<h1>Introduction</h1> <p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Cette &eacute;tude se situe &agrave; la crois&eacute;e de la linguistique et de la didactique du fran&ccedil;ais langue &eacute;trang&egrave;re (FLE) dans un contexte universitaire. Nous nous interrogeons sur les difficult&eacute;s des apprenants qui ont atteint un niveau &eacute;lev&eacute; en FLE mais ont encore des difficult&eacute;s dans certaines comp&eacute;tences et notamment en expression &eacute;crite. Cette comp&eacute;tence m&eacute;rite, &agrave; notre avis, un int&eacute;r&ecirc;t particulier, car elle est primordiale pour l&rsquo;int&eacute;gration &agrave; des cursus universitaires. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Le ph&eacute;nom&egrave;ne des mobilit&eacute;s entrantes et sortantes en milieu universitaire est devenu une pratique ordinaire. De nombreux &eacute;tudiants viennent en France perfectionner leur niveau de langue dans le but d&rsquo;int&eacute;grer un master. Leur ma&icirc;trise de fran&ccedil;ais est une condition d&rsquo;acc&egrave;s &agrave; ces formations. Ils sont donc conscients des efforts qu&rsquo;ils doivent fournir et des difficult&eacute;s qu&rsquo;ils peuvent rencontrer. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">La distance entre la langue et la culture d&rsquo;origine de l&rsquo;apprenant et le fran&ccedil;ais est un facteur &agrave; prendre en compte. En effet, les travaux ant&eacute;rieurs dans le domaine de la rh&eacute;torique contrastive ont montr&eacute; que les logiques et les conventions d&rsquo;&eacute;criture varient beaucoup d&rsquo;un pays &agrave; l&rsquo;autre (Hidden, 2013). La culture &eacute;ducative forme les apprenants &agrave; composer des &eacute;crits d&rsquo;une certaine mani&egrave;re en prenant en compte les traditions et l&rsquo;histoire du pays. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Nous nous sommes donc int&eacute;ress&eacute;es aux difficult&eacute;s que les apprenants d&rsquo;une culture tr&egrave;s &eacute;loign&eacute;e, qui est celle de la Chine, peuvent avoir pour r&eacute;diger un texte bien structur&eacute; en fran&ccedil;ais. Pour cibler notre probl&eacute;matique et la ramener au maximum au contexte universitaire, nous avons choisi de nous int&eacute;resser au texte argument&eacute;, comme type de texte commun &agrave; toutes les formations universitaires. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Les questions qui ont guid&eacute; cette recherche sont donc&nbsp;: </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">1. </span></span></i><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Comment les &eacute;tudiants chinois de niveau B2 g&egrave;rent-ils le texte argumentatif en FLE ? </span></span></i></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">2. </span></span></i><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Quels dispositifs p&eacute;dagogiques mettre en &oelig;uvre pour aider ce public &agrave; mieux appr&eacute;hender ce type d&rsquo;&eacute;crit ?</span></span></i></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Nous nous appuyons dans ce travail sur les &eacute;tudes issues &agrave; la fois du domaine de l&rsquo;acquisition des langues secondes (L2) avec une approche psycholinguistique au processus de production de la parole et sur les travaux relevant plut&ocirc;t de la rh&eacute;torique contrastive avec une approche linguistique qui trouvent leur &eacute;cho dans les travaux en didactique du FLE. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Du point de vue m&eacute;thodologique, nous avons recueilli un corpus de productions d&rsquo;apprenants sinophones du fran&ccedil;ais. Ce public universitaire r&eacute;side en France depuis une ann&eacute;e environ et suit des cours de FLE au centre Universitaire d&rsquo;Etudes Fran&ccedil;aises (CUEF) &agrave; l&rsquo;Universit&eacute; Grenoble Alpes (UGA). Les apprenants ont le niveau B2 en fran&ccedil;ais et sont demand&eacute;s d&rsquo;&eacute;crire un texte argument&eacute; en conditions d&rsquo;examen. La consigne du devoir a &eacute;t&eacute; emprunt&eacute;e aux &eacute;preuves du Dipl&ocirc;me d&rsquo;&eacute;tudes de langue fran&ccedil;aise (DELF) de niveau B2. Pour mieux comprendre leurs difficult&eacute;s et les strat&eacute;gies mises en &oelig;uvre pour la r&eacute;daction de ces textes, nous avons contrast&eacute; leurs productions &agrave; celles des groupes de contr&ocirc;le. Ils sont constitu&eacute;s de scripteurs francophones et sinophones natifs. Nous avons demand&eacute; &agrave; ces participants de r&eacute;diger un texte &agrave; partir de la m&ecirc;me consigne et dans les m&ecirc;mes conditions. Nous avons essay&eacute; de respecter au maximum l&rsquo;homog&eacute;n&eacute;it&eacute; des profils socio-culturels des participants, &agrave; savoir, leur &acirc;ge, leur milieu socio-culturel, la ma&icirc;trise et l&rsquo;utilisation d&rsquo;autres langues que leurs langues premi&egrave;res (L1). Cette &eacute;tude s&rsquo;appuie sur un corpus de 30 textes, &agrave; savoir 10 textes par groupe de scripteurs. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Les analyses portent sur l&rsquo;organisation globale des textes et particuli&egrave;rement sur l&rsquo;&eacute;laboration du plan et la lin&eacute;arit&eacute;, &agrave; savoir les strat&eacute;gies mises en &oelig;uvre pour constituer le r&eacute;seau anaphorique autour du r&eacute;f&eacute;rent principal qui est le concert musical. Les r&eacute;sultats des analyses nous donnent quelques &eacute;clairages sur les difficult&eacute;s &eacute;prouv&eacute;es par les apprenants sinophones et nous am&egrave;nent vers des pistes p&eacute;dagogiques qui ont &eacute;t&eacute; mises en pratique en contexte universitaire en Chine et en France. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Cette contribution sera pr&eacute;sent&eacute;e de la mani&egrave;re suivante. Nous &eacute;voquerons d&rsquo;abord le cadre d&rsquo;analyse et la m&eacute;thodologie de ce travail. Nous parlerons ensuite des r&eacute;sultats observ&eacute;s et des pistes didactiques que nous avons test&eacute;es. Nous cl&ocirc;turerons cette pr&eacute;sentation par une discussion des r&eacute;sultats obtenus.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <h1 style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 11px;">1. Cadre th&eacute;orique<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> </span></span></b></span></span></span></h1> <h2>1.1 Production &eacute;crite en L1 et en L2</h2> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">La production &eacute;crite est un m&eacute;canisme complexe n&eacute;cessitant d&rsquo;identifier l&rsquo;environnement de la t&acirc;che, d&rsquo;activer la m&eacute;moire &agrave; long terme avant de proc&eacute;der &agrave; la r&eacute;daction elle-m&ecirc;me (Flower &amp; Hayes, 1980). Ainsi, l&rsquo;analyse de l&rsquo;environnement de la t&acirc;che consiste &agrave; choisir les id&eacute;es &agrave; exprimer et &agrave; les planifier en prenant en compte la situation de production, le destinataire et les objectifs du message. Cette phase peut &ecirc;tre visible &agrave; travers le brouillon du scripteur, ses notes et son plan (Fayol,&nbsp;1997). </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">L&rsquo;activation de la m&eacute;moire &agrave; long terme est indispensable pour la mise en texte. Le scripteur doit choisir le lexique et les structures syntaxiques, utiliser la ponctuation et appliquer les capacit&eacute;s globales de structuration d&rsquo;un texte coh&eacute;rent. Le scripteur peut revenir sur certaines formulations, restructurer le plan de son texte, apporter des corrections. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">La derni&egrave;re &eacute;tape consiste &agrave; r&eacute;viser le texte. C&rsquo;est une des &eacute;tapes les plus complexes selon Fayol (<i>ibid</i>.). Il s&rsquo;agit de d&eacute;tecter les erreurs commises et de les corriger, ce qui n&rsquo;est pas toujours &eacute;vident car le rep&eacute;rage des erreurs dans son propre texte est une t&acirc;che extr&ecirc;mement difficile.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Les mod&egrave;les th&eacute;oriques pointent sur le fait que le processus de r&eacute;daction n&rsquo;est pas aussi lin&eacute;aire que le processus de production orale. L&rsquo;&eacute;crit permet une gestion moins rapide du flux de la pens&eacute;e, il permet de revenir en arri&egrave;re, de retracer alors que les r&eacute;actions &agrave; l&rsquo;oral n&eacute;cessitent souvent plus de spontan&eacute;it&eacute;. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Lorsqu&rsquo;on s&rsquo;int&eacute;resse &agrave; la production &eacute;crite en langue &eacute;trang&egrave;re, on se rend compte que cette complexit&eacute; est encore plus importante pour les communicants. L&rsquo;enjeu de planifier et de trouver les &eacute;l&eacute;ments n&eacute;cessaires est important surtout dans les t&acirc;ches o&ugrave; les choix informationnels n&rsquo;ont pas d&rsquo;ordre pr&eacute;d&eacute;fini. Ainsi, il est plus facile pour un locuteur et/ou un apprenant de produire un r&eacute;cit pr&eacute;disposant &agrave; un ordre chronologique des &eacute;v&eacute;nements qu&rsquo;une argumentation n&eacute;cessitant de cr&eacute;er des liens logiques et demandant des efforts cognitifs plus importants. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">L&rsquo;interaction entre les langues de l&rsquo;apprenant se passe &agrave; tous les niveaux de la production. Ainsi, l&rsquo;entr&eacute;e et la sortie de la t&acirc;che doivent se r&eacute;aliser &agrave; travers la L2, alors que le processus de composition implique l&rsquo;interaction des composantes reli&eacute;es &agrave; la L1, comme la g&eacute;n&eacute;ration et l&rsquo;organisation des id&eacute;es, le processus de contr&ocirc;le. Cette interaction peut cr&eacute;er des conflits au niveau de la r&eacute;daction, demande de faire des traductions, de trouver des &eacute;quivalents entre la L1 et la L2. La m&eacute;moire &agrave; long terme n&eacute;cessaire pour ce processus est aussi en partie bas&eacute;e sur la L1 de l&rsquo;apprenant, d&rsquo;o&ugrave; les difficult&eacute;s et une certaine lenteur dans les productions. Le mod&egrave;le de Wang &amp; Wen (2002) illustre tr&egrave;s clairement la complexit&eacute; de ce processus en L2. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="430" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_161_6_image-20191215183527-3.png" width="774" /></p> <address style="text-align: center;"><br /> Figure 1&nbsp;: Mod&egrave;le descriptif du processus de composition en L2 (Wang &amp; Wen, 2002)</address> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Nous avons donc montr&eacute; que le processus de production &eacute;crite est compos&eacute; d&rsquo;&eacute;l&eacute;ments complexes impliquant plusieurs processus mentaux et proc&eacute;dureaux. Leur r&eacute;alisation en L2 fait intervenir les comp&eacute;tences linguistiques, rh&eacute;toriques et culturelles li&eacute;es aux deux langues, la L1 et la L2 de l&rsquo;apprenant, et par cela alourdit et rend encore plus complexe ce processus. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <h2>1.2 Le relativisme linguistique et la rh&eacute;torique contrastive</h2> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Nous avons trouv&eacute; des &eacute;l&eacute;ments th&eacute;oriques importants dans deux domaines de la linguistique qui nous semblent compl&eacute;mentaires. D&rsquo;une part, les travaux de Sapir et Whorf (Whorf, 1956) ont suscit&eacute; de nombreux d&eacute;bats autour du r&ocirc;le de la langue dans la cognition. Nous adh&eacute;rons &agrave; la version faible de l&rsquo;hypoth&egrave;se du relativisme linguistique en suivant les travaux de Slobin (1996) qui montrent le fait que la langue et sa structure peuvent dans une certaine mesure et pour certains points influencer le processus de production des discours. De nombreux travaux en acquisition des L2 ont montr&eacute; que les apprenants de niveaux avanc&eacute;s, voire tr&egrave;s avanc&eacute;s, pr&eacute;sentent ce que les auteurs appellent des &laquo;&nbsp;traits d&rsquo;&eacute;tranget&eacute;&nbsp;&raquo; en parlant leur L2 (par exemple, Lambert &amp; al., 2008). Tout &eacute;tant grammaticalement correctes, leurs productions pr&eacute;sentent des sp&eacute;cificit&eacute;s dans leur organisation. C&rsquo;est ce mode sp&eacute;cifique de planification et d&rsquo;organisation des id&eacute;es dans le discours qui repr&eacute;sente une des difficult&eacute;s et des r&eacute;sistances pour les apprenants avanc&eacute;s. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">D&rsquo;autre part, les travaux en rh&eacute;torique contrastive s&rsquo;int&eacute;ressent au m&ecirc;me ph&eacute;nom&egrave;ne de l&rsquo;acquisition des comp&eacute;tences discursives en L2 focalisant davantage sur l&rsquo;&eacute;crit et en prenant en compte les conventions d&rsquo;&eacute;criture propres aux types et aux genres de textes et aux cultures de pays diff&eacute;rents. Ainsi, Kaplan (1966) identifie cinq modes de progression de la pens&eacute;e en fonction de la langue et de la culture de l&rsquo;apprenant. Le mod&egrave;le rh&eacute;torique propre aux langues germaniques et notamment &agrave; l&rsquo;anglais est direct. Il suit un d&eacute;veloppement du th&egrave;me sans digressions. Le mod&egrave;le des langues romanes et slaves est similaire, mais pr&eacute;sente quelques possibilit&eacute;s de digressions. Le mod&egrave;le des langues s&eacute;mitiques est pr&eacute;sent&eacute; en zigzag, et le mod&egrave;le rh&eacute;torique des langues asiatiques est pr&eacute;sent&eacute; en spirale. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">La progression de la pens&eacute;e est donc influenc&eacute;e &agrave; la fois par la structure de la langue, comme le montrent les travaux issus du domaine de l&rsquo;acquisition des L2, et les conventions d&rsquo;&eacute;criture qui se sont form&eacute;es dans la culture en question (Connor, 1996). </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Nous pouvons donc voir que le public chinois est tr&egrave;s int&eacute;ressant du point de vue de deux crit&egrave;res&nbsp;: &agrave; la fois du point de vue de la langue tr&egrave;s &eacute;loign&eacute;e du fran&ccedil;ais et d&rsquo;autre part par les conventions d&rsquo;&eacute;criture existant en Chine. Nous allons dans nos analyses prendre en compte ces distances et ces aspects th&eacute;oriques pour mieux comprendre et situer les ph&eacute;nom&egrave;nes observ&eacute;s. