background-color:null">Discours de l&rsquo;art po&eacute;tique. Discours du po&egrave;me h&eacute;ro&iuml;que</span></em><span style="background-color:null">, V, traduction et pr&eacute;sentation de G</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">RAZIANI</span></span><span style="background-color:null"> F.</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">, </span></span><span style="background-color:null">Paris, Aubier, 1997, p. 315. Voir aussi C</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">L&Eacute;LIA</span></span><span style="background-color:null"> N</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">AU</span></span><span style="background-color:null">, </span><em><span style="background-color:null">Le temps du</span></em><span style="background-color:null"> </span><em><span style="background-color:null">sublime</span></em><span style="background-color:null">, </span><em><span style="background-color:null">Longin et le paysage poussinien</span></em><span style="background-color:null">, Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2005, coll. A</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">ESTHETICA</span></span><span style="background-color:null">, p.109 </span><em><span style="background-color:null">sq.</span></em></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn32"> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref32" name="_edn32" title=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[32]</span></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">G</span></span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">ARY </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">S</span></span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">CHWARTZ</span></span><span style="background-color:null">, </span><em><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">Rembrandt</span></span></em><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">, Paris, Flammarion, 2006, p. 9 et p. 373. Il note que l&rsquo;&oelig;uvre de Rembrandt est habit&eacute; par le d&eacute;sir qu&rsquo;exprime Paul : &laquo; se faire tout pour tous &raquo; (</span><span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:null">1 </span><em><span style="background-color:null">Corinthiens</span></em><span style="background-color:null"> 9,16-23).</span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn33"> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref33" name="_edn33" title=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[33]</span></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">J</span></span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">EAN</span></span><span style="background-color:null"> G</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">ENET</span></span><span style="background-color:null">, </span><em><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">Rembrandt</span></span></em><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">, Paris, Gallimard, 2016.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn34"> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref34" name="_edn34" title=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[34]</span></span></a><span style="background-color:null">Simon Schama &eacute;voque une &laquo; fourberie d&eacute;moniaque &raquo;, </span><em><span style="background-color:null">L&rsquo;embarras de richesses, op. cit.,</span></em><span style="background-color:null">p 757.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn35"> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref35" name="_edn35" title=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[35]</span></span></a><span style="background-color:null">A</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">NNA</span></span><span style="background-color:null"> C. K</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">NAAP</span></span><span style="background-color:null">, &laquo; From Lowlife to Rustic Idyll: the Peasant Genre in 17</span><sup><span style="background-color:null">th </span></sup><span style="background-color:null">Century Dutch Drawing and Prints&nbsp;&raquo;, </span><em><span style="background-color:null">Harvard University Art Museum Bulletin, </span></em><span style="background-color:null">IV, 2, 1996, p. 30-59.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn36"> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref36" name="_edn36" title=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[36]</span></span></a><span style="background-color:null">Voir S</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">IMON </span></span><span style="background-color:null">S</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">CHAMA</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">, </span></span><em><span style="background-color:null">L&rsquo;embarras de richesses, op. cit.,</span></em><span style="background-color:null"> p. 276</span><em><span style="background-color:null">; </span></em><span style="background-color:null">G</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">EORGES</span></span><span style="background-color:null"> V</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">IGARELLO</span></span><span style="background-color:null">, &laquo;S&rsquo;exercer, jouer&raquo;, dans </span><em><span style="background-color:null">Histoire du corps,</span></em><span style="background-color:null"> Seuil, 2005, p. 247 </span><em><span style="background-color:null">sq.</span></em></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn37"> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref37" name="_edn37" title=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[37]</span></span></a><span style="background-color:null">&Eacute;</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">RASME</span></span><span style="background-color:null">, </span><em><span style="background-color:null">La civilit&eacute; pu&eacute;rile</span></em><span style="background-color:null">, traduction fran&ccedil;aise de B</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">ONNEAU</span></span><span style="background-color:null"> A.</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">, </span></span><span style="background-color:null">Paris, Isidore Liseux, 1877.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn38"> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref38" name="_edn38" title=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[38]</span></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">Expression de</span></span><span style="background-color:null"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">P</span></span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">AUL </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">B</span></span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">AUDIQUEY</span></span><span style="background-color:null">, </span><em><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">Un &Eacute;vangile selon Rembrandt</span></span></em><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">, Paris, Mame, 1989, p. 82. Il commente la </span><em><span style="background-color:null">Pi&egrave;ce aux cent florins</span></em><span style="background-color:null">.