<div class="WordSection1"> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li style="line-height:10pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Introduction</span></span></b></li> </ol> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:33.1pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:156%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="line-height:156%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">L&rsquo;un des apports du <i>Cadre Europ&eacute;en Commun de R&eacute;f&eacute;rence pour les Langues</i> (d&eacute;sormais CECRL) r&eacute;side dans le fait qu&rsquo;il <i>&laquo;</i> d&eacute;finit les niveaux de comp&eacute;tence qui permettent de mesurer le progr&egrave;s de l&rsquo;apprenant &agrave; chaque &eacute;tape de l&rsquo;apprentissage et &agrave; tout moment de la vie &raquo; (Conseil de l&rsquo;Europe, 2001&nbsp;: 9). Les comp&eacute;tences y sont d&eacute;finies comme constituant </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:156%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&laquo;&nbsp;l&rsquo;ensemble des&nbsp; connaissances, des habilet&eacute;s et des dispositions qui permettent d&rsquo;agir &raquo;</span></span></span><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="line-height:156%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> (Conseil de l&rsquo;Europe, 2001&nbsp;: 15). Ces comp&eacute;tences que d&eacute;veloppent l&rsquo;apprenant en classe et l&rsquo;usager en soci&eacute;t&eacute; leur permettent d&rsquo;agir en diff&eacute;rents contextes et situations. C&rsquo;est ce que pose le concept de perspective actionnelle qui se fonde sur l&rsquo;approche par les t&acirc;ches. Effectivement, les comp&eacute;tences peuvent &ecirc;tre mobilis&eacute;es lors d&rsquo;activit&eacute;s au service d&rsquo;une t&acirc;che c&rsquo;est-&agrave;-dire </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:156%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&laquo;&nbsp;une vis&eacute;e actionnelle que l&rsquo;acteur se repr&eacute;sente comme devant parvenir &agrave; un r&eacute;sultat donn&eacute;</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:156%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">en fonction d&rsquo;un probl&egrave;me &agrave; r&eacute;soudre, d&rsquo;une obligation &agrave; remplir, d&rsquo;un but qu&rsquo;on s&rsquo;est fix&eacute; &raquo; (Conseil de l&rsquo;Europe, 2001&nbsp;: 16).</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:33.1pt">&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:2.5pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:147%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:147%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">En classe de langues, pour transformer les modes de penser, de parler et d&rsquo;agir des apprenants en modifiant leur rapport aux objets d&rsquo;enseignement, pour mettre en &oelig;uvre la perspective actionnelle, le professeur dispose d&rsquo;un ou de plusieurs &eacute;l&eacute;ments du dispositif didactique ainsi d&eacute;fini par Bernard Schneuwly :</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Ce dispositif peut prendre diverses formes : consigne et t&acirc;che d&eacute;volue &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;l&egrave;ve, le&ccedil;on magistrale, </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; d&eacute;marche ma&iuml;eutique et ainsi de suite, sont quelques-uns de ces moyens fondamentaux auxquels </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; l&rsquo;enseignant peut recourir. Dans ces moyens, on trouve &eacute;galement des exercices, des manuels, des </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;instruments pour visualiser et fixer des savoirs, un langage et des gestes particuliers, tout un </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; dispositif mat&eacute;riel et verbal dans la classe qui contribue &agrave; former un dispositif proprement didactique </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [&hellip;]&nbsp;&raquo; (2009&nbsp;: 135).</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Une t&acirc;che essentielle des enseignants est de rechercher, de fabriquer, de s&eacute;lectionner des ressources qu&rsquo;ils pr&eacute;sentent &agrave; leurs apprenants. Dans cette perspective, nous nous int&eacute;resserons &agrave; la question de la place et de l&rsquo;usage du manuel comme outil utilis&eacute; par les enseignants dans le dispositif didactique en classe de langues et, tout particuli&egrave;rement pour enseigner la production &eacute;crite. &nbsp;Notre propos s&rsquo;articulera en quatre temps. Tout d&rsquo;abord, nous pr&eacute;ciserons notre probl&eacute;matique et pr&eacute;senterons nos r&eacute;f&eacute;rents conceptuels. Nous d&eacute;velopperons ensuite l&rsquo;aspect empirique de notre travail - cet article r&eacute;sultant d&rsquo;une enqu&ecirc;te r&eacute;alis&eacute;e aupr&egrave;s d&rsquo;enseignants- dont nous d&eacute;taillerons les principes m&eacute;thodologiques avant d&rsquo;en pr&eacute;senter les principaux r&eacute;sultats. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif">&nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">2. </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Probl&eacute;matique</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">De nombreuses analyses de manuels de FLE<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[1]</span></span></span></span></a> ont &eacute;t&eacute; publi&eacute;es notamment dans le domaine de la didactique des langues et de la didactique du FLE&nbsp;dont, entre autres, les travaux suivants : Auger (2010, 2011)&nbsp;; Puren (2009)&nbsp;; Bento (2013, 2018, 2019)&nbsp;; XXXX (XX, XX)&nbsp;; Rosen-Reinhardt &amp; Hamez (2017)&nbsp;; Verdelhan-Bourgade (2002a, 2002b). De nombreuses recherches ont &eacute;t&eacute; effectu&eacute;es dans le domaine de l&rsquo;enseignement de l&rsquo;&eacute;crit en FLE (Hidden 2013&nbsp;; Bouchard &amp; Kadi 2012&nbsp;; Allouche &amp; Maurer 2011).</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Mais nous n&rsquo;avons pas de donn&eacute;es concernant l&rsquo;usage que font les enseignants des manuels de FLE, tout particuli&egrave;rement dans le domaine de la production &eacute;crite. Aussi cette recherche exploratoire s&rsquo;int&eacute;resse-t-elle aux discours que portent six enseignants sur leur gestion p&eacute;dagogique du manuel de FLE dans ce domaine sp&eacute;cifique, et &eacute;tudie par cons&eacute;quent, des pratiques d&eacute;clar&eacute;es. Notre intention est de produire des connaissances face &agrave; l&rsquo;insuffisance des connaissances sur le travail d&rsquo;adaptation et de transformation des manuels r&eacute;alis&eacute; par les enseignants de FLE, en particulier dans le domaine de la production &eacute;crite.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Notre int&eacute;r&ecirc;t pour l&rsquo;enseignement de la production &eacute;crite, en classe de fran&ccedil;ais langue &eacute;trang&egrave;re et seconde date de 2010. Nous avons &eacute;tudi&eacute; les pratiques d&rsquo;enseignement dans ce domaine au niveau secondaire (XXXX XX, XXXX XX, XXXX XX, XXXX&nbsp; XX, XXXX XX) et au niveau universitaire (XXXX&nbsp; XX, XXXX&nbsp; XX). </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Dans notre article, nous nous int&eacute;ressons particuli&egrave;rement aux discours d&rsquo;enseignants de Fran&ccedil;ais Langue Etrang&egrave;re (FLE), titulaires d&rsquo;un master et exer&ccedil;ant en France, dans un centre universitaire de FLE. En les questionnant lors d&rsquo;entretiens semi-dirig&eacute;s, nous tentons d&rsquo;apprendre comment ils d&eacute;clarent mettre en sc&egrave;ne les t&acirc;ches d&rsquo;&eacute;criture propos&eacute;es dans les manuels de FLE qu&rsquo;ils choisissent en &eacute;quipe &agrave; chaque semestre. Notre question de recherche est la suivante&nbsp;: comment les enseignants d&eacute;clarent-ils adapter et/ou transformer les t&acirc;ches de production &eacute;crite propos&eacute;es dans les manuels&nbsp;?</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">3. </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Cadre th&eacute;orique</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Pour &eacute;laborer notre cadre th&eacute;orique, nous avons eu recours &agrave; des recherches ancr&eacute;es </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">dans le domaine de la didactique du fran&ccedil;ais, de la didactique des langues et de la psychologie ergonomique.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">3.1.</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> Le manuel et les recherches en didactique</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Si, pour les didacticiens, le manuel est un &eacute;l&eacute;ment fondamental de ce que Bernard</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Schneuwly nomme &laquo;&nbsp;dispositif didactique&nbsp;&raquo; (2009), pour le sociologue Guy Rocher, le manuel est un miroir de la soci&eacute;t&eacute;, un verre correcteur pour ses utilisateurs, le centre d&rsquo;interventions individuelles ou collectives et d&rsquo;un r&eacute;seau de communication (2007).</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">D&rsquo;apr&egrave;s les didacticiens, c&rsquo;est aussi un facilitateur de biographisation des exp&eacute;riences linguistiques car il opte pour une explicitation syst&eacute;matique des savoir-faire acquis et des comp&eacute;tences construites (Semal-Lebleu, 2010). De plus, pour ce qui int&eacute;resse notre sujet, le manuel est une illustration de la transposition didactique (Bruillard, 2005).</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">En effet, dans l&rsquo;adaptation de la cha&icirc;ne de transposition didactique propos&eacute;e par Perrenoud (1998), le syst&egrave;me d&rsquo;enseignement est lui-m&ecirc;me repr&eacute;sent&eacute; par la classe de FLE, o&ugrave; le manuel se mat&eacute;rialise comme support d&rsquo;enseignement con&ccedil;u par des auteurs et mis en sc&egrave;ne par un professeur qui le transforme.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Depuis 2001, le CECRL joue pleinement son r&ocirc;le dans le processus de transposition didactique et dans l&rsquo;&eacute;laboration des manuels de FLE. D&rsquo;apr&egrave;s Cuq et Gruca (2017), il se pr&eacute;sente en effet comme un instrument de planification, qui fournit des rep&egrave;res, une base et un langage commun pour la description d&rsquo;objectifs et de m&eacute;thodes ainsi que pour l&rsquo;&eacute;valuation. Il permet donc d&rsquo;&eacute;laborer des curricula, des programmes de langues, des manuels p&eacute;dagogiques ainsi que des programmes de formation des enseignants.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Quant au Portfolio Europ&eacute;en des Langues (PEL), il est &agrave; l&rsquo;origine de l&rsquo;introduction de l&rsquo;auto-&eacute;valuation, de la r&eacute;flexion sur l&rsquo;apprentissage et l&rsquo;exp&eacute;rience interculturelle, de l&rsquo;id&eacute;e de dossier et par cons&eacute;quent, il influence &eacute;galement les concepteurs de manuels.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Pour d&rsquo;autres didacticiens des langues-cultures &eacute;trang&egrave;res, le manuel est&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">un outil d&rsquo;enseignement (Lebrun 2006&nbsp;; Piccardo &amp; Yaiche 2005&nbsp;; Black &amp; Dias, 2012)&nbsp;;</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">un mat&eacute;riel didactique (Piccardo &amp; Yaiche 2005&nbsp;; Verdelhan-Bourgade &amp; Auger, 2011)&nbsp;;</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">un outil de formation continue pour les enseignants, le seul dans certains pays (Bento 2015),</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">un objet et un espace de recherches (Verdelhan-Bourgade, 2002a&nbsp;; Cordier 2001).</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif">&nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Quelques rares &eacute;tudes portent sur l&rsquo;usage des manuels, en particulier sur l&rsquo;activit&eacute; transformatrice de l&rsquo;enseignant (Bento, 2015). Parmi les travaux &eacute;tudi&eacute;s, c&rsquo;est tout particuli&egrave;rement l&rsquo;&eacute;tude de Margaret Bento (2015) qui pr&eacute;sente la plus grande proximit&eacute; avec notre travail et dont les r&eacute;sultats indiquent que&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &hellip;</span></span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">l&rsquo;utilisation des manuels peut modifier l&rsquo;exp&eacute;rience et &eacute;ventuellement les repr&eacute;sentations des&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; enseignants et donc par extension avoir une influence sur leurs pratiques mais pas de mani&egrave;re aussi </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;syst&eacute;matique qu&rsquo;on aurait pu penser au premier abord. L&rsquo;enseignant a des repr&eacute;sentations, des finalit&eacute;s </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; mais aussi une exp&eacute;rience professionnelle qui le conduit &agrave; repenser, organiser et transformer les activit&eacute;s </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; propos&eacute;es dans les manuels ou tout simplement &agrave; ne pas les utiliser. (2015&nbsp;: 11).</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Le travail pr&eacute;sent&eacute; ici, se situe dans cette lign&eacute;e, actuellement peu d&eacute;velopp&eacute;e. Il s&rsquo;agit d&rsquo;&eacute;tudier de quelle mani&egrave;re les enseignants de notre &eacute;chantillon adaptent et transforment les manuels en nous focalisant sur le domaine de l&rsquo;enseignement de la production &eacute;crite.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">3.2.</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> Le manuel&nbsp;: un instrument </span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Pour mener ce travail de recherche, nous nous sommes appuy&eacute;e sur un cadre th&eacute;orique s&rsquo;attachant &agrave; l&rsquo;int&eacute;gration des artefacts (objets mat&eacute;riels ou symboliques) dans la structure de l&rsquo;activit&eacute; humaine.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Ce sont les travaux de Rabardel autour des &laquo;&nbsp;gen&egrave;ses instrumentales&nbsp;&raquo; qui nous ont paru adapt&eacute;s &agrave; notre approche. En nous appuyant sur le concept d&rsquo;&laquo;&nbsp;instrument subjectif&nbsp;&raquo; (Rabardel, 2005), nous avons &nbsp;pour projet d&rsquo;&eacute;tudier les &nbsp;gen&egrave;ses&nbsp; instrumentales&nbsp; d&eacute;clar&eacute;es par les enseignants, lors de la mise en &oelig;uvre d&rsquo;activit&eacute;s de production &eacute;crite impuls&eacute;es par les manuels. D&rsquo;apr&egrave;s la perspective th&eacute;orique de Rabardel, la gen&egrave;se instrumentale est le processus de transformation d&rsquo;un artefact en un instrument. Pour Rabardel, l&rsquo;instrument est &eacute;labor&eacute;, construit par un individu, compos&eacute; d&rsquo;un artefact et des sch&egrave;mes d&rsquo;utilisation qui lui sont associ&eacute;s&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&laquo;&nbsp;L&rsquo;entit&eacute; instrumentale, l&rsquo;instrument subjectif au sens th&eacute;orique, appara&icirc;t structurellement compos&eacute;e&nbsp;:</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">-d&rsquo;une part, d&rsquo;une composante artefact qui peut &ecirc;tre de nature technique et mat&eacute;rielle au sens classique, mais aussi de nature immat&eacute;rielle, comme le sont les logiciels, ou plus lointainement encore les concepts, les signes, les r&egrave;gles&nbsp;;</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- d&rsquo;autre part, d&rsquo;une composante sch&eacute;matique, que nous avons nomm&eacute;e &quot;sch&egrave;mes d&rsquo;utilisationʺ, et qui est form&eacute;e d&rsquo;invariants organisateurs de l&rsquo;activit&eacute; du sujet, dans les classes de situations et domaines d&rsquo;activit&eacute;s qui sont habituellement les siens (2005&nbsp;: 14)&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Rappelons que la gen&egrave;se instrumentale a deux facettes&nbsp;: l&rsquo;instrumentation (ajustement du sujet &agrave; l&rsquo;instrument par la cr&eacute;ation ou la transformation de sch&egrave;mes d&rsquo;action et de pens&eacute;e) et l&rsquo;instrumentalisation (ajustement de l&rsquo;artefact au sujet) (Rabardel &amp; Pastr&eacute;, 2005). C&rsquo;est tout particuli&egrave;rement l&rsquo;instrumentalisation qui va nous int&eacute;resser dans cette recherche, c&rsquo;est-&agrave;-dire la mani&egrave;re dont l&rsquo;usager (l&rsquo;enseignant) privil&eacute;gie certaines fonctions de l&rsquo;artefact, l&rsquo;adapte &agrave; ses besoins ou le transforme lors d&rsquo;une situation de catachr&egrave;se&nbsp;&laquo;&nbsp;o&ugrave; </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">l&rsquo;on se sert d&rsquo;un instrument en lui conf&eacute;rant un autre usage que celui auquel il est initialement destin&eacute;, ou encore lorsqu&rsquo;un appareillage sert en dehors des limites normales de son fonctionnement&nbsp;&raquo; Rabardel, 1995&nbsp;: 123). Le sujet, enseignant ou formateur, attribue une fonction &agrave; l&rsquo;artefact lors de l&rsquo;action en cours et en fonction de la situation. Il est alors possible que l&rsquo;artefact soit transform&eacute; dans sa structure pour que celui-ci s&rsquo;adapte &agrave; sa fonction. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Par ailleurs, comme le pr&eacute;cisent des recherches men&eacute;es en didactique du fran&ccedil;ais, le manuel peut s&rsquo;inscrire dans une multiplicit&eacute; de sch&egrave;mes d&rsquo;utilisation qui vont lui attribuer des significations et des fonctions diff&eacute;rentes (Goigoux, 2007). S&rsquo;inspirant des recherches de Leplat (1992), Goigoux montre que l&rsquo;activit&eacute; de l&rsquo;enseignant est multifinalis&eacute;e car dirig&eacute;e simultan&eacute;ment dans plusieurs directions dont il en distingue trois&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&laquo;&nbsp;<i>vers les &eacute;l&egrave;ves<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[2]</span></span></b></span></span></a></i>, consid&eacute;r&eacute;s individuellement (l&rsquo;enseignant vise &agrave; faciliter leurs apprentissages, dans diff&eacute;rents registres cognitifs et sociaux&nbsp;: instruire et &eacute;duquer) ou collectivement&nbsp;: l&rsquo;enseignant vise &agrave; faire vivre la classe en tant que groupe social qui entretient avec lui des rapports dont les r&egrave;gles ne sont ni totalement donn&eacute;es &agrave; l&rsquo;avance, ni d&eacute;finitivement &eacute;tablies&nbsp;&raquo; (2007&nbsp;: 51).</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span></span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&laquo;&nbsp;vers les autres acteurs de la sc&egrave;ne scolaire&nbsp;</span></span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">: l&rsquo;enseignant consacre une partie de ses ressources &agrave; rendre lisible et acceptable (voire &agrave; valoriser son action professionnelle &agrave; leurs yeux [&hellip;] les parents de ses &eacute;l&egrave;ves, sa hi&eacute;rarchie, les enseignants qui ont re&ccedil;u les &eacute;l&egrave;ves les ann&eacute;es pr&eacute;c&eacute;dentes et ceux qui les recevront ensuite, les autres enseignants qui agissent simultan&eacute;ment (dans d&rsquo;autres disciplines, dans des actions de soutien, dans l&rsquo;aide aux devoirs, etc.) les divers partenaires de la co-&eacute;ducation&nbsp;&raquo; (2007&nbsp;: 51).</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span></span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&laquo;&nbsp;vers l&rsquo;enseignant lui-m&ecirc;me&nbsp;</span></span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">: une part des choix de l&rsquo;enseignant d&eacute;pend donc des co&ucirc;ts et des b&eacute;n&eacute;fices qu&rsquo;il peut retirer personnellement de son activit&eacute; en fonction de ses propres buts qu&rsquo;il peut d&eacute;cliner en termes d&rsquo;objectifs p&eacute;dagogiques, de valeurs, de fiert&eacute; professionnelle, d&rsquo;estime de soi, de confort, de sant&eacute;, d&rsquo;int&eacute;gration &agrave; son milieu de travail, de reconnaissance sociale, de d&eacute;roulement de carri&egrave;re, etc.)&nbsp;&raquo; (2007&nbsp;: 51).</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">4. </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Cadre m&eacute;thodologique</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">4.1.</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> Contexte</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Les manuels sont, dans le centre universitaire o&ugrave; nous effectuons notre recherche, des &eacute;l&eacute;ments incontournables de l&rsquo;environnement de la classe de FLE du niveau A1 au niveau B1, niveaux pour lesquels au moins onze heures de cours hebdomadaires sur quinze s&rsquo;appuient sur leurs propositions<a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>. Pour questionner l&rsquo;usage des manuels, il est important de pr&eacute;ciser qu&rsquo;ils sont choisis chaque ann&eacute;e par l&rsquo;&eacute;quipe p&eacute;dagogique de chaque niveau. Ce sont donc des ressources mobilisables, auto-prescrites qui vont participer, par leurs progressions, &agrave; la structuration de l&rsquo;activit&eacute; d&rsquo;apprentissage des &eacute;tudiants et de l&lsquo;activit&eacute; d&rsquo;enseignement de nos informateurs. Au moment de la recherche, c&rsquo;est-&agrave;-dire en mars 2019, les trois manuels exploit&eacute;s &eacute;taient les suivants&nbsp;: <i>D&eacute;fi 1, Entre nous 2, Z&eacute;nith 3.</i> </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Tableau 1&nbsp;: manuels utilis&eacute;s</span></b></span></span></span></p> <table class="Table" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:57px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Niveau</span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:97px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Titre du manuel</span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:64px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Ann&eacute;e de </span></b></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">parution</span></b></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:188px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Auteurs</span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:160px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Maisons d&rsquo;&eacute;dition</span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:57px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">A1</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:97px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><i><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;D&eacute;fi 1</span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:64px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">2018</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:188px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Chahi, F., Denyer, M., Gloanec A. <i>et alii.</i></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:160px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&Eacute;ditions Maison des langues</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:57px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">A2</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:97px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><i><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;Entre nous 2</span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:64px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">2015</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:188px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Chahi, F., Hor, C., Malorey, C. <i>et alii</i></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:160px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&Eacute;ditions Maison des langues</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:57px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">B1</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:97px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;<i>Z&eacute;nith 3</i></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:64px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">2013</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:188px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;Barth&eacute;l&eacute;my, F., Sousa, S.,</span></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;Sp&eacute;randio, C.</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:160px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">CLE International</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p align="center" style="text-align:center">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Ces manuels s&rsquo;adressent &agrave; de jeunes adultes inscrits dans un cursus universitaire. Ce sont des manuels de FLE g&eacute;n&eacute;ralistes et universels, publi&eacute;s en France et destin&eacute;s &agrave; des publics du monde entier. Au plan m&eacute;thodologique, les auteurs de ces trois manuels se r&eacute;clament de la perspective actionnelle et de l&rsquo;approche par les t&acirc;ches.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Le manuel <i>D&eacute;fi 1 </i>propose des productions &eacute;crites &agrave; r&eacute;aliser dans le cahier d&rsquo;exercices et dans le livre, par l&rsquo;effectuation de huit t&acirc;ches finales situ&eacute;es &agrave; la fin des huit unit&eacute;s. Il en est de m&ecirc;me pour le manuel <i>Entre nous </i>pour le niveau A2, qui propose quant &agrave; lui, &agrave; la fin de chaque unit&eacute;, des mod&egrave;les d&rsquo;&eacute;criture appartenant &agrave; un genre de discours d&eacute;termin&eacute;. C&rsquo;est &eacute;galement en fin d&rsquo;unit&eacute; que le manuel <i>Z&eacute;nith</i> propose des t&acirc;ches d&rsquo;&eacute;criture sans proposer de textes-mod&egrave;les cependant.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Rappelons que les trois manuels utilis&eacute;s s&rsquo;appuient sur les descripteurs suivants, &eacute;tablis par le CECRL&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&laquo;&nbsp;A1&nbsp;: &eacute;crire des expressions et des phrases simples isol&eacute;es,</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp; A2&nbsp;: &eacute;crire une s&eacute;rie d&rsquo;expressions et de phrases simples reli&eacute;es par des connecteurs &nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp; simples,</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp; B1&nbsp;: &eacute;crire des textes articul&eacute;s simplement sur une gamme de sujets vari&eacute;s dans son &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp; domaine en liant une s&eacute;rie d&rsquo;&eacute;l&eacute;ments discrets en une s&eacute;quence lin&eacute;aire&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Dans les trois manuels, on constate un positionnement de la t&acirc;che de production &eacute;crite &agrave; la fin d&rsquo;une unit&eacute;, visant &agrave; &ecirc;tre accomplie syst&eacute;matiquement de mani&egrave;re collaborative et dont les consignes<a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[4]</span></span></span></span></a> ne font pas explicitement appel aux comp&eacute;tences lexicales et grammaticales construites au fil de l&rsquo;unit&eacute;.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">4.2.</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> Caract&eacute;ristiques des r&eacute;pondants</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Nous avons interrog&eacute; six enseignants tous volontaires pour participer aux entretiens, dipl&ocirc;m&eacute;s pour l&rsquo;enseignement du FLE et exp&eacute;riment&eacute;s. Comme le montre le tableau ci-apr&egrave;s, les enqu&ecirc;t&eacute;s sont tous qualifi&eacute;s et experts en enseignement du FLE puisqu&rsquo;ils attestent de plus de dix ans d&rsquo;exp&eacute;rience dans ce domaine. Ils ont r&eacute;alis&eacute; des &eacute;tudes universitaires en didactique du FLE et sont tous enseignants permanents (titulaires ou contractuels) dans le centre. Certains, d&rsquo;entre eux, professeurs certifi&eacute;s ont une exp&eacute;rience de l&rsquo;enseignement de la discipline Lettres ou Langue Vivante Etrang&egrave;re, dans l&rsquo;enseignement secondaire, avec un public d&rsquo;adolescents.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Voici une pr&eacute;sentation succincte des profils anonymis&eacute;s des six informateurs&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Tableau 2&nbsp;: donn&eacute;es socio-d&eacute;mographiques et socio-professionnelles concernant les informateurs</span></b></span></span></span></p> <table class="Table" style="margin-left:-9px; border-collapse:collapse; border:none"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;Enseignants</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:38px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Sexe</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:44px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&Acirc;ge</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:152px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&Eacute;tudes suivies</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:112px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Dur&eacute;e de l&rsquo;exp&eacute;rience</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">en FLE</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:152px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Lieux d&rsquo;exercice</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">E1</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:38px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">F</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:44px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">52</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:152px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;Capes de Lettres Modernes &ndash; Ma&icirc;trise de Lettres Modernes &ndash; M1 et M2 &ndash; Enseignement&nbsp; du FLE</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:112px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">10 ans</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:152px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;Centre social &ndash; Centre universitaire de FLE (DEFI)</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">E2</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:38px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">F</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:44px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">43</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:152px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Capes d&rsquo;espagnol &ndash; Ma&icirc;trise de FLE &ndash;DEA de didactique des langues-cultures</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:112px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">20 ans</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:152px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Alliances fran&ccedil;aises en Espagne &ndash; Centre universitaire de FLE (DEFI)</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">E3</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:38px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">F</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:44px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">59</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:152px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Capes d&rsquo;anglais &ndash; Ma&icirc;trise FLE</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:112px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">30 ans</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:152px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;Universit&eacute; aux &Eacute;tats-Unis (Centre Universitaire de FLE) &ndash; Centre universitaire de FLE (DEFI).</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">E4</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:38px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">F</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:44px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">57</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:152px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Ma&icirc;trise FLE</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:112px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">25 ans</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:152px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&Eacute;coles internationales &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;tranger &ndash; Alliances fran&ccedil;aises &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;tranger &ndash; Centre universitaire de FLE (DEFI)</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">E5</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:38px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">M</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:44px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">55</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:152px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Ma&icirc;trise FLE &ndash; DEA administration</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:112px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">30 ans</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:152px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;GRETA &ndash; Grandes &eacute;coles de commerce &ndash; Centre universitaire de FLE (DEFI).