<h1 style="text-align: center;">&Eacute;crire en langue additionnelle : un besoin de complexifier les mod&egrave;les</h1> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#3c4043"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-size:16.0pt"><span style="color:black">In Memoriam: XXX<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><sup><b><sup><span lang="FR" style="font-size:16.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">[1]</span></span></span></span></sup></b></sup></a></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="border: medium none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#3c4043"><b><span lang="FR" style="color:black">INTRODUCTION</span></b></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="border:none; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#3c4043"><span lang="FR" style="color:black">La recherche sur les processus mis en jeu dans la production &eacute;crite s&rsquo;est progressivement enrichie bien qu&rsquo;elle se soit d&eacute;velopp&eacute;e plus tard que celle sur la compr&eacute;hension de l&rsquo;&eacute;crit et sur la production orale. Plusieurs mod&egrave;les th&eacute;oriques ont &eacute;t&eacute; propos&eacute;s afin d&rsquo;expliquer les facteurs qui influencent les processus de composition, leur nature et leurs interrelations. &Agrave; la diff&eacute;rence des premiers mod&egrave;les qui suivaient une organisation lin&eacute;aire, les mod&egrave;les plus r&eacute;cents ont mis en avant le caract&egrave;re r&eacute;cursif de l&rsquo;&eacute;criture en tant qu&rsquo;activit&eacute; socialement situ&eacute;e. Cependant, peu de mod&egrave;les se concentrent sur les processus qui rel&egrave;vent de la production &eacute;crite en langue additionnelle (LA)<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">[2]</span></span></span></span></sup></sup></a> et abordent la complexit&eacute; de la r&eacute;daction de l&rsquo;apprenant/locuteur plurilingue et les facteurs qui la contraignent.&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#3c4043"><span lang="FR" style="color:black">D&rsquo;autre part, en ce qui concerne la didactique de l&rsquo;&eacute;crit, il est n&eacute;cessaire de &laquo;&nbsp;fonder l&rsquo;apprentissage de l&rsquo;&eacute;crit sur des bases plus solides&nbsp;&raquo; du point de vue th&eacute;orique et pratique (Cuq et Gruca, 2005<i>&nbsp;</i>: 186). Nous souhaitons montrer qu&rsquo;il est possible de penser la mod&eacute;lisation de l&rsquo;&eacute;criture et de son enseignement/apprentissage dans une perspective (socio)constructiviste en lien avec une conception d&rsquo;un traitement langagier complexe et dynamique chez les apprenants/locuteurs plurilingues soutenu par le recours aux outils num&eacute;riques actuels. L&rsquo;objectif de l&rsquo;article est de parvenir &agrave; une forme de mod&eacute;lisation souple des processus d&rsquo;&eacute;criture en LA et des &eacute;tapes p&eacute;dagogiques pour les mettre en place.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#3c4043"><span lang="FR" style="color:black">L&rsquo;&eacute;criture sera d&rsquo;abord examin&eacute;e comme une comp&eacute;tence trans/interculturelle, transdisciplinaire et comme un processus complexe bi-/plurilingue en lien avec la construction de la connaissance et de la comp&eacute;tence de production &eacute;crite. Seront alors pr&eacute;sent&eacute;s les mod&egrave;les de production en langue initiale (LI), puis les mod&egrave;les en LA qui se sont progressivement &eacute;loign&eacute;s des pr&eacute;c&eacute;dents pour prendre en compte le bi/plurilinguisme des sujets. Il sera possible alors de proposer un mod&egrave;le provisoire de l&rsquo;&eacute;criture en LA et de se tourner ensuite, d&rsquo;abord vers une didactique de l&rsquo;&eacute;crit en LA, puis vers des propositions de pratiques afin d&rsquo;illustrer le propos.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <h2 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#3c4043"><b><span lang="FR" style="color:black">1. &Eacute;criture, construction de la connaissance et de la comp&eacute;tence de production &eacute;crite</span></b></span></span></span></span></h2> <h3 style="border: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#3c4043"><b><span lang="FR" style="color:black">1.1.