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <h2>1.3 Le texte argument&eacute; et les difficult&eacute;s des apprenants</h2> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Notre choix s&rsquo;est port&eacute; sur la r&eacute;daction d&rsquo;un texte argument&eacute;, car la ma&icirc;trise de ce type de texte est attendue par le CECRL au niveau B2. </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Selon </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Adam (1990&nbsp;: 103), <span style="color:black">l&rsquo;argumentation se construit &agrave; partir de notre volont&eacute; de diffuser notre opinion sur un sujet donn&eacute; et le soutenir devant un auditoire vaste. </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Or, il est possible d&rsquo;argumenter de fa&ccedil;on tr&egrave;s diff&eacute;rente. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Ces diff&eacute;rences peuvent &ecirc;tre li&eacute;es &agrave; la culture du pays. En France, une tradition longue de dialogisme en philosophie est transmise aux enfants &agrave; travers le parcours scolaire. Les coll&eacute;giens apprennent &agrave; donner leur point de vue et &agrave; argumenter avec pr&eacute;cision. L&rsquo;argumentation est bas&eacute;e sur un raisonnement logique (logos). Le texte doit &ecirc;tre divis&eacute; en paragraphes comportant chacun une id&eacute;e qui est d&eacute;velopp&eacute;e. Les paragraphes ainsi distingu&eacute;s comportent g&eacute;n&eacute;ralement une id&eacute;e, un argument et un exemple. On apprend aux scripteurs de guider leur lecteur au maximum en explicitant les liens entre les id&eacute;es et les paragraphes. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Tout comme en France, en Chine, l&rsquo;argumentation a une tr&egrave;s longue histoire, et elle est enseign&eacute;e surtout au niveau du lyc&eacute;e sous forme du texte argumentatif appel&eacute; <i>yilun wen</i> (&laquo;&nbsp;texte de discussion&nbsp;&raquo;, &laquo;&nbsp;texte de d&eacute;bat&nbsp;&raquo;) (Bi, 2016&nbsp;: 268), mais elle a une logique et une structure tout autre. Le raisonnement est bas&eacute; sur le scripteur, son parcours et son exp&eacute;rience. Il est autoris&eacute; &agrave; donner des exemples personnels et &agrave; &eacute;voquer une morale dans le texte (ethos). Les m&eacute;taphores et les expressions imag&eacute;es sont fr&eacute;quentes. L&rsquo;&eacute;vocation du sens n&rsquo;est pas aussi directe, elle s&rsquo;appuie souvent sur un sens cach&eacute;, imag&eacute;, renvoyant vers des l&eacute;gendes qui se trouvent derri&egrave;re les mots. Le scripteur n&rsquo;est pas oblig&eacute; de guider aussi minutieusement le lecteur en lui laissant la possibilit&eacute; de deviner le sens et une libert&eacute; d&rsquo;interpr&eacute;tation (Bi, 2016). </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Il est donc &eacute;vident qu&rsquo;en plus des difficult&eacute;s de la langue qu&rsquo;un apprenant &eacute;tranger &eacute;prouve lors de la r&eacute;daction des textes en L2, il doit aussi g&eacute;rer les diff&eacute;rences culturelles et rh&eacute;toriques. Hidden (2013) constate un recul de comp&eacute;tences r&eacute;dactionnelles lorsqu&rsquo;un apprenant est amen&eacute; &agrave; &eacute;crire en L2. Elle mentionne plusieurs probl&egrave;mes et difficult&eacute;s. Par exemple, une planification phrase par phrase li&eacute;e au manque de vocabulaire et une limitation syntaxique am&egrave;nent l&rsquo;apprenant &agrave; des textes mal structur&eacute;s. Cette limitation oblige l&rsquo;apprenant &agrave; focaliser son attention sur la formulation et les aspects locaux comme les accords, les choix des temps et des modes grammaticaux. En focalisant sur ces aspects, il pr&ecirc;te peu d&rsquo;attention &agrave; l&rsquo;ensemble global du texte, &agrave; sa coh&eacute;rence et a du mal &agrave; faire des r&eacute;visions de son &eacute;crit, car elles portent aussi sur les aspects locaux pour lesquels il a eu des difficult&eacute;s. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Relier une structuration, influenc&eacute;e par les codes culturels du pays d&rsquo;origine, et les comp&eacute;tences linguistiques imparfaites en L2 est une t&acirc;che verbale tr&egrave;s complexe (Levelt, 1989). Il serait donc int&eacute;ressant de mieux comprendre quels sont les points les plus sensibles pour pouvoir agir sur ces difficult&eacute;s. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <h1>2. M&eacute;thodologie</h1> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Nous avons demand&eacute; &agrave; un groupe d&rsquo;apprenants sinophones, parlant le mandarin et apprenant le fran&ccedil;ais, de r&eacute;diger un texte argument&eacute; sous forme de lettre officielle adress&eacute;e au maire de leur ville pour lui demander de ne pas annuler un concert musical gratuit. Ce sujet a &eacute;t&eacute; emprunt&eacute; &agrave; une &eacute;preuve de DELF pour le niveau B2&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Vous habitez dans une ville qui organise chaque ann&eacute;e un grand concert gratuit pour marquer la fin de l&#39;&eacute;t&eacute;. Pour des raisons financi&egrave;res, votre ville annonce qu&#39;elle veut supprimer cet &eacute;v&eacute;nement musical. Vous &eacute;crivez au maire de la ville pour le persuader, &agrave; l&#39;aide d&#39;arguments et d&#39;exemples pr&eacute;cis, des avantages culturels et touristiques que ce concert repr&eacute;sente. Vous insistez &eacute;galement sur l&#39;int&eacute;r&ecirc;t &eacute;conomique de cette manifestation pour les commer&ccedil;ants et les artistes de la r&eacute;gion. (250 mots en fran&ccedil;ais/500 caract&egrave;res en chinois)</span></span></i></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Le texte doit &ecirc;tre limit&eacute; &agrave; 250 mots, et les apprenants ont une heure pour le r&eacute;aliser. Ils n&rsquo;ont pas droit aux dictionnaires ni aux autres supports d&rsquo;aide &agrave; la r&eacute;daction. Leurs compositions manuscrites sont r&eacute;cup&eacute;r&eacute;es ainsi que les autorisations sign&eacute;es qui nous permettent d&rsquo;interpr&eacute;ter et d&rsquo;analyser leurs productions sous la forme anonyme. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Le groupe d&rsquo;apprenants est assez homog&egrave;ne, &agrave; savoir les dix scripteurs parlent le mandarin, certains ma&icirc;trisent aussi des dialectes locaux. Ils ont tous entre 18 et 22 ans et sont &eacute;tudiants au Centre universitaire d&rsquo;&eacute;tudes fran&ccedil;aises &agrave; Grenoble (CUEF). Leur niveau de fran&ccedil;ais correspond au niveau B2. D&rsquo;apr&egrave;s les questionnaires remplis, ils n&rsquo;utilisent pas d&rsquo;autres langues &eacute;trang&egrave;res dans leur vie de tous les jours, m&ecirc;me s&rsquo;ils ont tous appris l&rsquo;anglais &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;cole. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Nous avons compar&eacute; leurs productions &agrave; celles des groupes de contr&ocirc;le de scripteurs monolingues dans le sens large du terme, &agrave; savoir que ces scripteurs n&rsquo;utilisent pas d&rsquo;autres langues que leur langue maternelle dans leur vie quotidienne. Les monolingues sont &eacute;galement &eacute;tudiants &agrave; l&rsquo;universit&eacute; dans une fili&egrave;re des sciences humaines. Ils ont compos&eacute; leurs textes dans les m&ecirc;mes conditions que les apprenants, &agrave; savoir dans une salle de cours pendant une heure. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Pour ce qui est de la consigne, elle a &eacute;t&eacute; traduite en chinois pour les scripteurs sinophones. Le nombre de mots a &eacute;t&eacute; augment&eacute; vu la structure du chinois, langue isolante, &agrave; 500 caract&egrave;res. Pour le traitement des textes produits en mandarin, nous avons proc&eacute;d&eacute; &agrave; leur traduction d&eacute;taill&eacute;e et glos&eacute;e&nbsp;avec l&rsquo;aide des locuteurs natifs sinophones ma&icirc;trisant bien le fran&ccedil;ais. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Les textes recueillis sont informatis&eacute;s et disponibles sous le format Word et XML. Ils sont analys&eacute;s &agrave; l&rsquo;aide des crit&egrave;res propos&eacute;s par Hidden (2013), comme le plan du texte, la lin&eacute;arit&eacute;, les enchainements, l&rsquo;implication du scripteur et le style. Cet article est focalis&eacute; sur l&rsquo;analyse du plan et de la lin&eacute;arit&eacute;. Les analyses quantitatives se basent sur les moyennes et les pourcentages des moyens employ&eacute;s par rapport au total des moyens observ&eacute;s au sein de chaque groupe. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Les analyses nous am&egrave;nent &agrave; faire des propositions didactiques qui ont &eacute;t&eacute; test&eacute;es dans deux contextes diff&eacute;rents, &agrave; savoir en Chine dans le contexte universitaire aupr&egrave;s d&rsquo;un public d&rsquo;enseignants de FLE, et en France au CUEF aupr&egrave;s d&rsquo;un public de futurs &eacute;tudiants de l&rsquo;Universit&eacute; Grenoble Alpes. Ces interventions nous permettent d&rsquo;avoir quelques retours, m&ecirc;me si plus de tests sont n&eacute;cessaires pour comprendre l&rsquo;utilit&eacute; et les faiblesses de notre d&eacute;marche. La m&eacute;thodologie d&rsquo;exploitation et d&rsquo;analyses didactiques est en cours d&rsquo;&eacute;laboration. Cet article propose donc seulement quelques pistes didactiques et les premi&egrave;res r&eacute;actions des apprenants observ&eacute;es lors de nos interventions.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <h1>3. R&eacute;sultats des analyses</h1> <h2>3.1 Groupes de contr&ocirc;le</h2> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3>3.1.1 Le plan du texte</h3> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Nous allons dans un premier temps contraster les productions de scripteurs monolingues afin d&rsquo;identifier les diff&eacute;rences entre les textes produits en fran&ccedil;ais et en chinois. En ce qui concerne le plan textuel, nous avons remarqu&eacute; que les scripteurs des deux cultures respectent un ordre canonique, &agrave; savoir une introduction, une partie argumentative, compos&eacute;e de paragraphes, et une conclusion. En effet, la dissertation chinoise impose la m&ecirc;me structure (Bi, 2016). En revanche, chaque partie ne r&eacute;pond pas aux m&ecirc;mes principes. Ainsi, l&rsquo;introduction chez les francophones est g&eacute;n&eacute;ralement compos&eacute;e d&rsquo;une seule phrase, comme dans l&rsquo;exemple suivant&nbsp;: </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(1) </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Bonjour monsieur,</span></span></i></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Je vous &eacute;cris cette lettre en raison de la d&eacute;cision qui a &eacute;t&eacute; prise en d&eacute;but de semaine par la Mairie concernant l&rsquo;annulation de l&rsquo;&eacute;v&eacute;nement musical pr&eacute;vu &agrave; la fin de cet &eacute;t&eacute;. </span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(Scripteur francophone natif) </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Dans trois productions sur dix, nous avons attest&eacute; l&rsquo;expression des sentiments du scripteur vis-&agrave;-vis de la suppression de la f&ecirc;te&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;j&rsquo;ai appris avec tristesse&hellip;&nbsp;&raquo;, &laquo;&nbsp;je vous &eacute;cris pour vous faire part de mon d&eacute;sarroi&nbsp;&raquo;, &laquo;&nbsp;je vous &eacute;cris pour faire part de mon m&eacute;contentement&nbsp;&raquo;. Dans les autres productions, le scripteur reste neutre. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Quant aux sinophones, l&rsquo;introduction est syst&eacute;matiquement plus longue et comporte quatre propositions en moyenne qui servent au scripteur non seulement &agrave; exprimer son d&eacute;saccord, mais aussi &agrave; remercier son destinataire et &agrave; expliquer les raisons de la lettre. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(2) </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">1.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <table class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:181px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span mincho="" ms="" style="font-family:">尊</span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">敬</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:172px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">的</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:174px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">市长</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:180px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">先生:</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:181px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Honorable </span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:172px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">de</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:174px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Maire</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:180px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Monsieur </span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:181px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Adj.</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:172px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Part.</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:174px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:180px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:707px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Monsieur le Maire</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">2. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <table class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:67px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">感谢</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:48px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">您</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:54px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">能</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:86px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">在百忙之中</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:55px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">抽空</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:50px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">来</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:61px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">看</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:40px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">我</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:51px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">写</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:50px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">给</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:48px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">您</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:48px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">的</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:50px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">信,</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:67px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Remercier </span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:48px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">vous</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:54px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">pouvoir</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:86px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">dans vos nombreuses occupations </span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:55px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">prendre le temps</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:50px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">de</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:61px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">regarder</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:40px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">je</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:51px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">&eacute;crire</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:50px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">&agrave; </span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:48px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">vous</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:48px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">de</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:50px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">lettre</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:67px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">V</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:48px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">PP</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:54px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">V</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:86px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">COP</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:55px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">V</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:50px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Pr&eacute;p.</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:61px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">V</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:40px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">PP</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:51px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">V</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:50px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Pr&eacute;p.</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:48px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">PP</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:48px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Part.</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:50px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="13" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:707px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">(Je) vous remercie dans vos nombreuses occupations de regarder ce que je vous &eacute;cris dans cette lettre. </span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">3. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <table class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:47px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span mincho="" ms="" style="font-family:">来</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:49px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">信</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:43px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">的</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:52px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">原因</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:40px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">是</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:60px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">关于</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:48px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">今</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:52px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">年</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:65px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">停办</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:43px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">的</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:61px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">音乐</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:44px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">会。</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:47px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Re&ccedil;u</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:49px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">lettre</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:43px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">de</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:52px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">raison </span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:40px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">&ecirc;tre</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:60px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">&agrave; propos de </span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:48px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">cette</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:52px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">ann&eacute;e</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:65px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">suspendu</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:43px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">de</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:61px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">musique</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:44px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">f&ecirc;te</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:47px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Adj.</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:49px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:43px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Par.</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:52px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:40px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">V</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:60px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Loc.P.</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:48px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">D&eacute;t.</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:52px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:65px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Adj.</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:43px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Par.</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:61px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:44px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="12" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:604px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">La raison de la lettre re&ccedil;ue est &agrave; propos de la f&ecirc;te de musique suspendue cette ann&eacute;e. </span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">4. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <table class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:58px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span gothic="" ms="" style="font-family:"><span style="letter-spacing:-.15pt">每</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:54px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.15pt">年</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:49px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">的</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:45px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">夏</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:43px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">末</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:50px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">我们</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:48px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">都</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:85px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">非常</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:62px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">期待</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:62px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">音乐</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:47px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">节</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:49px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">的</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:56px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">到来,</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:58px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">chaque</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:54px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">ann&eacute;e</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:49px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">de</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:45px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">&eacute;t&eacute;</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:43px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">fin </span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:50px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">nous</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:48px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">tout</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:85px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">extr&ecirc;mement </span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:62px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">attendre</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:62px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">musique</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:47px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">f&ecirc;te</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:49px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">de</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:56px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">arriv&eacute;e</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:58px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">D&eacute;t.</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:54px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">SN</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:49px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Part.</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:45px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:43px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:50px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">PP</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:48px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Adv.</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:85px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Adv.</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:62px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">V</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:62px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:47px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:49px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Part.</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:56px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="13" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:707px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">La fin d&rsquo;&eacute;t&eacute; de chaque ann&eacute;e nous attendons extr&ecirc;mement l&rsquo;arriv&eacute;e de la f&ecirc;te de musique. </span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">5. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <table class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:51px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span gothic="" ms="" style="font-family:"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">但</span></span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">是</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:75px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">听说</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:51px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">今</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:65px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">年</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:58px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">由于</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:64px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">财政</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:72px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">问题</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:54px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">要</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:62px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">停办</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:52px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">了。