</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">E6</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:38px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">M</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:44px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">52</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:152px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Capes d&rsquo;allemand &ndash; M1 et M2 &ndash; Enseignement du FLE</span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:112px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">12 ans</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:152px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif">&nbsp; <span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Centre Universitaire de FLE (DEFI).</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Les enseignants se sont sp&eacute;cialis&eacute;s par niveau&nbsp;: E1 et E2 enseignent dans deux classes du niveau A1 &agrave; raison d&rsquo;au moins six heures par semaine pour chaque classe. E3 et E4 exercent dans deux classes de niveau A1 tandis qu&rsquo;E5 et E6 enseignent dans deux classes niveau B1.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Les &eacute;tudiants b&eacute;n&eacute;ficient de quinze heures de cours par semaine dispens&eacute;es par une &eacute;quipe de trois professeurs par classe, qui se succ&egrave;dent au fil de la semaine.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">4.3.</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> Consid&eacute;rations &eacute;thiques</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Les six enseignants interrog&eacute;s &eacute;taient volontaires et inform&eacute;s du but de la recherche&nbsp;: mieux comprendre l&rsquo;activit&eacute; des enseignants lorsqu&rsquo;ils transforment et adaptent les t&acirc;ches de production &eacute;crite propos&eacute;es par leurs manuels. Nous leur avons pr&eacute;cis&eacute; que les enregistrements &eacute;taient r&eacute;alis&eacute;s dans un but scientifique. Les propos dont nous rendons compte sont anonymes gr&acirc;ce au r&eacute;f&eacute;rencement des enseignants interrog&eacute;s par l&rsquo;initiale E et un num&eacute;ro&nbsp;: E1, E2&nbsp;; E3 &hellip; Leurs lieux exacts de formation n&rsquo;ont pas &eacute;t&eacute; mentionn&eacute;s dans la pr&eacute;sentation des profils par souci d&rsquo;anonymat. Les enseignants ont &eacute;t&eacute; inform&eacute;s de nos r&eacute;sultats de recherche.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">4.4.</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> Construction des donn&eacute;es</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Le recueil de donn&eacute;es pr&eacute;sent&eacute; ici consiste en trois manuels (<i>d&eacute;fi 1&nbsp;</i>; <i>Entre nous A2&nbsp;</i>; <i>Z&eacute;nith 3)</i></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">deux cahiers d&rsquo;exercices (<i>D&eacute;fi 1 </i>et <i>Z&eacute;nith 3</i>) et six transcriptions d&rsquo;entretiens men&eacute;s avec quatre enseignantes et deux enseignants.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Suivant une trame commune, les entretiens ont &eacute;t&eacute; men&eacute;s sous forme d&rsquo;entretiens semi-dirig&eacute;s, dans un bureau et sans la pr&eacute;sence d&rsquo;&eacute;l&egrave;ves ou de coll&egrave;gues. Nous nous sommes appuy&eacute;e sur le guide d&rsquo;entretien disponible en annexe (Cf. annexe n&deg;1) dont les questions s&rsquo;appuyaient, outre sur des questions portant sur le parcours des enseignants, sur cinq cat&eacute;gories th&eacute;matiques&nbsp;: </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">les usages du manuel de FLE pour l&rsquo;enseignement de la production &eacute;crite&nbsp;; la mise en &oelig;uvre des t&acirc;ches de production &eacute;crite propos&eacute;es par le manuel&nbsp;; la transformation des t&acirc;ches de production &eacute;crite propos&eacute;es par le manuel&nbsp;; la substitution des t&acirc;ches de production &eacute;crite du manuel par d&rsquo;autres t&acirc;ches&nbsp;; les t&acirc;ches d&rsquo;&eacute;criture num&eacute;rique propos&eacute;es par le manuel. </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Pendant les entretiens, nous avons demand&eacute; aux enseignants de bien pr&eacute;ciser les num&eacute;ros de pages des extraits de manuels auxquels ils se r&eacute;f&eacute;raient. Les consignes cadrant les t&acirc;ches de production &eacute;crite auxquelles se r&eacute;f&eacute;raient les enseignants ont &eacute;t&eacute; ensuite photocopi&eacute;es. Les questions &eacute;taient contextualis&eacute;es au niveau des classes de A1, A2 et B1 dans lesquelles les enseignants exer&ccedil;aient. Les six entretiens semi-directifs d&rsquo;une dur&eacute;e moyenne de vingt &agrave; quarante minutes ont &eacute;t&eacute; enregistr&eacute;s. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">4.5.</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> M&eacute;thode d&rsquo;analyse des donn&eacute;es</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;Apr&egrave;s les six s&eacute;ances d&rsquo;enregistrement, nous avons &eacute;cout&eacute; deux fois notre corpus, puis nous avons transcrit int&eacute;gralement fid&egrave;lement les verbatim ainsi que les actes de langage non verbaux (interruption, silence, rire, soupir, h&eacute;sitation) de la part des deux interlocuteurs&nbsp;: enseignant et chercheuse. Nous avons opt&eacute; pour une transcription litt&eacute;rale qui conserve toutes les formes syntaxiques et grammaticales du discours parl&eacute;, pour donner &agrave; notre analyse la possibilit&eacute; de prendre en compte les &eacute;l&eacute;ments modaux du discours. </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Num&eacute;rot&eacute;s de 1 &agrave; 6<a href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>, ces derniers ont &eacute;t&eacute; d&eacute;construits puis reconstruits en vue d&rsquo;une interpr&eacute;tation, suivant en cela les m&eacute;thodologies de l&rsquo;analyse qualitative (Paquay, Crahay et De Ketele, 2006) qui semblent les mieux adapt&eacute;es au corpus. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;Nous avons opt&eacute; pour une d&eacute;marche inductive de construction des cat&eacute;gories. Nous avons r&eacute;alis&eacute; six analyses de contenu th&eacute;matique (Blanchet-Gotman, 1992) qui se sont focalis&eacute;es sur cinq th&egrave;mes abord&eacute;s au cours des six entretiens. Nous avons ensuite compar&eacute; ces analyses. Dans un premier temps, nous avons list&eacute; les t&acirc;ches de production &eacute;crite auxquelles se r&eacute;f&eacute;raient les enseignants. Nous avons ensuite cherch&eacute; &agrave; comprendre les usages que les enseignants faisaient des consignes d&rsquo;&eacute;criture&nbsp;(suppression, adaptation, transformation) pr&eacute;sent&eacute;es dans le manuel pour tenter de reconstituer les gen&egrave;ses instrumentales. Nous avons identifi&eacute; douze dimensions que nous avons ensuite regroup&eacute;es en trois cat&eacute;gories inspir&eacute;es de travaux de Bento (2015) et de Goigoux (2007)&nbsp;: &nbsp;les activit&eacute;s de l&rsquo;enseignant tourn&eacute;es vers les apprenants&nbsp;; les activit&eacute;s de l&rsquo;enseignant tourn&eacute;es vers d&rsquo;autres acteurs du milieu professionnel&nbsp;; les activit&eacute;s de l&rsquo;enseignant tourn&eacute;es vers lui-m&ecirc;me.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">5. </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">R&eacute;sultats </span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">5.1. Les activit&eacute;s de l&rsquo;enseignant tourn&eacute;es vers les apprenants</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">D&rsquo;apr&egrave;s notre analyse, c&rsquo;est la premi&egrave;re cat&eacute;gorie &laquo;&nbsp;activit&eacute;s de l&rsquo;enseignant </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">tourn&eacute;es vers les apprenants&nbsp;&raquo; qui est la plus riche, pr&eacute;sentant sept dimensions.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Tout d&rsquo;abord, <b>la forme sociale du travail</b> peut &ecirc;tre transform&eacute;e en fonction des caract&eacute;ristiques plurilingues et pluriculturelles du groupe. Dans l&rsquo;exemple ci-apr&egrave;s, la consigne du manuel, r&eacute;alis&eacute; pour &ecirc;tre diffus&eacute; si possible hors de France, demande aux apprenants de pr&eacute;senter leur pays en petits groupes&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &laquo;&nbsp;D&Eacute;FI 01&nbsp;: R&Eacute;ALISER UN QUIZZ DE D&Eacute;COUVERTE D&rsquo;UN PAYS</span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Vous allez r&eacute;aliser un quizz pour faire d&eacute;couvrir votre pays ou un pays que vous&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; connaissez.</span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp; . En petits groupes, choisissez les aspects int&eacute;ressants ou &eacute;tonnants de votre pays ou </span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; d&rsquo;un autre. </span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp; . Choisissez des cat&eacute;gories pour rassembler vos id&eacute;es&nbsp;: g&eacute;ographie / culture /&nbsp; </span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; gastronomie / &hellip;</span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp; . R&eacute;digez des questions dans chaque cat&eacute;gorie, avec trois r&eacute;ponses possibles.</span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp; . &Eacute;changez vos questionnaires et r&eacute;pondez.</span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp; . V&eacute;rifiez vos r&eacute;ponses avec le groupe qui a cr&eacute;&eacute; le questionnaire&nbsp;&raquo; (</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Chahi F., Denyer, M., Gloanec, A. &nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; et alii., 2018&nbsp;: 39).</span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Pour l&rsquo;enseignante confront&eacute;e &agrave; un groupe de vingt &eacute;tudiants de quinze nationalit&eacute;s diff&eacute;rentes, cette t&acirc;che n&rsquo;est pas envisageable. Elle propose donc un travail &eacute;crit, individuel, &agrave; faire hors de la classe, avec une mise en commun ult&eacute;rieure. Elle introduit et valorise l&rsquo;usage du num&eacute;rique pour socialiser les productions avec un <i>padlet</i>, mur collaboratif&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; E3&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;Les id&eacute;es sont bonnes mais la mise en &oelig;uvre est parfois impossible car notre public est&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; International. C&rsquo;est une activit&eacute; plut&ocirc;t individuelle. On d&eacute;tourne&nbsp;: on leur demande de le faire chez eux&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &agrave; propos de leur propre pays et si possible de le mettre sur un padlet. Ils reviennent dans la classe avec </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; un quizz et on peut faire un &eacute;change culturel&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Toujours pour s&rsquo;ajuster au mieux au contexte d&rsquo;enseignement et d&rsquo;apprentissage, une autre enseignante change r&eacute;guli&egrave;rement la th&eacute;matique propos&eacute;e dans la consigne et donc la <b>dimension r&eacute;f&eacute;rentielle</b>, notamment pour ancrer les t&acirc;ches dans le contexte local ou r&eacute;gional&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; E1&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;si on demande dans le livre de pr&eacute;senter Toulouse, on va pr&eacute;senter Lille&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">C&rsquo;est aussi le travail sur <b>la mise en mots</b> qui est contraint par les enseignants. Pour les six enseignants du niveau A1 au niveau B1, la production &eacute;crite est per&ccedil;ue comme un moyen d&rsquo;&eacute;valuer pr&eacute;cis&eacute;ment les savoirs acquis et les comp&eacute;tences construites lors de l&rsquo;unit&eacute;. Par cons&eacute;quent, une enseignante d&eacute;clare ajouter syst&eacute;matiquement des contraintes grammaticales et lexicales.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">E1&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;Ils ont vu des expressions lexicales et on a vu l&rsquo;imp&eacute;ratif, alors en PE, je leur ai impos&eacute; d&rsquo;utiliser </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; l&rsquo;imp&eacute;ratif + je rajoutais des choses sinon c&rsquo;&eacute;tait incomplet + faire une production &eacute;crite avec tout&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ce qu&rsquo;on avait vu ensemble en grammaire et en lexique + donc voil&agrave; ce que je faisais&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Une enseignante s&rsquo;appuie aussi sur des textes propos&eacute;s par le manuel pour introduire des t&acirc;ches de production &eacute;crite. C&rsquo;est le cas au niveau A2 o&ugrave; le manuel <i>Entre nous 2 </i>expose les &eacute;tudiants &agrave; des textes-mod&egrave;les fabriqu&eacute;s &agrave; des fins didactiques mais n&rsquo;exploite pas l&rsquo;interaction lecture-&eacute;criture&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &laquo;&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">LA LOI FERRY&nbsp;: &Eacute;DUCATION LA&Iuml;QUE, OBLIGATOIRE ET GRATUITE</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Au XIX&egrave;me si&egrave;cle, beaucoup d&rsquo;enfants travaillaient dans les champs, dans les entreprises textiles, </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;dans les mines&hellip; et n&rsquo;allaient pas &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;cole. Les journ&eacute;es de travail duraient souvent plus de dix heures</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; et les salaires &eacute;taient tr&egrave;s bas. C&rsquo;est seulement en 1881 que la loi Ferry rend la scolarit&eacute; obligatoire et</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;gratuite de 6 &agrave; 13 ans. En principe, les enfants de moins de 13 ans ne doivent plus travailler. En 1936, </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; l&rsquo;&eacute;cole devient obligatoire jusqu&rsquo;&agrave; 14 ans et jusqu&rsquo;&agrave; 16 ans en 1958. Actuellement, la plupart des</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; enfants sont scolaris&eacute;s &agrave; partir de 3 ans.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &Agrave; votre tour, faites une chronologie avec certaines lois qui ont chang&eacute; la vie des gens dans votre pays </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; et pr&eacute;sentez-la &agrave; vos camarades&nbsp;&raquo; (</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Chahi, F., Hor C., Malorey, C. <i>et alii</i>., 2015&nbsp;: 62).</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Rappelons que c&rsquo;est l&rsquo;approche communicative qui a d&rsquo;abord tir&eacute; parti <b>des solidarit&eacute;s entre pratiques d&rsquo;&eacute;criture et pratiques de lecture</b>, notamment dans des manuels bien connus comme <i>Archipel 3 </i>(1988)<i> et Libre &Eacute;change 3 </i>(1993).<i> </i>L&rsquo;on consid&eacute;rait que la fr&eacute;quentation et l&rsquo;imitation de mod&egrave;les contextualis&eacute;s permettait &agrave; l&rsquo;apprenant d&rsquo;&eacute;viter de calquer, en les traduisant, les mod&egrave;les linguistiques de sa langue maternelle (XXXX, XX).</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Dans le cas pr&eacute;sent&eacute;, l&rsquo;enseignante E2 demande la production d&rsquo;un texte et non pas d&rsquo;une chronologie. Elle transforme la consigne d&rsquo;origine en mobilisant des sch&egrave;mes pr&eacute;existants dans la seconde g&eacute;n&eacute;ration des m&eacute;thodes relevant de l&rsquo;approche communicative en s&eacute;lectionnant un texte-mod&egrave;le et en explicitant ses caract&eacute;ristiques formelles au plan linguistique&nbsp;: </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">E2&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;Je trouvais que la structure du texte &eacute;tait int&eacute;ressante par rapport &agrave; l&rsquo;utilisation de l&rsquo;imparfait et </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; du pr&eacute;sent + tu vois + donc en fait c&rsquo;est parler d&rsquo;une loi importante + ce qui a chang&eacute; quelque chose </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; dans son pays + donc l&agrave; en France en l&rsquo;occurrence et puis j&rsquo;avais choisi ce texte qui me paraissait </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; vraiment repr&eacute;sentatif + je fonctionne pas mal comme &ccedil;a par observation d&rsquo;un mod&egrave;le en fait + et puis </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ensuite observer la structure du texte + histoire de reprendre la structure un peu comme un canevas + et &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; puis apr&egrave;s qu&rsquo;ils le fassent eux de leur c&ocirc;t&eacute;&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Au niveau B1, un enseignant reprend &eacute;galement une technique ant&eacute;rieure utilis&eacute;e dans les manuels de l&rsquo;approche communicative&nbsp;: celle du <b>canevas</b> pour fournir un plan. Le manuel propose la consigne suivante, pr&eacute;c&eacute;dant deux affiches publicitaires :</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &laquo;&nbsp;Je veux vivre dans cette ville&nbsp;! D&eacute;crivez ces deux affiches publicitaires. Quel est leur but&nbsp;? Utilisez&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &quot;pourʺ ou &quot;afin deʺ&nbsp;+ l&rsquo;infinitif&nbsp;&raquo; (Barth&eacute;l&eacute;my F., Sousa S., Sperandio C., 2013&nbsp;: 21).</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Pour l&rsquo;enseignant (E6)&nbsp;: </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &laquo;&nbsp;tout ce qui est m&eacute;thodologique + c&rsquo;est &agrave; nous de leur pr&eacute;parer quelque chose + on &nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ne va pas les lancer directement dans l&rsquo;&eacute;criture + &ccedil;a va &ecirc;tre du n&rsquo;importe quoi + </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; j&rsquo;ajoute plusieurs consignes et je demande une &eacute;criture &eacute;tapes par &eacute;tapes + pour la &nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; description d&rsquo;une image + ils doivent &eacute;crire paragraphe par paragraphe + un premier </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; paragraphe g&eacute;n&eacute;ral puis un deuxi&egrave;me + distinguer le premier plan de l&rsquo;arri&egrave;re-plan + </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; c&rsquo;est moi qui le leur demande&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">La transformation de la consigne peut aussi entra&icirc;ner <b>le changement du type de production demand&eacute;e </b>pour obtenir un texte avec une base s&eacute;mantique riche et non pas des phrases isol&eacute;es. Le manuel <i>D&eacute;fi A1</i> propose un sch&eacute;ma d&rsquo;arbre g&eacute;n&eacute;alogique illustr&eacute; de pr&eacute;noms. La consigne pr&eacute;sent&eacute;e dans le manuel est la suivante&nbsp;: </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&laquo;&nbsp;L&rsquo;enseignant/e dit le nom d&rsquo;une personne de l&rsquo;arbre g&eacute;n&eacute;alogique. En petits groupes, &eacute;crivez tous&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; les liens de famille de cette personne. L&rsquo;&eacute;quipe qui trouve le plus de liens gagne&nbsp;&raquo; (</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Chahi F., &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Denyer, M., Gloanec, A. <i>et alii.,</i> 2018&nbsp;: 51).</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Elle est modifi&eacute;e par l&rsquo;enseignante (E4) qui d&eacute;veloppe ainsi son activit&eacute; de transformation&nbsp;: </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">E4&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;La consigne change. Par exemple, page 51, on leur a demand&eacute; de choisir une personne de </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; leur arbre et de la pr&eacute;senter. Ce qui a permis de reprendre des comp&eacute;tences acquises &ndash; ce qui n&rsquo;est </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; pas le cas dans le manuel &ndash; dans les unit&eacute;s pr&eacute;c&eacute;dentes + on r&eacute;active + alors c&rsquo;est&nbsp;+ il est + les </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; adjectifs de caract&egrave;re + les noms de profession&nbsp;+ ce que dans la production de l&rsquo;arbre g&eacute;n&eacute;alogique</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; on ne te demandait pas&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Enfin, dans le dernier exemple d&rsquo;activit&eacute; enseignante dirig&eacute;e vers les apprenants, la m&ecirc;me enseignante (E4) transforme la consigne et change <b>le genre</b> demand&eacute;. Voici la consigne initiale&nbsp;: &nbsp;</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&laquo;&nbsp;Vous aussi vous avez des projets pour ce week-end. Vous &eacute;crivez un e-mail &agrave; votre meilleur/e </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ami/e pour lui parler de ce que vous allez faire (sorties, activit&eacute;s, visites, d&icirc;ner&hellip;) (Chahi F., </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Denyer, M., Gloanec, A. <i>et alii.,</i> 2018).</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">transform&eacute;e ainsi par l&rsquo;enseignante&nbsp;: </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;E4&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;il faut changer la consigne et leur demander d&rsquo;inviter + de proposer + d&rsquo;indiquer un </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; itin&eacute;raire + donc tu leur dis de dire ce qu&rsquo;ils ont l&rsquo;intention de faire, de proposer &agrave; cette personne&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; de les accompagner + et &eacute;ventuellement leur demander de donner un lieu de rendez-vous + donc </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; du coup tu vas mobiliser plein de choses qu&rsquo;ils savent faire + tu arrives &agrave; une production plus </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; compl&egrave;te + naturelle&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">La consigne n&rsquo;induit plus l&rsquo;&eacute;criture d&rsquo;un r&eacute;cit mais celle d&rsquo;une invitation, de l&rsquo;&eacute;nonc&eacute; d&rsquo;un itin&eacute;raire et d&rsquo;un programme, autant de savoir-faire communicatifs calqu&eacute;s sur ceux de la vie courante organis&eacute;s autour de la notion d&rsquo;&laquo;&nbsp;actes de parole&nbsp;&raquo; comme dans les manuels de l&rsquo;approche communicative des ann&eacute;es 1980 (Billi&egrave;res, 2015).</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Pour terminer, il est &agrave; noter que quatre enseignants sur six (exer&ccedil;ant aux niveaux A1 et A2) valorisent l&rsquo;utilisation du num&eacute;rique, en l&rsquo;occurrence du mur collaboratif<i> padlet</i> ou de la plate-forme <i>Edmodo </i>pour afficher la consigne (E3), socialiser les productions et permettre des am&eacute;liorations collectives ou individuelles (E1, E2) et d&eacute;velopper des textes (E3)&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">E1&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;Sur Edmodo tu as un traitement de texte +&nbsp; ce que je fais c&rsquo;est que je ne corrige pas les fautes + </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;je surligne avec une autre couleur + hop hop hop + je dis &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;tudiant si tu as le temps tu r&eacute;fl&eacute;chis tu&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; corriges et tu me le renvoies + donc il y en a qui jouent le jeu + ils le font deux ou trois fois + </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; d&rsquo;autres pas mais je trouvais que c&rsquo;&eacute;tait une fa&ccedil;on efficace de travailler la production &eacute;crite&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; E2&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;Si j&rsquo;ai des textes sur padlet + il m&rsquo;arrive de les rediffuser et c&rsquo;est un pr&eacute;texte pour expliquer</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; quelque chose + quand je vois une erreur r&eacute;currente+ &ccedil;a je le fais assez souvent&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; E3&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;J&rsquo;explique bien la consigne + je pr&eacute;cise bien oui + quitte &agrave; la mettre au tableau + nous comme </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; on a la version num&eacute;rique + on projette + on surligne + je n&rsquo;ai pas besoin d&rsquo;&eacute;crire + on projette et on </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; voit&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; E4&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;on leur a demand&eacute; de poster leurs productions sur padlet parce que l&agrave; du coup sur padlet tu </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; peux plus difficilement poster juste un arbre &ccedil;a demande tout &agrave; coup &agrave; &eacute;crire quelque chose + le </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; padlet &ccedil;a a permis du coup d&rsquo;adapter le travail pour avoir quelque chose de plus construit et de plus </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; dense&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&Agrave; l&rsquo;inverse, certains enseignants ne transforment pas ou n&rsquo;adaptent pas les t&acirc;ches d&rsquo;&eacute;criture propos&eacute;es par les manuels, en raison de contraintes institutionnelles. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <b>5.2. Les activit&eacute;s de l&rsquo;enseignant tourn&eacute;es vers d&rsquo;autres acteurs du milieu </b></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; professionnel</span></span></b></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Certains enseignants ne peuvent transformer ou adapter les t&acirc;ches de production &eacute;crite impuls&eacute;es par le manuel car ils n&rsquo;en proposent pas&nbsp;: en effet, ils travaillent en trin&ocirc;mes, suivent la progression du manuel, se la partagent et certains d&rsquo;entre eux n&rsquo;ont pas &agrave; proposer du moins r&eacute;guli&egrave;rement, des t&acirc;ches de production &eacute;crite qui ne figurent pas dans les pages qui leur sont attribu&eacute;es. Ils doivent en effet adapter leur activit&eacute; &agrave; celle des autres acteurs du milieu professionnel.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; E1&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;il y a un autre souci aussi + le groupe 2 je ne l&rsquo;ai pas r&eacute;guli&egrave;rement + le groupe 2 je les vois lundi </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; mardi apr&egrave;s c&rsquo;est la coll&egrave;gue qui les prend et apr&egrave;s c&rsquo;est l&rsquo;autre coll&egrave;gue + donc m&ecirc;me si on veut faire </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; un travail plus &eacute;labor&eacute; en groupe en production &eacute;crite je serai oblig&eacute;e de ben + je le faisais le lundi ou le </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; mardi si je pouvais le finir pendant mes heures de cours + ou alors je faisais carr&eacute;ment autre chose&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; E4&nbsp;: &laquo;je ne peux pas faire de production &eacute;crite avec le groupe que je n&rsquo;ai que trois heures + comme on </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; se suit dans la m&eacute;thode + il y a des moments o&ugrave; j&rsquo;arrive dans la semaine + en l&rsquo;occurrence c&rsquo;&eacute;tait le </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; vendredi matin + o&ugrave; l&rsquo;exercice de production &eacute;crite de la m&eacute;thode avait &eacute;t&eacute; fait par les coll&egrave;gues + dans </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; la double page que j&rsquo;&eacute;tais amen&eacute;e &agrave; faire + il n&rsquo;y avait que du lexique de la grammaire + interaction </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; orale production orale + il n&rsquo;y a pas v&eacute;ritablement de place pour faire de la production &eacute;crite + &ccedil;a aurait </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; pu faire l&rsquo;objet de la suite de mon travail + mais c&rsquo;est la coll&egrave;gue du lundi qui la prenait&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Deux autres enseignantes d&eacute;clarent pr&eacute;ciser les consignes en indiquant le nombre de mots &agrave; &eacute;crire pour pr&eacute;parer les &eacute;tudiants &agrave; l&rsquo;examen.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif">&nbsp; </span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">E1&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;il n&rsquo;y a pas le nombre de mots dans les consignes + oui &ccedil;a me g&ecirc;ne aussi + comme on sait qu&rsquo;&agrave;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; l&rsquo;examen c&rsquo;est 150 mots et la question ils la poseront toujours + quand on donne un sujet + tout de </span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; suite madame&nbsp;! on met combien de mots&nbsp;?&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; E2&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;&hellip;dans les consignes ouvertes comme &ccedil;a je mets rarement le nombre de mots sauf si on</span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; approche de l&rsquo;examen et qu&rsquo;il faut qu&rsquo;ils aient un cadre</span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Le DEFI organise en effet ses examens en fonction de maquettes communes &agrave; une quarantaine de centres universitaires membres de l&rsquo;ADCUEFE<a href="#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>-Campus FLE qui fixent, entre autres, le nombre de mots attendu pour chaque production &eacute;crite.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Le choix du sujet d&rsquo;&eacute;criture ainsi que les conditions de production sont aussi contraints par des motifs relevant d&rsquo;obligations institutionnelles&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">la dur&eacute;e de r&eacute;alisation de la t&acirc;che&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">E4&nbsp;: &laquo; quelquefois en accord avec les autres coll&egrave;gues on a fait ces choses-l&agrave; en classe avec le &nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; format trente minutes + format examen + &ccedil;a on l&rsquo;a fait un petit peu pour qu&rsquo;il s&rsquo;habituent &agrave; ce &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; format &nbsp;l&agrave; + ils &eacute;crivent seuls&nbsp;&raquo;.&nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">l&rsquo;absence de documents d&rsquo;appui lors de l&rsquo;examen&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; E6&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;Chez eux, je leur demande d&rsquo;&eacute;crire une premi&egrave;re fois sans outils dans les conditions de </span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; l&rsquo;examen et la deuxi&egrave;me fois avec toutes les aides + outils et copain fran&ccedil;ais</span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">le sujet&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;E5&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;je trouvais &ccedil;a tr&egrave;s adapt&eacute; au deuxi&egrave;me sujet + &agrave; ce qu&rsquo;on demande &agrave; l&rsquo;examen + &agrave; partir de&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; l&agrave;&nbsp; ils doivent pr&eacute;senter le texte mais ici il manque la source&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; E6&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;en B1 je crois qu&rsquo;on recentre quand m&ecirc;me toujours la production &eacute;crite en fonction de ce </span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; qu&rsquo;on leur demande &agrave; l&rsquo;examen&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; E3&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">si je m&rsquo;en tiens &agrave; &ccedil;a je les pr&eacute;pare pas bien &agrave; l&rsquo;examen hein + tu vois ce que&nbsp; </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;je veux dire&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">C&rsquo;est ainsi qu&rsquo;au niveau B1, les consignes propos&eacute;es par le manuel sont parfois tout &agrave; fait rejet&eacute;es par le professeur, faute de correspondance avec celles des sujets d&rsquo;examen&nbsp;: </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;E5&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;on travaillait quand m&ecirc;me sur plut&ocirc;t des consignes proches de celles qu&rsquo;on donnait &agrave; l&rsquo;examen&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Et je dois avouer que j&rsquo;ai pas beaucoup travaill&eacute; avec ces petites consignes du livre Z&eacute;nith + j&rsquo;ai pas </span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; beaucoup utilis&eacute;&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">5.3. Les activit&eacute;s de l&rsquo;enseignant tourn&eacute;es vers lui-m&ecirc;me</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">L&rsquo;activit&eacute; de l&rsquo;enseignant peut &ecirc;tre aussi orient&eacute;e vers lui-m&ecirc;me. Cependant l&rsquo;analyse de notre corpus montre que les pr&eacute;occupations des enseignants interrog&eacute;s se tournent assez rarement vers eux-m&ecirc;mes. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">L&rsquo;activit&eacute; de transformation correspond &agrave; un besoin de structurer soi-m&ecirc;me les cours. Ce n&rsquo;est pas le manuel qui va organiser la progression mais le professeur qui va en prendre l&rsquo;initiative&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">E3&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;il y a un fil conducteur + une progression + m&eacute;thodologique + la mienne + je prends ce qui &nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;m&rsquo;arrange et je d&eacute;tourne ce qu&rsquo;il faut + plus &ccedil;a va plus je prends de libert&eacute;&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Les sujets et les consignes des t&acirc;ches de production &eacute;crite d&eacute;pendent parfois des go&ucirc;ts personnels de l&rsquo;enseignant qui ne donne pas &agrave; r&eacute;aliser la t&acirc;che d&rsquo;&eacute;criture propos&eacute;e. Il ins&egrave;re parfois dans une unit&eacute; du manuel un sujet qu&rsquo;il cr&eacute;e, qui lui pla&icirc;t et qui correspond &agrave; ses pr&eacute;f&eacute;rences personnelles en mati&egrave;re de production &eacute;crite.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; E6&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;on choisit aussi les productions &eacute;crites et moi &ccedil;a c&rsquo;est un peu mon dada + moi j&rsquo;aime beaucoup &nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &eacute;crire au pass&eacute; + l&rsquo;alternance &ccedil;a m&rsquo;int&eacute;resse beaucoup et du coup dans chaque unit&eacute; + je le fais moi-</span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; m&ecirc;me en fait + si c&rsquo;est une unit&eacute; sur la ville + imaginez une exp&eacute;rience pass&eacute;e&nbsp;&raquo;. </span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif">&nbsp;</span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Les t&acirc;ches peuvent &ecirc;tre aussi transform&eacute;es lorsque l&rsquo;enseignant souhaite am&eacute;liorer le climat relationnel du groupe-classe. L&rsquo;activit&eacute; de transformation est alors orient&eacute;e vers les propres valeurs de l&rsquo;enseignant. C&rsquo;est le cas dans l&rsquo;exemple suivant o&ugrave; la plate-forme permet une communication individualis&eacute;e et confiante entre l&rsquo;apprenant et l&rsquo;enseignant lors de l&rsquo;effectuation de t&acirc;ches d&rsquo;&eacute;criture&nbsp;: </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; E1&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;Edmodo c&rsquo;est une plate-forme alors c&rsquo;&eacute;tait beaucoup plus facile et j&rsquo;ai appris beaucoup plus de &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; choses comme &ccedil;a + ceux qui n&rsquo;osaient pas en classe + et j&rsquo;ai remarqu&eacute; que dans nos relations &ccedil;a avait &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; chang&eacute; + ils avaient plus confiance parce que je continuais &agrave; travailler avec eux &agrave; distance + alors &ccedil;a &ccedil;a </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; me plaisait + c&rsquo;est du boulot c&rsquo;est du travail quand tu fais &ccedil;a + mais je trouvais que c&rsquo;&eacute;tait une bonne </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; fa&ccedil;on de travailler et qu&rsquo;ils progressaient bien + voil&agrave; ce que je fais&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Mais les propres valeurs et les propres objectifs p&eacute;dagogiques de l&rsquo;enseignant peuvent conduire &agrave; la suppression radicale de t&acirc;ches propos&eacute;es par le manuel qui, en formulant des exigences techniques, ne facilite pas l&rsquo;effectuation de la t&acirc;che, selon une enseignante&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p class="CxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify"><span style="tab-stops:54.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; E4&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;dans les t&acirc;ches ils demandent euh tu vois de r&eacute;aliser des t&acirc;ches o&ugrave; tu sens qu&rsquo;il faut quand m&ecirc;me &nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></p> <p class="CxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify"><span style="tab-stops:54.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; du mat&eacute;riel c&rsquo;est-&agrave;-dire il faut un ordinateur il faut une connexion internet + il faut une imprimante + </span></span></p> <p class="CxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify"><span style="tab-stops:54.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; donc quand tu vois des d&eacute;fis o&ugrave; il faut filmer et presque faire du montage video non moi je ne me lance </span></span></p> <p class="CxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify"><span style="tab-stops:54.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; pas l&agrave; dedans parce que j&rsquo;ai pas envie moi de mettre l&rsquo;&eacute;tudiant en difficult&eacute; technique c&rsquo;est pas </span></span></p> <p class="CxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify"><span style="tab-stops:54.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; l&rsquo;objectif + l&rsquo;id&eacute;e c&rsquo;est qu&rsquo;il produise quelque chose&nbsp;&raquo;. </span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">5. </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Conclusion</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Nous terminerons notre contribution par trois remarques&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Premi&egrave;rement, l&rsquo;analyse de notre corpus montre que les t&acirc;ches d&rsquo;&eacute;criture propos&eacute;es dans les manuels de FLE, instruments didactiques, m&eacute;diatisent fortement l&rsquo;activit&eacute; des enseignants de FLE.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Deuxi&egrave;mement, nous avons montr&eacute; que les sch&egrave;mes d&rsquo;utilisation du manuel r&eacute;sultaient de constructions personnelles et de l&rsquo;appropriation de sch&egrave;mes pr&eacute;existants. Ces derniers ont une dimension priv&eacute;e puisqu&rsquo;ils sont propres &agrave; chaque enseignant et s&rsquo;inscrivent dans la m&eacute;moire des sujets en tant que ressources mobilisables. Mais ils ont aussi une dimension sociale puisqu&rsquo;ils sont inscrits dans la m&eacute;moire d&rsquo;un collectif professionnel, celui des enseignants de FLE, qui puise ses ressources, entre autres domaines, dans des m&eacute;thodologies ant&eacute;rieures, en l&rsquo;occurrence, celle de l&rsquo;approche communicative qui proposait aux apprenants d&rsquo;&eacute;crire &agrave; l&rsquo;aide d&rsquo;un canevas. Ces sch&egrave;mes sont issus de la longue histoire des m&eacute;thodologies d&rsquo;enseignement des langues. L&rsquo;analyse de notre corpus, compos&eacute; d&rsquo;entretiens semi-directifs men&eacute;s avec six enseignants exp&eacute;riment&eacute;s, attestant de 10 &agrave; 30 ans d&rsquo;enseignement du FLE, en t&eacute;moigne. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Par ailleurs, pour conclure, notre &eacute;tude confirme un des r&eacute;sultats de l&rsquo;&eacute;tude de Margaret Bento (2015)&nbsp;: les manuels n&rsquo;ont pas autant d&rsquo;influence sur les pratiques enseignantes que le croient les concepteurs. Les t&acirc;ches propos&eacute;es par le manuel peuvent &ecirc;tre transform&eacute;es, adapt&eacute;es, </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">recompos&eacute;es ou tout simplement&nbsp; dispara&icirc;tre.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div style="page-break-after: always"><span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="WordSection2"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><a name="page6"></a><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Bibliographie</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Allouche, V. et Maurer, B. (2011). <i>L&rsquo;&eacute;crit en FLE. Travail du style et ma&icirc;trise de la langue. </i>Presses universitaires de la M&eacute;diterran&eacute;e.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:90%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:90%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Auger, N. (2010). &laquo;&nbsp;Le st&eacute;r&eacute;otype en classe et dans les manuels (un outil de r&eacute;flexion pour la didactique)&nbsp;&raquo;. <i>Le Langage et l&rsquo;homme</i>, XXXXV, n&deg;2, pp. 77-84.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:95%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:95%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Auger, N. (2011). &laquo;&nbsp;Les manuels&nbsp;&raquo;. Dans<i> </i>Blanchet, P. &amp; Chardenet, P. (&eacute;d.). <i>Guide pour la recherche en didactique des langues et des cultures : approches contextualis&eacute;es</i>. Paris&nbsp;: &Eacute;d. des Archives contemporaines (Collection de l&rsquo;Agence universitaire de la francophonie. Manuels, ISSN 1955-4060), pp. 313-316.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:97%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:97%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Bento, M. (2013). &laquo;&nbsp;La perspective actionnelle dans les manuels de langue au coll&egrave;ge&nbsp;&raquo;. <i>Recherches en didactiques</i>, vol. 15, n&deg;1, pp. 61-89.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:103%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:103%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Bento, M. (2015). &laquo;&nbsp;Manuels de fran&ccedil;ais langue &eacute;trang&egrave;re et pratiques des enseignants&nbsp;&raquo;. <i>Recherches en didactique des langues et des cultures </i>[En ligne], 12-2. URL :</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">http://journals.openedition.org/rdlc/739 ; DOI : 10.4000/rdlc.739</span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Bento, M. (2019). &laquo;&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">L&rsquo;enseignement de la grammaire dans les manuels d&rsquo;anglais langue vivante au coll&egrave;ge en France&nbsp;&raquo;. <i>Les Langues Modernes, </i>3, pp. 71-83.</span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:17.2pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Billi&egrave;res, M. (2015). Actes de langage et enseignement du FLE. Blog &laquo;&nbsp;Au son du FLE&nbsp;&raquo;. [En ligne], URL&nbsp;: <a href="https://www.verbotonale-phonetique.com/actes-de-langage-enseignement-fle/" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline">https://www.verbotonale-phonetique.com/actes-de-langage-enseignement-fle/</a></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Black, C., Dias, M. (2012). &laquo;&nbsp;Les manuels d&rsquo;&eacute;criture sont-ils des vecteurs d&rsquo;&eacute;criture motivationnels au niveau universitaire ?&nbsp;&raquo;. <i>Synergies Canada,</i> 5.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:104%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Bouchard, R. et Kadi, L. (dir.) (2012). &laquo;&nbsp;Didactiques de l&rsquo;&eacute;crit et nouvelles pratiques d&rsquo;&eacute;criture&nbsp;&raquo;.<i> Le Fran&ccedil;ais dans le monde. Recherches et applications</i>, 51. CL&Eacute; International.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Bruillard, E. (2005). &laquo;&nbsp;Les manuels scolaires questionn&eacute;s par la recherche&nbsp;&raquo;. Dans Bruillard, E. (dir.). <i>Manuels scolaires, regards crois&eacute;s</i>. Caen : CRDP de Basse-Normandie, pp. 13-36.</span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:103%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:103%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Conseil de l&#39;Europe. (2001). <i>Cadre europ&eacute;en commun de r&eacute;f&eacute;rence pour les langues</i> <i>&ndash;</i> </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:103%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:103%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Apprendre,</span></span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:103%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> <i>enseigner, &eacute;valuer</i>. Paris : Didier.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:102%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:102%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Cordier, C. (</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:102%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">2001). &laquo;&nbsp;Le manuel de langue constitue-t-il un objet de recherche pertinent</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:102%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">pour la didactique ?&nbsp;&raquo;. Dans <i>Questions d&rsquo;&eacute;pist&eacute;mologie en didactique du fran&ccedil;ais</i>. <i>Cahiers Forell</i>, 15. Universit&eacute; de Poitiers.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Cuq, J.-P. et Gruca, I. (2017). <i>Cours de didactique du fran&ccedil;ais langue &eacute;trang&egrave;re et seconde.</i> PUG. Collection didactique (FLE).</span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:94%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:94%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Goigoux, R. (2007). 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(2015). <i>Entre nous 2,</i> M&eacute;thode de fran&ccedil;ais, livre de l&rsquo;&eacute;l&egrave;ve, cahier d&rsquo;activit&eacute;s, CD, &Eacute;ditions maison des langues.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:103%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:103%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Chahi F., Denyer, M., Gloanec, A. et alii. (2018). <i>Defi 1</i>, m&eacute;thode de fran&ccedil;ais, livre de l&rsquo;&eacute;l&egrave;ve + CD, &Eacute;ditions maison des langues.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:3pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:103%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:103%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Chahi F., Denyer, M., Gloanec, A. et alii. (2018). <i>Defi 1</i>, cahier d&rsquo;exercices, &Eacute;ditions maison des langues.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Barth&eacute;l&eacute;my F., Sousa S., Sperandio C. (2013). <i>Z&eacute;nith 3</i>, m&eacute;thode de fran&ccedil;ais, CLE International.</span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Barth&eacute;l&eacute;my F., Sousa S., Sperandio C. (2013). <i>Z&eacute;nith 3</i>, cahier d&rsquo;activit&eacute;s, CLE International.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Annexe 1&nbsp;: Guide d&rsquo;entretien des enseignants</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li style="line-height:105%; font-size:10pt; font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Enseignement du FLE</span></span></span></b></li> </ol> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">1.1.</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Depuis combien de temps enseignes-tu le FLE&nbsp;?</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">1.2.</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Quelle est ta formation en FLE&nbsp;?</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">1.3.</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Dans quel &eacute;tablissement as-tu enseign&eacute; le FLE&nbsp;?</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <ol start="2" type="1"> <li style="line-height:105%; font-size:10pt; font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Usages du manuel de FLE pour l&rsquo;enseignement de la production &eacute;crite</span></span></span></b></li> </ol> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">1.1.</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Combien d&rsquo;heures par semaine utilises-tu le manuel&nbsp;?</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">1.2.</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">O&ugrave; sont situ&eacute;es les t&acirc;ches de production &eacute;crite dans le manuel&nbsp;?</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">1.3.</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Que penses-tu des t&acirc;ches finales propos&eacute;es par le manuel&nbsp;?</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">1.4.</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Quel penses-tu de l&rsquo;articulation des t&acirc;ches de production &eacute;crite avec les autres&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; activit&eacute;s&nbsp;?</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <ol start="3" type="1"> <li style="line-height:105%; font-size:10pt; font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Mise en &oelig;uvre des t&acirc;ches de production &eacute;crite propos&eacute;es par le manuel</span></span></span></b></li> </ol> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">3.1.</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Quelle est la place de la production &eacute;crite dans l&rsquo;unit&eacute;&nbsp;?</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">3.2.</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Mets-tu syst&eacute;matiquement en &oelig;uvre les t&acirc;ches de production &eacute;crite propos&eacute;es </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; par le manuel&nbsp;? Pour quelle raison&nbsp;?</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">3.3.</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Les &eacute;tudiants &eacute;crivent-ils en groupe ou seuls&nbsp;?</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">3.4.</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Des activit&eacute;s d&rsquo;am&eacute;lioration des productions sont-elles propos&eacute;es aux &eacute;tudiants </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; dans le manuel&nbsp;? En proposes-tu&nbsp;?</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <ol start="4" type="1"> <li style="line-height:105%; font-size:10pt; font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Transformation des t&acirc;ches de production &eacute;crite propos&eacute;es par le manuel</span></span></span></b></li> </ol> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">4.1.</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Comment transformes-tu les t&acirc;ches d&rsquo;&eacute;criture&nbsp;?</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">4.2.</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Pour quelle raison transformes-tu les t&acirc;ches d&rsquo;&eacute;criture&nbsp;? </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">4.3.</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Proposes-tu aux &eacute;tudiants d&rsquo;autres supports que le manuel lors des t&acirc;ches&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; d&rsquo;&eacute;criture&nbsp;? </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <ol start="5" type="1"> <li style="line-height:105%; font-size:10pt; font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Substitution des t&acirc;ches de production &eacute;crite du manuel par d&rsquo;autres t&acirc;ches</span></span></span></b></li> </ol> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">5.1.</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Proposes-tu d&rsquo;autres t&acirc;ches d&rsquo;&eacute;criture que celles du manuel&nbsp;? Si oui, </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; lesquelles&nbsp;?</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">5.2.</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Pour quelles raisons proposes-tu ces autres t&acirc;ches&nbsp;? </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <ol start="6" type="1"> <li style="line-height:105%; font-size:10pt; font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Les t&acirc;ches d&rsquo;&eacute;criture num&eacute;rique propos&eacute;es par le manuel</span></span></span></b></li> </ol> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">6.1.</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Le manuel propose-t-il des t&acirc;ches d&rsquo;&eacute;criture num&eacute;rique&nbsp;? Les mets-tu en </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &oelig;uvre&nbsp;? Si oui, comment&nbsp;?</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div style="page-break-after: always"><span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></div> <div>&nbsp; <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">[1]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Nous renvoyons aux Journ&eacute;es d&rsquo;&eacute;tudes annuelles Pierre Guibert sur les manuels scolaires organis&eacute;es par l&rsquo;Universit&eacute; de Montpellier, la Facult&eacute; d&rsquo;&eacute;ducation ESPE/LR et le CEDRHE (Centre d&rsquo;Etudes, de Documentation et de Recherche en Histoire de l&rsquo;Education).</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn2"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">[2]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Soulign&eacute; par Goigoux (2007&nbsp;: 51).</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn3"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">[3]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Aux niveaux A1 et A2, les quinze heures de cours hebdomadaires s&rsquo;appuient sur le manuel. Au niveau B1, onze heures de cours s&rsquo;appuient sur le manuel, deux heures sont consacr&eacute;es &agrave; un cours de litt&eacute;rature et deux heures &agrave; un cours intitul&eacute; &laquo;&nbsp;Projet culturel&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn4"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">[4]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Comme le pr&eacute;cise Jean-Michel Zakartchouk, la consigne scolaire pr&eacute;sente des sp&eacute;cificit&eacute;s, dans la mesure o&ugrave; elle &laquo;&nbsp;demande &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;l&egrave;ve de proc&eacute;der &agrave; une ou &agrave; des op&eacute;ration(s) pr&eacute;cise(s) pour aboutir au r&eacute;sultat souhait&eacute; afin de v&eacute;rifier qu&rsquo;il a acquis une (des) connaissance(s), qu&rsquo;il ma&icirc;trise un (des) savoir-faire, qu&rsquo;il est capable de les transf&eacute;rer dans une situation nouvelle&nbsp;&raquo; (1987).</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn5"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">[5]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Ces num&eacute;ros sont inscrits entre crochets.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn6"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">[6]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Association des Directeurs de Centres Universitaires d&rsquo;Etudes Fran&ccedil;aises.</span></span></span></p> <div class="WordSection1"> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li style="line-height:10pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Introduction</span></span></b></li> </ol> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:33.1pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:156%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="line-height:156%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">L&rsquo;un des apports du <i>Cadre Europ&eacute;en Commun de R&eacute;f&eacute;rence pour les Langues</i> (d&eacute;sormais CECRL) r&eacute;side dans le fait qu&rsquo;il <i>&laquo;</i> d&eacute;finit les niveaux de comp&eacute;tence qui permettent de mesurer le progr&egrave;s de l&rsquo;apprenant &agrave; chaque &eacute;tape de l&rsquo;apprentissage et &agrave; tout moment de la vie &raquo; (Conseil de l&rsquo;Europe, 2001&nbsp;: 9). Les comp&eacute;tences y sont d&eacute;finies comme constituant </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:156%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&laquo;&nbsp;l&rsquo;ensemble des&nbsp; connaissances, des habilet&eacute;s et des dispositions qui permettent d&rsquo;agir &raquo;</span></span></span><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="line-height:156%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> (Conseil de l&rsquo;Europe, 2001&nbsp;: 15). Ces comp&eacute;tences que d&eacute;veloppent l&rsquo;apprenant en classe et l&rsquo;usager en soci&eacute;t&eacute; leur permettent d&rsquo;agir en diff&eacute;rents contextes et situations. C&rsquo;est ce que pose le concept de perspective actionnelle qui se fonde sur l&rsquo;approche par les t&acirc;ches. Effectivement, les comp&eacute;tences peuvent &ecirc;tre mobilis&eacute;es lors d&rsquo;activit&eacute;s au service d&rsquo;une t&acirc;che c&rsquo;est-&agrave;-dire </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:156%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&laquo;&nbsp;une vis&eacute;e actionnelle que l&rsquo;acteur se repr&eacute;sente comme devant parvenir &agrave; un r&eacute;sultat donn&eacute;</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:156%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">en fonction d&rsquo;un probl&egrave;me &agrave; r&eacute;soudre, d&rsquo;une obligation &agrave; remplir, d&rsquo;un but qu&rsquo;on s&rsquo;est fix&eacute; &raquo; (Conseil de l&rsquo;Europe, 2001&nbsp;: 16).</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:33.1pt">&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:2.5pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:147%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:147%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">En classe de langues, pour transformer les modes de penser, de parler et d&rsquo;agir des apprenants en modifiant leur rapport aux objets d&rsquo;enseignement, pour mettre en &oelig;uvre la perspective actionnelle, le professeur dispose d&rsquo;un ou de plusieurs &eacute;l&eacute;ments du dispositif didactique ainsi d&eacute;fini par Bernard Schneuwly :</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Ce dispositif peut prendre diverses formes : consigne et t&acirc;che d&eacute;volue &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;l&egrave;ve, le&ccedil;on magistrale, </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; d&eacute;marche ma&iuml;eutique et ainsi de suite, sont quelques-uns de ces moyens fondamentaux auxquels </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; l&rsquo;enseignant peut recourir. Dans ces moyens, on trouve &eacute;galement des exercices, des manuels, des </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;instruments pour visualiser et fixer des savoirs, un langage et des gestes particuliers, tout un </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; dispositif mat&eacute;riel et verbal dans la classe qui contribue &agrave; former un dispositif proprement didactique </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [&hellip;]&nbsp;&raquo; (2009&nbsp;: 135).</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Une t&acirc;che essentielle des enseignants est de rechercher, de fabriquer, de s&eacute;lectionner des ressources qu&rsquo;ils pr&eacute;sentent &agrave; leurs apprenants. Dans cette perspective, nous nous int&eacute;resserons &agrave; la question de la place et de l&rsquo;usage du manuel comme outil utilis&eacute; par les enseignants dans le dispositif didactique en classe de langues et, tout particuli&egrave;rement pour enseigner la production &eacute;crite. &nbsp;Notre propos s&rsquo;articulera en quatre temps. Tout d&rsquo;abord, nous pr&eacute;ciserons notre probl&eacute;matique et pr&eacute;senterons nos r&eacute;f&eacute;rents conceptuels. Nous d&eacute;velopperons ensuite l&rsquo;aspect empirique de notre travail - cet article r&eacute;sultant d&rsquo;une enqu&ecirc;te r&eacute;alis&eacute;e aupr&egrave;s d&rsquo;enseignants- dont nous d&eacute;taillerons les principes m&eacute;thodologiques avant d&rsquo;en pr&eacute;senter les principaux r&eacute;sultats. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif">&nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">2. </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Probl&eacute;matique</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">De nombreuses analyses de manuels de FLE<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[1]</span></span></span></span></a> ont &eacute;t&eacute; publi&eacute;es notamment dans le domaine de la didactique des langues et de la didactique du FLE&nbsp;dont, entre autres, les travaux suivants : Auger (2010, 2011)&nbsp;; Puren (2009)&nbsp;; Bento (2013, 2018, 2019)&nbsp;; XXXX (XX, XX)&nbsp;; Rosen-Reinhardt &amp; Hamez (2017)&nbsp;; Verdelhan-Bourgade (2002a, 2002b). De nombreuses recherches ont &eacute;t&eacute; effectu&eacute;es dans le domaine de l&rsquo;enseignement de l&rsquo;&eacute;crit en FLE (Hidden 2013&nbsp;; Bouchard &amp; Kadi 2012&nbsp;; Allouche &amp; Maurer 2011).</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Mais nous n&rsquo;avons pas de donn&eacute;es concernant l&rsquo;usage que font les enseignants des manuels de FLE, tout particuli&egrave;rement dans le domaine de la production &eacute;crite. Aussi cette recherche exploratoire s&rsquo;int&eacute;resse-t-elle aux discours que portent six enseignants sur leur gestion p&eacute;dagogique du manuel de FLE dans ce domaine sp&eacute;cifique, et &eacute;tudie par cons&eacute;quent, des pratiques d&eacute;clar&eacute;es. Notre intention est de produire des connaissances face &agrave; l&rsquo;insuffisance des connaissances sur le travail d&rsquo;adaptation et de transformation des manuels r&eacute;alis&eacute; par les enseignants de FLE, en particulier dans le domaine de la production &eacute;crite.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Notre int&eacute;r&ecirc;t pour l&rsquo;enseignement de la production &eacute;crite, en classe de fran&ccedil;ais langue &eacute;trang&egrave;re et seconde date de 2010. Nous avons &eacute;tudi&eacute; les pratiques d&rsquo;enseignement dans ce domaine au niveau secondaire (XXXX XX, XXXX XX, XXXX XX, XXXX&nbsp; XX, XXXX XX) et au niveau universitaire (XXXX&nbsp; XX, XXXX&nbsp; XX). </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Dans notre article, nous nous int&eacute;ressons particuli&egrave;rement aux discours d&rsquo;enseignants de Fran&ccedil;ais Langue Etrang&egrave;re (FLE), titulaires d&rsquo;un master et exer&ccedil;ant en France, dans un centre universitaire de FLE. En les questionnant lors d&rsquo;entretiens semi-dirig&eacute;s, nous tentons d&rsquo;apprendre comment ils d&eacute;clarent mettre en sc&egrave;ne les t&acirc;ches d&rsquo;&eacute;criture propos&eacute;es dans les manuels de FLE qu&rsquo;ils choisissent en &eacute;quipe &agrave; chaque semestre. Notre question de recherche est la suivante&nbsp;: comment les enseignants d&eacute;clarent-ils adapter et/ou transformer les t&acirc;ches de production &eacute;crite propos&eacute;es dans les manuels&nbsp;?</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">3. </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Cadre th&eacute;orique</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Pour &eacute;laborer notre cadre th&eacute;orique, nous avons eu recours &agrave; des recherches ancr&eacute;es </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">dans le domaine de la didactique du fran&ccedil;ais, de la didactique des langues et de la psychologie ergonomique.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">3.1.</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> Le manuel et les recherches en didactique</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Si, pour les didacticiens, le manuel est un &eacute;l&eacute;ment fondamental de ce que Bernard</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Schneuwly nomme &laquo;&nbsp;dispositif didactique&nbsp;&raquo; (2009), pour le sociologue Guy Rocher, le manuel est un miroir de la soci&eacute;t&eacute;, un verre correcteur pour ses utilisateurs, le centre d&rsquo;interventions individuelles ou collectives et d&rsquo;un r&eacute;seau de communication (2007).</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">D&rsquo;apr&egrave;s les didacticiens, c&rsquo;est aussi un facilitateur de biographisation des exp&eacute;riences linguistiques car il opte pour une explicitation syst&eacute;matique des savoir-faire acquis et des comp&eacute;tences construites (Semal-Lebleu, 2010). De plus, pour ce qui int&eacute;resse notre sujet, le manuel est une illustration de la transposition didactique (Bruillard, 2005).