<p align="center" style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:center; margin-right:104px; margin-left:66px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">Un questionnement alternatif &agrave; la dichotomie utilit&eacute; / subjectivit&eacute; en didactologie-didactique des langues ?</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p align="right" style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:right"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">V&eacute;ronique Castellotti</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="right" style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:right"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">Universit&eacute; de Tours &ndash; EA 4428 DYNADIV</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="right" style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:right">&nbsp;</p> <p align="right" style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:right">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">Ce texte fait suite &agrave; une pr&eacute;sentation au Colloque &laquo;&nbsp;D&eacute;sir de langues, subjectivit&eacute;s, rapport au savoir&nbsp;: les langues n&rsquo;ont-elles pour vocation que d&rsquo;&ecirc;tre utiles&nbsp;?&nbsp;&raquo; (Montpellier, 14-15 f&eacute;vrier 2019) et s&rsquo;inscrit dans la continuit&eacute; des trois textes pr&eacute;c&eacute;dents, en prenant appui sur les r&eacute;flexions propos&eacute;es par E. Huver, M. Debono et I. Pierozak et en les prolongeant pour imaginer les cons&eacute;quences qu&rsquo;il est possible d&rsquo;en tirer du point de vue du d&eacute;veloppement de recherches en didactique des langues<a name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Times">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;Je m&rsquo;interrogerai en particulier sur la pertinence et l&rsquo;int&eacute;r&ecirc;t de poser un questionnement alternatif &agrave; la dichotomie entre utilit&eacute; et subjectivit&eacute;, qui constituait l&rsquo;une des bases de l&rsquo;argumentaire de ce colloque<a name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Times">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>, en introduisant tout d&rsquo;abord une distinction entre utilit&eacute; et utilitarisme, puis en m&rsquo;interrogeant sur la notion de sujet et ses implications.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">Je repartirai donc des principaux aspects d&eacute;velopp&eacute;s dans les textes pr&eacute;c&eacute;dents, dont je retiens principalement&nbsp;que, si un certain nombre d&rsquo;interpr&eacute;tations et d&rsquo;appr&eacute;ciations des options dominantes en DDdL se retrouvent et convergent autour de quelques aspects critiques communs, comme le rejet de l&rsquo;utilitarisme et de la pr&eacute;gnance d&rsquo;un projet politique n&eacute;o-lib&eacute;ral, elles divergent</span><span lang="IS" style="font-family:Times">de fa&ccedil;on cons&eacute;quente du point de vue des projets et des propositions qu&rsquo;elles portent, plus ou moins explicitement, pour l&rsquo;existence de ce domaine de recherche (E. Huver). Mais ces divergences apparentes semblent malgr&eacute; tout s&rsquo;organiser &agrave; partir d&rsquo;</span><span style="font-family:Times">un fil &eacute;pist&eacute;mologique commun se tissant autour de la pr&eacute;gnance du rationalisme qui conduit, malgr&eacute; les apparences parfois, &agrave; instaurer une pens&eacute;e technique (M. Debono) et ent&eacute;rinent comme centrale la place d&rsquo;un &laquo;&nbsp;sujet&nbsp;&raquo; qui peut &ecirc;tre d&eacute;fini de diff&eacute;rentes mani&egrave;res mais qui est toujours inscrit dans une partition entre sujet et objet (I.&nbsp;Pierozak). Apr&egrave;s avoir bri&egrave;vement examin&eacute; quelques soubassements de la contradiction apparente entre subjectivit&eacute; et utilit&eacute;, je r&eacute;fl&eacute;chirai aux potentialit&eacute;s pour la DDdL d&rsquo;une autre inscription &eacute;pist&eacute;mologique, qui refuse le dualisme sujet-objet et se situe dans une orientation &laquo;&nbsp;hors-sujet&nbsp;&raquo; (I. Pierozak), ne visant pas &agrave; compenser des formes d&rsquo;instrumentalisation manag&eacute;riale mais &agrave; les court-circuiter &agrave; la racine.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><b><span style="font-family:Times">1. Utilit&eacute; / subjectivit&eacute;&nbsp;: quels arri&egrave;re-plans&nbsp;?</span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">En simplifiant quelque peu, la subjectivit&eacute; et l&rsquo;utilit&eacute; apparaissent dans l&rsquo;argumentaire du colloque comme des entit&eacute;s oppos&eacute;es, voire contradictoires, comme si le fait de consid&eacute;rer les langues comme prioritairement utiles excluait d&rsquo;embl&eacute;e les caract&eacute;ristiques subjectives de leurs usages et, partant, de leurs apprentissages.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">Or, ces termes sont sans doute &agrave; retravailler &agrave; nouveau frais, pour ne pas accr&eacute;diter trop rapidement leur sens &laquo;&nbsp;commun&nbsp;&raquo; ou &laquo;&nbsp;ordinaire&nbsp;&raquo;<a name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Times">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>&nbsp;mais pour r&eacute;fl&eacute;chir de fa&ccedil;on plus approfondie &agrave; la fa&ccedil;on dont ils ont &eacute;t&eacute; ou sont mobilis&eacute;s dans le domaine, &agrave; diff&eacute;rentes p&eacute;riodes, et pour examiner de fa&ccedil;on plus pouss&eacute;e les &eacute;pist&eacute;mologies qui sous-tendent ces emplois.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify">1.1 U<span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><b><span style="font-family:Times">ilit&eacute;</span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">Sur la question de l&rsquo;utilit&eacute; tout d&rsquo;abord, je propose de distinguer entre &laquo;&nbsp;utilit&eacute;&nbsp;&raquo; et &laquo;&nbsp;utilitarisme&nbsp;&raquo;, ce dernier terme &eacute;tant glos&eacute; par ailleurs dans le texte de M. Debono, qui le relie &agrave; l&rsquo;efficacit&eacute; et au syst&egrave;me technicien (voir aussi ci-dessous). Plus g&eacute;n&eacute;ralement, son origine (<i>utilitarian</i>) renvoie &agrave; la doctrine &eacute;labor&eacute;e par J. Bentham, pour qui l&rsquo;utilit&eacute; est la base m&ecirc;me du droit et de la morale, consid&eacute;rant que &laquo;&nbsp;le principe du plus grand bonheur du plus grand nombre d&rsquo;individus sert de base au gouvernement&nbsp;&raquo; (Russ &amp; Leguil, 1994&nbsp;:44 citant Bentham, 1789).&nbsp;&nbsp;Ce qui compte est ce qui b&eacute;n&eacute;ficie au groupe, sans tenir compte des personnes qui le compose, et &laquo;&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:Times">quand l&rsquo;utilitariste se r&eacute;f&egrave;re &agrave; la satisfaction du groupe, c&rsquo;est le bien-&ecirc;tre g&eacute;n&eacute;ral qui le pr&eacute;occupe, non point la&nbsp;<em><span style="font-family:Times">qualit&eacute;</span></em>de la satisfaction&nbsp;&raquo; (Ibid.)</span><span style="font-family:Times">. Il faut rappeler &agrave; ce propos que J. Bentham est l&rsquo;inventeur du&nbsp;<i>Panopticon</i>, mod&egrave;le de prison au sein de laquelle tous les d&eacute;tenus peuvent &ecirc;tre &agrave; tout moment observ&eacute;s par les gardiens, sans savoir qu&rsquo;ils le sont ni &agrave; quel moment. Il existe aussi des usines con&ccedil;ues sur le m&ecirc;me mod&egrave;le, cens&eacute;es permettre d&rsquo;optimiser l&rsquo;<i>efficacit&eacute;&nbsp;</i>du travail produit en leur sein<i>,&nbsp;</i>terme dont la DDdL fait un usage qu&rsquo;il convient aussi fortement d&rsquo;interroger (voir Debono, ici m&ecirc;me). Cette conception utilitariste repose sur l&rsquo;id&eacute;e d&rsquo;une humanit&eacute; radicalement quantifi&eacute;e, avec un bilan des pertes et des gains et un primat absolu du contr&ocirc;le. Une pens&eacute;e didactique visant avant tout une &eacute;valuation fiable et valide des r&eacute;sultats de l&rsquo;apprentissage et recherchant une efficacit&eacute; optimale peut alors &ecirc;tre interpr&eacute;t&eacute;e comme s&rsquo;inscrivant dans une vision utilitariste telle qu&rsquo;elle est imagin&eacute;e par Bentham et ses adeptes.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">Mais l&rsquo;utilitaire n&rsquo;est pas l&rsquo;utile. Provenant du latin&nbsp;<i>utilis</i>, l&rsquo;utile renvoie &agrave; ce qui sert, qui est profitable, avantageux, et peut &ecirc;tre interpr&eacute;t&eacute; de diff&eacute;rentes fa&ccedil;ons, selon le positionnement et le projet d&eacute;fendu. C. Romano renvoie par exemple au&nbsp;<i>De Officiis&nbsp;</i>de Cic&eacute;ron, pour lequel il importe de&nbsp;&laquo;&nbsp;veill[er] &agrave; ce qui est utile aux hommes&nbsp;&raquo; (Romano, 2019&nbsp;: 129). Dans sa conception, l&rsquo;utile est alors aux fondements de l&rsquo;&eacute;thique, dans une &laquo;&nbsp;relation d&rsquo;homme &agrave; homme en vue du bien commun&nbsp;&raquo; (<i>ibid</i>.), puisque ce qui importe ici est la qualit&eacute; de la relation humaine, dans un souci de soi (Foucault, 1984)<a name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Times">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>et de l&rsquo;autre. S&rsquo;il y a relation en effet, au sens fort du terme (voir ci-dessous), cette relation aux autres ne cesse de nous transformer, et rendent n&eacute;cessaire ce &laquo;&nbsp;souci&nbsp;&raquo;.