&nbsp;</span></b><b><span lang="FR" style="color:black">Construction de la connaissance par l&rsquo;&eacute;criture </span></b></span></span></span></span></h3> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#3c4043"><span lang="FR" style="color:black">L&rsquo;&eacute;criture est, selon la formule de Norman (1993), un &laquo; outil con&ccedil;u pour observer, exposer et traiter l&rsquo;information dans le but de satisfaire une fonction repr&eacute;sentationnelle &raquo; (1993 : 18). La conception de cet outil repose sur la connaissance d&rsquo;un code linguistique associ&eacute; &agrave; des savoirs relatifs aux genres ou typologies textuelles (en LI). Quand un sujet &eacute;crit, c&rsquo;est souvent pour expliciter, pour lui ou d&rsquo;autres, des connaissances qu&rsquo;il a d&eacute;couvertes. L&rsquo;&eacute;criture contribue ainsi &agrave; la verbalisation de la pens&eacute;e et, selon Lahire (1993, 2008), &agrave; la construction &laquo; d&rsquo;une capacit&eacute; accrue &agrave; la d&eacute;contextualisation, la g&eacute;n&eacute;ralisation, la conceptualisation et la r&eacute;flexivit&eacute; &raquo; (&Eacute;tienne, 2011 : 3-4). Des activit&eacute;s, telles que la prise de notes, le compte-rendu de lecture et le r&eacute;sum&eacute; permettent de verbaliser la saisie des connaissances. L&rsquo;&eacute;crit est alors un &laquo; avatar &raquo; de ce que Vygotsky&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">(1934/1986) </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#3c4043"><span lang="FR" style="color:black">le &laquo; langage &eacute;gocentrique &raquo;, discours transitoire entre une connaissance d&eacute;couverte et une connaissance &agrave; s&rsquo;approprier o&ugrave; s&rsquo;exprime ce qui a &eacute;t&eacute; saisi. Ecrire permet &eacute;galement d&rsquo;atteindre des&nbsp; r&eacute;sultats, plus complexes et exigeants en termes de compr&eacute;hension et de production, qui reposent sur des transformations &agrave; la fois des textes et des repr&eacute;sentations. L&rsquo;&eacute;crit est en fait plus qu&rsquo;un outil, il est &laquo; au c&oelig;ur de l&rsquo;activit&eacute; &eacute;pist&eacute;mique et de conceptualisation &raquo; (Guernier et Barr&eacute;-De Miniac, 2009 : 203).</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: center;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align: center;"><img src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_71_6_image-20200127211952-1.png" style="width: 600px; height: 335px; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid;" /></p> <address style="text-align: center;"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black"><em>Figure 1. </em>Mod&egrave;le descriptif du processus de composition en L2 de Wang et Wen (2002&nbsp;: 242, en fran&ccedil;ais dans Hidden, 2013&nbsp;: 36).</span></span></span></address> <p style="text-align: center;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#3c4043"><span lang="FR" style="color:black">......................</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: center;">&nbsp;</p> <div> <p style="text-align: center;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align: center;"><img src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_71_6_image-20200127212247-2.jpeg" style="width: 600px; height: 374px; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid;" /></p> <address style="text-align: center;"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Figure 2. Mod&eacute;lisation du processus de composition &agrave; l&rsquo;aide d&rsquo;outils num&eacute;riques (d&rsquo;apr&egrave;s Bozhinova, 2018).</span></span></span></address> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify">............................</p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white none repeat scroll 0% 0%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#3c4043"><span lang="FR" style="color:black">La figure 3 illustre notre hypoth&egrave;se sur le d&eacute;clenchement des SPA &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;crit gr&acirc;ce au syst&egrave;me d&rsquo;accompagnement et des outils et ressources utilis&eacute;s.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><img src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_71_6_image-20200130085438-1.jpeg" style="width: 600px; height: 220px; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid;" /></p> <address style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white none repeat scroll 0% 0%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#3c4043"><span lang="FR" style="color:black">Figure 3. D&eacute;clenchement des SPA &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;crit (d&rsquo;apr&egrave;s Bozhinova, 2016 : 168).</span></span></span></span></span></address> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">En vue de l&rsquo;&eacute;laboration de dispositifs didactiques orient&eacute;s vers le d&eacute;veloppement de la production &eacute;crite en LA, il convient de tenir compte des diff&eacute;rentes sources de SPA possibles.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;">...............