</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">En effet, dans l&rsquo;adaptation de la cha&icirc;ne de transposition didactique propos&eacute;e par Perrenoud (1998), le syst&egrave;me d&rsquo;enseignement est lui-m&ecirc;me repr&eacute;sent&eacute; par la classe de FLE, o&ugrave; le manuel se mat&eacute;rialise comme support d&rsquo;enseignement con&ccedil;u par des auteurs et mis en sc&egrave;ne par un professeur qui le transforme.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Depuis 2001, le CECRL joue pleinement son r&ocirc;le dans le processus de transposition didactique et dans l&rsquo;&eacute;laboration des manuels de FLE. D&rsquo;apr&egrave;s Cuq et Gruca (2017), il se pr&eacute;sente en effet comme un instrument de planification, qui fournit des rep&egrave;res, une base et un langage commun pour la description d&rsquo;objectifs et de m&eacute;thodes ainsi que pour l&rsquo;&eacute;valuation. Il permet donc d&rsquo;&eacute;laborer des curricula, des programmes de langues, des manuels p&eacute;dagogiques ainsi que des programmes de formation des enseignants.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Quant au Portfolio Europ&eacute;en des Langues (PEL), il est &agrave; l&rsquo;origine de l&rsquo;introduction de l&rsquo;auto-&eacute;valuation, de la r&eacute;flexion sur l&rsquo;apprentissage et l&rsquo;exp&eacute;rience interculturelle, de l&rsquo;id&eacute;e de dossier et par cons&eacute;quent, il influence &eacute;galement les concepteurs de manuels.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Pour d&rsquo;autres didacticiens des langues-cultures &eacute;trang&egrave;res, le manuel est&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">un outil d&rsquo;enseignement (Lebrun 2006&nbsp;; Piccardo &amp; Yaiche 2005&nbsp;; Black &amp; Dias, 2012)&nbsp;;</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">un mat&eacute;riel didactique (Piccardo &amp; Yaiche 2005&nbsp;; Verdelhan-Bourgade &amp; Auger, 2011)&nbsp;;</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">un outil de formation continue pour les enseignants, le seul dans certains pays (Bento 2015),</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">un objet et un espace de recherches (Verdelhan-Bourgade, 2002a&nbsp;; Cordier 2001).</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif">&nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Quelques rares &eacute;tudes portent sur l&rsquo;usage des manuels, en particulier sur l&rsquo;activit&eacute; transformatrice de l&rsquo;enseignant (Bento, 2015). Parmi les travaux &eacute;tudi&eacute;s, c&rsquo;est tout particuli&egrave;rement l&rsquo;&eacute;tude de Margaret Bento (2015) qui pr&eacute;sente la plus grande proximit&eacute; avec notre travail et dont les r&eacute;sultats indiquent que&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &hellip;</span></span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">l&rsquo;utilisation des manuels peut modifier l&rsquo;exp&eacute;rience et &eacute;ventuellement les repr&eacute;sentations des&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; enseignants et donc par extension avoir une influence sur leurs pratiques mais pas de mani&egrave;re aussi </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;syst&eacute;matique qu&rsquo;on aurait pu penser au premier abord. L&rsquo;enseignant a des repr&eacute;sentations, des finalit&eacute;s </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; mais aussi une exp&eacute;rience professionnelle qui le conduit &agrave; repenser, organiser et transformer les activit&eacute;s </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; propos&eacute;es dans les manuels ou tout simplement &agrave; ne pas les utiliser. (2015&nbsp;: 11).</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Le travail pr&eacute;sent&eacute; ici, se situe dans cette lign&eacute;e, actuellement peu d&eacute;velopp&eacute;e. Il s&rsquo;agit d&rsquo;&eacute;tudier de quelle mani&egrave;re les enseignants de notre &eacute;chantillon adaptent et transforment les manuels en nous focalisant sur le domaine de l&rsquo;enseignement de la production &eacute;crite.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">3.2.</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> Le manuel&nbsp;: un instrument </span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Pour mener ce travail de recherche, nous nous sommes appuy&eacute;e sur un cadre th&eacute;orique s&rsquo;attachant &agrave; l&rsquo;int&eacute;gration des artefacts (objets mat&eacute;riels ou symboliques) dans la structure de l&rsquo;activit&eacute; humaine.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Ce sont les travaux de Rabardel autour des &laquo;&nbsp;gen&egrave;ses instrumentales&nbsp;&raquo; qui nous ont paru adapt&eacute;s &agrave; notre approche. En nous appuyant sur le concept d&rsquo;&laquo;&nbsp;instrument subjectif&nbsp;&raquo; (Rabardel, 2005), nous avons &nbsp;pour projet d&rsquo;&eacute;tudier les &nbsp;gen&egrave;ses&nbsp; instrumentales&nbsp; d&eacute;clar&eacute;es par les enseignants, lors de la mise en &oelig;uvre d&rsquo;activit&eacute;s de production &eacute;crite impuls&eacute;es par les manuels. D&rsquo;apr&egrave;s la perspective th&eacute;orique de Rabardel, la gen&egrave;se instrumentale est le processus de transformation d&rsquo;un artefact en un instrument. Pour Rabardel, l&rsquo;instrument est &eacute;labor&eacute;, construit par un individu, compos&eacute; d&rsquo;un artefact et des sch&egrave;mes d&rsquo;utilisation qui lui sont associ&eacute;s&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&laquo;&nbsp;L&rsquo;entit&eacute; instrumentale, l&rsquo;instrument subjectif au sens th&eacute;orique, appara&icirc;t structurellement compos&eacute;e&nbsp;:</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">-d&rsquo;une part, d&rsquo;une composante artefact qui peut &ecirc;tre de nature technique et mat&eacute;rielle au sens classique, mais aussi de nature immat&eacute;rielle, comme le sont les logiciels, ou plus lointainement encore les concepts, les signes, les r&egrave;gles&nbsp;;</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- d&rsquo;autre part, d&rsquo;une composante sch&eacute;matique, que nous avons nomm&eacute;e &quot;sch&egrave;mes d&rsquo;utilisationʺ, et qui est form&eacute;e d&rsquo;invariants organisateurs de l&rsquo;activit&eacute; du sujet, dans les classes de situations et domaines d&rsquo;activit&eacute;s qui sont habituellement les siens (2005&nbsp;: 14)&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Rappelons que la gen&egrave;se instrumentale a deux facettes&nbsp;: l&rsquo;instrumentation (ajustement du sujet &agrave; l&rsquo;instrument par la cr&eacute;ation ou la transformation de sch&egrave;mes d&rsquo;action et de pens&eacute;e) et l&rsquo;instrumentalisation (ajustement de l&rsquo;artefact au sujet) (Rabardel &amp; Pastr&eacute;, 2005). C&rsquo;est tout particuli&egrave;rement l&rsquo;instrumentalisation qui va nous int&eacute;resser dans cette recherche, c&rsquo;est-&agrave;-dire la mani&egrave;re dont l&rsquo;usager (l&rsquo;enseignant) privil&eacute;gie certaines fonctions de l&rsquo;artefact, l&rsquo;adapte &agrave; ses besoins ou le transforme lors d&rsquo;une situation de catachr&egrave;se&nbsp;&laquo;&nbsp;o&ugrave; </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">l&rsquo;on se sert d&rsquo;un instrument en lui conf&eacute;rant un autre usage que celui auquel il est initialement destin&eacute;, ou encore lorsqu&rsquo;un appareillage sert en dehors des limites normales de son fonctionnement&nbsp;&raquo; Rabardel, 1995&nbsp;: 123). Le sujet, enseignant ou formateur, attribue une fonction &agrave; l&rsquo;artefact lors de l&rsquo;action en cours et en fonction de la situation. Il est alors possible que l&rsquo;artefact soit transform&eacute; dans sa structure pour que celui-ci s&rsquo;adapte &agrave; sa fonction. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Par ailleurs, comme le pr&eacute;cisent des recherches men&eacute;es en didactique du fran&ccedil;ais, le manuel peut s&rsquo;inscrire dans une multiplicit&eacute; de sch&egrave;mes d&rsquo;utilisation qui vont lui attribuer des significations et des fonctions diff&eacute;rentes (Goigoux, 2007). S&rsquo;inspirant des recherches de Leplat (1992), Goigoux montre que l&rsquo;activit&eacute; de l&rsquo;enseignant est multifinalis&eacute;e car dirig&eacute;e simultan&eacute;ment dans plusieurs directions dont il en distingue trois&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&laquo;&nbsp;<i>vers les &eacute;l&egrave;ves<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[2]</span></span></b></span></span></a></i>, consid&eacute;r&eacute;s individuellement (l&rsquo;enseignant vise &agrave; faciliter leurs apprentissages, dans diff&eacute;rents registres cognitifs et sociaux&nbsp;: instruire et &eacute;duquer) ou collectivement&nbsp;: l&rsquo;enseignant vise &agrave; faire vivre la classe en tant que groupe social qui entretient avec lui des rapports dont les r&egrave;gles ne sont ni totalement donn&eacute;es &agrave; l&rsquo;avance, ni d&eacute;finitivement &eacute;tablies&nbsp;&raquo; (2007&nbsp;: 51).</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span></span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&laquo;&nbsp;vers les autres acteurs de la sc&egrave;ne scolaire&nbsp;</span></span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">: l&rsquo;enseignant consacre une partie de ses ressources &agrave; rendre lisible et acceptable (voire &agrave; valoriser son action professionnelle &agrave; leurs yeux [&hellip;] les parents de ses &eacute;l&egrave;ves, sa hi&eacute;rarchie, les enseignants qui ont re&ccedil;u les &eacute;l&egrave;ves les ann&eacute;es pr&eacute;c&eacute;dentes et ceux qui les recevront ensuite, les autres enseignants qui agissent simultan&eacute;ment (dans d&rsquo;autres disciplines, dans des actions de soutien, dans l&rsquo;aide aux devoirs, etc.) les divers partenaires de la co-&eacute;ducation&nbsp;&raquo; (2007&nbsp;: 51).</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span></span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&laquo;&nbsp;vers l&rsquo;enseignant lui-m&ecirc;me&nbsp;</span></span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">: une part des choix de l&rsquo;enseignant d&eacute;pend donc des co&ucirc;ts et des b&eacute;n&eacute;fices qu&rsquo;il peut retirer personnellement de son activit&eacute; en fonction de ses propres buts qu&rsquo;il peut d&eacute;cliner en termes d&rsquo;objectifs p&eacute;dagogiques, de valeurs, de fiert&eacute; professionnelle, d&rsquo;estime de soi, de confort, de sant&eacute;, d&rsquo;int&eacute;gration &agrave; son milieu de travail, de reconnaissance sociale, de d&eacute;roulement de carri&egrave;re, etc.)&nbsp;&raquo; (2007&nbsp;: 51).</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">4. </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Cadre m&eacute;thodologique</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">4.1.</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> Contexte</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Les manuels sont, dans le centre universitaire o&ugrave; nous effectuons notre recherche, des &eacute;l&eacute;ments incontournables de l&rsquo;environnement de la classe de FLE du niveau A1 au niveau B1, niveaux pour lesquels au moins onze heures de cours hebdomadaires sur quinze s&rsquo;appuient sur leurs propositions<a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>. Pour questionner l&rsquo;usage des manuels, il est important de pr&eacute;ciser qu&rsquo;ils sont choisis chaque ann&eacute;e par l&rsquo;&eacute;quipe p&eacute;dagogique de chaque niveau. Ce sont donc des ressources mobilisables, auto-prescrites qui vont participer, par leurs progressions, &agrave; la structuration de l&rsquo;activit&eacute; d&rsquo;apprentissage des &eacute;tudiants et de l&lsquo;activit&eacute; d&rsquo;enseignement de nos informateurs. Au moment de la recherche, c&rsquo;est-&agrave;-dire en mars 2019, les trois manuels exploit&eacute;s &eacute;taient les suivants&nbsp;: <i>D&eacute;fi 1, Entre nous 2, Z&eacute;nith 3.</i> </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Tableau 1&nbsp;: manuels utilis&eacute;s</span></b></span></span></span></p> <table class="Table" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:57px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Niveau</span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:97px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Titre du manuel</span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:64px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Ann&eacute;e de </span></b></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">parution</span></b></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:188px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Auteurs</span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:160px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Maisons d&rsquo;&eacute;dition</span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:57px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">A1</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:97px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><i><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;D&eacute;fi 1</span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:64px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">2018</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:188px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Chahi, F., Denyer, M., Gloanec A. <i>et alii.</i></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:160px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&Eacute;ditions Maison des langues</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:57px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">A2</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:97px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><i><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;Entre nous 2</span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:64px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">2015</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:188px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Chahi, F., Hor, C., Malorey, C. <i>et alii</i></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:160px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&Eacute;ditions Maison des langues</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:57px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">B1</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:97px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;<i>Z&eacute;nith 3</i></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:64px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">2013</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:188px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;Barth&eacute;l&eacute;my, F., Sousa, S.,</span></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;Sp&eacute;randio, C.</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:160px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">CLE International</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p align="center" style="text-align:center">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Ces manuels s&rsquo;adressent &agrave; de jeunes adultes inscrits dans un cursus universitaire. Ce sont des manuels de FLE g&eacute;n&eacute;ralistes et universels, publi&eacute;s en France et destin&eacute;s &agrave; des publics du monde entier. Au plan m&eacute;thodologique, les auteurs de ces trois manuels se r&eacute;clament de la perspective actionnelle et de l&rsquo;approche par les t&acirc;ches.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Le manuel <i>D&eacute;fi 1 </i>propose des productions &eacute;crites &agrave; r&eacute;aliser dans le cahier d&rsquo;exercices et dans le livre, par l&rsquo;effectuation de huit t&acirc;ches finales situ&eacute;es &agrave; la fin des huit unit&eacute;s. Il en est de m&ecirc;me pour le manuel <i>Entre nous </i>pour le niveau A2, qui propose quant &agrave; lui, &agrave; la fin de chaque unit&eacute;, des mod&egrave;les d&rsquo;&eacute;criture appartenant &agrave; un genre de discours d&eacute;termin&eacute;. C&rsquo;est &eacute;galement en fin d&rsquo;unit&eacute; que le manuel <i>Z&eacute;nith</i> propose des t&acirc;ches d&rsquo;&eacute;criture sans proposer de textes-mod&egrave;les cependant.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Rappelons que les trois manuels utilis&eacute;s s&rsquo;appuient sur les descripteurs suivants, &eacute;tablis par le CECRL&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&laquo;&nbsp;A1&nbsp;: &eacute;crire des expressions et des phrases simples isol&eacute;es,</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp; A2&nbsp;: &eacute;crire une s&eacute;rie d&rsquo;expressions et de phrases simples reli&eacute;es par des connecteurs &nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp; simples,</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp; B1&nbsp;: &eacute;crire des textes articul&eacute;s simplement sur une gamme de sujets vari&eacute;s dans son &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp; domaine en liant une s&eacute;rie d&rsquo;&eacute;l&eacute;ments discrets en une s&eacute;quence lin&eacute;aire&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Dans les trois manuels, on constate un positionnement de la t&acirc;che de production &eacute;crite &agrave; la fin d&rsquo;une unit&eacute;, visant &agrave; &ecirc;tre accomplie syst&eacute;matiquement de mani&egrave;re collaborative et dont les consignes<a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[4]</span></span></span></span></a> ne font pas explicitement appel aux comp&eacute;tences lexicales et grammaticales construites au fil de l&rsquo;unit&eacute;.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">4.2.</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> Caract&eacute;ristiques des r&eacute;pondants</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Nous avons interrog&eacute; six enseignants tous volontaires pour participer aux entretiens, dipl&ocirc;m&eacute;s pour l&rsquo;enseignement du FLE et exp&eacute;riment&eacute;s. Comme le montre le tableau ci-apr&egrave;s, les enqu&ecirc;t&eacute;s sont tous qualifi&eacute;s et experts en enseignement du FLE puisqu&rsquo;ils attestent de plus de dix ans d&rsquo;exp&eacute;rience dans ce domaine. Ils ont r&eacute;alis&eacute; des &eacute;tudes universitaires en didactique du FLE et sont tous enseignants permanents (titulaires ou contractuels) dans le centre. Certains, d&rsquo;entre eux, professeurs certifi&eacute;s ont une exp&eacute;rience de l&rsquo;enseignement de la discipline Lettres ou Langue Vivante Etrang&egrave;re, dans l&rsquo;enseignement secondaire, avec un public d&rsquo;adolescents.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Voici une pr&eacute;sentation succincte des profils anonymis&eacute;s des six informateurs&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Tableau 2&nbsp;: donn&eacute;es socio-d&eacute;mographiques et socio-professionnelles concernant les informateurs</span></b></span></span></span></p> <table class="Table" style="margin-left:-9px; border-collapse:collapse; border:none"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;Enseignants</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:38px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Sexe</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:44px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&Acirc;ge</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:152px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&Eacute;tudes suivies</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:112px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Dur&eacute;e de l&rsquo;exp&eacute;rience</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">en FLE</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:152px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Lieux d&rsquo;exercice</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">E1</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:38px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">F</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:44px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">52</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:152px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;Capes de Lettres Modernes &ndash; Ma&icirc;trise de Lettres Modernes &ndash; M1 et M2 &ndash; Enseignement&nbsp; du FLE</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:112px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">10 ans</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:152px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;Centre social &ndash; Centre universitaire de FLE (DEFI)</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">E2</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:38px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">F</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:44px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">43</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:152px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Capes d&rsquo;espagnol &ndash; Ma&icirc;trise de FLE &ndash;DEA de didactique des langues-cultures</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:112px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">20 ans</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:152px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Alliances fran&ccedil;aises en Espagne &ndash; Centre universitaire de FLE (DEFI)</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">E3</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:38px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">F</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:44px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">59</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:152px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Capes d&rsquo;anglais &ndash; Ma&icirc;trise FLE</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:112px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">30 ans</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:152px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;Universit&eacute; aux &Eacute;tats-Unis (Centre Universitaire de FLE) &ndash; Centre universitaire de FLE (DEFI).</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">E4</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:38px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">F</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:44px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">57</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:152px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Ma&icirc;trise FLE</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:112px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">25 ans</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:152px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&Eacute;coles internationales &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;tranger &ndash; Alliances fran&ccedil;aises &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;tranger &ndash; Centre universitaire de FLE (DEFI)</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">E5</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:38px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">M</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:44px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">55</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:152px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Ma&icirc;trise FLE &ndash; DEA administration</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:112px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">30 ans</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:152px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;GRETA &ndash; Grandes &eacute;coles de commerce &ndash; Centre universitaire de FLE (DEFI).</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">E6</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:38px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">M</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:44px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">52</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:152px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Capes d&rsquo;allemand &ndash; M1 et M2 &ndash; Enseignement du FLE</span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:112px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">12 ans</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:152px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif">&nbsp; <span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Centre Universitaire de FLE (DEFI).</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Les enseignants se sont sp&eacute;cialis&eacute;s par niveau&nbsp;: E1 et E2 enseignent dans deux classes du niveau A1 &agrave; raison d&rsquo;au moins six heures par semaine pour chaque classe. E3 et E4 exercent dans deux classes de niveau A1 tandis qu&rsquo;E5 et E6 enseignent dans deux classes niveau B1.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Les &eacute;tudiants b&eacute;n&eacute;ficient de quinze heures de cours par semaine dispens&eacute;es par une &eacute;quipe de trois professeurs par classe, qui se succ&egrave;dent au fil de la semaine.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">4.3.</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> Consid&eacute;rations &eacute;thiques</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Les six enseignants interrog&eacute;s &eacute;taient volontaires et inform&eacute;s du but de la recherche&nbsp;: mieux comprendre l&rsquo;activit&eacute; des enseignants lorsqu&rsquo;ils transforment et adaptent les t&acirc;ches de production &eacute;crite propos&eacute;es par leurs manuels. Nous leur avons pr&eacute;cis&eacute; que les enregistrements &eacute;taient r&eacute;alis&eacute;s dans un but scientifique. Les propos dont nous rendons compte sont anonymes gr&acirc;ce au r&eacute;f&eacute;rencement des enseignants interrog&eacute;s par l&rsquo;initiale E et un num&eacute;ro&nbsp;: E1, E2&nbsp;; E3 &hellip; Leurs lieux exacts de formation n&rsquo;ont pas &eacute;t&eacute; mentionn&eacute;s dans la pr&eacute;sentation des profils par souci d&rsquo;anonymat. Les enseignants ont &eacute;t&eacute; inform&eacute;s de nos r&eacute;sultats de recherche.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">4.4.</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> Construction des donn&eacute;es</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Le recueil de donn&eacute;es pr&eacute;sent&eacute; ici consiste en trois manuels (<i>d&eacute;fi 1&nbsp;</i>; <i>Entre nous A2&nbsp;</i>; <i>Z&eacute;nith 3)</i></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">deux cahiers d&rsquo;exercices (<i>D&eacute;fi 1 </i>et <i>Z&eacute;nith 3</i>) et six transcriptions d&rsquo;entretiens men&eacute;s avec quatre enseignantes et deux enseignants.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Suivant une trame commune, les entretiens ont &eacute;t&eacute; men&eacute;s sous forme d&rsquo;entretiens semi-dirig&eacute;s, dans un bureau et sans la pr&eacute;sence d&rsquo;&eacute;l&egrave;ves ou de coll&egrave;gues. Nous nous sommes appuy&eacute;e sur le guide d&rsquo;entretien disponible en annexe (Cf. annexe n&deg;1) dont les questions s&rsquo;appuyaient, outre sur des questions portant sur le parcours des enseignants, sur cinq cat&eacute;gories th&eacute;matiques&nbsp;: </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">les usages du manuel de FLE pour l&rsquo;enseignement de la production &eacute;crite&nbsp;; la mise en &oelig;uvre des t&acirc;ches de production &eacute;crite propos&eacute;es par le manuel&nbsp;; la transformation des t&acirc;ches de production &eacute;crite propos&eacute;es par le manuel&nbsp;; la substitution des t&acirc;ches de production &eacute;crite du manuel par d&rsquo;autres t&acirc;ches&nbsp;; les t&acirc;ches d&rsquo;&eacute;criture num&eacute;rique propos&eacute;es par le manuel. </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Pendant les entretiens, nous avons demand&eacute; aux enseignants de bien pr&eacute;ciser les num&eacute;ros de pages des extraits de manuels auxquels ils se r&eacute;f&eacute;raient. Les consignes cadrant les t&acirc;ches de production &eacute;crite auxquelles se r&eacute;f&eacute;raient les enseignants ont &eacute;t&eacute; ensuite photocopi&eacute;es. Les questions &eacute;taient contextualis&eacute;es au niveau des classes de A1, A2 et B1 dans lesquelles les enseignants exer&ccedil;aient. Les six entretiens semi-directifs d&rsquo;une dur&eacute;e moyenne de vingt &agrave; quarante minutes ont &eacute;t&eacute; enregistr&eacute;s. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">4.5.</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> M&eacute;thode d&rsquo;analyse des donn&eacute;es</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;Apr&egrave;s les six s&eacute;ances d&rsquo;enregistrement, nous avons &eacute;cout&eacute; deux fois notre corpus, puis nous avons transcrit int&eacute;gralement fid&egrave;lement les verbatim ainsi que les actes de langage non verbaux (interruption, silence, rire, soupir, h&eacute;sitation) de la part des deux interlocuteurs&nbsp;: enseignant et chercheuse. Nous avons opt&eacute; pour une transcription litt&eacute;rale qui conserve toutes les formes syntaxiques et grammaticales du discours parl&eacute;, pour donner &agrave; notre analyse la possibilit&eacute; de prendre en compte les &eacute;l&eacute;ments modaux du discours. </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Num&eacute;rot&eacute;s de 1 &agrave; 6<a href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>, ces derniers ont &eacute;t&eacute; d&eacute;construits puis reconstruits en vue d&rsquo;une interpr&eacute;tation, suivant en cela les m&eacute;thodologies de l&rsquo;analyse qualitative (Paquay, Crahay et De Ketele, 2006) qui semblent les mieux adapt&eacute;es au corpus. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;Nous avons opt&eacute; pour une d&eacute;marche inductive de construction des cat&eacute;gories. Nous avons r&eacute;alis&eacute; six analyses de contenu th&eacute;matique (Blanchet-Gotman, 1992) qui se sont focalis&eacute;es sur cinq th&egrave;mes abord&eacute;s au cours des six entretiens. Nous avons ensuite compar&eacute; ces analyses. Dans un premier temps, nous avons list&eacute; les t&acirc;ches de production &eacute;crite auxquelles se r&eacute;f&eacute;raient les enseignants. Nous avons ensuite cherch&eacute; &agrave; comprendre les usages que les enseignants faisaient des consignes d&rsquo;&eacute;criture&nbsp;(suppression, adaptation, transformation) pr&eacute;sent&eacute;es dans le manuel pour tenter de reconstituer les gen&egrave;ses instrumentales. Nous avons identifi&eacute; douze dimensions que nous avons ensuite regroup&eacute;es en trois cat&eacute;gories inspir&eacute;es de travaux de Bento (2015) et de Goigoux (2007)&nbsp;: &nbsp;les activit&eacute;s de l&rsquo;enseignant tourn&eacute;es vers les apprenants&nbsp;; les activit&eacute;s de l&rsquo;enseignant tourn&eacute;es vers d&rsquo;autres acteurs du milieu professionnel&nbsp;; les activit&eacute;s de l&rsquo;enseignant tourn&eacute;es vers lui-m&ecirc;me.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">5. </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">R&eacute;sultats </span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">5.1. Les activit&eacute;s de l&rsquo;enseignant tourn&eacute;es vers les apprenants</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">D&rsquo;apr&egrave;s notre analyse, c&rsquo;est la premi&egrave;re cat&eacute;gorie &laquo;&nbsp;activit&eacute;s de l&rsquo;enseignant </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">tourn&eacute;es vers les apprenants&nbsp;&raquo; qui est la plus riche, pr&eacute;sentant sept dimensions.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Tout d&rsquo;abord, <b>la forme sociale du travail</b> peut &ecirc;tre transform&eacute;e en fonction des caract&eacute;ristiques plurilingues et pluriculturelles du groupe. Dans l&rsquo;exemple ci-apr&egrave;s, la consigne du manuel, r&eacute;alis&eacute; pour &ecirc;tre diffus&eacute; si possible hors de France, demande aux apprenants de pr&eacute;senter leur pays en petits groupes&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &laquo;&nbsp;D&Eacute;FI 01&nbsp;: R&Eacute;ALISER UN QUIZZ DE D&Eacute;COUVERTE D&rsquo;UN PAYS</span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Vous allez r&eacute;aliser un quizz pour faire d&eacute;couvrir votre pays ou un pays que vous&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; connaissez.</span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp; . En petits groupes, choisissez les aspects int&eacute;ressants ou &eacute;tonnants de votre pays ou </span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; d&rsquo;un autre. </span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp; . Choisissez des cat&eacute;gories pour rassembler vos id&eacute;es&nbsp;: g&eacute;ographie / culture /&nbsp; </span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; gastronomie / &hellip;</span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp; . R&eacute;digez des questions dans chaque cat&eacute;gorie, avec trois r&eacute;ponses possibles.