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">En ce sens, on ne peut que reconna&icirc;tre, voire rechercher une forme d&rsquo;&laquo;&nbsp;utilit&eacute;&nbsp;&raquo; des langues qui ne se r&eacute;duise pas &agrave; un utilitarisme tel qu&rsquo;&eacute;voqu&eacute; ci-dessus mais qui, au contraire, marque la place essentielle des langues dans les relations humaines, tant comme expression de soi qu&rsquo;en tant que disposition &agrave; recevoir et interpr&eacute;ter la parole des autres.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">Cela conduit &agrave; se placer dans une dynamique prioritairement relationnelle et &agrave; poser, dans un deuxi&egrave;me temps, la question de la subjectivit&eacute;.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><b><span style="font-family:Times">1.2. Subjectivit&eacute;</span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">Retenir la notion de subjectivit&eacute;, c&rsquo;est mettre au centre des pr&eacute;occupations un&nbsp;<i>sujet</i>, comme l&rsquo;a d&eacute;velopp&eacute; I. Pierozak, avec toutes les cons&eacute;quences &eacute;pist&eacute;mologiques que cela comporte et en premier lieu celle d&rsquo;ent&eacute;riner, sans la discuter, une partition entre sujet&nbsp;et objet, ainsi qu&rsquo;entre pens&eacute;e et corps, qui soutient et &eacute;taye les orientations philosophiques dominantes au moins depuis Descartes mais plus fondamentalement depuis Platon et Aristote&nbsp;:&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; margin-left:19px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Times">L&#39;inspiration math&eacute;matique, pr&eacute;dominante chez Galil&eacute;e et Descartes, entra&icirc;ne chez eux le m&ecirc;me d&eacute;dain de l&#39;exp&eacute;rience qui s&#39;affirmait d&eacute;j&agrave; chez les Grecs&nbsp;; leur physique est essentiellement th&eacute;orique, et l&#39;on a fort bien montr&eacute; que les &laquo;&nbsp;exp&eacute;riences&nbsp;&raquo; de Galil&eacute;e, en particulier, sont des &laquo;&nbsp;exp&eacute;riences de pens&eacute;e. (Gusdorf, 1974&nbsp;: 274).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; margin-left:19px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">C&rsquo;est en r&eacute;action &agrave; cette pr&eacute;dominance de l&rsquo;intellect qu&rsquo;apparaissent et s&rsquo;&eacute;laborent des &laquo;&nbsp;sciences humaines&nbsp;&raquo; autonomes, notamment une psychologie (Gusdorf,&nbsp;<i>Op.Cit.</i>). En DDdL, et plus largement en sciences humaines, deux grandes tendances se revendiquent d&rsquo;une centration sur les dimensions principalement psychologiques (au sens large du terme) des apprentissages. La premi&egrave;re est celle repr&eacute;sent&eacute;e par les approches cognitivo-comportementalistes&nbsp;(ACC) ; pour ces derni&egrave;res, le cerveau est premier dans toute tentative de penser l&rsquo;&ecirc;tre humain, &agrave; travers ses composantes physiologiques et biologiques. C&rsquo;est lui qui est &agrave; la source des comportements, mais aussi des &eacute;motions, affects ainsi que de la motivation qu&rsquo;ils g&eacute;n&egrave;reraient et qui contribuerait aussi &agrave; transformer en retour tous ces aspects.&nbsp;&nbsp;Les d&eacute;veloppements propos&eacute;s dans ce cadre, notamment en DDdL, visent alors logiquement &agrave; contr&ocirc;ler les comportements langagiers et d&rsquo;apprentissage des sujets pour les entra&icirc;ner afin de les adapter &agrave; ce qui est attendu, au moyen de dispositifs, d&rsquo;exercices, d&rsquo;activit&eacute;s, de &laquo;&nbsp;t&acirc;ches&nbsp;&raquo; finalis&eacute;es dont on pourra &eacute;valuer les r&eacute;sultats afin de mesurer leur efficacit&eacute;. Cette conception constitue la base de diff&eacute;rentes approches didactiques, comme par exemple l&rsquo;approche neurolinguistique ou ANL (Germain, 2017), l&rsquo;&eacute;mergentisme (Hilton 2017) ou encore les approches reposant sur la neuroph&eacute;nom&eacute;nologie (Aden 2017). Bien que paraissant relativement &eacute;loign&eacute;es dans les &laquo;&nbsp;m&eacute;thodes&nbsp;&raquo; qui en &eacute;manent, elles partagent toutes ce pr&eacute;suppos&eacute; de d&eacute;part concernant une priorit&eacute; (neuro)cognitive.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">La deuxi&egrave;me tendance est celle des approches psychanalytiques (AP), qui n&rsquo;assoit pas sa conception de l&rsquo;apprentissage sur des th&eacute;ories fond&eacute;es principalement sur le cerveau ou l&rsquo;activit&eacute; neuronale mais sur un d&eacute;sir susceptible de fonder les apprentissages, en partie inconscient mais aussi inscrit dans un corps biologique&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; margin-left:19px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Times">La voix en appelle &agrave; la parole qui articule le sujet au langage en m&ecirc;me temps qu&#39;au corps&nbsp;</span></span><em><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Times"><span style="font-style:normal">biologique (Anderson, 1999&nbsp;: 274)</span></span></span></em><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Times">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; margin-left:19px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">Cette tendance maintient une partition entre un humain sujet et une langue objet, voire m&ecirc;me &laquo;&nbsp;instrument&nbsp;&raquo;&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; margin-left:19px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Times">On peut supposer que le rapport construit avec la langue est le type de rapport qu&rsquo;entretient le musicien avec son instrument (Anderson, 2015&nbsp;: 117)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">Ce courant, beaucoup moins d&eacute;velopp&eacute; en DDdL,reste tr&egrave;s fortement attach&eacute;e au &laquo;&nbsp;socle&nbsp;&raquo; saussurien, au signe et &agrave; la langue en tant que mat&eacute;rialit&eacute;, prioritairement inscrite dans la corpor&eacute;it&eacute; biologique de &laquo;&nbsp;sujets&nbsp;&raquo; qui apparaissent comme &eacute;tant au centre de la r&eacute;flexion. Ainsi P. Anderson, qui a tout particuli&egrave;rement approfondi cette orientation, d&eacute;plore que la DDdL ait selon lui &eacute;vacu&eacute; la notion de sujet, ou qu&rsquo;elle le consid&egrave;re, au fil des &acirc;ges, comme &laquo;&nbsp;transparent&nbsp;&raquo; (Anderson, 1999). Il critique, &agrave; travers cela, une conception cybern&eacute;tique de l&rsquo;apprentissage, inscrite dans un &laquo;&nbsp;r&eacute;ductionnisme techniciste dominant&nbsp;&raquo; (ibid.), critique que je partage mais en partant d&rsquo;autres bases &eacute;pist&eacute;mologiques (voir ci-dessous).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">Certes, ces deux tendances apparaissent &agrave; premi&egrave;re vue tr&egrave;s diff&eacute;rentes dans leurs choix, leurs manifestations et leurs d&eacute;ploiements, lorsqu&rsquo;on examine plus attentivement les corpus de textes sur lesquels elles reposent&nbsp;; elles ne s&rsquo;appuient pas non plus sur des th&eacute;ories du sujet ni sur des conceptions de l&rsquo;humain comparables<a name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Times">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>. On peut cependant se demander si et dans quelle mesure, par-del&agrave; ces divergences importantes, elles ne partagent pas un certain nombre de postulats &eacute;pist&eacute;mologiques de base qui,&nbsp;&nbsp;de fa&ccedil;on implicite et sous-jacente, guideraient&nbsp;certains des positionnements qu&rsquo;elles adoptent.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">Dans les deux cas en effet, les orientations examin&eacute;es reposent sur l&rsquo;id&eacute;e que, pour se d&eacute;velopper, l&rsquo;apprentissage proc&egrave;de &agrave; partir d&rsquo;un manque ou d&rsquo;un trouble, ce qui pousserait les sujets &agrave; construire des formes de motivation (ACC) ou de d&eacute;sir (AP). Elles occultent aussi en partie, toutes deux, la part et le r&ocirc;le de l&rsquo;histoire collective et sociale des &ecirc;tres humains consid&eacute;r&eacute;s, en donnant une importance premi&egrave;re &agrave; l&rsquo;individualit&eacute; (ACC) ou &agrave; la subjectivit&eacute; (AP). Enfin et surtout, en maintenant la distinction sujet / objet,&nbsp;&nbsp;elles envisagent plus ou moins implicitement une vision des langues dans laquelle, face &agrave; ces sujets, elles sont con&ccedil;ues avant tout comme des objets&nbsp;s&eacute;miotiques : objets pratiques, de communication ou de transaction dans le premier cas, objet de d&eacute;sir dans le second.