</p> <p style="text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white none repeat scroll 0% 0%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#3c4043"><span lang="FR" style="color:black">Bakhtine d&eacute;finit les genres comme &laquo; types relativement stables d&rsquo;&eacute;nonc&eacute;s &raquo; qui op&egrave;rent dans une sph&egrave;re particuli&egrave;re (ibid. : 265). Un &eacute;nonc&eacute; stable appartient &agrave; un genre qui lui-m&ecirc;me repose, absorbe et transforme un autre genre. Les manifestations des effets des th&eacute;ories des genres sur la didactique de l&rsquo;&eacute;crit apparaissent aussi dans la prise en compte des structures de ces types. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white none repeat scroll 0% 0%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#3c4043"><span lang="FR" style="color:black">Un exemple de dispositif didactique pour enseigner l&rsquo;&eacute;criture en L2 selon le mod&egrave;le bas&eacute; sur la notion de genre de texte consiste &agrave; suivre un sc&eacute;nario en cinq &eacute;tapes&nbsp;(cf. Figure 4). </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><img src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_71_6_image-20200130085744-2.png" style="width: 450px; height: 356px;" /></p> <address style="text-align: center;"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black"><span style="color:#3c4043"><span lang="FR" style="color:black">Figure 4&nbsp;: Sc&eacute;nario didactique d&#39;&eacute;criture bas&eacute; sur le concept de <i>genre </i></span></span>(d&rsquo;apr&egrave;s Hyland, 2008: 6).</span></span></span></address> <p style="text-align: justify;">....................................</p> <p style="text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align: center;"><img src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_71_6_image-20200130090007-3.png" style="width: 350px; height: 329px;" /></p> <address style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white none repeat scroll 0% 0%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#3c4043"><span lang="FR" style="color:black">Figure 5. Sch&eacute;ma du flux des processus de composition (d&rsquo;apr&egrave;s Hyland, 2008&nbsp;: 10)</span></span></span></span></span></address> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>..................................</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align: center;"><img src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_71_6_image-20200130090151-4.jpeg" style="width: 600px; height: 377px;" /></p> <address style="text-align: center;"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Figure 6. Conditions pour optimiser&nbsp; l&rsquo;enseignement/apprentissage de la production &eacute;crite (PE) en LA.</span></span></span></address> <address>&nbsp;</address> <p>........................................</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align: center;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align: center;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align: center;"><img src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_71_6_image-20200130090333-5.png" style="width: 600px; height: 338px; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid;" /></p> <address style="text-align: center;"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Figure 7. Sc&eacute;nario fond&eacute; sur l&rsquo;approche par les t&acirc;ches et la co-construction d&rsquo;objets de savoir (Bozhinova, 2019 : 163).</span></span></span></address> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>..................</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2 style="border: medium none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white none repeat scroll 0% 0%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#3c4043"><b><span lang="FR" style="color:black">R&eacute;f&eacute;rences bibliographiques</span></b></span></span></span></span></h2> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white none repeat scroll 0% 0%"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#3c4043"><span lang="FR" style="color:black">Aberchoum, A. (2020). </span><i><span lang="FR" style="color:#444444">Enseignement des disciplines dites non linguistiques DdNL en langue additionnelle. Cas de la biologie en contexte primaire marocain.</span></i><span lang="FR" style="color:#444444"> Th&egrave;se de l&rsquo;Universit&eacute; Ibn Tofail, Kenitra, Maroc.