</span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp; . &Eacute;changez vos questionnaires et r&eacute;pondez.</span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp; . V&eacute;rifiez vos r&eacute;ponses avec le groupe qui a cr&eacute;&eacute; le questionnaire&nbsp;&raquo; (</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Chahi F., Denyer, M., Gloanec, A. &nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; et alii., 2018&nbsp;: 39).</span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Pour l&rsquo;enseignante confront&eacute;e &agrave; un groupe de vingt &eacute;tudiants de quinze nationalit&eacute;s diff&eacute;rentes, cette t&acirc;che n&rsquo;est pas envisageable. Elle propose donc un travail &eacute;crit, individuel, &agrave; faire hors de la classe, avec une mise en commun ult&eacute;rieure. Elle introduit et valorise l&rsquo;usage du num&eacute;rique pour socialiser les productions avec un <i>padlet</i>, mur collaboratif&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; E3&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;Les id&eacute;es sont bonnes mais la mise en &oelig;uvre est parfois impossible car notre public est&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; International. C&rsquo;est une activit&eacute; plut&ocirc;t individuelle. On d&eacute;tourne&nbsp;: on leur demande de le faire chez eux&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &agrave; propos de leur propre pays et si possible de le mettre sur un padlet. Ils reviennent dans la classe avec </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; un quizz et on peut faire un &eacute;change culturel&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Toujours pour s&rsquo;ajuster au mieux au contexte d&rsquo;enseignement et d&rsquo;apprentissage, une autre enseignante change r&eacute;guli&egrave;rement la th&eacute;matique propos&eacute;e dans la consigne et donc la <b>dimension r&eacute;f&eacute;rentielle</b>, notamment pour ancrer les t&acirc;ches dans le contexte local ou r&eacute;gional&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; E1&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;si on demande dans le livre de pr&eacute;senter Toulouse, on va pr&eacute;senter Lille&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">C&rsquo;est aussi le travail sur <b>la mise en mots</b> qui est contraint par les enseignants. Pour les six enseignants du niveau A1 au niveau B1, la production &eacute;crite est per&ccedil;ue comme un moyen d&rsquo;&eacute;valuer pr&eacute;cis&eacute;ment les savoirs acquis et les comp&eacute;tences construites lors de l&rsquo;unit&eacute;. Par cons&eacute;quent, une enseignante d&eacute;clare ajouter syst&eacute;matiquement des contraintes grammaticales et lexicales.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">E1&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;Ils ont vu des expressions lexicales et on a vu l&rsquo;imp&eacute;ratif, alors en PE, je leur ai impos&eacute; d&rsquo;utiliser </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; l&rsquo;imp&eacute;ratif + je rajoutais des choses sinon c&rsquo;&eacute;tait incomplet + faire une production &eacute;crite avec tout&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ce qu&rsquo;on avait vu ensemble en grammaire et en lexique + donc voil&agrave; ce que je faisais&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Une enseignante s&rsquo;appuie aussi sur des textes propos&eacute;s par le manuel pour introduire des t&acirc;ches de production &eacute;crite. C&rsquo;est le cas au niveau A2 o&ugrave; le manuel <i>Entre nous 2 </i>expose les &eacute;tudiants &agrave; des textes-mod&egrave;les fabriqu&eacute;s &agrave; des fins didactiques mais n&rsquo;exploite pas l&rsquo;interaction lecture-&eacute;criture&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &laquo;&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">LA LOI FERRY&nbsp;: &Eacute;DUCATION LA&Iuml;QUE, OBLIGATOIRE ET GRATUITE</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Au XIX&egrave;me si&egrave;cle, beaucoup d&rsquo;enfants travaillaient dans les champs, dans les entreprises textiles, </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;dans les mines&hellip; et n&rsquo;allaient pas &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;cole. Les journ&eacute;es de travail duraient souvent plus de dix heures</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; et les salaires &eacute;taient tr&egrave;s bas. C&rsquo;est seulement en 1881 que la loi Ferry rend la scolarit&eacute; obligatoire et</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;gratuite de 6 &agrave; 13 ans. En principe, les enfants de moins de 13 ans ne doivent plus travailler. En 1936, </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; l&rsquo;&eacute;cole devient obligatoire jusqu&rsquo;&agrave; 14 ans et jusqu&rsquo;&agrave; 16 ans en 1958. Actuellement, la plupart des</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; enfants sont scolaris&eacute;s &agrave; partir de 3 ans.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &Agrave; votre tour, faites une chronologie avec certaines lois qui ont chang&eacute; la vie des gens dans votre pays </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; et pr&eacute;sentez-la &agrave; vos camarades&nbsp;&raquo; (</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Chahi, F., Hor C., Malorey, C. <i>et alii</i>., 2015&nbsp;: 62).</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Rappelons que c&rsquo;est l&rsquo;approche communicative qui a d&rsquo;abord tir&eacute; parti <b>des solidarit&eacute;s entre pratiques d&rsquo;&eacute;criture et pratiques de lecture</b>, notamment dans des manuels bien connus comme <i>Archipel 3 </i>(1988)<i> et Libre &Eacute;change 3 </i>(1993).<i> </i>L&rsquo;on consid&eacute;rait que la fr&eacute;quentation et l&rsquo;imitation de mod&egrave;les contextualis&eacute;s permettait &agrave; l&rsquo;apprenant d&rsquo;&eacute;viter de calquer, en les traduisant, les mod&egrave;les linguistiques de sa langue maternelle (XXXX, XX).</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Dans le cas pr&eacute;sent&eacute;, l&rsquo;enseignante E2 demande la production d&rsquo;un texte et non pas d&rsquo;une chronologie. Elle transforme la consigne d&rsquo;origine en mobilisant des sch&egrave;mes pr&eacute;existants dans la seconde g&eacute;n&eacute;ration des m&eacute;thodes relevant de l&rsquo;approche communicative en s&eacute;lectionnant un texte-mod&egrave;le et en explicitant ses caract&eacute;ristiques formelles au plan linguistique&nbsp;: </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">E2&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;Je trouvais que la structure du texte &eacute;tait int&eacute;ressante par rapport &agrave; l&rsquo;utilisation de l&rsquo;imparfait et </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; du pr&eacute;sent + tu vois + donc en fait c&rsquo;est parler d&rsquo;une loi importante + ce qui a chang&eacute; quelque chose </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; dans son pays + donc l&agrave; en France en l&rsquo;occurrence et puis j&rsquo;avais choisi ce texte qui me paraissait </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; vraiment repr&eacute;sentatif + je fonctionne pas mal comme &ccedil;a par observation d&rsquo;un mod&egrave;le en fait + et puis </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ensuite observer la structure du texte + histoire de reprendre la structure un peu comme un canevas + et &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; puis apr&egrave;s qu&rsquo;ils le fassent eux de leur c&ocirc;t&eacute;&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Au niveau B1, un enseignant reprend &eacute;galement une technique ant&eacute;rieure utilis&eacute;e dans les manuels de l&rsquo;approche communicative&nbsp;: celle du <b>canevas</b> pour fournir un plan. Le manuel propose la consigne suivante, pr&eacute;c&eacute;dant deux affiches publicitaires :</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &laquo;&nbsp;Je veux vivre dans cette ville&nbsp;! D&eacute;crivez ces deux affiches publicitaires. Quel est leur but&nbsp;? Utilisez&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &quot;pourʺ ou &quot;afin deʺ&nbsp;+ l&rsquo;infinitif&nbsp;&raquo; (Barth&eacute;l&eacute;my F., Sousa S., Sperandio C., 2013&nbsp;: 21).</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Pour l&rsquo;enseignant (E6)&nbsp;: </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &laquo;&nbsp;tout ce qui est m&eacute;thodologique + c&rsquo;est &agrave; nous de leur pr&eacute;parer quelque chose + on &nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ne va pas les lancer directement dans l&rsquo;&eacute;criture + &ccedil;a va &ecirc;tre du n&rsquo;importe quoi + </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; j&rsquo;ajoute plusieurs consignes et je demande une &eacute;criture &eacute;tapes par &eacute;tapes + pour la &nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; description d&rsquo;une image + ils doivent &eacute;crire paragraphe par paragraphe + un premier </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; paragraphe g&eacute;n&eacute;ral puis un deuxi&egrave;me + distinguer le premier plan de l&rsquo;arri&egrave;re-plan + </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; c&rsquo;est moi qui le leur demande&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">La transformation de la consigne peut aussi entra&icirc;ner <b>le changement du type de production demand&eacute;e </b>pour obtenir un texte avec une base s&eacute;mantique riche et non pas des phrases isol&eacute;es. Le manuel <i>D&eacute;fi A1</i> propose un sch&eacute;ma d&rsquo;arbre g&eacute;n&eacute;alogique illustr&eacute; de pr&eacute;noms. La consigne pr&eacute;sent&eacute;e dans le manuel est la suivante&nbsp;: </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&laquo;&nbsp;L&rsquo;enseignant/e dit le nom d&rsquo;une personne de l&rsquo;arbre g&eacute;n&eacute;alogique. En petits groupes, &eacute;crivez tous&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; les liens de famille de cette personne. L&rsquo;&eacute;quipe qui trouve le plus de liens gagne&nbsp;&raquo; (</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Chahi F., &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Denyer, M., Gloanec, A. <i>et alii.,</i> 2018&nbsp;: 51).</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Elle est modifi&eacute;e par l&rsquo;enseignante (E4) qui d&eacute;veloppe ainsi son activit&eacute; de transformation&nbsp;: </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">E4&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;La consigne change. Par exemple, page 51, on leur a demand&eacute; de choisir une personne de </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; leur arbre et de la pr&eacute;senter. Ce qui a permis de reprendre des comp&eacute;tences acquises &ndash; ce qui n&rsquo;est </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; pas le cas dans le manuel &ndash; dans les unit&eacute;s pr&eacute;c&eacute;dentes + on r&eacute;active + alors c&rsquo;est&nbsp;+ il est + les </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; adjectifs de caract&egrave;re + les noms de profession&nbsp;+ ce que dans la production de l&rsquo;arbre g&eacute;n&eacute;alogique</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; on ne te demandait pas&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Enfin, dans le dernier exemple d&rsquo;activit&eacute; enseignante dirig&eacute;e vers les apprenants, la m&ecirc;me enseignante (E4) transforme la consigne et change <b>le genre</b> demand&eacute;. Voici la consigne initiale&nbsp;: &nbsp;</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&laquo;&nbsp;Vous aussi vous avez des projets pour ce week-end. Vous &eacute;crivez un e-mail &agrave; votre meilleur/e </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ami/e pour lui parler de ce que vous allez faire (sorties, activit&eacute;s, visites, d&icirc;ner&hellip;) (Chahi F., </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Denyer, M., Gloanec, A. <i>et alii.,</i> 2018).</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">transform&eacute;e ainsi par l&rsquo;enseignante&nbsp;: </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;E4&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;il faut changer la consigne et leur demander d&rsquo;inviter + de proposer + d&rsquo;indiquer un </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; itin&eacute;raire + donc tu leur dis de dire ce qu&rsquo;ils ont l&rsquo;intention de faire, de proposer &agrave; cette personne&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; de les accompagner + et &eacute;ventuellement leur demander de donner un lieu de rendez-vous + donc </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; du coup tu vas mobiliser plein de choses qu&rsquo;ils savent faire + tu arrives &agrave; une production plus </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; compl&egrave;te + naturelle&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">La consigne n&rsquo;induit plus l&rsquo;&eacute;criture d&rsquo;un r&eacute;cit mais celle d&rsquo;une invitation, de l&rsquo;&eacute;nonc&eacute; d&rsquo;un itin&eacute;raire et d&rsquo;un programme, autant de savoir-faire communicatifs calqu&eacute;s sur ceux de la vie courante organis&eacute;s autour de la notion d&rsquo;&laquo;&nbsp;actes de parole&nbsp;&raquo; comme dans les manuels de l&rsquo;approche communicative des ann&eacute;es 1980 (Billi&egrave;res, 2015).</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Pour terminer, il est &agrave; noter que quatre enseignants sur six (exer&ccedil;ant aux niveaux A1 et A2) valorisent l&rsquo;utilisation du num&eacute;rique, en l&rsquo;occurrence du mur collaboratif<i> padlet</i> ou de la plate-forme <i>Edmodo </i>pour afficher la consigne (E3), socialiser les productions et permettre des am&eacute;liorations collectives ou individuelles (E1, E2) et d&eacute;velopper des textes (E3)&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">E1&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;Sur Edmodo tu as un traitement de texte +&nbsp; ce que je fais c&rsquo;est que je ne corrige pas les fautes + </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;je surligne avec une autre couleur + hop hop hop + je dis &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;tudiant si tu as le temps tu r&eacute;fl&eacute;chis tu&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; corriges et tu me le renvoies + donc il y en a qui jouent le jeu + ils le font deux ou trois fois + </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; d&rsquo;autres pas mais je trouvais que c&rsquo;&eacute;tait une fa&ccedil;on efficace de travailler la production &eacute;crite&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; E2&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;Si j&rsquo;ai des textes sur padlet + il m&rsquo;arrive de les rediffuser et c&rsquo;est un pr&eacute;texte pour expliquer</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; quelque chose + quand je vois une erreur r&eacute;currente+ &ccedil;a je le fais assez souvent&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; E3&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;J&rsquo;explique bien la consigne + je pr&eacute;cise bien oui + quitte &agrave; la mettre au tableau + nous comme </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; on a la version num&eacute;rique + on projette + on surligne + je n&rsquo;ai pas besoin d&rsquo;&eacute;crire + on projette et on </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; voit&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; E4&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;on leur a demand&eacute; de poster leurs productions sur padlet parce que l&agrave; du coup sur padlet tu </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; peux plus difficilement poster juste un arbre &ccedil;a demande tout &agrave; coup &agrave; &eacute;crire quelque chose + le </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; padlet &ccedil;a a permis du coup d&rsquo;adapter le travail pour avoir quelque chose de plus construit et de plus </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; dense&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&Agrave; l&rsquo;inverse, certains enseignants ne transforment pas ou n&rsquo;adaptent pas les t&acirc;ches d&rsquo;&eacute;criture propos&eacute;es par les manuels, en raison de contraintes institutionnelles. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <b>5.2. Les activit&eacute;s de l&rsquo;enseignant tourn&eacute;es vers d&rsquo;autres acteurs du milieu </b></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; professionnel</span></span></b></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Certains enseignants ne peuvent transformer ou adapter les t&acirc;ches de production &eacute;crite impuls&eacute;es par le manuel car ils n&rsquo;en proposent pas&nbsp;: en effet, ils travaillent en trin&ocirc;mes, suivent la progression du manuel, se la partagent et certains d&rsquo;entre eux n&rsquo;ont pas &agrave; proposer du moins r&eacute;guli&egrave;rement, des t&acirc;ches de production &eacute;crite qui ne figurent pas dans les pages qui leur sont attribu&eacute;es. Ils doivent en effet adapter leur activit&eacute; &agrave; celle des autres acteurs du milieu professionnel.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; E1&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;il y a un autre souci aussi + le groupe 2 je ne l&rsquo;ai pas r&eacute;guli&egrave;rement + le groupe 2 je les vois lundi </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; mardi apr&egrave;s c&rsquo;est la coll&egrave;gue qui les prend et apr&egrave;s c&rsquo;est l&rsquo;autre coll&egrave;gue + donc m&ecirc;me si on veut faire </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; un travail plus &eacute;labor&eacute; en groupe en production &eacute;crite je serai oblig&eacute;e de ben + je le faisais le lundi ou le </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; mardi si je pouvais le finir pendant mes heures de cours + ou alors je faisais carr&eacute;ment autre chose&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; E4&nbsp;: &laquo;je ne peux pas faire de production &eacute;crite avec le groupe que je n&rsquo;ai que trois heures + comme on </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; se suit dans la m&eacute;thode + il y a des moments o&ugrave; j&rsquo;arrive dans la semaine + en l&rsquo;occurrence c&rsquo;&eacute;tait le </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; vendredi matin + o&ugrave; l&rsquo;exercice de production &eacute;crite de la m&eacute;thode avait &eacute;t&eacute; fait par les coll&egrave;gues + dans </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; la double page que j&rsquo;&eacute;tais amen&eacute;e &agrave; faire + il n&rsquo;y avait que du lexique de la grammaire + interaction </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; orale production orale + il n&rsquo;y a pas v&eacute;ritablement de place pour faire de la production &eacute;crite + &ccedil;a aurait </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; pu faire l&rsquo;objet de la suite de mon travail + mais c&rsquo;est la coll&egrave;gue du lundi qui la prenait&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Deux autres enseignantes d&eacute;clarent pr&eacute;ciser les consignes en indiquant le nombre de mots &agrave; &eacute;crire pour pr&eacute;parer les &eacute;tudiants &agrave; l&rsquo;examen.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif">&nbsp; </span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">E1&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;il n&rsquo;y a pas le nombre de mots dans les consignes + oui &ccedil;a me g&ecirc;ne aussi + comme on sait qu&rsquo;&agrave;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; l&rsquo;examen c&rsquo;est 150 mots et la question ils la poseront toujours + quand on donne un sujet + tout de </span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; suite madame&nbsp;! on met combien de mots&nbsp;?&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; E2&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;&hellip;dans les consignes ouvertes comme &ccedil;a je mets rarement le nombre de mots sauf si on</span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; approche de l&rsquo;examen et qu&rsquo;il faut qu&rsquo;ils aient un cadre</span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Le DEFI organise en effet ses examens en fonction de maquettes communes &agrave; une quarantaine de centres universitaires membres de l&rsquo;ADCUEFE<a href="#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>-Campus FLE qui fixent, entre autres, le nombre de mots attendu pour chaque production &eacute;crite.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Le choix du sujet d&rsquo;&eacute;criture ainsi que les conditions de production sont aussi contraints par des motifs relevant d&rsquo;obligations institutionnelles&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">la dur&eacute;e de r&eacute;alisation de la t&acirc;che&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">E4&nbsp;: &laquo; quelquefois en accord avec les autres coll&egrave;gues on a fait ces choses-l&agrave; en classe avec le &nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; format trente minutes + format examen + &ccedil;a on l&rsquo;a fait un petit peu pour qu&rsquo;il s&rsquo;habituent &agrave; ce &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; format &nbsp;l&agrave; + ils &eacute;crivent seuls&nbsp;&raquo;.&nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">l&rsquo;absence de documents d&rsquo;appui lors de l&rsquo;examen&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; E6&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;Chez eux, je leur demande d&rsquo;&eacute;crire une premi&egrave;re fois sans outils dans les conditions de </span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; l&rsquo;examen et la deuxi&egrave;me fois avec toutes les aides + outils et copain fran&ccedil;ais</span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">le sujet&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;E5&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;je trouvais &ccedil;a tr&egrave;s adapt&eacute; au deuxi&egrave;me sujet + &agrave; ce qu&rsquo;on demande &agrave; l&rsquo;examen + &agrave; partir de&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; l&agrave;&nbsp; ils doivent pr&eacute;senter le texte mais ici il manque la source&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; E6&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;en B1 je crois qu&rsquo;on recentre quand m&ecirc;me toujours la production &eacute;crite en fonction de ce </span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; qu&rsquo;on leur demande &agrave; l&rsquo;examen&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; E3&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">si je m&rsquo;en tiens &agrave; &ccedil;a je les pr&eacute;pare pas bien &agrave; l&rsquo;examen hein + tu vois ce que&nbsp; </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;je veux dire&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">C&rsquo;est ainsi qu&rsquo;au niveau B1, les consignes propos&eacute;es par le manuel sont parfois tout &agrave; fait rejet&eacute;es par le professeur, faute de correspondance avec celles des sujets d&rsquo;examen&nbsp;: </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;E5&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;on travaillait quand m&ecirc;me sur plut&ocirc;t des consignes proches de celles qu&rsquo;on donnait &agrave; l&rsquo;examen&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Et je dois avouer que j&rsquo;ai pas beaucoup travaill&eacute; avec ces petites consignes du livre Z&eacute;nith + j&rsquo;ai pas </span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; beaucoup utilis&eacute;&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">5.3. Les activit&eacute;s de l&rsquo;enseignant tourn&eacute;es vers lui-m&ecirc;me</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">L&rsquo;activit&eacute; de l&rsquo;enseignant peut &ecirc;tre aussi orient&eacute;e vers lui-m&ecirc;me. Cependant l&rsquo;analyse de notre corpus montre que les pr&eacute;occupations des enseignants interrog&eacute;s se tournent assez rarement vers eux-m&ecirc;mes. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">L&rsquo;activit&eacute; de transformation correspond &agrave; un besoin de structurer soi-m&ecirc;me les cours. Ce n&rsquo;est pas le manuel qui va organiser la progression mais le professeur qui va en prendre l&rsquo;initiative&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">E3&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;il y a un fil conducteur + une progression + m&eacute;thodologique + la mienne + je prends ce qui &nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;m&rsquo;arrange et je d&eacute;tourne ce qu&rsquo;il faut + plus &ccedil;a va plus je prends de libert&eacute;&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Les sujets et les consignes des t&acirc;ches de production &eacute;crite d&eacute;pendent parfois des go&ucirc;ts personnels de l&rsquo;enseignant qui ne donne pas &agrave; r&eacute;aliser la t&acirc;che d&rsquo;&eacute;criture propos&eacute;e. Il ins&egrave;re parfois dans une unit&eacute; du manuel un sujet qu&rsquo;il cr&eacute;e, qui lui pla&icirc;t et qui correspond &agrave; ses pr&eacute;f&eacute;rences personnelles en mati&egrave;re de production &eacute;crite.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; E6&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;on choisit aussi les productions &eacute;crites et moi &ccedil;a c&rsquo;est un peu mon dada + moi j&rsquo;aime beaucoup &nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &eacute;crire au pass&eacute; + l&rsquo;alternance &ccedil;a m&rsquo;int&eacute;resse beaucoup et du coup dans chaque unit&eacute; + je le fais moi-</span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; m&ecirc;me en fait + si c&rsquo;est une unit&eacute; sur la ville + imaginez une exp&eacute;rience pass&eacute;e&nbsp;&raquo;. </span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif">&nbsp;</span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Les t&acirc;ches peuvent &ecirc;tre aussi transform&eacute;es lorsque l&rsquo;enseignant souhaite am&eacute;liorer le climat relationnel du groupe-classe. L&rsquo;activit&eacute; de transformation est alors orient&eacute;e vers les propres valeurs de l&rsquo;enseignant. C&rsquo;est le cas dans l&rsquo;exemple suivant o&ugrave; la plate-forme permet une communication individualis&eacute;e et confiante entre l&rsquo;apprenant et l&rsquo;enseignant lors de l&rsquo;effectuation de t&acirc;ches d&rsquo;&eacute;criture&nbsp;: </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; E1&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;Edmodo c&rsquo;est une plate-forme alors c&rsquo;&eacute;tait beaucoup plus facile et j&rsquo;ai appris beaucoup plus de &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; choses comme &ccedil;a + ceux qui n&rsquo;osaient pas en classe + et j&rsquo;ai remarqu&eacute; que dans nos relations &ccedil;a avait &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; chang&eacute; + ils avaient plus confiance parce que je continuais &agrave; travailler avec eux &agrave; distance + alors &ccedil;a &ccedil;a </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; me plaisait + c&rsquo;est du boulot c&rsquo;est du travail quand tu fais &ccedil;a + mais je trouvais que c&rsquo;&eacute;tait une bonne </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; fa&ccedil;on de travailler et qu&rsquo;ils progressaient bien + voil&agrave; ce que je fais&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Mais les propres valeurs et les propres objectifs p&eacute;dagogiques de l&rsquo;enseignant peuvent conduire &agrave; la suppression radicale de t&acirc;ches propos&eacute;es par le manuel qui, en formulant des exigences techniques, ne facilite pas l&rsquo;effectuation de la t&acirc;che, selon une enseignante&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p class="CxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify"><span style="tab-stops:54.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; E4&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;dans les t&acirc;ches ils demandent euh tu vois de r&eacute;aliser des t&acirc;ches o&ugrave; tu sens qu&rsquo;il faut quand m&ecirc;me &nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></p> <p class="CxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify"><span style="tab-stops:54.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; du mat&eacute;riel c&rsquo;est-&agrave;-dire il faut un ordinateur il faut une connexion internet + il faut une imprimante + </span></span></p> <p class="CxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify"><span style="tab-stops:54.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; donc quand tu vois des d&eacute;fis o&ugrave; il faut filmer et presque faire du montage video non moi je ne me lance </span></span></p> <p class="CxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify"><span style="tab-stops:54.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; pas l&agrave; dedans parce que j&rsquo;ai pas envie moi de mettre l&rsquo;&eacute;tudiant en difficult&eacute; technique c&rsquo;est pas </span></span></p> <p class="CxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify"><span style="tab-stops:54.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; l&rsquo;objectif + l&rsquo;id&eacute;e c&rsquo;est qu&rsquo;il produise quelque chose&nbsp;&raquo;. </span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">5. </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Conclusion</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Nous terminerons notre contribution par trois remarques&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Premi&egrave;rement, l&rsquo;analyse de notre corpus montre que les t&acirc;ches d&rsquo;&eacute;criture propos&eacute;es dans les manuels de FLE, instruments didactiques, m&eacute;diatisent fortement l&rsquo;activit&eacute; des enseignants de FLE.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Deuxi&egrave;mement, nous avons montr&eacute; que les sch&egrave;mes d&rsquo;utilisation du manuel r&eacute;sultaient de constructions personnelles et de l&rsquo;appropriation de sch&egrave;mes pr&eacute;existants. Ces derniers ont une dimension priv&eacute;e puisqu&rsquo;ils sont propres &agrave; chaque enseignant et s&rsquo;inscrivent dans la m&eacute;moire des sujets en tant que ressources mobilisables. Mais ils ont aussi une dimension sociale puisqu&rsquo;ils sont inscrits dans la m&eacute;moire d&rsquo;un collectif professionnel, celui des enseignants de FLE, qui puise ses ressources, entre autres domaines, dans des m&eacute;thodologies ant&eacute;rieures, en l&rsquo;occurrence, celle de l&rsquo;approche communicative qui proposait aux apprenants d&rsquo;&eacute;crire &agrave; l&rsquo;aide d&rsquo;un canevas. Ces sch&egrave;mes sont issus de la longue histoire des m&eacute;thodologies d&rsquo;enseignement des langues. L&rsquo;analyse de notre corpus, compos&eacute; d&rsquo;entretiens semi-directifs men&eacute;s avec six enseignants exp&eacute;riment&eacute;s, attestant de 10 &agrave; 30 ans d&rsquo;enseignement du FLE, en t&eacute;moigne. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Par ailleurs, pour conclure, notre &eacute;tude confirme un des r&eacute;sultats de l&rsquo;&eacute;tude de Margaret Bento (2015)&nbsp;: les manuels n&rsquo;ont pas autant d&rsquo;influence sur les pratiques enseignantes que le croient les concepteurs. Les t&acirc;ches propos&eacute;es par le manuel peuvent &ecirc;tre transform&eacute;es, adapt&eacute;es, </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">recompos&eacute;es ou tout simplement&nbsp; dispara&icirc;tre.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div style="page-break-after: always"><span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="WordSection2"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><a name="page6"></a><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Bibliographie</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Allouche, V. et Maurer, B. (2011). <i>L&rsquo;&eacute;crit en FLE. Travail du style et ma&icirc;trise de la langue. </i>Presses universitaires de la M&eacute;diterran&eacute;e.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:90%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:90%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Auger, N. (2010). &laquo;&nbsp;Le st&eacute;r&eacute;otype en classe et dans les manuels (un outil de r&eacute;flexion pour la didactique)&nbsp;&raquo;. <i>Le Langage et l&rsquo;homme</i>, XXXXV, n&deg;2, pp. 77-84.