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">En fonction de ces remarques pr&eacute;liminaires, je proposerai une r&eacute;flexion didact(olog)ique ancr&eacute;e dans une autre inscription &eacute;pist&eacute;mologique, que I.&nbsp;Pierozak (ici-m&ecirc;me) a qualifi&eacute;e de &laquo;&nbsp;hors-sujet&nbsp;&raquo;, c&rsquo;est-&agrave;-dire qui ne centre plus son attention sur des &ecirc;tres qui seraient in&eacute;vitablement enferm&eacute;s dans une dichotomie ou un face &agrave; face sujet-objet. Cette r&eacute;flexion porte sur des personnes qui, d&rsquo;abord, exp&eacute;riencient le monde &agrave; partir d&rsquo;un imaginaire et dans un processus relationnel, dans lequel la pr&eacute;misse d&rsquo;une distinction sujet-objet n&rsquo;est plus pertinente, ce qui permet de remettre en question, &agrave; c&oelig;ur, les cons&eacute;quences de cette pr&eacute;misse (Romano, 2019).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><b><span style="font-family:Times">2. Une autre orientation &eacute;pist&eacute;mologique et didactologique</span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">Cette autre option fait le choix de ne pas s&rsquo;appuyer sur la notion de sujet, mais de privil&eacute;gier une&nbsp;<i>personne</i>en&nbsp;<i>relation</i>, en &laquo;&nbsp;d&eacute;pla&ccedil;ant la question du moi &agrave; celle de l&rsquo;ips&eacute;it&eacute;&nbsp;&raquo; (Romano, 2019 : 36)&nbsp;; en s&rsquo;&eacute;loignant du moi, on s&rsquo;&eacute;loigne dans le m&ecirc;me mouvement de la d&eacute;pendance absolue du langage, qui lui est directement li&eacute;e dans les th&eacute;ories psychanalytiques.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">Ce positionnement du point de vue de l&rsquo;<i>ipse</i>(Ricoeur, 1990), en accordant une place pr&eacute;pond&eacute;rante &agrave; la relation et aux fa&ccedil;ons dont celle-ci s&rsquo;instaure avec autrui, conduit &agrave; placer au centre des r&eacute;flexions non pas un sujet, au sens psychologique ou psychanalytique du terme, mais plus largement une&nbsp;<i>personne</i>dans sa totalit&eacute;, qui est pr&eacute;sente &agrave; sa propre existence (en r&eacute;f&eacute;rence &agrave; l&rsquo;&laquo;&nbsp;&ecirc;tre-l&agrave;&nbsp;&raquo; ou&nbsp;<i>Dasein</i>chez Heidegger, 1986), dont on ne peut pas s&eacute;parer les diff&eacute;rents aspects qui la constituent&nbsp;&nbsp;et qui est fondamentalement inscrite dans un processus&nbsp;<i>r&eacute;flexif</i>, de rapport &agrave; l&rsquo;<i>alt&eacute;rit&eacute;<a name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Times">[6]</span></span></b></span></span></a>.</i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">Ce choix substitue &agrave; la subjectivit&eacute;, qui maintient une partition sujet-objet, les notions d&rsquo;&eacute;v&eacute;nement et d&rsquo;exp&eacute;rience d&rsquo;&ecirc;tres-en-relation, s&rsquo;ancrant entre des histoires et des pro-jets, &agrave; la fois singuliers et sociaux, par rapport &agrave; un &laquo;&nbsp;monde&nbsp;&raquo; qui &laquo;&nbsp;est d&rsquo;abord d&eacute;couvert comme&nbsp;<i>Umwelt<a name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Times">[7]</span></span></b></span></span></a></i>quotidien&nbsp;&raquo; (Dastur, 2010&nbsp;: 329). Pour elle,&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; margin-left:19px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Times">le&nbsp;<i>Dasein</i>constitue la finalit&eacute; derni&egrave;re qui forme la structure ni objective ni subjective du monde. Ce dernier ne peut en effet ni &ecirc;tre d&eacute;couvert comme un objet, ni &ecirc;tre le r&eacute;sultat d&rsquo;une projection du sujet, mais seulement constituer la&nbsp;<i>significativit&eacute;</i></span></span> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Times">d&rsquo;une existence qui ne peut se comprendre elle-m&ecirc;me qu&rsquo;&agrave; partir du rapport qu&rsquo;elle entretient n&eacute;cessairement avec son&nbsp;<i>Umwelt.&nbsp;&nbsp;</i>(<i>Ibid</i>.)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">Je reviendrai ci-dessous sur les termes d&rsquo;exp&eacute;rience et de relation et sur les notions qu&rsquo;ils recouvrent, afin de pr&eacute;ciser la mani&egrave;re dont je les comprends et emploie.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">Cette autre inscription &eacute;pist&eacute;mologique sert de base pour r&eacute;fl&eacute;chir&nbsp;</span><span lang="IS" style="font-family:Times">des orientations didact(olog)iques alternatives non seulement &agrave; celles actuellement dominantes, mais aussi &agrave; la grande majorit&eacute; des critiques qui leur sont oppos&eacute;es dont la plupart se bornent, comme l&rsquo;a montr&eacute; E. Huver (ici m&ecirc;me), &agrave; en discuter les aspects de surface, sans toucher le coeur des choix th&eacute;oriques, politiques et &eacute;pist&eacute;mologiques qui les sous-tendent ou en les traitant de mani&egrave;re s&eacute;par&eacute;e.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="IS" style="font-family:Times">On peut en effet &agrave; juste titre remarquer que les options psychanalytiques, notamment, critiquent fortement le paradigme techniciste dominant en DDdL (Anderson, 1999) ou encore la</span><span style="font-family:Times">&laquo;&nbsp;</span><span lang="IS" style="font-family:Times">rationalit&eacute; manag&eacute;riale</span><span style="font-family:Times">&nbsp;&raquo;</span><span style="font-family:Times">et le&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:Times">&laquo;&nbsp;</span><span lang="IS" style="font-family:Times">savoir technicien</span><span style="font-family:Times">&nbsp;&raquo;</span><span lang="IS" style="font-family:Times">port&eacute;s par le CECRL (Prieur &amp; Volle, 2016), dans un langage qui supprimerait l&rsquo;alt&eacute;rit&eacute; (<i>ibid</i>.)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="IS" style="font-family:Times">Sur ces points, on ne peut que reconnaitre une forme de proximit&eacute; entre les orientations psychanalytiques et celles que nous portons, avec les trois autres coll&egrave;gues ayant contribu&eacute; au panel pr&eacute;sent&eacute; au colloque susmentionn&eacute; et intitul&eacute;&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:Times">&laquo;&nbsp;</span><span lang="IS" style="font-family:Times">Utilitarisme et subjectivit&eacute; en didactique des langues&nbsp;: proximit&eacute; et/ou divergence des interpr&eacute;tations et des positionnements&nbsp;?</span><span style="font-family:Times">&nbsp;&raquo;</span><span lang="IS" style="font-family:Times">.&nbsp;&nbsp;Cependant, on pourra comprendre avec le point suivant que ce qui nous diff&eacute;rencie des AP est principalement que celles-ci ne con&ccedil;oivent les humains que comme des&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:Times">&laquo;&nbsp;</span><span lang="IS" style="font-family:Times">&ecirc;tres de parole</span><span style="font-family:Times">&nbsp;&raquo;</span><span lang="IS" style="font-family:Times">(Prieur &amp; Volle, 2016), qu&rsquo;elles placent le&nbsp;<i>sujet</i>au centre de toute r&eacute;flexion et qu&rsquo;elles semblent revendiquer pour la DDdL un rattachement &agrave; une version&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:Times">&laquo;&nbsp;</span><span lang="IS" style="font-family:Times">forte</span><span style="font-family:Times">&nbsp;&raquo;</span><span lang="IS" style="font-family:Times">de la pragmatique linguistique et de la philosophie du langage repr&eacute;sent&eacute;e notamment par L. Wittgenstein (voir Anderson 2002).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="IS" style="font-family:Times">Les orientations alternatives que je d&eacute;fends / que nous d&eacute;fendons, a contrario, ont pour base &eacute;pist&eacute;mologique une ph&eacute;nom&eacute;nologie-herm&eacute;neutique, et se d&eacute;veloppent plus particuli&egrave;rement, pour leurs dimensions didactiques, &agrave; partir de la notion d&rsquo;appropriation, dont j&rsquo;essaie de d&eacute;finir les contours et les implications dans cette perspective (Castellotti, 2017).