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white none repeat scroll 0% 0%"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#3c4043"><span lang="FR" style="color:black">Alcorta, M. (2001). &laquo; Utilisation du brouillon et d&eacute;veloppement des capacit&eacute;s d&#39;&eacute;crit &raquo;. <i>Revue fran&ccedil;aise de p&eacute;dagogie</i>. <i>La p&eacute;dagogie et les savoirs: &eacute;l&eacute;ments de d&eacute;bat</i>, vol. 137, pp. 95-103. 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Paris : Didier.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white none repeat scroll 0% 0%"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#3c4043"><span lang="FR" style="color:black">XXX.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white none repeat scroll 0% 0%"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#3c4043"><span lang="FR" style="color:black">XXX</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white none repeat scroll 0% 0%"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#3c4043"><span lang="FR" style="color:black">XXX</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white none repeat scroll 0% 0%"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#3c4043"><span lang="FR" style="color:black">XXX et al.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white none repeat scroll 0% 0%"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#3c4043"><span lang="FR" style="color:black">Brudermann, C. 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(2002). &laquo; Second language writing and research: the writing process and error analysis in student texts &raquo;. <i>Teaching English as a second or foreign language</i>, vol. 6, n&deg;2. </span><span lang="FR" style="color:black">En ligne :</span><a href="http://tesl-ej.org/ej22/a1.html" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline"> </a><a href="http://tesl-ej.org/ej22/a1.html" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline"><span style="color:#1155cc">http://tesl-ej.org/ej22/a1.html</span></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white none repeat scroll 0% 0%"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#3c4043"><span lang="FR" style="color:black">XXX</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white none repeat scroll 0% 0%"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#3c4043"><span lang="FR" style="color:black">XXX et al.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white none repeat scroll 0% 0%"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#3c4043"><span lang="FR" style="color:black">XXX et al.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white none repeat scroll 0% 0%"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#3c4043"><span lang="FR" style="color:black">Norman D.A. 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La construction des savoirs et le sujet-&eacute;crivant, Actes de la journ&eacute;e d&rsquo;&eacute;tude du 13 mai 2005</i>. </span><span style="color:black">Namur : Presses universitaires de Namur, pp. 81-104.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white none repeat scroll 0% 0%"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#3c4043"><span style="color:black">Prior, P. (2006). &laquo; A sociocultural theory of writing &raquo;. In MacArthur, C. A., Graham, S. &amp; Fitzgerald, J. (Eds.). <i>Handbook of writing research</i>. 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En ligne&nbsp;: DOI : </span><a href="https://doi.org/10.3406/prati.1996.1766" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline">https://doi.org/10.3406/prati.1996.1766</a> </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white none repeat scroll 0% 0%"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#3c4043"><span style="color:black">Robinson, P. (2007). &laquo; Aptitude, abilities, context, and practice &raquo;. In DeKeyser, R. (Ed.). <i>Practice in a Second Language</i>. Cambridge University Press, pp. 256-286.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white none repeat scroll 0% 0%"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#3c4043"><span style="color:black">Scardamalia M. &amp; Bereiter C. (1989). &laquo; Knowledge telling and knowledge transforming in written composition &raquo;. In Olson, D.R., Torrance, N. &amp; Hildyard, A. (Eds.). <i>Literacy and language, and learning: The nature and consequences of reading and writing</i>. </span><span lang="FR" style="color:black">Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, pp. 307-329.