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:51px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Mais</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:75px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">entendre dire</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:51px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">cette</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:65px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">ann&eacute;e</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:58px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">&agrave; cause de</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:64px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">finance </span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:72px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">probl&egrave;me</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:54px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">aller</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:62px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">arr&ecirc;ter</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:52px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">le</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:51px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Conj.</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:75px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Loc.V.</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:51px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">D&eacute;t.</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:65px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:58px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Loc.P.</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:64px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:72px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:54px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">V aux.</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:62px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">V</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:52px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">P.A.</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:604px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Mais (on) entend dire que cette ann&eacute;e &agrave; cause du probl&egrave;me de finance (la f&ecirc;te) va arr&ecirc;ter. </span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(Scripteur sinophone natif) </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">A travers cet exemple, on voit clairement que le nombre de caract&egrave;res n&eacute;cessaires pour le scripteur pour arriver &agrave; exprimer son id&eacute;e est nettement plus important que le nombre de mots indispensables au scripteur francophone pour faire son introduction. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Cette longueur s&rsquo;explique par les conventions rh&eacute;toriques chinoises qui demandent d&rsquo;une part de remercier le destinataire d&rsquo;une lettre et d&rsquo;autre part qui autorisent le scripteur &agrave; donner son point de vue sur la question d&egrave;s l&rsquo;introduction. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&laquo;&nbsp;Le d&eacute;but de <i>yilun wen</i> sert &agrave; pr&eacute;senter de quoi on va discuter et &agrave; montrer clairement la position de l&rsquo;auteur en &eacute;clairant son point de vue. R&eacute;pondre directement &agrave; la question dans l&rsquo;introduction est donc consid&eacute;r&eacute; comme une fa&ccedil;on canonique de commencer un <i>yilun wen</i>.&nbsp;&raquo; (Bi&nbsp;: 265, 2016). </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Nous avons attest&eacute; l&rsquo;expression explicite du d&eacute;saccord dans deux productions sur dix. Tout comme les francophones, les scripteurs sinophones restent donc plut&ocirc;t neutres dans leurs lettres et ce sont majoritairement les remerciements qui prennent plus d&rsquo;importance dans ce type d&rsquo;&eacute;crit. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">La partie argumentative se construit de fa&ccedil;ons diff&eacute;rentes &eacute;galement. Nous avons observ&eacute; trois paragraphes en moyenne dans les textes des francophones, alors que dans les textes en chinois deux paragraphes en moyenne sont visibles. Les paragraphes des scripteurs sinophones sont plus longs que ceux des francophones et comportent un grand nombre de caract&egrave;res. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Quant &agrave; la conclusion, les tendances observ&eacute;es diff&egrave;rent &eacute;galement entre les groupes des natifs. Dans les lettres de francophones, la conclusion compte 1,7 propositions en moyenne. Elle comporte syst&eacute;matiquement des remerciements, des propositions financi&egrave;res d&rsquo;organisation de l&rsquo;&eacute;v&egrave;nement, des demandes de reconsid&eacute;rer la d&eacute;cision ainsi qu&rsquo;une formule de politesse. En revanche, la longueur moyenne d&rsquo;une conclusion en chinois est de 1,2 propositions. Les conclusions sont donc syst&eacute;matiquement plus courtes. Deux lettres sur dix n&rsquo;en comportent pas du tout. Dans les autres cas, la conclusion comporte des remerciements et une formule de politesse (4 productions sur 10) ou indique l&rsquo;importance de l&rsquo;&eacute;v&egrave;nement pour la communaut&eacute; sans formules de politesse (4 productions sur 10). Ces observations rejoignent les constats des &eacute;tudes pr&eacute;c&eacute;dentes sur la place de la conclusion dans une dissertation en chinois. En effet, elle est consid&eacute;r&eacute;e comme un point moins important que l&rsquo;introduction, car il est tout &agrave; fait possible d&rsquo;&eacute;noncer son point de vue d&egrave;s le d&eacute;but du texte. Elle sert &agrave; clore le th&egrave;me sans proposer des ouvertures possibles (Bi, 2016). &nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">On peut donc voir que le r&ocirc;le de l&rsquo;introduction et de la conclusion n&rsquo;est pas le m&ecirc;me dans les deux cultures rh&eacute;toriques. Les francophones entrent assez directement dans le sujet, ce qui leur permet de ne pas faire de longue introduction. En revanche, ils formulent clairement une conclusion qui peut &ecirc;tre compos&eacute;e de propositions, de remerciements ou des souhaits. En revanche, l&rsquo;introduction semble avoir une place plus importante pour les scripteurs sinophones. En effet, ils formulent syst&eacute;matiquement plusieurs &eacute;nonc&eacute;s avant de rentrer dans le vif du sujet. Les formules de politesse semblent avoir une grande importance au d&eacute;but de la lettre. Ce n&rsquo;est pas le cas de la conclusion qui est plus courte que l&rsquo;introduction, voire absente, dans certains textes. Les formes de politesse &agrave; la fin du texte semblent avoir moins d&rsquo;importance dans les productions en chinois que dans celles en fran&ccedil;ais. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <h3>3.1.2 La lin&eacute;arit&eacute;</h3> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Un autre crit&egrave;re important, selon nous, correspond &agrave; la lin&eacute;arit&eacute; du texte, &agrave; savoir au d&eacute;veloppement du th&egrave;me principal. Nous avons constat&eacute; que les francophones monolingues l&rsquo;introduisent d&egrave;s la premi&egrave;re phrase dans laquelle ils annoncent la raison du courrier, un regret ou un m&eacute;contentement envers la d&eacute;cision du maire. Cette introduction est exprim&eacute;e par un syntagme nominal (SN) en fonction du compl&eacute;ment compos&eacute; d&rsquo;un nom et un d&eacute;terminant d&eacute;fini (cf. l&rsquo;exemple 1). Elle repr&eacute;sente le rh&egrave;me, ou l&rsquo;information nouvelle, de la phrase en question. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Cette entit&eacute; &laquo;&nbsp;l&rsquo;&eacute;v&egrave;nement musical&nbsp;&raquo; est ensuite maintenue en tant que th&egrave;me de la proposition suivante. Le th&egrave;me est exprim&eacute; par un SN plein ou un une anaphore pronominale en fonction du sujet grammatical. Ainsi, on observe une lin&eacute;arit&eacute; dans le passage d&rsquo;un rh&egrave;me vers un statut de th&egrave;me. Une progression &agrave; th&egrave;me constant est souvent observ&eacute;e dans les phrases qui suivent avant qu&rsquo;un changement th&eacute;matique arrive. Nous illustrons cette progression par l&rsquo;exemple 3 ci-dessous. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(3) </span></span></span></span></span></p> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li calibri="" style="text-align:justify; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Je viens par la pr&eacute;sente vous demander de renoncer &agrave; la d&eacute;cision de supprimer <u>le grand concert gratuit</u></span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> (introduction du th&egrave;me avec un statut de rh&egrave;me dans la phrase)</span></span></li> <li calibri="" style="text-align:justify; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">qui </span></span></i></b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">marque la fin de l&rsquo;&eacute;t&eacute;, et ce, depuis des ann&eacute;es maintenant. </span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(progression &agrave; th&egrave;me lin&eacute;aire) </span></span></li> <li calibri="" style="text-align:justify; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Cet &eacute;v&egrave;nement </span></span></i></b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">est un rendez-vous </span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(progression &agrave; th&egrave;me constant)</span></span></li> <li calibri="" style="text-align:justify; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">qui </span></span></i></b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">fait rayonner notre ville <b>&nbsp;</b></span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(progression &agrave; th&egrave;me constant) (Scripteur francophone natif)</span></span></li> </ol> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Comme le montre l&rsquo;exemple ci-dessus, les maintiens &agrave; th&egrave;me constant sont exprim&eacute;s par le SN plein &laquo;&nbsp;cet &eacute;v&egrave;nement&nbsp;&raquo; et le pronom relatif &laquo;&nbsp;qui&nbsp;&raquo;. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Dans la partie argumentative, le th&egrave;me n&rsquo;est plus sp&eacute;cialement mentionn&eacute; dans chaque proposition, car les arguments d&eacute;velopp&eacute;s demandent d&rsquo;introduire et de maintenir d&rsquo;autres th&egrave;mes et sous-th&egrave;mes. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Quant aux productions en chinois, nous les avons analys&eacute;es avec les m&ecirc;mes outils, &agrave; savoir les notions du th&egrave;me et du rh&egrave;me ainsi que leur expression linguistique et leur fonction grammaticale. Le th&egrave;me n&rsquo;apparait souvent qu&rsquo;&agrave; la deuxi&egrave;me ou la troisi&egrave;me phrase une fois que le scripteur a exprim&eacute; les remerciements au maire de la ville d&rsquo;avoir pris le temps de lire sa lettre. L&rsquo;introduction de la r&eacute;f&eacute;rence se fait selon les m&ecirc;mes principes que chez les francophones, &agrave; savoir le th&egrave;me est exprim&eacute; par un syntagme nominal correspondant &agrave; la f&ecirc;te musicale (</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:SimSun">音乐会</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">). Les d&eacute;terminants n&rsquo;&eacute;tant pas obligatoires en chinois, ils ne sont pas employ&eacute;s (cf. exemple 2 ci-dessus). </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Nous avons constat&eacute; un r&eacute;sultat int&eacute;ressant dans les textes en chinois, &agrave; savoir le fait que le rh&egrave;me, qui renvoie &agrave; l&rsquo;introduction de la r&eacute;f&eacute;rence &laquo;&nbsp;f&ecirc;te de musique&nbsp;&raquo; sous forme de compl&eacute;ment, ne passe pas syst&eacute;matiquement au statut de th&egrave;me de la proposition suivante qui repr&eacute;sente le sujet grammatical, comme c&rsquo;est le cas chez les francophones. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Lorsque le th&egrave;me est maintenu, trois types de maintien ont &eacute;t&eacute; attest&eacute;s&nbsp;: le maintien du th&egrave;me d&rsquo;une phrase &agrave; l&rsquo;autre par une anaphore z&eacute;ro, repr&eacute;sentant 50% des cas, le maintien du th&egrave;me par une anaphore fid&egrave;le en tant que SN sujet (30% des cas), le maintien du th&egrave;me par un SN compl&eacute;ment plac&eacute; en fin d&rsquo;&eacute;nonc&eacute; et exprim&eacute; souvent par une anaphore fid&egrave;le &eacute;galement (20% des cas). Nous allons illustrer ces moyens. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Le maintien par l&rsquo;anaphore z&eacute;ro est fr&eacute;quent (50% des cas). Il permet de relier deux propositions et de maintenir le th&egrave;me constant implicitement. L&rsquo;exemple 4 illustre ce moyen de maintien. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(4) </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">1. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <table class="MsoTableGrid" style="width:604px; border-collapse:collapse; border:none" width="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:56px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:25px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span mincho="" ms="" style="font-family:">首先</span></span><span style="font-size:8.0pt">&nbsp;,</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:53px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:25px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span mincho="" ms="" style="font-family:">音</span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span pmingliu="" style="font-family:">乐</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:47px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:25px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span mincho="" ms="" style="font-family:">会</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:33px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:25px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span mincho="" ms="" style="font-family:">是</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:40px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:25px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span mincho="" ms="" style="font-family:">我</span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span pmingliu="" style="font-family:">们</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:33px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:25px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span mincho="" ms="" style="font-family:">市</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:52px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:25px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span mincho="" ms="" style="font-family:">精神</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:63px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:25px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span mincho="" ms="" style="font-family:">文明</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:73px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:25px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span mincho="" ms="" style="font-family:">建</span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span pmingliu="" style="font-family:">设</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:36px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:25px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span mincho="" ms="" style="font-family:">的</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:61px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:25px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span mincho="" ms="" style="font-family:">重要</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:56px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:25px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span mincho="" ms="" style="font-family:">旗</span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span pmingliu="" style="font-family:">帜</span></span><span style="font-size:8.0pt">,</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:56px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:8.0pt">D&rsquo;abord</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:53px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:8.0pt">musique</span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:47px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:8.0pt">festival</span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:33px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:8.0pt">&ecirc;tre</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:40px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:8.0pt">notre</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:33px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:8.0pt">ville</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:52px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:8.0pt">spirituel</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:63px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:8.0pt">civilisation</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:73px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:8.0pt">construction</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:36px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:8.0pt">DE</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:61px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:8.0pt">important</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:56px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:8.0pt">drapeau,</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:56px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:16px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:8.0pt">Adv.</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:53px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:16px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:8.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:47px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:16px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:8.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:33px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:16px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:8.0pt">V</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:40px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:16px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:8.0pt">D&eacute;t.</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:33px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:16px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:8.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:52px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:16px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:8.0pt">Adj.</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:63px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:16px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:8.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:73px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:16px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:8.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:36px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:16px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:8.0pt">Part.</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:61px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:16px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:8.0pt">Adj.</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:56px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:16px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:8.0pt">NS,</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="12" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:604px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:8.0pt">D&rsquo;abord, <b>le festival musical</b> est un drapeau important de la construction de civilisation spirituelle de notre ville, </span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">2. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <table align="left" class="MsoTableGrid" style="width:604px; border-collapse:collapse; border:none; margin-left:6px; margin-right:6px" width="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:18px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span mincho="" ms="" style="font-family:">是</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:18px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span mincho="" ms="" style="font-family:">我</span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span pmingliu="" style="font-family:">们</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:18px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span mincho="" ms="" style="font-family:">市</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:18px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span mincho="" ms="" style="font-family:">文化</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:18px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span mincho="" ms="" style="font-family:">氛</span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span pmingliu="" style="font-family:">围</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:18px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span pmingliu="" style="font-family:">领先</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:18px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span mincho="" ms="" style="font-family:">周</span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span pmingliu="" style="font-family:">边</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:18px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span mincho="" ms="" style="font-family:">地</span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span pmingliu="" style="font-family:">级</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:18px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span mincho="" ms="" style="font-family:">市</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:18px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span mincho="" ms="" style="font-family:">的</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:18px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span mincho="" ms="" style="font-family:">最</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:18px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span mincho="" ms="" style="font-family:">重大</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:18px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span mincho="" ms="" style="font-family:">原因</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:52px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:18px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span mincho="" ms="" style="font-family:">之一,</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:22px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:8.0pt">&Ecirc;tre</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:22px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:8.0pt">notre</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:22px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:8.0pt">ville</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:22px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:8.0pt">culture</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:22px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:8.0pt">ambiance</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:22px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:8.0pt">avancer</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:22px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:8.0pt">voisin</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:22px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:8.0pt">pr&eacute;fectoral</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:22px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:8.0pt">ville</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:22px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:8.0pt">DE</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:22px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:8.0pt">le plus</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:22px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:8.0pt">important</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:22px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:8.0pt">raison </span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:52px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:22px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:8.0pt">un</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:8.0pt">V</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:8.0pt">D&eacute;t.</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:8.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:8.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:8.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:8.0pt">V</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:8.0pt">Adj.</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:8.0pt">Adj.</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:8.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:8.0pt">Part. </span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:8.0pt">Adv.</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:8.0pt">Adj.</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:8.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:52px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:8.0pt">NS </span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:604px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:22px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:8.0pt">est l&rsquo;une des raisons les plus importantes de l&rsquo;ambiance culturelle avanc&eacute;e de notre ville par rapport aux autres villes voisines pr&eacute;fectorales,</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(Scripteur sinophone natif) </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Le maintien par l&rsquo;anaphore fid&egrave;le en tant que sujet est syst&eacute;matique aussi (30% des cas). La r&eacute;p&eacute;tition du m&ecirc;me syntagme ne pose pas de probl&egrave;mes de coh&eacute;sion du texte en chinois. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(5) </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">1. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <table class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:93px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">音乐</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:81px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">节</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:88px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">还</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:90px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">能</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:84px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">打造</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:90px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">品牌</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:93px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">产业</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:87px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">链。