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><b><span lang="IS" style="font-family:Times">2.1 La notion d&rsquo;appropriation</span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="IS" style="font-family:Times">Je reprendrai ici, bri&egrave;vement, les principaux aspects que je retiens de cette r&eacute;flexion pour pr&eacute;ciser mon point de vue. La notion d&rsquo;appropriation est travaill&eacute;e non pas &agrave; partir de sa signification habituelle en DDdL, qui consiste principalement &agrave; neutraliser&nbsp;&nbsp;la distinction souvent op&eacute;r&eacute;e entre&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:Times">&laquo;&nbsp;</span><span lang="IS" style="font-family:Times">acquisition</span><span style="font-family:Times">&nbsp;&raquo;</span><span lang="IS" style="font-family:Times">et&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:Times">&laquo;&nbsp;</span><span lang="IS" style="font-family:Times">apprentissage</span><span style="font-family:Times">&nbsp;&raquo;</span><span lang="IS" style="font-family:Times">, en fonction des situations sociolinguistiques cens&eacute;es &ecirc;tre soit alloglottes soit homoglottes (Porquier et Py, 2004). Je ne lui donne pas non plus son sens le plus usuel de&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:Times">&laquo;&nbsp;</span><span lang="IS" style="font-family:Times">possession</span><span style="font-family:Times">&nbsp;&raquo;</span><span lang="IS" style="font-family:Times">, qui reviendrait &agrave; faire des personnes les&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:Times">&laquo;&nbsp;</span><span lang="IS" style="font-family:Times">propri&eacute;taires<a name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="IS" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Times">[8]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-family:Times">&nbsp;&raquo;</span><span lang="IS" style="font-family:Times">de leurs langues, ce qui est absolument contradictoire avec la perspective relationnelle que je d&eacute;veloppe.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">J&rsquo;ai choisi de partir de la d&eacute;finition du terme propos&eacute;e par F. Dastur, qui s&rsquo;appuie sur la notion d&rsquo;<i>Ereignis</i>chez Heidegger, terme que l&rsquo;on traduit g&eacute;n&eacute;ralement par &eacute;v&eacute;nement, mais dont la racine&nbsp;<i>Eigen</i>renvoie &agrave; ce qui est propre, ce qui fait &eacute;v&eacute;nement pour un &ecirc;tre et dont on peut donc dire, dans ce sens, qu&rsquo;il se l&rsquo;approprie&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; margin-left:19px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Times">S&rsquo;approprier quelque chose ne veut pas dire le poss&eacute;der, mais le porter &agrave; ce qu&rsquo;il a de propre, le&nbsp;laisser advenir en propre. (Dastur 2011 : 95)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">La mani&egrave;re dont je con&ccedil;ois cette notion implique qu&rsquo;il y a appropriation si on se pro-jette, avec son histoire (personnelle et sociale), ce qui revient &agrave; &ecirc;tre transform&eacute; et en m&ecirc;me temps &agrave; transformer la ou les &laquo;&nbsp;langues&nbsp;&raquo; en question. Une autre point important &agrave; pr&eacute;ciser est que s&rsquo;approprier, pour moi, n&rsquo;est pas li&eacute; &agrave; une question de &laquo;&nbsp;niveau&nbsp;&raquo;&nbsp;: il y a des personnes tr&egrave;s comp&eacute;tentes linguistiquement, mais qui se contentent de collectionner les langues, comme des objets, sans que cet apprentissage les &laquo;&nbsp;atteigne&nbsp;&raquo; c&rsquo;est-&agrave;-dire les transforme. A l&rsquo;inverse, on peut devenir quelqu&rsquo;un d&rsquo;autre avec une langue, sans pour autant la &laquo;&nbsp;maitriser&nbsp;&raquo; compl&egrave;tement ni parfaitement. Dans cette conception, l&rsquo;appropriation est d&rsquo;abord ce qui permet de se pro-jeter avec son histoire et son imaginaire, de d&eacute;velopper une mani&egrave;re d&rsquo;&ecirc;tre avec des &laquo;&nbsp;autres-en-langue&nbsp;&raquo; (Debono, 2010) ou, pour le moins, d&rsquo;imaginer ce que cette &laquo;&nbsp;autre langue&nbsp;&raquo; pourrait nous faire.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">Cette orientation s&rsquo;appuie sur une conception des langues ou plut&ocirc;t d&rsquo;un &laquo;&nbsp;L&nbsp;&raquo; subsumant langue, langage et discours (Robillard, 2008) qui ne se d&eacute;finissent pas comme des objets, ni comme des instruments ou des moyens (de communication, en particulier) mais comme des&nbsp;<i>exp&eacute;riences</i>traduisant des imaginaires du monde, fondamentalement et constitutivement diversitaires, dans une ouverture permanente au monde.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">Dans cette conception, nos imaginaires instaurent des &laquo;&nbsp;mondes&nbsp;&raquo; diff&eacute;rents, ce que W. von Humboldt a d&eacute;velopp&eacute; avec la notion de &laquo;&nbsp;vision du monde&nbsp;&raquo; ou&nbsp;<i>Weltansicht</i>(voir Thouard, 2016). En cons&eacute;quence, ce qui pr&eacute;vaut dans l&rsquo;appropriation d&rsquo;une nouvelle langue, c&rsquo;est l&rsquo;alt&eacute;rit&eacute; qui nait de cette diversit&eacute; constitutive, qui apporte n&eacute;cessairement du conflit et de l&rsquo;in-compr&eacute;hension, dans la mesure o&ugrave; &laquo;&nbsp;comprendre c&rsquo;est toujours comprendre autrement&nbsp;&raquo; (Gadamer 1996&nbsp;; voir aussi Robillard, 2015).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">C&rsquo;est de cette in-compr&eacute;hension (et non d&rsquo;une injonction &agrave; la production) que je propose de partir pour &eacute;laborer ce que j&rsquo;ai nomm&eacute; une &laquo;&nbsp;didactique de l&rsquo;appropriation&nbsp;&raquo;. Cette in-compr&eacute;hension est heuristique, dans la mesure o&ugrave;, face &agrave; l&rsquo;alt&eacute;rit&eacute;, c&rsquo;est elle qui pousse &agrave; la d&eacute;couverte, &agrave; l&rsquo;approfondissement, &agrave; l&rsquo;appropriation (Castellotti, 2017).&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">Cette orientation &laquo;&nbsp;in-compr&eacute;hensive&nbsp;&raquo; oblige &agrave; r&eacute;fl&eacute;chir en priorit&eacute; la place de la confrontation, de la r&eacute;ception et, partant, de la traduction, depuis longtemps d&eacute;valoris&eacute;e en DDdL, comme &laquo;&nbsp;&eacute;preuve&nbsp;&raquo; de l&rsquo;&eacute;tranger (Berman, 1984).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">Ce positionnement, qui se fonde d&rsquo;abord sur la r&eacute;ception, exclut l&rsquo;utilitarisme, mais pas l&rsquo;utilit&eacute; des langues (au sens d&eacute;fini plus haut), dans la mesure ou s&rsquo;approprier des langues, c&rsquo;est faire &laquo;&nbsp;&oelig;uvre utile&nbsp;&raquo;, c&rsquo;est d&eacute;velopper un souci de soi (Foucault,&nbsp;<i>Op.Cit</i>.) qui est d&eacute;velopp&eacute; &agrave; partir du rapport &agrave; autrui et qui concerne aussi la pens&eacute;e (Huver, ici-m&ecirc;me). Mais surtout, elle est port&eacute;e par une histoire et est sous-tendue, fondamentalement, par un pro-jet&nbsp;: en ce sens, on ne peut obliger personne &agrave; s&rsquo;approprier, cela ne peut proc&eacute;der que d&rsquo;un mouvement personnel, d&rsquo;un &laquo;&nbsp;choix&nbsp;&raquo; plus ou moins explicite.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">Sur un plan plus g&eacute;n&eacute;ral, cela signifie aussi qu&rsquo;on ne se situe pas dans une didactologie-didactique fond&eacute;e sur le &laquo;&nbsp;comment&nbsp;&raquo; pour promouvoir prioritairement la communication ce qui est le cas des orientations dominantes depuis de nombreuses d&eacute;cennies<a name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Times">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>, mais qu&rsquo;on met en &oelig;uvre une orientation qui privil&eacute;gie le pourquoi (l&rsquo;histoire) et le pour quoi (le projet), accordant la priorit&eacute; &agrave; la relation, dans une d&eacute;marche d&rsquo;abord r&eacute;ceptive et compr&eacute;hensive.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><b><span style="font-family:Times">2.2. Implications terminologiques&nbsp;</span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">Les choix bri&egrave;vement esquiss&eacute;s (mais voir pour plus de d&eacute;tails Castellotti, 2017) imposent de revenir sur le sens que je donne &agrave; un certain nombre de termes dans la mesure o&ugrave;, comme je l&rsquo;ai explicit&eacute; en note 3, ceux-ci sont &laquo;&nbsp;pi&eacute;g&eacute;s&nbsp;&raquo; par leurs emplois ordinaires mais aussi par le fait qu&rsquo;ils renvoient &agrave; des acceptions diff&eacute;rentes selon les approches &eacute;pist&eacute;mologiques, parfois contradictoires, qui les revendiquent<a name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Times">[10]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">La notion d&rsquo;exp&eacute;rience, tout d&rsquo;abord, m&eacute;rite une explicitation. Il ne s&rsquo;agit pas de se limiter &agrave; une exp&eacute;rience qui serait de l&rsquo;ordre d&rsquo;un &laquo;&nbsp;v&eacute;cu&nbsp;&raquo; qui se traduirait par un ensemble d&rsquo;&eacute;l&eacute;ments potentiellement descriptibles de fa&ccedil;on uniquement consciente et rationalis&eacute;e. Cela s&rsquo;apparente plut&ocirc;t &agrave; ce que C. Romano (2010) con&ccedil;oit comme une exp&eacute;rience d&rsquo;abord sensible et que M. Merleau-Ponty d&eacute;finit comme &laquo;&nbsp;pr&eacute;sence perceptive du monde&nbsp;&raquo; (Merleau-Ponty, 1964 : 48). M. Heidegger en propose aussi une d&eacute;finition &eacute;clairante&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; margin-left:19px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Times">Faire une exp&eacute;rience avec quoi que ce soit [&hellip;], cela veut dire&nbsp;: le laisser venir sur nous, qu&rsquo;il nous atteigne, nous tombe dessus, nous renverse et nous rende autre. Dans cette expression, &laquo;&nbsp;faire&nbsp;&raquo; ne signifie justement pas que nous sommes les op&eacute;rateurs de l&rsquo;exp&eacute;rience&nbsp;: faire veut dire ici, comme dans la locution &laquo;&nbsp;faire une maladie&nbsp;&raquo;, passer &agrave; travers, souffrir de bout en bout, endurer, accueillir ce qui nous atteint en nous soumettant &agrave; lui &hellip; (Heidegger, 1984,&nbsp;<i>Acheminement vers la parole</i>, cit&eacute; par Berman, 1999&nbsp;: 16).