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white none repeat scroll 0% 0%"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#3c4043"><span lang="FR" style="color:black">Schaeffer-Lacroix, E. (2014). &laquo; Utiliser des corpus num&eacute;riques avec un public Lansad &raquo;. <i>Alsic</i>, vol. 17. En ligne :</span><a href="http://alsic.revues.org/2720" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline"> </a><a href="http://alsic.revues.org/2720" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline"><span style="color:#1155cc">http://alsic.revues.org/2720</span></a><span style="color:black"> ; DOI : 10.4000/alsic.2720</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white none repeat scroll 0% 0%"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#3c4043"><span lang="FR" style="color:black">XXX </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white none repeat scroll 0% 0%"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#3c4043"><span lang="FR" style="color:black">The Douglas Fir Group (2016). </span><span style="color:black">&laquo; A Transdisciplinary Framework for SLA in a Multilingual World &raquo;. </span><i><span lang="FR" style="color:black">The Modern Language Journal</span></i><span lang="FR" style="color:black">, vol. 100 (Supplement 2016).</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white none repeat scroll 0% 0%"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#3c4043"><span lang="FR" style="color:black">Velay, J.-L. (2018). &laquo; Manuscrite ou num&eacute;rique : peut-on choisir entre diff&eacute;rentes formes d&rsquo;&eacute;criture ? &raquo;. Dans Cnesco. <i>&Eacute;crire et r&eacute;diger : comment guider les &eacute;l&egrave;ves dans leurs apprentissages. Notes des experts</i>, pp. 54-60. En ligne:</span><a href="https://www.cnesco.fr/fr/ecrire-et-rediger/" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline"> </a><a href="https://www.cnesco.fr/fr/ecrire-et-rediger/" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline"><span style="color:#1155cc">https://www.cnesco.fr/fr/ecrire-et-rediger/</span></a></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white none repeat scroll 0% 0%"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#3c4043"><span style="color:black">Vygotsky, L. S. (1986/1934). <i>Thought and language</i>. Cambridge : Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white none repeat scroll 0% 0%"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#3c4043"><span style="color:black">Wang, W. &amp; Wen, Q. (2002). &laquo; L1 Use In The L2 Composing Process : An Exploratory Study of 16 Chinese EFL Writers &raquo;. <i>Journal of Second Language Writing, </i>vol. 11, pp. 225-246.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white none repeat scroll 0% 0%"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#3c4043"><span style="color:black">Williams, C. (2002). <i>Extending Bilingualism in the Education System</i>. <i>Education and Lifelong Learning Committee Report. </i>En ligne :&nbsp; http://www.assemblywales.org/3C91C7AF00023D820000595000000000.pdf</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white none repeat scroll 0% 0%"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#3c4043"><span style="color:black">Williams, S. &amp; Hammarberg, B. (1998). &laquo; Language Switches in L3 Production: Implications for a Polyglot Speaking Model &raquo;. <i>Applied Linguistics</i> vol. 19, issue 3, pp. 295-333.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white none repeat scroll 0% 0%"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#3c4043"><span style="color:black">Zimmermann, R. (2000). &laquo; L2 writing: subprocesses, a model of formulating and empirical findings &raquo;. </span><i><span lang="FR" style="color:black">Learning and Instruction</span></i><span lang="FR" style="color:black">, n&deg;10. Amsterdam, Eslevler, Oxford : Pergamon, pp. 73-99.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1"> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#3c4043"><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#3c4043">[1]</span></span></span></span></sup></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="color:black"> Nous avons choisi de suivre les propositions du Douglas Fir Group (2016) et d&rsquo;employer les termes langues initiales (LI) pour les langues de premi&egrave;re socialisation d&rsquo;un individu et langue additionnelle (LA) pour les autres, quelles que soient les circonstances de leur apprentissage.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#3c4043"><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#3c4043">[2]</span></span></span></span></sup></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="color:black"> <small>Cet article est &eacute;crit en hommage &agrave; notre coll&egrave;gue et doctorant qui est parti trop t&ocirc;t. Une partie de cet article s&rsquo;est appuy&eacute;e sur les donn&eacute;es qu&rsquo;il avait rassembl&eacute;es.</small></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> </div>