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:95%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:95%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Auger, N. (2011). &laquo;&nbsp;Les manuels&nbsp;&raquo;. Dans<i> </i>Blanchet, P. &amp; Chardenet, P. (&eacute;d.). <i>Guide pour la recherche en didactique des langues et des cultures : approches contextualis&eacute;es</i>. Paris&nbsp;: &Eacute;d. des Archives contemporaines (Collection de l&rsquo;Agence universitaire de la francophonie. Manuels, ISSN 1955-4060), pp. 313-316.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:97%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:97%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Bento, M. (2013). &laquo;&nbsp;La perspective actionnelle dans les manuels de langue au coll&egrave;ge&nbsp;&raquo;. <i>Recherches en didactiques</i>, vol. 15, n&deg;1, pp. 61-89.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:103%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:103%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Bento, M. 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(2019). &laquo;&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">L&rsquo;enseignement de la grammaire dans les manuels d&rsquo;anglais langue vivante au coll&egrave;ge en France&nbsp;&raquo;. <i>Les Langues Modernes, </i>3, pp. 71-83.</span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:17.2pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Billi&egrave;res, M. (2015). Actes de langage et enseignement du FLE. Blog &laquo;&nbsp;Au son du FLE&nbsp;&raquo;. 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Un mod&egrave;le d&rsquo;analyse de l&rsquo;activit&eacute; des enseignants. <i>&Eacute;ducation et didactique</i>, vol. 1, n&deg;3, pp. 47-69.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:94%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif">&nbsp;<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:94%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">XXXX</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:94%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif">&nbsp;<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:94%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">XXXX</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:94%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif">&nbsp;<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:94%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">XXXX</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:106%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif">&nbsp;<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:106%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">XXXX</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif">&nbsp;<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">XXXX</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif">&nbsp;<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">XXXX</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif">&nbsp;<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">XXXX</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Hidden, M.-O. 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Dialectiques activit&eacute; d&eacute;veloppement. </i>Toulouse&nbsp;: Octar&egrave;s. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Rocher, G. (2007). Le manuel scolaire et les mutations sociales. Dans Lebrun, M. 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Les manuels et supports p&eacute;dagogiques : cat&eacute;gorisations. <i>In</i> Blanchet, P. &amp; Chardenet, P. (dir.). <i>Guide pour la recherche en didactique</i> <i>des langues et des cultures. Approches contextualis&eacute;es</i>. Paris : Archives contemporaines, pp. 307-312.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:106%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:106%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Zakartchouk, J.-M. (1987). <i>Lecture d&rsquo;&eacute;nonc&eacute;s et de consignes. </i>CRAP et CRDP d&rsquo;Amiens.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:106%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif">&nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif">&nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Manuels &eacute;tudi&eacute;s</span></span></b></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:103%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:103%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Chahi, F., Hor C., Malorey, C. <i>et alii</i>. (2015). <i>Entre nous 2,</i> M&eacute;thode de fran&ccedil;ais, livre de l&rsquo;&eacute;l&egrave;ve, cahier d&rsquo;activit&eacute;s, CD, &Eacute;ditions maison des langues.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:103%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:103%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Chahi F., Denyer, M., Gloanec, A. et alii. (2018). <i>Defi 1</i>, m&eacute;thode de fran&ccedil;ais, livre de l&rsquo;&eacute;l&egrave;ve + CD, &Eacute;ditions maison des langues.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:3pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:103%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:103%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Chahi F., Denyer, M., Gloanec, A. et alii. (2018). <i>Defi 1</i>, cahier d&rsquo;exercices, &Eacute;ditions maison des langues.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Barth&eacute;l&eacute;my F., Sousa S., Sperandio C. (2013). <i>Z&eacute;nith 3</i>, m&eacute;thode de fran&ccedil;ais, CLE International.</span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Barth&eacute;l&eacute;my F., Sousa S., Sperandio C. (2013). <i>Z&eacute;nith 3</i>, cahier d&rsquo;activit&eacute;s, CLE International.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Annexe 1&nbsp;: Guide d&rsquo;entretien des enseignants</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li style="line-height:105%; font-size:10pt; font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Enseignement du FLE</span></span></span></b></li> </ol> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">1.1.</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Depuis combien de temps enseignes-tu le FLE&nbsp;?</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">1.2.</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Quelle est ta formation en FLE&nbsp;?</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">1.3.</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Dans quel &eacute;tablissement as-tu enseign&eacute; le FLE&nbsp;?</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <ol start="2" type="1"> <li style="line-height:105%; font-size:10pt; font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Usages du manuel de FLE pour l&rsquo;enseignement de la production &eacute;crite</span></span></span></b></li> </ol> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">1.1.</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Combien d&rsquo;heures par semaine utilises-tu le manuel&nbsp;?</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">1.2.</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">O&ugrave; sont situ&eacute;es les t&acirc;ches de production &eacute;crite dans le manuel&nbsp;?</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">1.3.</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Que penses-tu des t&acirc;ches finales propos&eacute;es par le manuel&nbsp;?</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">1.4.</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Quel penses-tu de l&rsquo;articulation des t&acirc;ches de production &eacute;crite avec les autres&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; activit&eacute;s&nbsp;?</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <ol start="3" type="1"> <li style="line-height:105%; font-size:10pt; font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Mise en &oelig;uvre des t&acirc;ches de production &eacute;crite propos&eacute;es par le manuel</span></span></span></b></li> </ol> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">3.1.</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Quelle est la place de la production &eacute;crite dans l&rsquo;unit&eacute;&nbsp;?</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">3.2.</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Mets-tu syst&eacute;matiquement en &oelig;uvre les t&acirc;ches de production &eacute;crite propos&eacute;es </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; par le manuel&nbsp;? Pour quelle raison&nbsp;?</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">3.3.</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Les &eacute;tudiants &eacute;crivent-ils en groupe ou seuls&nbsp;?</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">3.4.</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Des activit&eacute;s d&rsquo;am&eacute;lioration des productions sont-elles propos&eacute;es aux &eacute;tudiants </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; dans le manuel&nbsp;? En proposes-tu&nbsp;?</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <ol start="4" type="1"> <li style="line-height:105%; font-size:10pt; font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Transformation des t&acirc;ches de production &eacute;crite propos&eacute;es par le manuel</span></span></span></b></li> </ol> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">4.1.</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Comment transformes-tu les t&acirc;ches d&rsquo;&eacute;criture&nbsp;?</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">4.2.</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Pour quelle raison transformes-tu les t&acirc;ches d&rsquo;&eacute;criture&nbsp;? </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">4.3.</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Proposes-tu aux &eacute;tudiants d&rsquo;autres supports que le manuel lors des t&acirc;ches&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; d&rsquo;&eacute;criture&nbsp;? </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <ol start="5" type="1"> <li style="line-height:105%; font-size:10pt; font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Substitution des t&acirc;ches de production &eacute;crite du manuel par d&rsquo;autres t&acirc;ches</span></span></span></b></li> </ol> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">5.1.</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Proposes-tu d&rsquo;autres t&acirc;ches d&rsquo;&eacute;criture que celles du manuel&nbsp;? Si oui, </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; lesquelles&nbsp;?</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">5.2.</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Pour quelles raisons proposes-tu ces autres t&acirc;ches&nbsp;? </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <ol start="6" type="1"> <li style="line-height:105%; font-size:10pt; font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Les t&acirc;ches d&rsquo;&eacute;criture num&eacute;rique propos&eacute;es par le manuel</span></span></span></b></li> </ol> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">6.1.</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Le manuel propose-t-il des t&acirc;ches d&rsquo;&eacute;criture num&eacute;rique&nbsp;? Les mets-tu en </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &oelig;uvre&nbsp;? Si oui, comment&nbsp;?</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div style="page-break-after: always"><span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></div> <div>&nbsp; <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">[1]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Nous renvoyons aux Journ&eacute;es d&rsquo;&eacute;tudes annuelles Pierre Guibert sur les manuels scolaires organis&eacute;es par l&rsquo;Universit&eacute; de Montpellier, la Facult&eacute; d&rsquo;&eacute;ducation ESPE/LR et le CEDRHE (Centre d&rsquo;Etudes, de Documentation et de Recherche en Histoire de l&rsquo;Education).</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn2"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">[2]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Soulign&eacute; par Goigoux (2007&nbsp;: 51).</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn3"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">[3]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Aux niveaux A1 et A2, les quinze heures de cours hebdomadaires s&rsquo;appuient sur le manuel. Au niveau B1, onze heures de cours s&rsquo;appuient sur le manuel, deux heures sont consacr&eacute;es &agrave; un cours de litt&eacute;rature et deux heures &agrave; un cours intitul&eacute; &laquo;&nbsp;Projet culturel&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn4"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">[4]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Comme le pr&eacute;cise Jean-Michel Zakartchouk, la consigne scolaire pr&eacute;sente des sp&eacute;cificit&eacute;s, dans la mesure o&ugrave; elle &laquo;&nbsp;demande &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;l&egrave;ve de proc&eacute;der &agrave; une ou &agrave; des op&eacute;ration(s) pr&eacute;cise(s) pour aboutir au r&eacute;sultat souhait&eacute; afin de v&eacute;rifier qu&rsquo;il a acquis une (des) connaissance(s), qu&rsquo;il ma&icirc;trise un (des) savoir-faire, qu&rsquo;il est capable de les transf&eacute;rer dans une situation nouvelle&nbsp;&raquo; (1987).</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn5"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">[5]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Ces num&eacute;ros sont inscrits entre crochets.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn6"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">[6]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Association des Directeurs de Centres Universitaires d&rsquo;Etudes Fran&ccedil;aises.</span></span></span></p> <div class="WordSection1"> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li style="line-height:10pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Introduction</span></span></b></li> </ol> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:33.1pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:156%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="line-height:156%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">L&rsquo;un des apports du <i>Cadre Europ&eacute;en Commun de R&eacute;f&eacute;rence pour les Langues</i> (d&eacute;sormais CECRL) r&eacute;side dans le fait qu&rsquo;il <i>&laquo;</i> d&eacute;finit les niveaux de comp&eacute;tence qui permettent de mesurer le progr&egrave;s de l&rsquo;apprenant &agrave; chaque &eacute;tape de l&rsquo;apprentissage et &agrave; tout moment de la vie &raquo; (Conseil de l&rsquo;Europe, 2001&nbsp;: 9). Les comp&eacute;tences y sont d&eacute;finies comme constituant </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:156%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&laquo;&nbsp;l&rsquo;ensemble des&nbsp; connaissances, des habilet&eacute;s et des dispositions qui permettent d&rsquo;agir &raquo;</span></span></span><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="line-height:156%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> (Conseil de l&rsquo;Europe, 2001&nbsp;: 15). Ces comp&eacute;tences que d&eacute;veloppent l&rsquo;apprenant en classe et l&rsquo;usager en soci&eacute;t&eacute; leur permettent d&rsquo;agir en diff&eacute;rents contextes et situations. C&rsquo;est ce que pose le concept de perspective actionnelle qui se fonde sur l&rsquo;approche par les t&acirc;ches. Effectivement, les comp&eacute;tences peuvent &ecirc;tre mobilis&eacute;es lors d&rsquo;activit&eacute;s au service d&rsquo;une t&acirc;che c&rsquo;est-&agrave;-dire </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:156%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&laquo;&nbsp;une vis&eacute;e actionnelle que l&rsquo;acteur se repr&eacute;sente comme devant parvenir &agrave; un r&eacute;sultat donn&eacute;</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:156%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">en fonction d&rsquo;un probl&egrave;me &agrave; r&eacute;soudre, d&rsquo;une obligation &agrave; remplir, d&rsquo;un but qu&rsquo;on s&rsquo;est fix&eacute; &raquo; (Conseil de l&rsquo;Europe, 2001&nbsp;: 16).</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:33.1pt">&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:2.5pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:147%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:147%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">En classe de langues, pour transformer les modes de penser, de parler et d&rsquo;agir des apprenants en modifiant leur rapport aux objets d&rsquo;enseignement, pour mettre en &oelig;uvre la perspective actionnelle, le professeur dispose d&rsquo;un ou de plusieurs &eacute;l&eacute;ments du dispositif didactique ainsi d&eacute;fini par Bernard Schneuwly :</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Ce dispositif peut prendre diverses formes : consigne et t&acirc;che d&eacute;volue &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;l&egrave;ve, le&ccedil;on magistrale, </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; d&eacute;marche ma&iuml;eutique et ainsi de suite, sont quelques-uns de ces moyens fondamentaux auxquels </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; l&rsquo;enseignant peut recourir. Dans ces moyens, on trouve &eacute;galement des exercices, des manuels, des </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;instruments pour visualiser et fixer des savoirs, un langage et des gestes particuliers, tout un </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; dispositif mat&eacute;riel et verbal dans la classe qui contribue &agrave; former un dispositif proprement didactique </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [&hellip;]&nbsp;&raquo; (2009&nbsp;: 135).</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Une t&acirc;che essentielle des enseignants est de rechercher, de fabriquer, de s&eacute;lectionner des ressources qu&rsquo;ils pr&eacute;sentent &agrave; leurs apprenants. Dans cette perspective, nous nous int&eacute;resserons &agrave; la question de la place et de l&rsquo;usage du manuel comme outil utilis&eacute; par les enseignants dans le dispositif didactique en classe de langues et, tout particuli&egrave;rement pour enseigner la production &eacute;crite. &nbsp;Notre propos s&rsquo;articulera en quatre temps. Tout d&rsquo;abord, nous pr&eacute;ciserons notre probl&eacute;matique et pr&eacute;senterons nos r&eacute;f&eacute;rents conceptuels. Nous d&eacute;velopperons ensuite l&rsquo;aspect empirique de notre travail - cet article r&eacute;sultant d&rsquo;une enqu&ecirc;te r&eacute;alis&eacute;e aupr&egrave;s d&rsquo;enseignants- dont nous d&eacute;taillerons les principes m&eacute;thodologiques avant d&rsquo;en pr&eacute;senter les principaux r&eacute;sultats. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif">&nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">2. </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Probl&eacute;matique</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">De nombreuses analyses de manuels de FLE<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[1]</span></span></span></span></a> ont &eacute;t&eacute; publi&eacute;es notamment dans le domaine de la didactique des langues et de la didactique du FLE&nbsp;dont, entre autres, les travaux suivants : Auger (2010, 2011)&nbsp;; Puren (2009)&nbsp;; Bento (2013, 2018, 2019)&nbsp;; XXXX (XX, XX)&nbsp;; Rosen-Reinhardt &amp; Hamez (2017)&nbsp;; Verdelhan-Bourgade (2002a, 2002b). De nombreuses recherches ont &eacute;t&eacute; effectu&eacute;es dans le domaine de l&rsquo;enseignement de l&rsquo;&eacute;crit en FLE (Hidden 2013&nbsp;; Bouchard &amp; Kadi 2012&nbsp;; Allouche &amp; Maurer 2011).</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Mais nous n&rsquo;avons pas de donn&eacute;es concernant l&rsquo;usage que font les enseignants des manuels de FLE, tout particuli&egrave;rement dans le domaine de la production &eacute;crite. Aussi cette recherche exploratoire s&rsquo;int&eacute;resse-t-elle aux discours que portent six enseignants sur leur gestion p&eacute;dagogique du manuel de FLE dans ce domaine sp&eacute;cifique, et &eacute;tudie par cons&eacute;quent, des pratiques d&eacute;clar&eacute;es. Notre intention est de produire des connaissances face &agrave; l&rsquo;insuffisance des connaissances sur le travail d&rsquo;adaptation et de transformation des manuels r&eacute;alis&eacute; par les enseignants de FLE, en particulier dans le domaine de la production &eacute;crite.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Notre int&eacute;r&ecirc;t pour l&rsquo;enseignement de la production &eacute;crite, en classe de fran&ccedil;ais langue &eacute;trang&egrave;re et seconde date de 2010. Nous avons &eacute;tudi&eacute; les pratiques d&rsquo;enseignement dans ce domaine au niveau secondaire (XXXX XX, XXXX XX, XXXX XX, XXXX&nbsp; XX, XXXX XX) et au niveau universitaire (XXXX&nbsp; XX, XXXX&nbsp; XX). </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Dans notre article, nous nous int&eacute;ressons particuli&egrave;rement aux discours d&rsquo;enseignants de Fran&ccedil;ais Langue Etrang&egrave;re (FLE), titulaires d&rsquo;un master et exer&ccedil;ant en France, dans un centre universitaire de FLE. En les questionnant lors d&rsquo;entretiens semi-dirig&eacute;s, nous tentons d&rsquo;apprendre comment ils d&eacute;clarent mettre en sc&egrave;ne les t&acirc;ches d&rsquo;&eacute;criture propos&eacute;es dans les manuels de FLE qu&rsquo;ils choisissent en &eacute;quipe &agrave; chaque semestre. Notre question de recherche est la suivante&nbsp;: comment les enseignants d&eacute;clarent-ils adapter et/ou transformer les t&acirc;ches de production &eacute;crite propos&eacute;es dans les manuels&nbsp;?</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">3. </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Cadre th&eacute;orique</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Pour &eacute;laborer notre cadre th&eacute;orique, nous avons eu recours &agrave; des recherches ancr&eacute;es </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">dans le domaine de la didactique du fran&ccedil;ais, de la didactique des langues et de la psychologie ergonomique.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">3.1.</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> Le manuel et les recherches en didactique</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Si, pour les didacticiens, le manuel est un &eacute;l&eacute;ment fondamental de ce que Bernard</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Schneuwly nomme &laquo;&nbsp;dispositif didactique&nbsp;&raquo; (2009), pour le sociologue Guy Rocher, le manuel est un miroir de la soci&eacute;t&eacute;, un verre correcteur pour ses utilisateurs, le centre d&rsquo;interventions individuelles ou collectives et d&rsquo;un r&eacute;seau de communication (2007).</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">D&rsquo;apr&egrave;s les didacticiens, c&rsquo;est aussi un facilitateur de biographisation des exp&eacute;riences linguistiques car il opte pour une explicitation syst&eacute;matique des savoir-faire acquis et des comp&eacute;tences construites (Semal-Lebleu, 2010). De plus, pour ce qui int&eacute;resse notre sujet, le manuel est une illustration de la transposition didactique (Bruillard, 2005).</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">En effet, dans l&rsquo;adaptation de la cha&icirc;ne de transposition didactique propos&eacute;e par Perrenoud (1998), le syst&egrave;me d&rsquo;enseignement est lui-m&ecirc;me repr&eacute;sent&eacute; par la classe de FLE, o&ugrave; le manuel se mat&eacute;rialise comme support d&rsquo;enseignement con&ccedil;u par des auteurs et mis en sc&egrave;ne par un professeur qui le transforme.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Depuis 2001, le CECRL joue pleinement son r&ocirc;le dans le processus de transposition didactique et dans l&rsquo;&eacute;laboration des manuels de FLE. D&rsquo;apr&egrave;s Cuq et Gruca (2017), il se pr&eacute;sente en effet comme un instrument de planification, qui fournit des rep&egrave;res, une base et un langage commun pour la description d&rsquo;objectifs et de m&eacute;thodes ainsi que pour l&rsquo;&eacute;valuation. Il permet donc d&rsquo;&eacute;laborer des curricula, des programmes de langues, des manuels p&eacute;dagogiques ainsi que des programmes de formation des enseignants.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Quant au Portfolio Europ&eacute;en des Langues (PEL), il est &agrave; l&rsquo;origine de l&rsquo;introduction de l&rsquo;auto-&eacute;valuation, de la r&eacute;flexion sur l&rsquo;apprentissage et l&rsquo;exp&eacute;rience interculturelle, de l&rsquo;id&eacute;e de dossier et par cons&eacute;quent, il influence &eacute;galement les concepteurs de manuels.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Pour d&rsquo;autres didacticiens des langues-cultures &eacute;trang&egrave;res, le manuel est&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">un outil d&rsquo;enseignement (Lebrun 2006&nbsp;; Piccardo &amp; Yaiche 2005&nbsp;; Black &amp; Dias, 2012)&nbsp;;</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">un mat&eacute;riel didactique (Piccardo &amp; Yaiche 2005&nbsp;; Verdelhan-Bourgade &amp; Auger, 2011)&nbsp;;</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">un outil de formation continue pour les enseignants, le seul dans certains pays (Bento 2015),</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">un objet et un espace de recherches (Verdelhan-Bourgade, 2002a&nbsp;; Cordier 2001).</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif">&nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Quelques rares &eacute;tudes portent sur l&rsquo;usage des manuels, en particulier sur l&rsquo;activit&eacute; transformatrice de l&rsquo;enseignant (Bento, 2015). Parmi les travaux &eacute;tudi&eacute;s, c&rsquo;est tout particuli&egrave;rement l&rsquo;&eacute;tude de Margaret Bento (2015) qui pr&eacute;sente la plus grande proximit&eacute; avec notre travail et dont les r&eacute;sultats indiquent que&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &hellip;</span></span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">l&rsquo;utilisation des manuels peut modifier l&rsquo;exp&eacute;rience et &eacute;ventuellement les repr&eacute;sentations des&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; enseignants et donc par extension avoir une influence sur leurs pratiques mais pas de mani&egrave;re aussi </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;syst&eacute;matique qu&rsquo;on aurait pu penser au premier abord. L&rsquo;enseignant a des repr&eacute;sentations, des finalit&eacute;s </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; mais aussi une exp&eacute;rience professionnelle qui le conduit &agrave; repenser, organiser et transformer les activit&eacute;s </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; propos&eacute;es dans les manuels ou tout simplement &agrave; ne pas les utiliser. (2015&nbsp;: 11).</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Le travail pr&eacute;sent&eacute; ici, se situe dans cette lign&eacute;e, actuellement peu d&eacute;velopp&eacute;e. Il s&rsquo;agit d&rsquo;&eacute;tudier de quelle mani&egrave;re les enseignants de notre &eacute;chantillon adaptent et transforment les manuels en nous focalisant sur le domaine de l&rsquo;enseignement de la production &eacute;crite.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">3.2.</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> Le manuel&nbsp;: un instrument </span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Pour mener ce travail de recherche, nous nous sommes appuy&eacute;e sur un cadre th&eacute;orique s&rsquo;attachant &agrave; l&rsquo;int&eacute;gration des artefacts (objets mat&eacute;riels ou symboliques) dans la structure de l&rsquo;activit&eacute; humaine.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Ce sont les travaux de Rabardel autour des &laquo;&nbsp;gen&egrave;ses instrumentales&nbsp;&raquo; qui nous ont paru adapt&eacute;s &agrave; notre approche. En nous appuyant sur le concept d&rsquo;&laquo;&nbsp;instrument subjectif&nbsp;&raquo; (Rabardel, 2005), nous avons &nbsp;pour projet d&rsquo;&eacute;tudier les &nbsp;gen&egrave;ses&nbsp; instrumentales&nbsp; d&eacute;clar&eacute;es par les enseignants, lors de la mise en &oelig;uvre d&rsquo;activit&eacute;s de production &eacute;crite impuls&eacute;es par les manuels. D&rsquo;apr&egrave;s la perspective th&eacute;orique de Rabardel, la gen&egrave;se instrumentale est le processus de transformation d&rsquo;un artefact en un instrument. Pour Rabardel, l&rsquo;instrument est &eacute;labor&eacute;, construit par un individu, compos&eacute; d&rsquo;un artefact et des sch&egrave;mes d&rsquo;utilisation qui lui sont associ&eacute;s&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&laquo;&nbsp;L&rsquo;entit&eacute; instrumentale, l&rsquo;instrument subjectif au sens th&eacute;orique, appara&icirc;t structurellement compos&eacute;e&nbsp;:</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">-d&rsquo;une part, d&rsquo;une composante artefact qui peut &ecirc;tre de nature technique et mat&eacute;rielle au sens classique, mais aussi de nature immat&eacute;rielle, comme le sont les logiciels, ou plus lointainement encore les concepts, les signes, les r&egrave;gles&nbsp;;</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- d&rsquo;autre part, d&rsquo;une composante sch&eacute;matique, que nous avons nomm&eacute;e &quot;sch&egrave;mes d&rsquo;utilisationʺ, et qui est form&eacute;e d&rsquo;invariants organisateurs de l&rsquo;activit&eacute; du sujet, dans les classes de situations et domaines d&rsquo;activit&eacute;s qui sont habituellement les siens (2005&nbsp;: 14)&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Rappelons que la gen&egrave;se instrumentale a deux facettes&nbsp;: l&rsquo;instrumentation (ajustement du sujet &agrave; l&rsquo;instrument par la cr&eacute;ation ou la transformation de sch&egrave;mes d&rsquo;action et de pens&eacute;e) et l&rsquo;instrumentalisation (ajustement de l&rsquo;artefact au sujet) (Rabardel &amp; Pastr&eacute;, 2005). C&rsquo;est tout particuli&egrave;rement l&rsquo;instrumentalisation qui va nous int&eacute;resser dans cette recherche, c&rsquo;est-&agrave;-dire la mani&egrave;re dont l&rsquo;usager (l&rsquo;enseignant) privil&eacute;gie certaines fonctions de l&rsquo;artefact, l&rsquo;adapte &agrave; ses besoins ou le transforme lors d&rsquo;une situation de catachr&egrave;se&nbsp;&laquo;&nbsp;o&ugrave; </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">l&rsquo;on se sert d&rsquo;un instrument en lui conf&eacute;rant un autre usage que celui auquel il est initialement destin&eacute;, ou encore lorsqu&rsquo;un appareillage sert en dehors des limites normales de son fonctionnement&nbsp;&raquo; Rabardel, 1995&nbsp;: 123). Le sujet, enseignant ou formateur, attribue une fonction &agrave; l&rsquo;artefact lors de l&rsquo;action en cours et en fonction de la situation. Il est alors possible que l&rsquo;artefact soit transform&eacute; dans sa structure pour que celui-ci s&rsquo;adapte &agrave; sa fonction. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Par ailleurs, comme le pr&eacute;cisent des recherches men&eacute;es en didactique du fran&ccedil;ais, le manuel peut s&rsquo;inscrire dans une multiplicit&eacute; de sch&egrave;mes d&rsquo;utilisation qui vont lui attribuer des significations et des fonctions diff&eacute;rentes (Goigoux, 2007). S&rsquo;inspirant des recherches de Leplat (1992), Goigoux montre que l&rsquo;activit&eacute; de l&rsquo;enseignant est multifinalis&eacute;e car dirig&eacute;e simultan&eacute;ment dans plusieurs directions dont il en distingue trois&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&laquo;&nbsp;<i>vers les &eacute;l&egrave;ves<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[2]</span></span></b></span></span></a></i>, consid&eacute;r&eacute;s individuellement (l&rsquo;enseignant vise &agrave; faciliter leurs apprentissages, dans diff&eacute;rents registres cognitifs et sociaux&nbsp;: instruire et &eacute;duquer) ou collectivement&nbsp;: l&rsquo;enseignant vise &agrave; faire vivre la classe en tant que groupe social qui entretient avec lui des rapports dont les r&egrave;gles ne sont ni totalement donn&eacute;es &agrave; l&rsquo;avance, ni d&eacute;finitivement &eacute;tablies&nbsp;&raquo; (2007&nbsp;: 51).</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span></span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&laquo;&nbsp;vers les autres acteurs de la sc&egrave;ne scolaire&nbsp;</span></span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">: l&rsquo;enseignant consacre une partie de ses ressources &agrave; rendre lisible et acceptable (voire &agrave; valoriser son action professionnelle &agrave; leurs yeux [&hellip;] les parents de ses &eacute;l&egrave;ves, sa hi&eacute;rarchie, les enseignants qui ont re&ccedil;u les &eacute;l&egrave;ves les ann&eacute;es pr&eacute;c&eacute;dentes et ceux qui les recevront ensuite, les autres enseignants qui agissent simultan&eacute;ment (dans d&rsquo;autres disciplines, dans des actions de soutien, dans l&rsquo;aide aux devoirs, etc.) les divers partenaires de la co-&eacute;ducation&nbsp;&raquo; (2007&nbsp;: 51).