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; margin-left:19px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">Cette exp&eacute;rience ne proc&egrave;de pas initialement du langagier, elle est en premier lieu ant&eacute;pr&eacute;dicative comme l&rsquo;avait d&eacute;j&agrave; envisag&eacute; Husserl et comme le reprend Romano&nbsp;(2010)&nbsp;: la raison et le langage sont ancr&eacute;s dans cette exp&eacute;rience, ils ne la pr&eacute;c&egrave;dent ni ne la dominent&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; margin-left:19px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Times">les choses ressaisies &agrave; m&ecirc;me leur exp&eacute;rience ant&eacute;pr&eacute;dicative d&eacute;ploient une &laquo;&nbsp;logique&nbsp;&raquo; plus ancienne que celle qui structure notre intelligence discursive &ndash; une &laquo;&nbsp;logique&nbsp;&raquo; qui, si elle n&rsquo;est pas r&eacute;fractaire au langage, n&rsquo;est pas non plus d&eacute;riv&eacute;e de lui. (Romano, 2010&nbsp;: 139).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; margin-left:19px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">On per&ccedil;oit l&agrave; encore une diff&eacute;rence avec les orientations psychanalytiques&nbsp;: la &laquo;&nbsp;langue&nbsp;&raquo; en question n&rsquo;est pas &laquo;&nbsp;subjectiv&eacute;e&nbsp;&raquo; (Anderson, 2015) mais &laquo;&nbsp;exp&eacute;rienci&eacute;e&nbsp;&raquo; et le langage n&rsquo;est pas envisag&eacute; comme structurant l&rsquo;inconscient.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">Cette exp&eacute;rience &agrave; laquelle, alors, on n&rsquo;&eacute;chappe pas, qui nous traverse en tant qu&rsquo;&ecirc;tres humains, ne se suffit pas &agrave; elle-m&ecirc;me&nbsp;; il faut ensuite lui donner du sens, un sens qui advient en fonction d&rsquo;un projet, non pas occasionnel (les &laquo;&nbsp;projets&nbsp;&raquo; anecdotiques qu&rsquo;on promeut g&eacute;n&eacute;ralement en DDdL) mais un projet profond, existential, c&rsquo;est-&agrave;-dire en concordance avec la fa&ccedil;on dont on imagine sa propre existence (Romano, 2019). C&rsquo;est ce projet, lui m&ecirc;me mouvant et&nbsp;&nbsp;qui reconfigure alors l&rsquo;exp&eacute;rience &agrave; mesure qu&rsquo;il &eacute;volue, qui fonde l&rsquo;interpr&eacute;tation qu&rsquo;on peut donner de cette exp&eacute;rience, dans une posture r&eacute;flexive&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; margin-left:19px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Times">quelque chose est &laquo;&nbsp;possible&nbsp;&raquo;, au sens existential s&rsquo;il est compatible avec le genre d&rsquo;&laquo;&nbsp;&ecirc;tre&nbsp;&raquo; [</span></span><span lang="IS" style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Times">&hellip;] que j&rsquo;aspire &agrave; &ecirc;tre, s&rsquo;il est conforme &agrave; la mani&egrave;re dont je me comprends moi-m&ecirc;me, dont je vois ou envisage ma propre existence. Autrement dit [...] s&rsquo;il est conforme &agrave; un projet de vie ou d&rsquo;existence</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Times">(Romano, 2010 : 709).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">Le &laquo;&nbsp;possible&nbsp;&raquo; envisag&eacute; par C. Romano devient, de mon point de vue, l&rsquo;appropriable.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">L&rsquo;appropriation se con&ccedil;oit alors pour moi dans ces termes&nbsp;: on ne peut s&rsquo;approprier que ce qui, potentiellement, fait sens dans un projet existential, ce dont on trouve une illustration, par exemple, dans le r&eacute;cit que fait A. Mizubayashi (2011) de sa rencontre avec le fran&ccedil;ais et de l&rsquo;appropriation qui s&rsquo;en est suivie.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">Cette appropriation ne se d&eacute;veloppe jamais hors-sol, elle advient dans une relation. Il faut donc revenir dans un deuxi&egrave;me temps sur l&rsquo;expression employ&eacute;e ci-dessus, celle de&nbsp;&nbsp;&laquo;&nbsp;personne en relation&nbsp;&raquo; que l&rsquo;on pourrait aussi&nbsp;nommer &laquo;&nbsp;&ecirc;tre en relation&nbsp;&raquo;, ou &laquo;&nbsp;&ecirc;tre avec&nbsp;&raquo; que mentionne I. Pierozak. Je ne me situe donc pas du tout du point de vue de la conception structuraliste de la relation, qui postule l&rsquo;interd&eacute;pendance des diff&eacute;rents &eacute;l&eacute;ments d&rsquo;une structure. La relation, ici, n&rsquo;est pas non plus ce qui serait traduit dans la didactique dominante comme &laquo;&nbsp;&eacute;change&nbsp;&raquo; ou &laquo;&nbsp;communication&nbsp;&raquo;, dans une dynamique pragmatique, ni comme une relation intersubjective, prioritairement duale, en psychanalyse&nbsp;; elle est con&ccedil;ue comme un engagement (inter)personnel et une confrontation d&rsquo;exp&eacute;riences, comme une&nbsp;<i>rencontre</i>qui bouscule, d&eacute;range, transforme&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; margin-left:19px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Times">Que serait une rencontre, si elle ne faisait chanceler nos certitudes, nos habitudes, si elle ne d&eacute;truisait toute possibilit&eacute; d&rsquo;&ecirc;tre&nbsp;<i>habitu&eacute;</i>&agrave; quoi que ce soit en nous faisant douter de tout, y compris et d&rsquo;abord de notre propre capacit&eacute; &agrave; accueillir celui ou celle dont le destin n&rsquo;a pas seulement crois&eacute;, mais alt&eacute;r&eacute; et boulevers&eacute; le n&ocirc;tre&nbsp;? (Romano, 1999: 232)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">Et la personne (ou &laquo;&nbsp;l&rsquo;&ecirc;tre avec&nbsp;&raquo;) qui ne participe pas de fa&ccedil;on indemne dans cette relation, n&rsquo;est pas un acteur, qui se mettrait en sc&egrave;ne dans un r&ocirc;le (f&ucirc;t-ce un r&ocirc;le social), comme on le con&ccedil;oit dans la linguistique interactionnelle, mais un&nbsp;<i>auteur</i>, qui est &laquo;&nbsp;soi-m&ecirc;me la source et le garant de sa propre persona, de sa propre personnalit&eacute; morale et sociale devant les autres&nbsp;&raquo; (Romano, 2019 : 147).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><b><span style="font-family:Times">Perspectives&nbsp;: une DDdL &eacute;thique et politique&nbsp;</span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">L&rsquo;ensemble de ces choix et positionnements pose d&rsquo;embl&eacute;e la question d&rsquo;autrui, de la relation et du rapport &agrave; l&rsquo;alt&eacute;rit&eacute;, donc d&eacute;bouche sur la n&eacute;cessit&eacute; d&rsquo;&eacute;laborer une &eacute;thique d&eacute;j&agrave; &eacute;voqu&eacute;e ci-dessus &agrave; propos de l&rsquo;utile (faire &oelig;uvre utile). Si on demeure dans une centralit&eacute; du sujet qui s&rsquo;inscrit dans une partition sujet / objet, on reste dans une &laquo;&nbsp;pens&eacute;e technique&nbsp;&raquo; (Heidegger 1973), dans la mesure o&ugrave; est maintenu le primat de la rationalit&eacute; et une volont&eacute; de contr&ocirc;le sur les objets, sur le monde et les autres mais aussi sur soi-m&ecirc;me, ce que Romano nomme &laquo;&nbsp;une subjectivit&eacute; autocentr&eacute;e, autocertifi&eacute;e et autod&eacute;termin&eacute;e&nbsp;&raquo; (Romano, 2019 : 610).