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:93px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Musique</span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:81px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt">f&ecirc;te</span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:88px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">encore</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:90px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">pouvoir</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:84px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">cr&eacute;er </span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:90px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">marque</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:93px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">industrie</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:87px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">chaine</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:93px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:81px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:88px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Adv.</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:90px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">V</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:84px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">V</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:90px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:93px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:87px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:707px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">La f&ecirc;te de musique</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt"> peut encore cr&eacute;er la cha&icirc;ne industrielle de marque.</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">2. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <table class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:41px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">户外</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:72px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">音乐</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:34px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">节</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:37px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">是</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:37px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">一</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:86px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">个</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:37px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">很</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:36px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">好</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:40px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">的</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:53px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">文化</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:62px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">产业</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:78px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">平台,</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:41px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">De plein air</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:72px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt">musique</span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:34px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt">f&ecirc;te</span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:37px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">&ecirc;tre</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:37px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">un</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:86px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:37px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">tr&egrave;s</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:36px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">bon </span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:40px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">de</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:53px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">culture</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:62px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">industrie</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:78px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">plateforme, </span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:41px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Adj.</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:72px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:34px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:37px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">V</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:37px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">D&eacute;t.</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:86px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Classificateur</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:37px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Adv.</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:36px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Adj.</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:40px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Part.</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:53px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:62px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:78px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="12" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:613px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">La f&ecirc;te de musique</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt"> de plein air est une tr&egrave;s bonne plate-forme de l&rsquo;industrie culturelle,</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(Scripteur sinophone natif) </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Ces proc&eacute;d&eacute;s de maintien ne sont pas sp&eacute;cifiques au chinois, on en trouve &eacute;galement en fran&ccedil;ais, mais c&rsquo;est le dernier moyen attest&eacute; qui a surtout attir&eacute; notre attention. Il s&rsquo;agit du maintien du rh&egrave;me en tant que rh&egrave;me de la proposition suivante. Les phrases de l&rsquo;exemple 6 permettent de voir que le r&eacute;f&eacute;rent &laquo;&nbsp;f&ecirc;te de musique&nbsp;&raquo; constitue le rh&egrave;me de trois propositions qui se suivent. La r&eacute;f&eacute;rence est exprim&eacute;e deux fois par une anaphore fid&egrave;le correspondante au SN </span></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:SimSun">音乐会</span></span></b><b> </b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&laquo;&nbsp;musique f&ecirc;te&nbsp;&raquo; et une fois par une anaphore z&eacute;ro (phrase n&deg; 3). </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(6)</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">1. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <table class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:47px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span mincho="" ms="" style="font-family:">来</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:49px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">信</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:43px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">的</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:52px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">原因</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:40px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">是</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:60px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">关于</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:48px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">今</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:52px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">年</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:65px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">停办</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:43px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">的</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:61px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">音乐</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:44px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">会。</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:47px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Re&ccedil;u</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:49px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">lettre</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:43px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">de</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:52px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">raison </span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:40px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">&ecirc;tre</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:60px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">&agrave; propos de </span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:48px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">cette</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:52px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">ann&eacute;e</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:65px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">suspendu</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:43px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">de</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:61px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt">musique</span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:44px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt">f&ecirc;te</span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:47px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Adj.</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:49px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:43px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Par.</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:52px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:40px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">V</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:60px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Loc.P.</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:48px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">D&eacute;t.</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:52px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:65px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Adj.</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:43px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Par.</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:61px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt">NS</span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:44px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt">NS</span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="12" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:604px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">La raison de la lettre re&ccedil;ue est &agrave; propos de <b>la f&ecirc;te de musique</b> suspendue cette ann&eacute;e. </span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">2. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <table class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:58px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span gothic="" ms="" style="font-family:"><span style="letter-spacing:-.15pt">每</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:54px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.15pt">年</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:49px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">的</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:45px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">夏</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:43px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">末</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:50px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">我们</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:48px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">都</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:85px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">非常</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:62px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">期待</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:62px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">音乐</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:47px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">节</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:49px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">的</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:56px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">到来,</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:58px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">chaque</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:54px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">ann&eacute;e</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:49px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">de</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:45px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">&eacute;t&eacute;</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:43px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">fin </span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:50px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">nous</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:48px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">tout</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:85px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">extr&ecirc;mement </span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:62px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">attendre</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:62px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt">musique</span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:47px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt">f&ecirc;te</span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:49px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">de</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:56px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">arriv&eacute;e</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:58px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">D&eacute;t.