<p style="text-align:left"><strong><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,serif">R&eacute;sum&eacute; :</span></span></span></strong></p> <p style="text-align:left"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,serif">Ce travail provient d&rsquo;une &eacute;tude sur le terrain dans les &eacute;coles mauritaniennes, et analyse les probl&egrave;mes auxquels font face les &eacute;l&egrave;ves jusqu&rsquo;en fin de primaire pour ma&icirc;triser l&rsquo;&eacute;crit du fran&ccedil;ais, qui constitue pourtant leur seconde langue de scolarisation, langue dans laquelle outre la langue fran&ccedil;aise il apprennent les math&eacute;matiques et les sciences (Noyau 2009). C&rsquo;est en fran&ccedil;ais qu&rsquo;ils passeront les examens de fin du primaire en math&eacute;matiques et en sciences, &agrave; c&ocirc;t&eacute; de l&rsquo;arabe litt&eacute;ral, qui constitue le m&eacute;dium principal d&rsquo;enseignement et de certification (Noyau 2011). A partir d&rsquo;observations de classe conduites en arabe et en fran&ccedil;ais, et de l&rsquo;analyse de productions &eacute;crites des &eacute;l&egrave;ves en fran&ccedil;ais, nous caract&eacute;risons les parcours cognitifs qui leur sont m&eacute;nag&eacute;s par l&rsquo;&eacute;cole, pour tenter de comprendre la nature de ce blocage, de fa&ccedil;on &agrave; sugg&eacute;rer des changements d&rsquo;ordre didactique pour l&rsquo;entr&eacute;e dans le fran&ccedil;ais &eacute;crit, auxquels former les ma&icirc;tres, qui permettraient de redresser la situation.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:left"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,serif">Ce texte pr&eacute;sente successivement&nbsp;: 1. le contexte plurilingue mauritanien, sociolinguistique et scolaire&nbsp;; 2. un regard psycholinguistique contrastif sur l&rsquo;entr&eacute;e dans l&rsquo;&eacute;crit selon qu&rsquo;elle s&rsquo;effectue en arabe ou en fran&ccedil;ais&nbsp;; 3. les rapports oral-&eacute;crit implicites et explicites construits dans les pratiques de classe en arabe et en fran&ccedil;ais&nbsp;; 4. l&rsquo;analyse des difficult&eacute;s &agrave; partir des traces &eacute;crites des &eacute;l&egrave;ves en fran&ccedil;ais&nbsp;; 5. des hypoth&egrave;ses explicatives sur les processus de traitement de l&rsquo;&eacute;crit mis en jeu et leurs cons&eacute;quences pour l&rsquo;appropriation de l&rsquo;&eacute;crit du fran&ccedil;ais&nbsp;; 6. une ouverture sur des contenus de formation des ma&icirc;tres &agrave; un enseignement efficace de l&rsquo;&eacute;crit en arabe puis en fran&ccedil;ais.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:left"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,serif"><strong>Mots-cl&eacute;s</strong> : Mauritanie, fran&ccedil;ais &eacute;crit, enseignement des sciences en fran&ccedil;ais, pratiques de classe, fornation des ma&icirc;tres, primaire</span></span></span></p> <p><strong>Abstract</strong> :</p> <p>This work comes from a field study in Mauritanian schools, and analyses the problems faced by students up to the end of primary school to master the written French language, which is their second language of schooling, a language in which, in addition to French, they learn mathematics and science (Noyau 2009). It is in French that they will take the end-of-primary school-leaving examinations in mathematics and science, alongside literal Arabic, which is the main medium of instruction and certification (Noyau 2011). On the basis of class observations conducted in Arabic and French, and the analysis of the pupils&#39; written productions in French, we characterize the cognitive paths that the school provides them with, in an attempt to understand the nature of this blockage, so as to suggest changes of a didactic nature for the entry into written French, to which teachers should be trained, which would help to rectify the situation.</p> <p>This text presents successively: 1. the plurilingual Mauritanian, sociolinguistic and school context; 2. a contrastive psycholinguistic view of entry into the written word according to whether it is in Arabic or French; 3. the implicit and explicit oral-written relationships built up in classroom practices in Arabic and French; 4. the oral-written relationship between the two languages; 5. the oral-written relationship between the two languages; and 6. the oral-written relationship between the two languages. 4. Analysis of difficulties based on pupils&#39; written traces in French; 5. Explanatory hypotheses on the processes of processing the written word and their consequences for the appropriation of written French; 6. An opening on the content of teacher training for the effective teaching of the written word in Arabic and then in French.</p> <p><strong>Keywords</strong> : Mauritania, written French, science teaching in French, classroom practices, teacher training, primary education.</p> <p style="text-align:left">Colette Noyau - Universit&eacute; Paris Nanterre</p> <p>colette.noyau@free. fr</p> <p style="text-align:left">&nbsp;</p>