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">D&eacute;velopper une pens&eacute;e didact(olog)ique &eacute;thique revient &agrave; s&rsquo;opposer &agrave; la primaut&eacute; de la raison instrumentale caract&eacute;ris&eacute;e par la domination, le contr&ocirc;le, la pens&eacute;e technique (Taylor, 1992). D&rsquo;un point de vue concret, cela conduit &agrave; mettre en question du point de vue de leur ancrage &eacute;pist&eacute;mologique un grand nombre d&rsquo;&eacute;vidences, s&eacute;diment&eacute;es et naturalis&eacute;es depuis plusieurs d&eacute;cennies et fortement solidifi&eacute;es, cristallis&eacute;es et universalis&eacute;es avec notamment, pour la p&eacute;riode r&eacute;cente, la g&eacute;n&eacute;ralisation du CECRL bien au-del&agrave; de ses territoires initiaux comme le rappelle E. Huver (ici m&ecirc;me). Ces &eacute;vidences proc&egrave;dent principalement de l&rsquo;injonction peu argument&eacute;e et non discut&eacute;e de la pr&eacute;valence absolue de l&rsquo;approche communicative (puis communicativo-actionnelle) caract&eacute;ris&eacute;e essentiellement par la production et l&rsquo;(inter)action r&eacute;pondant &agrave; des &laquo;&nbsp;besoins&nbsp;&raquo;, par la mise en &oelig;uvre de dispositifs et de sc&eacute;narios, le tout devant &ecirc;tre valid&eacute; et certifi&eacute; par des proc&eacute;dures d&rsquo;&eacute;valuation (Castellotti 2015, 2017). P. Anderson d&eacute;crit aussi de fa&ccedil;on convaincante comment s&rsquo;est d&eacute;velopp&eacute;e et peu &agrave; peu impos&eacute;e pendant une quinzaine d&rsquo;ann&eacute;es (du milieu des ann&eacute;es 1970 au d&eacute;but des ann&eacute;es 1990), sans en expliciter les bases &eacute;pist&eacute;mologiques, cette primaut&eacute; de la communication, dont il dit que &laquo;&nbsp;l&rsquo;utilisation du terme en fait une figure embl&eacute;matique et un passe partout de la didactique&nbsp;&raquo; (Anderson, 1999&nbsp;: 149).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">D&eacute;velopper une pens&eacute;e didact(olog)ique &eacute;thique implique aussi, par-del&agrave; les choix &eacute;pist&eacute;mologiques et le d&eacute;bat &agrave; leur propos, de ne pas concevoir les prises de position politiques comme des &laquo;&nbsp;cerises sur le g&acirc;teau&nbsp;&raquo; ou comme des compensations visant &agrave; att&eacute;nuer le rationalisme absolu de la science moderne<a name="_ftnref11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Times">[11]</span></span></span></span></a>, et de garder le politique &eacute;troitement d&eacute;pendant de l&rsquo;&eacute;pist&eacute;mologique (voir aussi Pierozak et al. 2018). Cela ne doit pas se lire, pr&eacute;cis&eacute;ment comme un &laquo;&nbsp;absolu&nbsp;&raquo; qui en remplacerait un autre, mais comme un choix, o&ugrave;&nbsp;</span>diversit&eacute; et critique du positivisme et du rationalisme vont de pair.<span style="font-family:Times">Dans la perspective PH, cette &eacute;thique ancre le langage non pas comme pragmatique, mais comme po&iuml;esis, &laquo;&nbsp;en tant que mode d&rsquo;&ecirc;tre au monde&nbsp;&raquo; (Huver &amp; Lorilleux 2018) qui gouverne le processus de compr&eacute;hension et d&rsquo;intervention.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">L&rsquo;ensemble de ces choix oblige &agrave; une &eacute;thique de la recherche. Le travail des chercheuses et chercheurs se situant dans le domaine des &laquo;&nbsp;Humanit&eacute;s&nbsp;&raquo;<a name="_ftnref12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Times">[12]</span></span></span></span></a>consiste &agrave; imaginer, interpr&eacute;ter et penser ce que sont, ce que disent et ce que font des&nbsp;<i>autres</i>. Comment pourraient-elles / ils mener ce travail de fa&ccedil;on &eacute;thique sans expliciter leur propre histoire, sans pr&eacute;ciser ce qui fonde &eacute;pist&eacute;mologiquement leurs choix et interpr&eacute;tations, sans exposer les valeurs<a name="_ftnref13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Times">[13]</span></span></span></span></a>sur lesquelles ils s&rsquo;appuient, sans indiquer comment eux-m&ecirc;mes comprennent ces autres&nbsp;? (voir aussi Robillard, &agrave; para&icirc;tre).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">Il s&rsquo;agit donc de d&eacute;velopper, dans la recherche, un rapport &agrave; l&rsquo;alt&eacute;rit&eacute; non surplombant, modeste et honn&ecirc;te en ce qu&rsquo;il commente et reconna&icirc;t l&rsquo;in&eacute;vitable m&eacute;-compr&eacute;hension, voire in-compr&eacute;hension, au moins partielle, que l&rsquo;on peut avoir des autres et en ce qu&rsquo;il explicite sur quoi il se fonde pour en proposer une interpr&eacute;tation.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">Cela suppose de ne pas pr&eacute;tendre contr&ocirc;ler cette interpr&eacute;tation au moyen de m&eacute;thod(ologi)es ou de corpus qui viseraient &agrave; s&eacute;curiser le sens, &agrave; l&rsquo;authentifier en quelque sorte, dans une volont&eacute; de rationalit&eacute; qui exalte la transparence et, par l&agrave;-m&ecirc;me, &agrave; l&rsquo;objectiver (voir aussi Debono 2014).&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">On peut se demander, pour conclure, dans quelle mesure ces exigences ne correspondent pas aussi &agrave; ce que H. Jonas (1979) nommait le &laquo;&nbsp;principe responsabilit&eacute;&nbsp;&raquo; qui cr&eacute;e des obligations &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;gard du futur de l&rsquo;humanit&eacute; et ce, d&rsquo;autant plus qu&rsquo;on a de libert&eacute; donc de pouvoir, sans pr&eacute;tendre conna&icirc;tre ni maitriser ce futur. Ce qu&rsquo;il envisageait alors vis-&agrave;-vis de la &laquo;&nbsp;civilisation technologique&nbsp;&raquo;, afin de pr&eacute;server les g&eacute;n&eacute;rations &agrave; venir d&rsquo;&ecirc;tres humains, il devient n&eacute;cessaire de le penser pour les chercheuses et chercheurs en DDdL. Ces dernier.e.s, qui ont une parcelle de pouvoir en ce qu&rsquo;elles / ils sont lu.e.s et suivi.e.s, devraient se prononcer explicitement &agrave; rebours d&rsquo;une DDdL se d&eacute;finissant de plus en plus d&rsquo;un point de vue technologique (voir aussi Debono, ici-m&ecirc;me), en imaginant et promouvant un principe &eacute;thique au fondement de ce domaine, qui nous&nbsp;<i>oblige</i>vis-&agrave;-vis des g&eacute;n&eacute;rations futures d&rsquo;apprenants et d&rsquo;enseignants.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><b><span style="font-family:Times">R&eacute;f&eacute;rences bibliographiques&nbsp;</span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:-14.2pt; margin-left:19px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">ADEN, Jo&euml;lle, &laquo;&nbsp;Langues et langage dans un paradigme &eacute;nactif&nbsp;&raquo;,&nbsp;<i>Recherches en didactique des langues et des cultures</i><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">&nbsp;[En ligne], 14-1&nbsp;|&nbsp;2017, mis en ligne le 19 d&eacute;cembre 2016, consult&eacute; le 25 avril 2019. URL&nbsp;: http://journals.openedition.org/rdlc/1085&nbsp;; DOI&nbsp;: 10.4000/rdlc.1085</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:-14.2pt; margin-left:19px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">ANDERSON, Patrick,&nbsp;<i>Une langue &agrave; venir. De l&rsquo;entr&eacute;e dans une langue &eacute;trang&egrave;re &agrave; la construction de l&rsquo;&eacute;nonciation</i>, Paris, L&rsquo;Harmattan, 2015.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:-14.2pt; margin-left:19px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">ANDERSON, Patrick, &laquo;&nbsp;&lsquo;Nous avons les moyens de vous faire parler&rsquo; ... ou : ce que devient la pragmatique linguistique en didactique des langues &raquo;,&nbsp;<i>Semen</i>[En ligne], 14 | 2002, mis en ligne le 30 avril 2007, consult&eacute; le 30 novembre 2011. URL : http://semen.revues.org/2537</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:-14.2pt; margin-left:19px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">ANDERSON, Patrick,&nbsp;<i>La didactique des langues &eacute;trang&egrave;res &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;preuve du sujet</i>, Besan&ccedil;on, Presses universitaires Franc-Comtoises, 1999.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:-14.2pt; margin-left:19px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">BERMAN, Antoine,&nbsp;<i>La traduction et la lettre ou l&#39;auberge du lointain</i>, Paris, Seuil, 1999.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:-14.2pt; margin-left:19px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">BERMAN, Antoine,&nbsp;<i>L&rsquo;&eacute;preuve de l&rsquo;&eacute;tranger</i>, Paris, Gallimard, 1984.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:-14.2pt; margin-left:19px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">CASTELLOTTI, V&eacute;ronique<i>, Pour une didactique de l&rsquo;appropriation. Diversit&eacute;, compr&eacute;hension, relation</i>. Paris, Didier, Coll. Langues et didactique, 2017.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:-14.2pt; margin-left:19px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">CASTELLOTTI, V&eacute;ronique, &laquo;&nbsp;La didactique du FLE/S entre 1995 et 2015. La cons&eacute;cration d&rsquo;une didactique pragmatico-centr&eacute;e au service de la diffusion du fran&ccedil;ais&nbsp;&raquo;, dans Jean-Marc Defays et al.&nbsp;<i>Transversalit&eacute;s. 20 ans de FLES. Faits et gestes de la didactique du fran&ccedil;ais langue &eacute;trang&egrave;re et seconde de 1995 &agrave; 2015</i>, Vol. 1, 2015, p. 63-78.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:-14.2pt; margin-left:19px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">DASTUR, Fran&ccedil;oise,&nbsp;<i>Heidegger et la pens&eacute;e &agrave; venir</i>, Paris, Librairie philosophique Vrin, 2011.