</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span></span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&laquo;&nbsp;vers l&rsquo;enseignant lui-m&ecirc;me&nbsp;</span></span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">: une part des choix de l&rsquo;enseignant d&eacute;pend donc des co&ucirc;ts et des b&eacute;n&eacute;fices qu&rsquo;il peut retirer personnellement de son activit&eacute; en fonction de ses propres buts qu&rsquo;il peut d&eacute;cliner en termes d&rsquo;objectifs p&eacute;dagogiques, de valeurs, de fiert&eacute; professionnelle, d&rsquo;estime de soi, de confort, de sant&eacute;, d&rsquo;int&eacute;gration &agrave; son milieu de travail, de reconnaissance sociale, de d&eacute;roulement de carri&egrave;re, etc.)&nbsp;&raquo; (2007&nbsp;: 51).</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">4. </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Cadre m&eacute;thodologique</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">4.1.</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> Contexte</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Les manuels sont, dans le centre universitaire o&ugrave; nous effectuons notre recherche, des &eacute;l&eacute;ments incontournables de l&rsquo;environnement de la classe de FLE du niveau A1 au niveau B1, niveaux pour lesquels au moins onze heures de cours hebdomadaires sur quinze s&rsquo;appuient sur leurs propositions<a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>. Pour questionner l&rsquo;usage des manuels, il est important de pr&eacute;ciser qu&rsquo;ils sont choisis chaque ann&eacute;e par l&rsquo;&eacute;quipe p&eacute;dagogique de chaque niveau. Ce sont donc des ressources mobilisables, auto-prescrites qui vont participer, par leurs progressions, &agrave; la structuration de l&rsquo;activit&eacute; d&rsquo;apprentissage des &eacute;tudiants et de l&lsquo;activit&eacute; d&rsquo;enseignement de nos informateurs. Au moment de la recherche, c&rsquo;est-&agrave;-dire en mars 2019, les trois manuels exploit&eacute;s &eacute;taient les suivants&nbsp;: <i>D&eacute;fi 1, Entre nous 2, Z&eacute;nith 3.</i> </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Tableau 1&nbsp;: manuels utilis&eacute;s</span></b></span></span></span></p> <table class="Table" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:57px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Niveau</span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:97px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Titre du manuel</span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:64px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Ann&eacute;e de </span></b></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">parution</span></b></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:188px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Auteurs</span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:160px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Maisons d&rsquo;&eacute;dition</span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:57px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">A1</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:97px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><i><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;D&eacute;fi 1</span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:64px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">2018</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:188px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Chahi, F., Denyer, M., Gloanec A. <i>et alii.</i></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:160px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&Eacute;ditions Maison des langues</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:57px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">A2</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:97px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><i><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;Entre nous 2</span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:64px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">2015</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:188px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Chahi, F., Hor, C., Malorey, C. <i>et alii</i></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:160px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&Eacute;ditions Maison des langues</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:57px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">B1</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:97px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;<i>Z&eacute;nith 3</i></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:64px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">2013</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:188px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;Barth&eacute;l&eacute;my, F., Sousa, S.,</span></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;Sp&eacute;randio, C.</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:160px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">CLE International</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p align="center" style="text-align:center">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Ces manuels s&rsquo;adressent &agrave; de jeunes adultes inscrits dans un cursus universitaire. Ce sont des manuels de FLE g&eacute;n&eacute;ralistes et universels, publi&eacute;s en France et destin&eacute;s &agrave; des publics du monde entier. Au plan m&eacute;thodologique, les auteurs de ces trois manuels se r&eacute;clament de la perspective actionnelle et de l&rsquo;approche par les t&acirc;ches.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Le manuel <i>D&eacute;fi 1 </i>propose des productions &eacute;crites &agrave; r&eacute;aliser dans le cahier d&rsquo;exercices et dans le livre, par l&rsquo;effectuation de huit t&acirc;ches finales situ&eacute;es &agrave; la fin des huit unit&eacute;s. Il en est de m&ecirc;me pour le manuel <i>Entre nous </i>pour le niveau A2, qui propose quant &agrave; lui, &agrave; la fin de chaque unit&eacute;, des mod&egrave;les d&rsquo;&eacute;criture appartenant &agrave; un genre de discours d&eacute;termin&eacute;. C&rsquo;est &eacute;galement en fin d&rsquo;unit&eacute; que le manuel <i>Z&eacute;nith</i> propose des t&acirc;ches d&rsquo;&eacute;criture sans proposer de textes-mod&egrave;les cependant.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Rappelons que les trois manuels utilis&eacute;s s&rsquo;appuient sur les descripteurs suivants, &eacute;tablis par le CECRL&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&laquo;&nbsp;A1&nbsp;: &eacute;crire des expressions et des phrases simples isol&eacute;es,</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp; A2&nbsp;: &eacute;crire une s&eacute;rie d&rsquo;expressions et de phrases simples reli&eacute;es par des connecteurs &nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp; simples,</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp; B1&nbsp;: &eacute;crire des textes articul&eacute;s simplement sur une gamme de sujets vari&eacute;s dans son &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp; domaine en liant une s&eacute;rie d&rsquo;&eacute;l&eacute;ments discrets en une s&eacute;quence lin&eacute;aire&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Dans les trois manuels, on constate un positionnement de la t&acirc;che de production &eacute;crite &agrave; la fin d&rsquo;une unit&eacute;, visant &agrave; &ecirc;tre accomplie syst&eacute;matiquement de mani&egrave;re collaborative et dont les consignes<a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[4]</span></span></span></span></a> ne font pas explicitement appel aux comp&eacute;tences lexicales et grammaticales construites au fil de l&rsquo;unit&eacute;.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">4.2.</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> Caract&eacute;ristiques des r&eacute;pondants</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Nous avons interrog&eacute; six enseignants tous volontaires pour participer aux entretiens, dipl&ocirc;m&eacute;s pour l&rsquo;enseignement du FLE et exp&eacute;riment&eacute;s. Comme le montre le tableau ci-apr&egrave;s, les enqu&ecirc;t&eacute;s sont tous qualifi&eacute;s et experts en enseignement du FLE puisqu&rsquo;ils attestent de plus de dix ans d&rsquo;exp&eacute;rience dans ce domaine. Ils ont r&eacute;alis&eacute; des &eacute;tudes universitaires en didactique du FLE et sont tous enseignants permanents (titulaires ou contractuels) dans le centre. Certains, d&rsquo;entre eux, professeurs certifi&eacute;s ont une exp&eacute;rience de l&rsquo;enseignement de la discipline Lettres ou Langue Vivante Etrang&egrave;re, dans l&rsquo;enseignement secondaire, avec un public d&rsquo;adolescents.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Voici une pr&eacute;sentation succincte des profils anonymis&eacute;s des six informateurs&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Tableau 2&nbsp;: donn&eacute;es socio-d&eacute;mographiques et socio-professionnelles concernant les informateurs</span></b></span></span></span></p> <table class="Table" style="margin-left:-9px; border-collapse:collapse; border:none"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;Enseignants</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:38px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Sexe</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:44px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&Acirc;ge</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:152px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&Eacute;tudes suivies</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:112px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Dur&eacute;e de l&rsquo;exp&eacute;rience</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">en FLE</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:152px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Lieux d&rsquo;exercice</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">E1</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:38px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">F</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:44px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">52</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:152px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;Capes de Lettres Modernes &ndash; Ma&icirc;trise de Lettres Modernes &ndash; M1 et M2 &ndash; Enseignement&nbsp; du FLE</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:112px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">10 ans</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:152px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;Centre social &ndash; Centre universitaire de FLE (DEFI)</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">E2</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:38px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">F</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:44px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">43</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:152px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Capes d&rsquo;espagnol &ndash; Ma&icirc;trise de FLE &ndash;DEA de didactique des langues-cultures</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:112px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">20 ans</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:152px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Alliances fran&ccedil;aises en Espagne &ndash; Centre universitaire de FLE (DEFI)</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">E3</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:38px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">F</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:44px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">59</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:152px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Capes d&rsquo;anglais &ndash; Ma&icirc;trise FLE</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:112px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">30 ans</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:152px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;Universit&eacute; aux &Eacute;tats-Unis (Centre Universitaire de FLE) &ndash; Centre universitaire de FLE (DEFI).</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">E4</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:38px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">F</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:44px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">57</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:152px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Ma&icirc;trise FLE</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:112px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">25 ans</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:152px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&Eacute;coles internationales &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;tranger &ndash; Alliances fran&ccedil;aises &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;tranger &ndash; Centre universitaire de FLE (DEFI)</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">E5</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:38px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">M</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:44px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">55</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:152px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Ma&icirc;trise FLE &ndash; DEA administration</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:112px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">30 ans</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:152px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;GRETA &ndash; Grandes &eacute;coles de commerce &ndash; Centre universitaire de FLE (DEFI).</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">E6</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:38px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">M</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:44px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">52</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:152px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Capes d&rsquo;allemand &ndash; M1 et M2 &ndash; Enseignement du FLE</span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:112px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">12 ans</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:152px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif">&nbsp; <span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Centre Universitaire de FLE (DEFI).</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Les enseignants se sont sp&eacute;cialis&eacute;s par niveau&nbsp;: E1 et E2 enseignent dans deux classes du niveau A1 &agrave; raison d&rsquo;au moins six heures par semaine pour chaque classe. E3 et E4 exercent dans deux classes de niveau A1 tandis qu&rsquo;E5 et E6 enseignent dans deux classes niveau B1.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Les &eacute;tudiants b&eacute;n&eacute;ficient de quinze heures de cours par semaine dispens&eacute;es par une &eacute;quipe de trois professeurs par classe, qui se succ&egrave;dent au fil de la semaine.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">4.3.</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> Consid&eacute;rations &eacute;thiques</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Les six enseignants interrog&eacute;s &eacute;taient volontaires et inform&eacute;s du but de la recherche&nbsp;: mieux comprendre l&rsquo;activit&eacute; des enseignants lorsqu&rsquo;ils transforment et adaptent les t&acirc;ches de production &eacute;crite propos&eacute;es par leurs manuels. Nous leur avons pr&eacute;cis&eacute; que les enregistrements &eacute;taient r&eacute;alis&eacute;s dans un but scientifique. Les propos dont nous rendons compte sont anonymes gr&acirc;ce au r&eacute;f&eacute;rencement des enseignants interrog&eacute;s par l&rsquo;initiale E et un num&eacute;ro&nbsp;: E1, E2&nbsp;; E3 &hellip; Leurs lieux exacts de formation n&rsquo;ont pas &eacute;t&eacute; mentionn&eacute;s dans la pr&eacute;sentation des profils par souci d&rsquo;anonymat. Les enseignants ont &eacute;t&eacute; inform&eacute;s de nos r&eacute;sultats de recherche.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">4.4.</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> Construction des donn&eacute;es</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Le recueil de donn&eacute;es pr&eacute;sent&eacute; ici consiste en trois manuels (<i>d&eacute;fi 1&nbsp;</i>; <i>Entre nous A2&nbsp;</i>; <i>Z&eacute;nith 3)</i></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">deux cahiers d&rsquo;exercices (<i>D&eacute;fi 1 </i>et <i>Z&eacute;nith 3</i>) et six transcriptions d&rsquo;entretiens men&eacute;s avec quatre enseignantes et deux enseignants.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Suivant une trame commune, les entretiens ont &eacute;t&eacute; men&eacute;s sous forme d&rsquo;entretiens semi-dirig&eacute;s, dans un bureau et sans la pr&eacute;sence d&rsquo;&eacute;l&egrave;ves ou de coll&egrave;gues. Nous nous sommes appuy&eacute;e sur le guide d&rsquo;entretien disponible en annexe (Cf. annexe n&deg;1) dont les questions s&rsquo;appuyaient, outre sur des questions portant sur le parcours des enseignants, sur cinq cat&eacute;gories th&eacute;matiques&nbsp;: </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">les usages du manuel de FLE pour l&rsquo;enseignement de la production &eacute;crite&nbsp;; la mise en &oelig;uvre des t&acirc;ches de production &eacute;crite propos&eacute;es par le manuel&nbsp;; la transformation des t&acirc;ches de production &eacute;crite propos&eacute;es par le manuel&nbsp;; la substitution des t&acirc;ches de production &eacute;crite du manuel par d&rsquo;autres t&acirc;ches&nbsp;; les t&acirc;ches d&rsquo;&eacute;criture num&eacute;rique propos&eacute;es par le manuel. </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Pendant les entretiens, nous avons demand&eacute; aux enseignants de bien pr&eacute;ciser les num&eacute;ros de pages des extraits de manuels auxquels ils se r&eacute;f&eacute;raient. Les consignes cadrant les t&acirc;ches de production &eacute;crite auxquelles se r&eacute;f&eacute;raient les enseignants ont &eacute;t&eacute; ensuite photocopi&eacute;es. Les questions &eacute;taient contextualis&eacute;es au niveau des classes de A1, A2 et B1 dans lesquelles les enseignants exer&ccedil;aient. Les six entretiens semi-directifs d&rsquo;une dur&eacute;e moyenne de vingt &agrave; quarante minutes ont &eacute;t&eacute; enregistr&eacute;s. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">4.5.</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> M&eacute;thode d&rsquo;analyse des donn&eacute;es</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;Apr&egrave;s les six s&eacute;ances d&rsquo;enregistrement, nous avons &eacute;cout&eacute; deux fois notre corpus, puis nous avons transcrit int&eacute;gralement fid&egrave;lement les verbatim ainsi que les actes de langage non verbaux (interruption, silence, rire, soupir, h&eacute;sitation) de la part des deux interlocuteurs&nbsp;: enseignant et chercheuse. Nous avons opt&eacute; pour une transcription litt&eacute;rale qui conserve toutes les formes syntaxiques et grammaticales du discours parl&eacute;, pour donner &agrave; notre analyse la possibilit&eacute; de prendre en compte les &eacute;l&eacute;ments modaux du discours. </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Num&eacute;rot&eacute;s de 1 &agrave; 6<a href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>, ces derniers ont &eacute;t&eacute; d&eacute;construits puis reconstruits en vue d&rsquo;une interpr&eacute;tation, suivant en cela les m&eacute;thodologies de l&rsquo;analyse qualitative (Paquay, Crahay et De Ketele, 2006) qui semblent les mieux adapt&eacute;es au corpus. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;Nous avons opt&eacute; pour une d&eacute;marche inductive de construction des cat&eacute;gories. Nous avons r&eacute;alis&eacute; six analyses de contenu th&eacute;matique (Blanchet-Gotman, 1992) qui se sont focalis&eacute;es sur cinq th&egrave;mes abord&eacute;s au cours des six entretiens. Nous avons ensuite compar&eacute; ces analyses. Dans un premier temps, nous avons list&eacute; les t&acirc;ches de production &eacute;crite auxquelles se r&eacute;f&eacute;raient les enseignants. Nous avons ensuite cherch&eacute; &agrave; comprendre les usages que les enseignants faisaient des consignes d&rsquo;&eacute;criture&nbsp;(suppression, adaptation, transformation) pr&eacute;sent&eacute;es dans le manuel pour tenter de reconstituer les gen&egrave;ses instrumentales. Nous avons identifi&eacute; douze dimensions que nous avons ensuite regroup&eacute;es en trois cat&eacute;gories inspir&eacute;es de travaux de Bento (2015) et de Goigoux (2007)&nbsp;: &nbsp;les activit&eacute;s de l&rsquo;enseignant tourn&eacute;es vers les apprenants&nbsp;; les activit&eacute;s de l&rsquo;enseignant tourn&eacute;es vers d&rsquo;autres acteurs du milieu professionnel&nbsp;; les activit&eacute;s de l&rsquo;enseignant tourn&eacute;es vers lui-m&ecirc;me.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">5. </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">R&eacute;sultats </span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">5.1. Les activit&eacute;s de l&rsquo;enseignant tourn&eacute;es vers les apprenants</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">D&rsquo;apr&egrave;s notre analyse, c&rsquo;est la premi&egrave;re cat&eacute;gorie &laquo;&nbsp;activit&eacute;s de l&rsquo;enseignant </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">tourn&eacute;es vers les apprenants&nbsp;&raquo; qui est la plus riche, pr&eacute;sentant sept dimensions.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Tout d&rsquo;abord, <b>la forme sociale du travail</b> peut &ecirc;tre transform&eacute;e en fonction des caract&eacute;ristiques plurilingues et pluriculturelles du groupe. Dans l&rsquo;exemple ci-apr&egrave;s, la consigne du manuel, r&eacute;alis&eacute; pour &ecirc;tre diffus&eacute; si possible hors de France, demande aux apprenants de pr&eacute;senter leur pays en petits groupes&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &laquo;&nbsp;D&Eacute;FI 01&nbsp;: R&Eacute;ALISER UN QUIZZ DE D&Eacute;COUVERTE D&rsquo;UN PAYS</span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Vous allez r&eacute;aliser un quizz pour faire d&eacute;couvrir votre pays ou un pays que vous&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; connaissez.</span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp; . En petits groupes, choisissez les aspects int&eacute;ressants ou &eacute;tonnants de votre pays ou </span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; d&rsquo;un autre. </span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp; . Choisissez des cat&eacute;gories pour rassembler vos id&eacute;es&nbsp;: g&eacute;ographie / culture /&nbsp; </span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; gastronomie / &hellip;</span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp; . R&eacute;digez des questions dans chaque cat&eacute;gorie, avec trois r&eacute;ponses possibles.</span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp; . &Eacute;changez vos questionnaires et r&eacute;pondez.</span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp; . V&eacute;rifiez vos r&eacute;ponses avec le groupe qui a cr&eacute;&eacute; le questionnaire&nbsp;&raquo; (</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Chahi F., Denyer, M., Gloanec, A. &nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; et alii., 2018&nbsp;: 39).</span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Pour l&rsquo;enseignante confront&eacute;e &agrave; un groupe de vingt &eacute;tudiants de quinze nationalit&eacute;s diff&eacute;rentes, cette t&acirc;che n&rsquo;est pas envisageable. Elle propose donc un travail &eacute;crit, individuel, &agrave; faire hors de la classe, avec une mise en commun ult&eacute;rieure. Elle introduit et valorise l&rsquo;usage du num&eacute;rique pour socialiser les productions avec un <i>padlet</i>, mur collaboratif&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; E3&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;Les id&eacute;es sont bonnes mais la mise en &oelig;uvre est parfois impossible car notre public est&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; International. C&rsquo;est une activit&eacute; plut&ocirc;t individuelle. On d&eacute;tourne&nbsp;: on leur demande de le faire chez eux&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &agrave; propos de leur propre pays et si possible de le mettre sur un padlet. Ils reviennent dans la classe avec </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; un quizz et on peut faire un &eacute;change culturel&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Toujours pour s&rsquo;ajuster au mieux au contexte d&rsquo;enseignement et d&rsquo;apprentissage, une autre enseignante change r&eacute;guli&egrave;rement la th&eacute;matique propos&eacute;e dans la consigne et donc la <b>dimension r&eacute;f&eacute;rentielle</b>, notamment pour ancrer les t&acirc;ches dans le contexte local ou r&eacute;gional&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; E1&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;si on demande dans le livre de pr&eacute;senter Toulouse, on va pr&eacute;senter Lille&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">C&rsquo;est aussi le travail sur <b>la mise en mots</b> qui est contraint par les enseignants. Pour les six enseignants du niveau A1 au niveau B1, la production &eacute;crite est per&ccedil;ue comme un moyen d&rsquo;&eacute;valuer pr&eacute;cis&eacute;ment les savoirs acquis et les comp&eacute;tences construites lors de l&rsquo;unit&eacute;. Par cons&eacute;quent, une enseignante d&eacute;clare ajouter syst&eacute;matiquement des contraintes grammaticales et lexicales.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">E1&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;Ils ont vu des expressions lexicales et on a vu l&rsquo;imp&eacute;ratif, alors en PE, je leur ai impos&eacute; d&rsquo;utiliser </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; l&rsquo;imp&eacute;ratif + je rajoutais des choses sinon c&rsquo;&eacute;tait incomplet + faire une production &eacute;crite avec tout&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ce qu&rsquo;on avait vu ensemble en grammaire et en lexique + donc voil&agrave; ce que je faisais&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Une enseignante s&rsquo;appuie aussi sur des textes propos&eacute;s par le manuel pour introduire des t&acirc;ches de production &eacute;crite. C&rsquo;est le cas au niveau A2 o&ugrave; le manuel <i>Entre nous 2 </i>expose les &eacute;tudiants &agrave; des textes-mod&egrave;les fabriqu&eacute;s &agrave; des fins didactiques mais n&rsquo;exploite pas l&rsquo;interaction lecture-&eacute;criture&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &laquo;&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">LA LOI FERRY&nbsp;: &Eacute;DUCATION LA&Iuml;QUE, OBLIGATOIRE ET GRATUITE</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Au XIX&egrave;me si&egrave;cle, beaucoup d&rsquo;enfants travaillaient dans les champs, dans les entreprises textiles, </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;dans les mines&hellip; et n&rsquo;allaient pas &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;cole. Les journ&eacute;es de travail duraient souvent plus de dix heures</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; et les salaires &eacute;taient tr&egrave;s bas. C&rsquo;est seulement en 1881 que la loi Ferry rend la scolarit&eacute; obligatoire et</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;gratuite de 6 &agrave; 13 ans. En principe, les enfants de moins de 13 ans ne doivent plus travailler. En 1936, </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; l&rsquo;&eacute;cole devient obligatoire jusqu&rsquo;&agrave; 14 ans et jusqu&rsquo;&agrave; 16 ans en 1958. Actuellement, la plupart des</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; enfants sont scolaris&eacute;s &agrave; partir de 3 ans.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &Agrave; votre tour, faites une chronologie avec certaines lois qui ont chang&eacute; la vie des gens dans votre pays </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; et pr&eacute;sentez-la &agrave; vos camarades&nbsp;&raquo; (</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Chahi, F., Hor C., Malorey, C. <i>et alii</i>., 2015&nbsp;: 62).</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Rappelons que c&rsquo;est l&rsquo;approche communicative qui a d&rsquo;abord tir&eacute; parti <b>des solidarit&eacute;s entre pratiques d&rsquo;&eacute;criture et pratiques de lecture</b>, notamment dans des manuels bien connus comme <i>Archipel 3 </i>(1988)<i> et Libre &Eacute;change 3 </i>(1993).<i> </i>L&rsquo;on consid&eacute;rait que la fr&eacute;quentation et l&rsquo;imitation de mod&egrave;les contextualis&eacute;s permettait &agrave; l&rsquo;apprenant d&rsquo;&eacute;viter de calquer, en les traduisant, les mod&egrave;les linguistiques de sa langue maternelle (XXXX, XX).</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Dans le cas pr&eacute;sent&eacute;, l&rsquo;enseignante E2 demande la production d&rsquo;un texte et non pas d&rsquo;une chronologie. Elle transforme la consigne d&rsquo;origine en mobilisant des sch&egrave;mes pr&eacute;existants dans la seconde g&eacute;n&eacute;ration des m&eacute;thodes relevant de l&rsquo;approche communicative en s&eacute;lectionnant un texte-mod&egrave;le et en explicitant ses caract&eacute;ristiques formelles au plan linguistique&nbsp;: </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">E2&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;Je trouvais que la structure du texte &eacute;tait int&eacute;ressante par rapport &agrave; l&rsquo;utilisation de l&rsquo;imparfait et </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; du pr&eacute;sent + tu vois + donc en fait c&rsquo;est parler d&rsquo;une loi importante + ce qui a chang&eacute; quelque chose </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; dans son pays + donc l&agrave; en France en l&rsquo;occurrence et puis j&rsquo;avais choisi ce texte qui me paraissait </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; vraiment repr&eacute;sentatif + je fonctionne pas mal comme &ccedil;a par observation d&rsquo;un mod&egrave;le en fait + et puis </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ensuite observer la structure du texte + histoire de reprendre la structure un peu comme un canevas + et &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; puis apr&egrave;s qu&rsquo;ils le fassent eux de leur c&ocirc;t&eacute;&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Au niveau B1, un enseignant reprend &eacute;galement une technique ant&eacute;rieure utilis&eacute;e dans les manuels de l&rsquo;approche communicative&nbsp;: celle du <b>canevas</b> pour fournir un plan. Le manuel propose la consigne suivante, pr&eacute;c&eacute;dant deux affiches publicitaires :</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &laquo;&nbsp;Je veux vivre dans cette ville&nbsp;! D&eacute;crivez ces deux affiches publicitaires. Quel est leur but&nbsp;? Utilisez&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &quot;pourʺ ou &quot;afin deʺ&nbsp;+ l&rsquo;infinitif&nbsp;&raquo; (Barth&eacute;l&eacute;my F., Sousa S., Sperandio C., 2013&nbsp;: 21).</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Pour l&rsquo;enseignant (E6)&nbsp;: </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &laquo;&nbsp;tout ce qui est m&eacute;thodologique + c&rsquo;est &agrave; nous de leur pr&eacute;parer quelque chose + on &nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ne va pas les lancer directement dans l&rsquo;&eacute;criture + &ccedil;a va &ecirc;tre du n&rsquo;importe quoi + </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; j&rsquo;ajoute plusieurs consignes et je demande une &eacute;criture &eacute;tapes par &eacute;tapes + pour la &nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; description d&rsquo;une image + ils doivent &eacute;crire paragraphe par paragraphe + un premier </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; paragraphe g&eacute;n&eacute;ral puis un deuxi&egrave;me + distinguer le premier plan de l&rsquo;arri&egrave;re-plan + </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; c&rsquo;est moi qui le leur demande&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">La transformation de la consigne peut aussi entra&icirc;ner <b>le changement du type de production demand&eacute;e </b>pour obtenir un texte avec une base s&eacute;mantique riche et non pas des phrases isol&eacute;es. Le manuel <i>D&eacute;fi A1</i> propose un sch&eacute;ma d&rsquo;arbre g&eacute;n&eacute;alogique illustr&eacute; de pr&eacute;noms. La consigne pr&eacute;sent&eacute;e dans le manuel est la suivante&nbsp;: </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&laquo;&nbsp;L&rsquo;enseignant/e dit le nom d&rsquo;une personne de l&rsquo;arbre g&eacute;n&eacute;alogique. En petits groupes, &eacute;crivez tous&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; les liens de famille de cette personne. L&rsquo;&eacute;quipe qui trouve le plus de liens gagne&nbsp;&raquo; (</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Chahi F., &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Denyer, M., Gloanec, A. <i>et alii.,</i> 2018&nbsp;: 51).