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn39"> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref39" name="_edn39" title=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[39]</span></span></a><em><span style="background-color:null">Ibidem</span></em><span style="background-color:null">, p. 75-76.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn40"> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref40" name="_edn40" title=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[40]</span></span></a><span style="background-color:null">Le miracle de la main paralys&eacute;e se trouve dans l&rsquo;&Eacute;vangile de Matthieu (12, 9-14), int&eacute;gr&eacute; &agrave; une discussion entre le Christ et les Pharisiens sur ce qu&rsquo;il est permis de faire lors du Sabbat. Nous pensons que Rembrandt, qui s&rsquo;inspire pour cette estampe de multiples &eacute;pisodes de l&rsquo;&Eacute;vangile de Matthieu, &eacute;voque aussi la sc&egrave;ne de la main paralys&eacute;e.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn41"> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref41" name="_edn41" title=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[41]</span></span></a><span style="background-color:null">P</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">AUL </span></span><span style="background-color:null">B</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">AUDIQUEY</span></span><span style="background-color:null">, </span><em><span style="background-color:null">Un &Eacute;vangile, op. cit. , </span></em><span style="background-color:null">p. 82.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn42"> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref42" name="_edn42" title=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[42]</span></span></a><span style="background-color:null">Voir l&rsquo;analyse de Baldine Saint Girons pour l&rsquo;id&eacute;e &ndash; formul&eacute;e &agrave; partir de la </span><em><span style="background-color:null">Recherche philosophique sur l&rsquo;origine de nos id&eacute;es du sublime et du beau </span></em><span style="background-color:null">d&rsquo;Edmund Burke &ndash; d&rsquo;un sublime doux, li&eacute; &agrave; la puissance de l&rsquo;amour. </span><em><span style="background-color:null">Fiat Lux</span></em><span style="background-color:null">, </span><em><span style="background-color:null">op. cit</span></em><span style="background-color:null">., p. 491 </span><em><span style="background-color:null">sq</span></em><span style="background-color:null">.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn43"> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref43" name="_edn43" title=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[43]</span></span></a><span style="background-color:null">C</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">HRISTOPHER</span></span><span style="background-color:null"> W</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">HITE, </span></span><em><span style="background-color:null">Rembrandt as an etcher</span></em><span style="background-color:null">, </span><em><span style="background-color:null">op. cit</span></em><span style="background-color:null">., p. 54 </span><em><span style="background-color:null">sq.</span></em></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn44"> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref44" name="_edn44" title=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[44]</span></span></a><span style="background-color:null">Voir par exemple </span><em><span style="background-color:null">J&eacute;r&ocirc;me lisant dans un paysage italien, </span></em><span style="background-color:null">Bartsch 104, gallica. bnf.fr/Biblioth&egrave;que nationale de France</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn45"> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref45" name="_edn45" title=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[45]</span></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">J</span></span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">EAN</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null"> C</span></span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">ALVIN</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">, </span><em><span style="background-color:null">Sermons sur la proph&eacute;tie d&rsquo;&Eacute;sa&iuml;e LIII touchant la mort</span></em><span style="background-color:null"> </span><em><span style="background-color:null">et la passion du Christ</span></em><span style="background-color:null">, &laquo; Deuxi&egrave;me sermon sur &Eacute;sa&iuml;e</span><em><span style="background-color:null">, </span></em><span style="background-color:null">53,1-4 &raquo;, la revuereform&eacute;e.fr</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn46"> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref46" name="_edn46" title=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">[46]</span></span></a><span style="background-color:null">M</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">AX WEBER, </span></span><em><span style="background-color:null">L&rsquo;&eacute;thique protestante et l&rsquo;esprit du capitalisme</span></em><span style="background-color:null">, traduction fran&ccedil;aise de K</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="background-color:null">ALINOWSKI</span></span><span style="background-color:null"> I., Paris, Flammarion, 2002.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <h3 style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><strong><span style="background-color:null">* Biographie de l&#39;autrice</span></strong></h3> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="background-color:null">Claire CHARRIER est professeur de philosophie au lyc&eacute;e de B&eacute;thune. Associ&eacute;e &agrave; l&rsquo;HAR (Histoire des Arts et des Repr&eacute;sentations) de Paris Nanterre, elle est l&rsquo;auteur d&rsquo;une th&egrave;se en philosophie esth&eacute;tique, pr&eacute;par&eacute;e sous la codirection de Baldine Saint Girons et de Marianne Cojannot-Le Blanc et soutenue en d&eacute;cembre 2016 &agrave; l&rsquo;Universit&eacute; de Paris Nanterre. Son sujet &eacute;tait &laquo; Du sublime dans l&rsquo;&oelig;uvre grav&eacute; de Rembrandt &raquo;.</span></p> </div> </div>