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:-14.2pt; margin-left:19px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">DASTUR, Fran&ccedil;oise, &laquo;&nbsp;Langage et m&eacute;taphysique chez Heidegger et chez Witttgentein&nbsp;&raquo;,&nbsp;<i>Les &eacute;tudes philosophiques</i>, 2010/3 (n&deg; 94), p. 319-331.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:-14.2pt; margin-left:19px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">DEBONO, Marc (dir.),&nbsp;<i>Corpus num&eacute;riques, langue et sens. Enjeux &eacute;pist&eacute;mologiques et politiques</i>, Bruxelles, Peter Lang, Coll. 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Le souci de soi</i>, Paris, Gallimard, 1984.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:-14.2pt; margin-left:19px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">GADAMER, Hans-Georg,&nbsp;<i>V&eacute;rit&eacute; et m&eacute;thode,&nbsp;</i>Paris, Seuil, 1996[1960].</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:-14.2pt; margin-left:19px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">GERMAIN, Claude,&nbsp;</span><em><span style="font-family:Times">L&rsquo;approche neurolinguistique</span></em><span style="font-family:Times">, Longueuil (Canada), Myosotis Presse, 2017.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:-14.2pt; margin-left:19px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">GUSDORF, Georges,&nbsp;<i>Introduction aux sciences humaines</i>,&nbsp;<i>Essai critique sur leurs origines et leur d&eacute;veloppement</i>, Paris, Ophrys, Nouvelle &eacute;dition, 1974. Edition en ligne&nbsp;:&nbsp;</span><a href="http://classiques.uqac.ca/contemporains/gusdorf_georges/intro_sc_hum/intro_sc_hum.html" style="color:purple; text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:Times">http://classiques.uqac.ca/contemporains/gusdorf_georges/intro_sc_hum/intro_sc_hum.html</span></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:-14.2pt; margin-left:19px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">HEIDEGGER, Martin,&nbsp;<i>Etre et temps</i>, Paris, Gallimard, 1986 [1927].</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:-14.2pt; margin-left:19px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">HEIDEGGER, Martin, &laquo;&nbsp;La question de la technique&nbsp;&raquo;, in&nbsp;<i>Essais et conf&eacute;rences</i>, Paris, Gallimard, 1973 [1958, trad. fr.], p. 9-48.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:-14.2pt; margin-left:19px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">HILTON, Heather, &laquo;&nbsp;Enjeux m&eacute;thodologiques de l&rsquo;&eacute;mergentisme pour la recherche en acquisition et en didactique des langues&nbsp;&raquo;,&nbsp;<i>Recherches en didactique des langues et des cultures</i>,&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:Times"><span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="background-position:initial initial"><span style="background-repeat:initial initial">[</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Times">En ligne], 14-1&nbsp;|&nbsp;2017, mis en ligne le 21 d&eacute;cembre 2016, consult&eacute; le 25 avril 2019. URL&nbsp;: http://journals.openedition.org/rdlc/1101&nbsp;; DOI&nbsp;: 10.4000/rdlc.1101</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:-14.2pt; margin-left:19px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">HUVER, Emmanuelle &amp; Lorilleux, Joanna, &laquo;&nbsp;D&eacute;marches cr&eacute;atives en DDdL : cr&eacute;ativit&eacute; ou po&iuml;esis ?&nbsp;&raquo;,&nbsp;<i>LIDIL&nbsp;</i>57, 2018,&nbsp;</span><a href="http://journals.openedition.org/lidil/4885" style="color:purple; text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:Times">http://journals.openedition.org/lidil/4885</span></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:-14.2pt; margin-left:19px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">JONAS, Hans,&nbsp;<i>Le principe responsabilit&eacute;, une &eacute;thique pour la civilisation technologique</i>, Paris, Cerf, 1979.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:-14.2pt; margin-left:19px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">MERLEAU-PONTY, Maurice,&nbsp;<i>Le visible et l&rsquo;invisible</i>, Paris, Gallimard, 1964.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:-14.2pt; margin-left:19px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">MIZUBAYASHI, Akira,&nbsp;<i>Une langue venue d&rsquo;ailleurs</i>, Paris, Gallimard, 2011.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:-14.2pt; margin-left:19px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">PIEROZAK, Isabelle, DEBONO, Marc, FEUSSI, Valentin &amp; HUVER, Emmanuelle, &laquo;&nbsp;Fils rouges &eacute;pist&eacute;mologiques au service d&rsquo;une autre intervention&nbsp;&raquo;, dans Isabelle Pierozak, Marc Debono, Valentin Feussi, &amp; Emmanuelle Huver (dir.),&nbsp;<i>Penser les diversit&eacute;s linguistiques et culturelles. Francophonies, formations &agrave; distance, migrances</i>, Limoges, Lambert Lucas, 2018.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:-14.2pt; margin-left:19px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">PORQUIER, R&eacute;my &amp; PY, Bernard,&nbsp;<i>Apprentissage d&rsquo;une langue &eacute;trang&egrave;re, Contexte et discours</i>, Paris, Didier/CREDIF, Coll. Essais, 2004.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:-14.2pt; margin-left:19px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">PRIEUR,</span><strong><span style="font-family:Times"><span style="font-weight:normal">Jean-Marie &amp;&nbsp;</span></span></strong><span style="font-family:Times">VOLLE, Rose-Marie</span><span style="font-family:Times">, &laquo;&nbsp;Le CECR&nbsp;: une technologie politique de l&rsquo;enseignement des langues&nbsp;&raquo;,&nbsp;<em><span style="font-family:Times">&Eacute;ducation et soci&eacute;t&eacute;s plurilingues</span></em>[En ligne], 41&nbsp;|&nbsp;2016, mis en ligne le 20 octobre 2017, consult&eacute; le 25 avril 2019. 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Une sociolinguistique &agrave; l&rsquo;ombre de la science l&eacute;gitime&nbsp;?&nbsp;&raquo; Actes du colloque &laquo;&nbsp;Francophonie et ins&eacute;curit&eacute; linguistique&nbsp;&raquo;, Tours, juin 2018,&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:Times">&agrave; para&icirc;tre</span><span style="font-family:Times">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:-14.2pt; margin-left:19px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">ROBILLARD, Didier de,&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:Times">&laquo;&nbsp;Les vicissitudes et tribulations de &laquo;&nbsp;Comprendre&nbsp;&raquo;&nbsp;: un enjeu en didactique des langues et des cultures&nbsp;?&nbsp;&raquo; dans Philippe Blanchet &amp; Patrick Chardenet, (dir.),&nbsp;<i>Guide pour la recherche en didactique des langues et des cultures</i>, 2<sup>e</sup>&eacute;dition, Paris, Editions des archives contemporaines/ PREFics/AUF,&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:Times">2015 [2011]</span><span style="font-family:Times">, p. 43-51.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:-14.2pt; margin-left:19px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">ROBILLARD, Didier de,&nbsp;<i>Perspectives alterlinguistiques</i>, Paris, L&rsquo;Harmattan, 2 Vol., 2008.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:-14.2pt; margin-left:19px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">ROMANO, Claude,&nbsp;<i>Etre soi-m&ecirc;me. Une autre histoire de la philosophie</i>, Folio Essais, 2019.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:-14.2pt; margin-left:19px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">ROMANO, Claude,&nbsp;<i>Au c&oelig;ur de la raison, la ph&eacute;nom&eacute;nologie</i>, Paris, Folio Essais, 2010.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:-14.2pt; margin-left:19px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">ROMANO, Claude&nbsp;<i>L&rsquo;&eacute;v&eacute;nement et le temps</i>, Paris, PUF, 1999.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:-14.2pt; margin-left:19px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">RUSS, Jacqueline &amp; LEGUIL, Clotilde,&nbsp;<i>La pens&eacute;e &eacute;thique contemporaine</i>, Paris, PUF, Que sais-je, 1994.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:-14.2pt; margin-left:19px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:Times">STRONG, Tracy B., &laquo;&nbsp;Truths, Facts, Alternates and Persons&nbsp;&raquo;, dans Tiziana Andina&nbsp;&nbsp;&amp; Angela Condelo, &eacute;ds,<i>Post-Truth, Philosophy and Law</i>, Routledge, pagination inconnue, &agrave; para&icirc;tre.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:-14.2pt; margin-left:19px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">TAYLOR, Charles,&nbsp;<i>Le malaise de la modernit&eacute;</i>, Paris, Ed. du Cerf, 1992.