</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Elle est modifi&eacute;e par l&rsquo;enseignante (E4) qui d&eacute;veloppe ainsi son activit&eacute; de transformation&nbsp;: </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">E4&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;La consigne change. Par exemple, page 51, on leur a demand&eacute; de choisir une personne de </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; leur arbre et de la pr&eacute;senter. Ce qui a permis de reprendre des comp&eacute;tences acquises &ndash; ce qui n&rsquo;est </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; pas le cas dans le manuel &ndash; dans les unit&eacute;s pr&eacute;c&eacute;dentes + on r&eacute;active + alors c&rsquo;est&nbsp;+ il est + les </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; adjectifs de caract&egrave;re + les noms de profession&nbsp;+ ce que dans la production de l&rsquo;arbre g&eacute;n&eacute;alogique</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; on ne te demandait pas&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Enfin, dans le dernier exemple d&rsquo;activit&eacute; enseignante dirig&eacute;e vers les apprenants, la m&ecirc;me enseignante (E4) transforme la consigne et change <b>le genre</b> demand&eacute;. Voici la consigne initiale&nbsp;: &nbsp;</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&laquo;&nbsp;Vous aussi vous avez des projets pour ce week-end. Vous &eacute;crivez un e-mail &agrave; votre meilleur/e </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ami/e pour lui parler de ce que vous allez faire (sorties, activit&eacute;s, visites, d&icirc;ner&hellip;) (Chahi F., </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Denyer, M., Gloanec, A. <i>et alii.,</i> 2018).</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">transform&eacute;e ainsi par l&rsquo;enseignante&nbsp;: </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;E4&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;il faut changer la consigne et leur demander d&rsquo;inviter + de proposer + d&rsquo;indiquer un </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; itin&eacute;raire + donc tu leur dis de dire ce qu&rsquo;ils ont l&rsquo;intention de faire, de proposer &agrave; cette personne&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; de les accompagner + et &eacute;ventuellement leur demander de donner un lieu de rendez-vous + donc </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; du coup tu vas mobiliser plein de choses qu&rsquo;ils savent faire + tu arrives &agrave; une production plus </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; compl&egrave;te + naturelle&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">La consigne n&rsquo;induit plus l&rsquo;&eacute;criture d&rsquo;un r&eacute;cit mais celle d&rsquo;une invitation, de l&rsquo;&eacute;nonc&eacute; d&rsquo;un itin&eacute;raire et d&rsquo;un programme, autant de savoir-faire communicatifs calqu&eacute;s sur ceux de la vie courante organis&eacute;s autour de la notion d&rsquo;&laquo;&nbsp;actes de parole&nbsp;&raquo; comme dans les manuels de l&rsquo;approche communicative des ann&eacute;es 1980 (Billi&egrave;res, 2015).</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Pour terminer, il est &agrave; noter que quatre enseignants sur six (exer&ccedil;ant aux niveaux A1 et A2) valorisent l&rsquo;utilisation du num&eacute;rique, en l&rsquo;occurrence du mur collaboratif<i> padlet</i> ou de la plate-forme <i>Edmodo </i>pour afficher la consigne (E3), socialiser les productions et permettre des am&eacute;liorations collectives ou individuelles (E1, E2) et d&eacute;velopper des textes (E3)&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">E1&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;Sur Edmodo tu as un traitement de texte +&nbsp; ce que je fais c&rsquo;est que je ne corrige pas les fautes + </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;je surligne avec une autre couleur + hop hop hop + je dis &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;tudiant si tu as le temps tu r&eacute;fl&eacute;chis tu&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; corriges et tu me le renvoies + donc il y en a qui jouent le jeu + ils le font deux ou trois fois + </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; d&rsquo;autres pas mais je trouvais que c&rsquo;&eacute;tait une fa&ccedil;on efficace de travailler la production &eacute;crite&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; E2&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;Si j&rsquo;ai des textes sur padlet + il m&rsquo;arrive de les rediffuser et c&rsquo;est un pr&eacute;texte pour expliquer</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; quelque chose + quand je vois une erreur r&eacute;currente+ &ccedil;a je le fais assez souvent&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; E3&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;J&rsquo;explique bien la consigne + je pr&eacute;cise bien oui + quitte &agrave; la mettre au tableau + nous comme </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; on a la version num&eacute;rique + on projette + on surligne + je n&rsquo;ai pas besoin d&rsquo;&eacute;crire + on projette et on </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; voit&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; E4&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;on leur a demand&eacute; de poster leurs productions sur padlet parce que l&agrave; du coup sur padlet tu </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; peux plus difficilement poster juste un arbre &ccedil;a demande tout &agrave; coup &agrave; &eacute;crire quelque chose + le </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; padlet &ccedil;a a permis du coup d&rsquo;adapter le travail pour avoir quelque chose de plus construit et de plus </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; dense&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&Agrave; l&rsquo;inverse, certains enseignants ne transforment pas ou n&rsquo;adaptent pas les t&acirc;ches d&rsquo;&eacute;criture propos&eacute;es par les manuels, en raison de contraintes institutionnelles. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <b>5.2. Les activit&eacute;s de l&rsquo;enseignant tourn&eacute;es vers d&rsquo;autres acteurs du milieu </b></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; professionnel</span></span></b></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Certains enseignants ne peuvent transformer ou adapter les t&acirc;ches de production &eacute;crite impuls&eacute;es par le manuel car ils n&rsquo;en proposent pas&nbsp;: en effet, ils travaillent en trin&ocirc;mes, suivent la progression du manuel, se la partagent et certains d&rsquo;entre eux n&rsquo;ont pas &agrave; proposer du moins r&eacute;guli&egrave;rement, des t&acirc;ches de production &eacute;crite qui ne figurent pas dans les pages qui leur sont attribu&eacute;es. Ils doivent en effet adapter leur activit&eacute; &agrave; celle des autres acteurs du milieu professionnel.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; E1&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;il y a un autre souci aussi + le groupe 2 je ne l&rsquo;ai pas r&eacute;guli&egrave;rement + le groupe 2 je les vois lundi </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; mardi apr&egrave;s c&rsquo;est la coll&egrave;gue qui les prend et apr&egrave;s c&rsquo;est l&rsquo;autre coll&egrave;gue + donc m&ecirc;me si on veut faire </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; un travail plus &eacute;labor&eacute; en groupe en production &eacute;crite je serai oblig&eacute;e de ben + je le faisais le lundi ou le </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; mardi si je pouvais le finir pendant mes heures de cours + ou alors je faisais carr&eacute;ment autre chose&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; E4&nbsp;: &laquo;je ne peux pas faire de production &eacute;crite avec le groupe que je n&rsquo;ai que trois heures + comme on </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; se suit dans la m&eacute;thode + il y a des moments o&ugrave; j&rsquo;arrive dans la semaine + en l&rsquo;occurrence c&rsquo;&eacute;tait le </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; vendredi matin + o&ugrave; l&rsquo;exercice de production &eacute;crite de la m&eacute;thode avait &eacute;t&eacute; fait par les coll&egrave;gues + dans </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; la double page que j&rsquo;&eacute;tais amen&eacute;e &agrave; faire + il n&rsquo;y avait que du lexique de la grammaire + interaction </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; orale production orale + il n&rsquo;y a pas v&eacute;ritablement de place pour faire de la production &eacute;crite + &ccedil;a aurait </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; pu faire l&rsquo;objet de la suite de mon travail + mais c&rsquo;est la coll&egrave;gue du lundi qui la prenait&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Deux autres enseignantes d&eacute;clarent pr&eacute;ciser les consignes en indiquant le nombre de mots &agrave; &eacute;crire pour pr&eacute;parer les &eacute;tudiants &agrave; l&rsquo;examen.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif">&nbsp; </span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">E1&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;il n&rsquo;y a pas le nombre de mots dans les consignes + oui &ccedil;a me g&ecirc;ne aussi + comme on sait qu&rsquo;&agrave;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; l&rsquo;examen c&rsquo;est 150 mots et la question ils la poseront toujours + quand on donne un sujet + tout de </span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; suite madame&nbsp;! on met combien de mots&nbsp;?&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; E2&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;&hellip;dans les consignes ouvertes comme &ccedil;a je mets rarement le nombre de mots sauf si on</span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; approche de l&rsquo;examen et qu&rsquo;il faut qu&rsquo;ils aient un cadre</span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Le DEFI organise en effet ses examens en fonction de maquettes communes &agrave; une quarantaine de centres universitaires membres de l&rsquo;ADCUEFE<a href="#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>-Campus FLE qui fixent, entre autres, le nombre de mots attendu pour chaque production &eacute;crite.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Le choix du sujet d&rsquo;&eacute;criture ainsi que les conditions de production sont aussi contraints par des motifs relevant d&rsquo;obligations institutionnelles&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">la dur&eacute;e de r&eacute;alisation de la t&acirc;che&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">E4&nbsp;: &laquo; quelquefois en accord avec les autres coll&egrave;gues on a fait ces choses-l&agrave; en classe avec le &nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; format trente minutes + format examen + &ccedil;a on l&rsquo;a fait un petit peu pour qu&rsquo;il s&rsquo;habituent &agrave; ce &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; format &nbsp;l&agrave; + ils &eacute;crivent seuls&nbsp;&raquo;.&nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">l&rsquo;absence de documents d&rsquo;appui lors de l&rsquo;examen&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; E6&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;Chez eux, je leur demande d&rsquo;&eacute;crire une premi&egrave;re fois sans outils dans les conditions de </span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; l&rsquo;examen et la deuxi&egrave;me fois avec toutes les aides + outils et copain fran&ccedil;ais</span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">le sujet&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;E5&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;je trouvais &ccedil;a tr&egrave;s adapt&eacute; au deuxi&egrave;me sujet + &agrave; ce qu&rsquo;on demande &agrave; l&rsquo;examen + &agrave; partir de&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; l&agrave;&nbsp; ils doivent pr&eacute;senter le texte mais ici il manque la source&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; E6&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;en B1 je crois qu&rsquo;on recentre quand m&ecirc;me toujours la production &eacute;crite en fonction de ce </span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; qu&rsquo;on leur demande &agrave; l&rsquo;examen&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; E3&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">si je m&rsquo;en tiens &agrave; &ccedil;a je les pr&eacute;pare pas bien &agrave; l&rsquo;examen hein + tu vois ce que&nbsp; </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;je veux dire&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">C&rsquo;est ainsi qu&rsquo;au niveau B1, les consignes propos&eacute;es par le manuel sont parfois tout &agrave; fait rejet&eacute;es par le professeur, faute de correspondance avec celles des sujets d&rsquo;examen&nbsp;: </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;E5&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;on travaillait quand m&ecirc;me sur plut&ocirc;t des consignes proches de celles qu&rsquo;on donnait &agrave; l&rsquo;examen&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Et je dois avouer que j&rsquo;ai pas beaucoup travaill&eacute; avec ces petites consignes du livre Z&eacute;nith + j&rsquo;ai pas </span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; beaucoup utilis&eacute;&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">5.3. Les activit&eacute;s de l&rsquo;enseignant tourn&eacute;es vers lui-m&ecirc;me</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">L&rsquo;activit&eacute; de l&rsquo;enseignant peut &ecirc;tre aussi orient&eacute;e vers lui-m&ecirc;me. Cependant l&rsquo;analyse de notre corpus montre que les pr&eacute;occupations des enseignants interrog&eacute;s se tournent assez rarement vers eux-m&ecirc;mes. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">L&rsquo;activit&eacute; de transformation correspond &agrave; un besoin de structurer soi-m&ecirc;me les cours. Ce n&rsquo;est pas le manuel qui va organiser la progression mais le professeur qui va en prendre l&rsquo;initiative&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">E3&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;il y a un fil conducteur + une progression + m&eacute;thodologique + la mienne + je prends ce qui &nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;m&rsquo;arrange et je d&eacute;tourne ce qu&rsquo;il faut + plus &ccedil;a va plus je prends de libert&eacute;&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Les sujets et les consignes des t&acirc;ches de production &eacute;crite d&eacute;pendent parfois des go&ucirc;ts personnels de l&rsquo;enseignant qui ne donne pas &agrave; r&eacute;aliser la t&acirc;che d&rsquo;&eacute;criture propos&eacute;e. Il ins&egrave;re parfois dans une unit&eacute; du manuel un sujet qu&rsquo;il cr&eacute;e, qui lui pla&icirc;t et qui correspond &agrave; ses pr&eacute;f&eacute;rences personnelles en mati&egrave;re de production &eacute;crite.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; E6&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;on choisit aussi les productions &eacute;crites et moi &ccedil;a c&rsquo;est un peu mon dada + moi j&rsquo;aime beaucoup &nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &eacute;crire au pass&eacute; + l&rsquo;alternance &ccedil;a m&rsquo;int&eacute;resse beaucoup et du coup dans chaque unit&eacute; + je le fais moi-</span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; m&ecirc;me en fait + si c&rsquo;est une unit&eacute; sur la ville + imaginez une exp&eacute;rience pass&eacute;e&nbsp;&raquo;. </span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif">&nbsp;</span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Les t&acirc;ches peuvent &ecirc;tre aussi transform&eacute;es lorsque l&rsquo;enseignant souhaite am&eacute;liorer le climat relationnel du groupe-classe. L&rsquo;activit&eacute; de transformation est alors orient&eacute;e vers les propres valeurs de l&rsquo;enseignant. C&rsquo;est le cas dans l&rsquo;exemple suivant o&ugrave; la plate-forme permet une communication individualis&eacute;e et confiante entre l&rsquo;apprenant et l&rsquo;enseignant lors de l&rsquo;effectuation de t&acirc;ches d&rsquo;&eacute;criture&nbsp;: </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; E1&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;Edmodo c&rsquo;est une plate-forme alors c&rsquo;&eacute;tait beaucoup plus facile et j&rsquo;ai appris beaucoup plus de &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; choses comme &ccedil;a + ceux qui n&rsquo;osaient pas en classe + et j&rsquo;ai remarqu&eacute; que dans nos relations &ccedil;a avait &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; chang&eacute; + ils avaient plus confiance parce que je continuais &agrave; travailler avec eux &agrave; distance + alors &ccedil;a &ccedil;a </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; me plaisait + c&rsquo;est du boulot c&rsquo;est du travail quand tu fais &ccedil;a + mais je trouvais que c&rsquo;&eacute;tait une bonne </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; fa&ccedil;on de travailler et qu&rsquo;ils progressaient bien + voil&agrave; ce que je fais&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Mais les propres valeurs et les propres objectifs p&eacute;dagogiques de l&rsquo;enseignant peuvent conduire &agrave; la suppression radicale de t&acirc;ches propos&eacute;es par le manuel qui, en formulant des exigences techniques, ne facilite pas l&rsquo;effectuation de la t&acirc;che, selon une enseignante&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p class="CxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify"><span style="tab-stops:54.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; E4&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;dans les t&acirc;ches ils demandent euh tu vois de r&eacute;aliser des t&acirc;ches o&ugrave; tu sens qu&rsquo;il faut quand m&ecirc;me &nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></p> <p class="CxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify"><span style="tab-stops:54.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; du mat&eacute;riel c&rsquo;est-&agrave;-dire il faut un ordinateur il faut une connexion internet + il faut une imprimante + </span></span></p> <p class="CxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify"><span style="tab-stops:54.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; donc quand tu vois des d&eacute;fis o&ugrave; il faut filmer et presque faire du montage video non moi je ne me lance </span></span></p> <p class="CxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify"><span style="tab-stops:54.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; pas l&agrave; dedans parce que j&rsquo;ai pas envie moi de mettre l&rsquo;&eacute;tudiant en difficult&eacute; technique c&rsquo;est pas </span></span></p> <p class="CxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify"><span style="tab-stops:54.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; l&rsquo;objectif + l&rsquo;id&eacute;e c&rsquo;est qu&rsquo;il produise quelque chose&nbsp;&raquo;. </span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">5. </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Conclusion</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Nous terminerons notre contribution par trois remarques&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Premi&egrave;rement, l&rsquo;analyse de notre corpus montre que les t&acirc;ches d&rsquo;&eacute;criture propos&eacute;es dans les manuels de FLE, instruments didactiques, m&eacute;diatisent fortement l&rsquo;activit&eacute; des enseignants de FLE.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Deuxi&egrave;mement, nous avons montr&eacute; que les sch&egrave;mes d&rsquo;utilisation du manuel r&eacute;sultaient de constructions personnelles et de l&rsquo;appropriation de sch&egrave;mes pr&eacute;existants. Ces derniers ont une dimension priv&eacute;e puisqu&rsquo;ils sont propres &agrave; chaque enseignant et s&rsquo;inscrivent dans la m&eacute;moire des sujets en tant que ressources mobilisables. Mais ils ont aussi une dimension sociale puisqu&rsquo;ils sont inscrits dans la m&eacute;moire d&rsquo;un collectif professionnel, celui des enseignants de FLE, qui puise ses ressources, entre autres domaines, dans des m&eacute;thodologies ant&eacute;rieures, en l&rsquo;occurrence, celle de l&rsquo;approche communicative qui proposait aux apprenants d&rsquo;&eacute;crire &agrave; l&rsquo;aide d&rsquo;un canevas. Ces sch&egrave;mes sont issus de la longue histoire des m&eacute;thodologies d&rsquo;enseignement des langues. L&rsquo;analyse de notre corpus, compos&eacute; d&rsquo;entretiens semi-directifs men&eacute;s avec six enseignants exp&eacute;riment&eacute;s, attestant de 10 &agrave; 30 ans d&rsquo;enseignement du FLE, en t&eacute;moigne. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Par ailleurs, pour conclure, notre &eacute;tude confirme un des r&eacute;sultats de l&rsquo;&eacute;tude de Margaret Bento (2015)&nbsp;: les manuels n&rsquo;ont pas autant d&rsquo;influence sur les pratiques enseignantes que le croient les concepteurs. Les t&acirc;ches propos&eacute;es par le manuel peuvent &ecirc;tre transform&eacute;es, adapt&eacute;es, </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">recompos&eacute;es ou tout simplement&nbsp; dispara&icirc;tre.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div style="page-break-after: always"><span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="WordSection2"> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><a name="page6"></a><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Bibliographie</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Allouche, V. et Maurer, B. (2011). <i>L&rsquo;&eacute;crit en FLE. Travail du style et ma&icirc;trise de la langue. </i>Presses universitaires de la M&eacute;diterran&eacute;e.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:90%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:90%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Auger, N. 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(1987). <i>Lecture d&rsquo;&eacute;nonc&eacute;s et de consignes. </i>CRAP et CRDP d&rsquo;Amiens.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:106%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif">&nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif">&nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Manuels &eacute;tudi&eacute;s</span></span></b></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:103%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:103%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Chahi, F., Hor C., Malorey, C. <i>et alii</i>. (2015). <i>Entre nous 2,</i> M&eacute;thode de fran&ccedil;ais, livre de l&rsquo;&eacute;l&egrave;ve, cahier d&rsquo;activit&eacute;s, CD, &Eacute;ditions maison des langues.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:103%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:103%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Chahi F., Denyer, M., Gloanec, A. et alii. (2018). <i>Defi 1</i>, m&eacute;thode de fran&ccedil;ais, livre de l&rsquo;&eacute;l&egrave;ve + CD, &Eacute;ditions maison des langues.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:3pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:103%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:103%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Chahi F., Denyer, M., Gloanec, A. et alii. (2018). <i>Defi 1</i>, cahier d&rsquo;exercices, &Eacute;ditions maison des langues.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Barth&eacute;l&eacute;my F., Sousa S., Sperandio C. (2013). <i>Z&eacute;nith 3</i>, m&eacute;thode de fran&ccedil;ais, CLE International.</span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Barth&eacute;l&eacute;my F., Sousa S., Sperandio C. (2013). <i>Z&eacute;nith 3</i>, cahier d&rsquo;activit&eacute;s, CLE International.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Annexe 1&nbsp;: Guide d&rsquo;entretien des enseignants</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li style="line-height:105%; font-size:10pt; font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Enseignement du FLE</span></span></span></b></li> </ol> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">1.1.</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Depuis combien de temps enseignes-tu le FLE&nbsp;?</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">1.2.</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Quelle est ta formation en FLE&nbsp;?</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">1.3.</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Dans quel &eacute;tablissement as-tu enseign&eacute; le FLE&nbsp;?</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <ol start="2" type="1"> <li style="line-height:105%; font-size:10pt; font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Usages du manuel de FLE pour l&rsquo;enseignement de la production &eacute;crite</span></span></span></b></li> </ol> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">1.1.</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Combien d&rsquo;heures par semaine utilises-tu le manuel&nbsp;?</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">1.2.</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">O&ugrave; sont situ&eacute;es les t&acirc;ches de production &eacute;crite dans le manuel&nbsp;?</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">1.3.</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Que penses-tu des t&acirc;ches finales propos&eacute;es par le manuel&nbsp;?</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">1.4.</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Quel penses-tu de l&rsquo;articulation des t&acirc;ches de production &eacute;crite avec les autres&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; activit&eacute;s&nbsp;?</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <ol start="3" type="1"> <li style="line-height:105%; font-size:10pt; font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Mise en &oelig;uvre des t&acirc;ches de production &eacute;crite propos&eacute;es par le manuel</span></span></span></b></li> </ol> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">3.1.</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Quelle est la place de la production &eacute;crite dans l&rsquo;unit&eacute;&nbsp;?</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">3.2.</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Mets-tu syst&eacute;matiquement en &oelig;uvre les t&acirc;ches de production &eacute;crite propos&eacute;es </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; par le manuel&nbsp;? Pour quelle raison&nbsp;?</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">3.3.</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Les &eacute;tudiants &eacute;crivent-ils en groupe ou seuls&nbsp;?</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">3.4.</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Des activit&eacute;s d&rsquo;am&eacute;lioration des productions sont-elles propos&eacute;es aux &eacute;tudiants </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; dans le manuel&nbsp;? En proposes-tu&nbsp;?</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <ol start="4" type="1"> <li style="line-height:105%; font-size:10pt; font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Transformation des t&acirc;ches de production &eacute;crite propos&eacute;es par le manuel</span></span></span></b></li> </ol> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">4.1.</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Comment transformes-tu les t&acirc;ches d&rsquo;&eacute;criture&nbsp;?</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">4.2.</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Pour quelle raison transformes-tu les t&acirc;ches d&rsquo;&eacute;criture&nbsp;? </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">4.3.</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Proposes-tu aux &eacute;tudiants d&rsquo;autres supports que le manuel lors des t&acirc;ches&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; d&rsquo;&eacute;criture&nbsp;? </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <ol start="5" type="1"> <li style="line-height:105%; font-size:10pt; font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Substitution des t&acirc;ches de production &eacute;crite du manuel par d&rsquo;autres t&acirc;ches</span></span></span></b></li> </ol> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">5.1.</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Proposes-tu d&rsquo;autres t&acirc;ches d&rsquo;&eacute;criture que celles du manuel&nbsp;? Si oui, </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; lesquelles&nbsp;?</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">5.2.</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Pour quelles raisons proposes-tu ces autres t&acirc;ches&nbsp;? </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <ol start="6" type="1"> <li style="line-height:105%; font-size:10pt; font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Les t&acirc;ches d&rsquo;&eacute;criture num&eacute;rique propos&eacute;es par le manuel</span></span></span></b></li> </ol> <p style="text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">6.1.</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Le manuel propose-t-il des t&acirc;ches d&rsquo;&eacute;criture num&eacute;rique&nbsp;? Les mets-tu en </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:105%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &oelig;uvre&nbsp;? Si oui, comment&nbsp;?</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div style="page-break-after: always"><span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></div> <div>&nbsp; <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">[1]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Nous renvoyons aux Journ&eacute;es d&rsquo;&eacute;tudes annuelles Pierre Guibert sur les manuels scolaires organis&eacute;es par l&rsquo;Universit&eacute; de Montpellier, la Facult&eacute; d&rsquo;&eacute;ducation ESPE/LR et le CEDRHE (Centre d&rsquo;Etudes, de Documentation et de Recherche en Histoire de l&rsquo;Education).</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn2"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">[2]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Soulign&eacute; par Goigoux (2007&nbsp;: 51).</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn3"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">[3]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Aux niveaux A1 et A2, les quinze heures de cours hebdomadaires s&rsquo;appuient sur le manuel. Au niveau B1, onze heures de cours s&rsquo;appuient sur le manuel, deux heures sont consacr&eacute;es &agrave; un cours de litt&eacute;rature et deux heures &agrave; un cours intitul&eacute; &laquo;&nbsp;Projet culturel&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn4"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">[4]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Comme le pr&eacute;cise Jean-Michel Zakartchouk, la consigne scolaire pr&eacute;sente des sp&eacute;cificit&eacute;s, dans la mesure o&ugrave; elle &laquo;&nbsp;demande &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;l&egrave;ve de proc&eacute;der &agrave; une ou &agrave; des op&eacute;ration(s) pr&eacute;cise(s) pour aboutir au r&eacute;sultat souhait&eacute; afin de v&eacute;rifier qu&rsquo;il a acquis une (des) connaissance(s), qu&rsquo;il ma&icirc;trise un (des) savoir-faire, qu&rsquo;il est capable de les transf&eacute;rer dans une situation nouvelle&nbsp;&raquo; (1987).</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn5"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">[5]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Ces num&eacute;ros sont inscrits entre crochets.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn6"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;, sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">[6]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Association des Directeurs de Centres Universitaires d&rsquo;Etudes Fran&ccedil;aises.</span></span></span></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>