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:-14.2pt; margin-left:19px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Times">THOUARD, Denis,&nbsp;</span><i><span style="font-family:Times">Et toute langue est &eacute;trang&egrave;re.&nbsp;<em><span style="font-family:Times">Le projet de Humboldt</span></em></span></i><span style="font-family:Times">. Paris, Les Belles Lettres, Encre marine,</span><span style="font-family:Times">2016</span><span style="font-family:Times">.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <div style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp; <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-family:-webkit-standard"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><a name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Times"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Times">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Times">Ou didactologie-didactique des langues et des cultures (DDdL).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn2"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-family:-webkit-standard"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><a name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Times"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Times">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Times">Voir l&rsquo;appel &agrave; communication du colloque&nbsp;:&nbsp;</span></span><a href="https://dipralang.www.univ-montp3.fr/fr/actualit%C3%A9s/d%C3%A9sir-de-langues-subjectivit%C3%A9-rapport-au-savoir-les-langues-n%E2%80%99ont-elles" style="color:purple; text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Times">https://dipralang.www.univ-montp3.fr/fr/actualit%C3%A9s/d%C3%A9sir-de-langues-subjectivit%C3%A9-rapport au-savoir-les-langues-n%E2%80%99ont-elles</span></span></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn3"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-family:-webkit-standard"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><a name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Times"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Times">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Times">En sciences humaines, la terminologie est toujours &laquo;&nbsp;pi&eacute;g&eacute;e&nbsp;&raquo; dans la mesure o&ugrave; nous employons des mots &laquo;&nbsp; de tous les jours&nbsp;&raquo; tout en leur attribuant une signification plus &laquo;&nbsp;complexe&nbsp;&raquo;ou &laquo;&nbsp;subtile&nbsp;&raquo; qu&rsquo;il faut de ce fait expliciter, pour &eacute;viter de banaliser les notions que ces mots recouvrent ou de les maintenir dans une histoire des id&eacute;es qui aurait d&rsquo;autres enjeux que ceux recherch&eacute;s.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn4"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-family:-webkit-standard"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><a name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Times"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Times">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Times">En prenant en compte la relation, le &laquo;&nbsp;souci de soi&nbsp;&raquo; est aussi dot&eacute;, chez Foucault, d&rsquo;une dimension conflictuelle qui est souvent absente dans les interpr&eacute;tations &eacute;dulcor&eacute;es qui en sont parfois donn&eacute;es, notamment avec la notion de &laquo;&nbsp;care&nbsp;&raquo;.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn5"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-family:-webkit-standard"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><a name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Times"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Times">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Times">Si tant est que les ACC aient une &laquo;&nbsp;th&eacute;orie du sujet&nbsp;&raquo;&hellip;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn6"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-family:-webkit-standard"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><a name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Times"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Times">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Times">Ce que Robillard (2008) nomme &laquo;&nbsp;alt&eacute;ro-r&eacute;flexivit&eacute;&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn7"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-family:-webkit-standard"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><a name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Times"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Times">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Times">Ou &laquo;&nbsp;monde propre&nbsp;&raquo;, renvoyant &agrave; l&rsquo;environnement ou au milieu qui serait propre &agrave; un &ecirc;tre.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn8"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-family:-webkit-standard"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><a name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Times"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Times">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Times">Conception que l&rsquo;on retrouve dans les r&eacute;flexions sur les questions d&rsquo;&laquo;&nbsp;appropriation culturelle&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn9"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-family:-webkit-standard"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><a name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Times"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Times">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Times">Voire, probablement, au moins depuis la fin du XIXe si&egrave;cle et l&rsquo;introduction puis le d&eacute;veloppement de &laquo;&nbsp;cours &agrave; objectifs pratiques&nbsp;&raquo; (Puren, 1988). Je ne peux d&eacute;velopper ce point dans la limite de ce texte, mais il serait int&eacute;ressant de faire l&rsquo;arch&eacute;ologie des bases des approches communicatives depuis au moins cette p&eacute;riode.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn10"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-family:-webkit-standard"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><a name="_ftn10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Times"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Times">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Times">Ce qui les transforme fr&eacute;quemment en &laquo;&nbsp;faux-amis&nbsp;&raquo; (Pierozak et al. 2018).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn11"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-family:-webkit-standard"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><a name="_ftn11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Times"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Times">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Times">Voire, inversement, &agrave; renforcer le rationalisme comme le mentionne E. Huver &agrave; propos de certaines critiques du CECRL. A propos de la compensation, voir aussi M. Debono, ici m&ecirc;me.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn12"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-family:-webkit-standard"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><a name="_ftn12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Times"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Times">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Times">Comme je l&rsquo;ai d&eacute;j&agrave; mentionn&eacute; (Castellotti, 2017), je pr&eacute;f&egrave;re ce terme &agrave; l&rsquo;expression &laquo;&nbsp;sciences humaines&nbsp;&raquo; qui ent&eacute;rine l&rsquo;inscription dans l&rsquo;histoire des sciences modernes, avec ce que cela signifie de soumission aux impens&eacute;s du rationalisme (Gusdorf,&nbsp;<i>Op. Cit</i>.).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn13"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-family:-webkit-standard"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria"><a name="_ftn13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Times"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Times">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Times">La question des valeurs est fondamentale dans une orientation qualititative compr&eacute;hensive. Selon T. Strong en effet, le positivisme est, &agrave; l&rsquo;oppos&eacute;, caract&eacute;ris&eacute; en particulier par le fait de consid&eacute;rer qu&rsquo;on peut s&eacute;parer les&nbsp;<i>faits</i>des&nbsp;<i>valeurs&nbsp;</i>(</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Times">Strong (&agrave; para&icirc;tre), &sect;11.2).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> </div>