</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:54px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">SN</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:49px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Part.</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:45px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:43px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:50px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">PP</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:48px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Adv.</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:85px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Adv.</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:62px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">V</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:62px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt">NS</span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:47px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt">NS</span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:49px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Part.</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:56px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="13" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:707px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">La fin d&rsquo;&eacute;t&eacute; de chaque ann&eacute;e nous attendons extr&ecirc;mement l&rsquo;arriv&eacute;e de <b>la f&ecirc;te de musique</b>. </span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">3. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <table class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:50px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span gothic="" ms="" style="font-family:"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">但</span></span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">是</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:75px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">听说</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:51px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">今</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:64px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">年</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:58px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">由于</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:63px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">财政</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:71px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">问题</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:53px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">要</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:62px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">停办</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:56px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">了。</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:50px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Mais</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:75px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">entendre dire</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:51px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">cette</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:64px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">ann&eacute;e</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:58px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">&agrave; cause de</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:63px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">finance </span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:71px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">probl&egrave;me</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:53px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">aller</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:62px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">arr&ecirc;ter</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:56px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:50px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Conj.</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:75px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Loc.V.</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:51px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">D&eacute;t.</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:64px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:58px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Loc.P.</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:63px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:71px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:53px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">V. aux.</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:62px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">V</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:56px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt">P.A.</span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:604px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Mais (on) entend dire que cette ann&eacute;e &agrave; cause du probl&egrave;me de finance <b>(la f&ecirc;te)</b> va arr&ecirc;ter. </span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(Scripteur sinophone natif) </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Le th&egrave;me de la proposition 1 correspond &agrave; la raison de la lettre, le rh&egrave;me &ndash; &agrave; la suspension de la f&ecirc;te de musique. Le th&egrave;me de la proposition 2 change et correspond au scripteur et la communaut&eacute; qu&rsquo;il repr&eacute;sente qui est exprim&eacute; par le pronom personnel </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:SimSun"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">我们</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(&laquo;&nbsp;nous&nbsp;&raquo;) (&laquo;&nbsp;la fin d&rsquo;&eacute;t&eacute; de chaque ann&eacute;e <b>nous</b> &raquo;). Le rh&egrave;me correspond au fait que cette communaut&eacute; attend la f&ecirc;te musicale (&laquo;&nbsp;attendons extr&ecirc;mement l&rsquo;arriv&eacute;e de <b>la f&ecirc;te de musique</b>&nbsp;&raquo;). Nous avons ici la r&eacute;p&eacute;tition partielle du rh&egrave;me, le mouvement qu&rsquo;on ne trouve pas dans les productions des scripteurs francophones. Le th&egrave;me de la proposition 3 correspond de nouveau au scripteur et les habitants. Il est exprim&eacute; par l&rsquo;anaphore z&eacute;ro et l&rsquo;expression </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:SimSun"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">听说</span></span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt"> (</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&laquo;&nbsp;entendre dire&nbsp;&raquo;) (&laquo;&nbsp;mais <b>(on) entend dire</b>&nbsp;&raquo;). Quant au rh&egrave;me, il annonce que la f&ecirc;te n&rsquo;aura pas lieu cette ann&eacute;e (&laquo;&nbsp;que cette ann&eacute;e &agrave; cause du probl&egrave;me de finance <b>(la f&ecirc;te)</b> va arr&ecirc;ter&nbsp;&raquo;). L&rsquo;entit&eacute; &laquo;&nbsp;f&ecirc;te&nbsp;&raquo; n&rsquo;est pas explicitement marqu&eacute;e dans la phrase, mais son maintien se fait par une anaphore z&eacute;ro. Nous avons &agrave; nouveau une r&eacute;p&eacute;tition partielle du rh&egrave;me dans cette proposition. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Ce type de progression th&eacute;matique n&rsquo;est pas dominant dans les productions des sinophones natifs, mais il est sp&eacute;cifique par rapport aux productions des francophones qui n&rsquo;y recourent pas dans leurs &eacute;crits. Ce r&eacute;sultat montre que l&rsquo;organisation de la lin&eacute;arit&eacute; se fait en partie de mani&egrave;re diff&eacute;rente en fran&ccedil;ais et en chinois. Le fait de r&eacute;p&eacute;ter une partie du rh&egrave;me donne l&rsquo;impression d&rsquo;une certaine redondance ou de la r&eacute;p&eacute;tition des id&eacute;es. On peut comparer cette observation avec ce que constate Kaplan (1966) au sujet de la progression th&eacute;matique dans les langues asiatiques qu&rsquo;il appelle spiralaire.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <h2>3.2 Apprenants sinophones du fran&ccedil;ais</h2> <h3>&nbsp;</h3> <h3>3.2.1 Le plan du texte</h3> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">En ce qui concerne la planification du texte, nous avons remarqu&eacute; que les apprenants respectent la structure du texte en proposant, tout comme les natifs, trois parties, &agrave; savoir l&rsquo;introduction, la partie argumentative et la conclusion. A l&rsquo;int&eacute;rieur de ces parties, nous constatons la pr&eacute;sence des paragraphes. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">L&rsquo;introduction est compos&eacute;e de deux propositions en moyenne exprimant directement le d&eacute;saccord avec la suppression de la f&ecirc;te annuelle et expliquant les raisons de la lettre comme si l&rsquo;apprenant cherchait &agrave; se justifier. Il n&rsquo;est pas rare non plus de voir le plan de la lettre, caract&eacute;ristique absente des productions des francophones natifs. Les apprenants semblent donc appliquer certaines r&egrave;gles de l&rsquo;argumentation apprises au cours de leur parcours, mais ils ne prennent pas en compte le genre de discours qui est une lettre, un &eacute;crit court qui ne n&eacute;cessite pas forc&eacute;ment de plan. Il s&rsquo;agit ici de la comp&eacute;tence pragmatique (cf. CECRL), plus sp&eacute;cifiquement de la comp&eacute;tence discursive o&ugrave; l&#39;apprenant est cens&eacute; prendre en compte la situation d&#39;&eacute;nonciation. Elle est donc en cours d&rsquo;acquisition. </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(7)</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">J&rsquo;ai entendu dire que notre ville va supprimer l&rsquo;&eacute;v&eacute;nement musical car nous n&rsquo;avons pas assez de finances &agrave; le supporter. Pourtant je trouve qu&rsquo;il ne faut pas le supprimer. Pour l&rsquo;argumenter, je vous pr&eacute;sente tout d&rsquo;abord des avantages culturels et touristiques que ce concert nous apporte. Ensuite, je vais vos montrer l&rsquo;int&eacute;r&ecirc;t &eacute;conomique de cette manifestation. A la fin je vais vous pr&eacute;senter un moyen &agrave; r&eacute;soudre ce probl&egrave;me financier. </span></span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(Apprenant sinophone du FLE)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Les textes repr&eacute;sentent en moyenne trois paragraphes, ce qui est proche des textes produits par les francophones monolingues. En revanche, la structure des paragraphes ne suit pas toujours les m&ecirc;mes principes que ceux attest&eacute;s dans les productions des francophones, &agrave; savoir une id&eacute;e, un argument et un exemple. L&rsquo;exemple 8 ci-dessous montre que l&rsquo;enchainement des id&eacute;es exprim&eacute;es par le paragraphe n&rsquo;est pas tr&egrave;s clair. L&rsquo;apprenant &eacute;voque &agrave; la fois l&rsquo;id&eacute;e de la diffusion de la culture r&eacute;gionale et celle d&rsquo;une comp&eacute;tition culturelle. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(8)</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Tout d&rsquo;abord, organiser une activit&eacute; est un bon moyen de diffuser notre culture r&eacute;gionale qui demeure un embl&egrave;me de notre ville. Aujourd&rsquo;hui, la comp&eacute;tition culturelle devient de plus en plus violente. Si on ne transmet pas notre culture on serait aval&eacute; par d&rsquo;autres cultures et on serait risque de perdre notre place culturelle. Je prends l&rsquo;exemple de Bretagne qui a une f&ecirc;te traditionnelle tous les ans &ndash; la f&ecirc;te de Bruy&egrave;re, pendant laquelle les villages portent leur v&ecirc;tements traditionnels pour f&ecirc;ter le mariage traditionnel. C&rsquo;est une bonne id&eacute;e de r&eacute;pandre leur traditions et en m&ecirc;me temps ils ont r&eacute;ussi &agrave; attirer des attentions des touristes. C&rsquo;est aussi le deuxi&egrave;me point des avantages que je veux montrer. </span></span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(Apprenant sinophone du FLE)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">La conclusion compte en moyenne 1,1 proposition chez les apprenants, ce qui est moins long par rapport aux francophones natifs et se rapproche davantage aux productions des scripteurs sinophones. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(9)</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Je voudrais que vous puissiez consid&eacute;rer bien pour dont je parle et la bonne d&eacute;cision. Je vous prie d&rsquo;agr&eacute;er, Monsieur le maire, de l&rsquo;expression de mes salutations les plus sinc&egrave;res. </span></span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(Apprenant sinophone du FLE)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Une seule production ne comporte pas de conclusion et se termine par la phrase suivante&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;<i>Enfin, le concert estival fait d&eacute;j&agrave; partie de notre ville, de notre vie &hellip;</i>&nbsp;&raquo; (Apprenant sinophone du FLE). Le plus souvent, la conclusion comporte une formule de politesse comme &laquo;&nbsp;<i>Veuillez agr&eacute;er, Madame ou Monsieur, de mes salutations distingu&eacute;es.</i>&nbsp;&raquo; (Apprenant sinophone du FLE).</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <h3>3.2.2 La lin&eacute;arit&eacute;</h3> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Le th&egrave;me principal est g&eacute;n&eacute;ralement introduit d&egrave;s la premi&egrave;re proposition tout comme chez les francophones natifs. Les apprenants ne font pas de remerciements, ce qui doit &ecirc;tre li&eacute; au r&eacute;sultat de l&rsquo;apprentissage du fran&ccedil;ais. Le r&eacute;f&eacute;rent apparait en tant que SN d&eacute;termin&eacute; en fin de la phrase et repr&eacute;sente le rh&egrave;me de la proposition. Quelques erreurs de d&eacute;terminants ont &eacute;t&eacute; attest&eacute;es. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(10)</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Bonjour&nbsp;! Je vous &eacute;cris pour donner mon opinion sur l&rsquo;annulation <b>de concert</b> de notre ville.</span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> (Apprenant sinophone du FLE) </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Nous avons constat&eacute; des traces de l&rsquo;influence de la L1 des apprenants dans les principes d&rsquo;organisation du th&egrave;me et du rh&egrave;me. Deux strat&eacute;gies ont &eacute;t&eacute; observ&eacute;es dans les productions des apprenants. La premi&egrave;re strat&eacute;gie consiste &agrave; placer le rh&egrave;me de la phrase 1 en tant que th&egrave;me de la phrase 2, ce qui correspond &agrave; la progression lin&eacute;aire qu&rsquo;on observe &eacute;galement chez les francophones natifs.&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(11) </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">1. En tant que citoyen de Grenoble, je me permet de vous bien vouloir examiner la proposition consistant &agrave; faire endurer <b>le festival musical</b> &agrave; la fin de l&rsquo;&eacute;t&eacute;. </span></span></i></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">2. Puisque <b>cette f&ecirc;te annuelle</b> devient progressivement un rite indispensable pour les habitants. </span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(Apprenant sinophone du FLE) </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">En plus d&rsquo;utiliser la progression lin&eacute;aire entre les propositions, l&rsquo;apprenant emploie le SN complet sous forme d&rsquo;une anaphore infid&egrave;le &laquo;&nbsp;cette f&ecirc;te annuelle&nbsp;&raquo; (proposition 2). Ce type de progression th&eacute;matique repr&eacute;sente 40% des cas dans les productions des apprenants.&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Une autre strat&eacute;gie a &eacute;t&eacute; observ&eacute;e dans leurs productions. Elle suit les m&ecirc;mes principes que ceux attest&eacute;s dans les productions des sinophones, &agrave; savoir le th&egrave;me de chaque proposition change et une partie du rh&egrave;me se r&eacute;p&egrave;te. Cette strat&eacute;gie occupe 60% des cas. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;(12) </span></span></span></span></span></p> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li calibri="" style="text-align:justify; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">J&rsquo;ai appris que notre ville va supprimer <b>l&rsquo;&eacute;v&eacute;nement musical</b> </span></span></i></li> <li calibri="" style="text-align:justify; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">car nous n&rsquo;avons pas assez de finances &agrave; <b>le</b> supporter.</span></span></i></li> <li calibri="" style="text-align:justify; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Pourtant je trouve </span></span></i></li> <li calibri="" style="text-align:justify; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">qu&rsquo;il ne faut pas <b>le</b> supprimer. </span></span></i></li> <li calibri="" style="text-align:justify; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Pour l&rsquo;argumenter, je vous pr&eacute;sente tout d&rsquo;abord des avantages culturels et touristiques </span></span></i></li> <li calibri="" style="text-align:justify; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">que <b>ce concert </b>nous apporte. </span></span></i></li> <li calibri="" style="text-align:justify; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Ensuite, je vais vous montrer l&rsquo;int&eacute;r&ecirc;t &eacute;conomique <b>de cette manifestation.</b></span></span></i><b> </b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(Apprenant sinophone du FLE)</span></span></li> </ol> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">La progression th&eacute;matique est bas&eacute;e sur la reprise du m&ecirc;me th&egrave;me qui correspond au scripteur et qui est exprim&eacute; par les pronoms personnels &laquo;&nbsp;je&nbsp;&raquo; et &laquo;&nbsp;nous&nbsp;&raquo;. Le rh&egrave;me de chaque proposition apporte une information sur les raisons de l&rsquo;annulation ou l&rsquo;int&eacute;r&ecirc;t &eacute;conomique de l&rsquo;&eacute;v&egrave;nement. Dans chaque proposition, le rh&egrave;me est compos&eacute; de cette explication et de la mention explicite de l&rsquo;entit&eacute; &laquo;&nbsp;&eacute;v&egrave;nement musical&nbsp;&raquo;. Cette entit&eacute; est exprim&eacute;e par des moyens linguistiques diff&eacute;rents comme le SN complet &laquo;&nbsp;ce concert&nbsp;&raquo; ou &laquo;&nbsp;cette manifestation&nbsp;&raquo; ou par le pronom &laquo;&nbsp;le&nbsp;&raquo;. Contrairement aux productions des francophones natifs, le rh&egrave;me dans ce cas ne passe pas au statut du th&egrave;me et du sujet grammatical. Nous pensons que ce r&eacute;sultat repr&eacute;sente la trace de la L1 des apprenants et constitue une strat&eacute;gie de lin&eacute;arisation sp&eacute;cifique, non caract&eacute;ristique des productions des francophones natifs. &nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Ainsi, la lin&eacute;arit&eacute; ne suit pas compl&egrave;tement les m&ecirc;mes principes dans les textes des apprenants que ceux attest&eacute;s dans les productions des francophones. Nous pensons que ce r&eacute;sultat est important &agrave; prendre en compte par les enseignants afin de sensibiliser les apprenants &agrave; l&rsquo;organisation des id&eacute;es. En effet, il ne suffit pas seulement d&rsquo;&eacute;voquer la structure du texte et l&rsquo;importance des paragraphes, mais il est aussi important de sensibiliser les apprenants et les enseignants eux-m&ecirc;mes aux diff&eacute;rents modes de progression th&eacute;matique dans le texte qui permettent d&rsquo;&eacute;laborer des sch&eacute;mas de pens&eacute;e qui se rapprochent aux normes et exigences de la L2.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <h1>4. Pistes didactiques</h1> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Nos pistes de propositions didactiques se basent sur les diff&eacute;rences observ&eacute;es et les difficult&eacute;s constat&eacute;es. En effet, en prenant en compte les exigences du DELF au niveau B2-C1, on constate qu&rsquo;il est attendu des apprenants &agrave; ce niveau d&rsquo;&ecirc;tre capable de pr&eacute;senter les faits et d&rsquo;argumenter ses id&eacute;es avec une prise de position tout en respectant la coh&eacute;rence et la coh&eacute;sion textuelle. La figure 2 ci-dessous justifie nos propos. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="333" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_161_6_image-20191215183848-4.png" width="605" /></p> <address style="text-align: center;">Figure 2&nbsp;: Cadre Europ&eacute;en pour les langues (CECRL), Conseil de l&rsquo;Europe, 2001.</address> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Les proc&eacute;d&eacute;s de reprises anaphoriques constituent un des outils de la coh&eacute;sion et sont donc importants dans la d&eacute;marche p&eacute;dagogique. Notre d&eacute;marche s&rsquo;appuie sur l&rsquo;observation et l&rsquo;analyse des corpus recueillis en classe de langue. Nous proposons aux &eacute;l&egrave;ves de prendre connaissance des productions des scripteurs natifs, &agrave; savoir une production r&eacute;alis&eacute;e par un francophone et une r&eacute;alis&eacute;e par un scripteur sinophone. Les &eacute;l&egrave;ves lisent les textes et font des commentaires spontan&eacute;s sur leur organisation et les sp&eacute;cificit&eacute;s qu&rsquo;ils remarquent. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Un travail autour de trois th&eacute;matiques, &agrave; savoir&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;organiser et faire progresser sa pens&eacute;e&nbsp;&raquo;, &laquo;&nbsp;justifier sa pens&eacute;e&nbsp;&raquo; et &laquo;&nbsp;pr&eacute;ciser sa pens&eacute;e&nbsp;&raquo; est ensuite envisag&eacute;. Ce travail se fait &agrave; nouveau &agrave; partir des textes de scripteurs monolingues, mais aussi les textes produits par des apprenants. Nous mettons ainsi nos apprenants en position de linguiste qui d&eacute;cortique et analyse la structure textuelle en s&rsquo;appuyant sur les crit&egrave;res de la rh&eacute;torique contrastive auxquels nous les avons sensibilis&eacute;s auparavant dans une phase pr&eacute;liminaire. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Nos analyses pr&eacute;liminaires nous permettent de cibler les analyses en classe sur les aspects probl&eacute;matiques pour lesquels nous avons attest&eacute; des diff&eacute;rences et des difficult&eacute;s. Par exemple, pour le module &laquo;&nbsp;organiser et faire progresser sa pens&eacute;e&nbsp;&raquo;, nous proposons aux apprenants des extraits de productions d&rsquo;apprenants en comparaison avec les productions des natifs et nous essayons de les sensibiliser aux diff&eacute;rentes mani&egrave;res de faire progresser le th&egrave;me. Cette activit&eacute; de sensibilisation est suivie d&rsquo;une s&eacute;rie d&rsquo;exercices qui leur permet de s&rsquo;entrainer et d&rsquo;appliquer les diff&eacute;rents principes observ&eacute;s. Voici un exemple d&rsquo;activit&eacute; propos&eacute;e&nbsp;: </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(9) </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Utilisez un terme qui permet de faire progresser le th&egrave;me. Evitez les r&eacute;p&eacute;titions du m&ecirc;me mot.</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">1. </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">La f&ecirc;te de la musique est un &eacute;v&eacute;nement pr&eacute;sent dans de nombreux pays du monde. Il faut valoriser la f&ecirc;te de la musique pour sensibiliser tous les habitants &agrave; diff&eacute;rents genres musicaux.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">2. </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Les festivals attirent beaucoup de touristes en &eacute;t&eacute; gr&acirc;ce &agrave; leur originalit&eacute; et cr&eacute;ativit&eacute;. Cette originalit&eacute; et cette cr&eacute;ativit&eacute; sont particuli&egrave;rement appr&eacute;ci&eacute;s par les connaisseurs mais aussi par les amateurs. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">3. </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Tout le monde peut participer &agrave; la f&ecirc;te de la musique. Les chanteurs professionnels s&#39;associent &agrave; toute personne qui veut proposer un morceau de musique ou de chant au cours de la f&ecirc;te de la musique. Il faut absolument encourager la f&ecirc;te de la musique de mani&egrave;re r&eacute;guli&egrave;re.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Des exercices de r&eacute;&eacute;criture sont &eacute;galement propos&eacute;s, comme par exemple, </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(10) </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Cette introduction n&rsquo;est pas adapt&eacute;e &agrave; la situation. En quoi ? Essayez de la reformuler.</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Madame, Monsieur,</span></span></i></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">J&rsquo;ai entendu dire que notre ville va supprimer l&rsquo;&eacute;v&eacute;nement musical car nous n&rsquo;avons pas assez de finances &agrave; le supporter. Pourtant je trouve qu&rsquo;il ne faut pas le supprimer. Pour l&rsquo;argumenter, je vous pr&eacute;sente tout d&rsquo;abord des avantages culturels et touristiques que ce concert nous apporte. Ensuite, je vais vous montrer l&rsquo;int&eacute;r&ecirc;t &eacute;conomique de cette manifestation. A la fin je vais vous pr&eacute;senter un moyen &agrave; r&eacute;soudre ce probl&egrave;me financier.</span></span></i></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Ces analyses nous ont donc permis de focaliser notre attention sur les difficult&eacute;s particuli&egrave;res de notre public d&rsquo;apprenants. Elles nous ont permis de cr&eacute;er des outils cibl&eacute;s pour essayer de r&eacute;pondre au mieux &agrave; leurs besoins. Les analyses d&rsquo;autres aspects textuels sont actuellement en cours, et nous continuons &agrave; &eacute;laborer des outils p&eacute;dagogiques en gardant les m&ecirc;mes principes, &agrave; savoir la d&eacute;marche comparative des productions au cours des s&eacute;ances. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <h1>5. Discussion et conclusion</h1> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Ce travail nous a &eacute;t&eacute; utile pour identifier quelques difficult&eacute;s du public d&rsquo;apprenants sinophones du FLE. Nous avons d&eacute;gag&eacute; deux caract&eacute;ristiques principales, d&rsquo;une part les apprenants tentent de suivre les conseils donn&eacute;s par leurs enseignants et d&rsquo;appliquer les r&egrave;gles enseign&eacute;es, &agrave; savoir aller directement vers l&rsquo;objectif de leur lettre, mais aussi annoncer le plan de leur &eacute;crit. Or, l&rsquo;annonce du plan semble assez artificielle et non appropri&eacute;e dans ce genre d&rsquo;&eacute;crit. L&rsquo;application des r&egrave;gles textuelles doit donc &ecirc;tre affin&eacute;e, et leur ma&icirc;trise est encore en cours.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Une autre caract&eacute;ristique textuelle qui ressort de nos analyses concerne la difficult&eacute; &agrave; faire progresser son texte de fa&ccedil;on propre au texte fran&ccedil;ais. Nous pensons que cette difficult&eacute; est d&eacute;termin&eacute;e &agrave; la fois par la structure linguistique du chinois, langue isolante avec un ordre de mots libre dans la phrase, et les conventions d&rsquo;&eacute;criture propres &agrave; cette culture. D&rsquo;apr&egrave;s nos connaissances, ces deux raisons et leur lien ne sont pas assez mises en lumi&egrave;re dans les outils didactiques destin&eacute;s au public sinophone. Nous constatons donc que l&rsquo;enseignement a des effets sur les apprenants, ce qui est visible dans leur fa&ccedil;on de construire le plan du texte et d&rsquo;introduire le th&egrave;me principal, mais au-del&agrave; de cela, les apprenants semblent &ecirc;tre inconscients des manipulations th&eacute;matiques. En tout cas, c&rsquo;est ce r&eacute;sultat qui apparait dans les textes analys&eacute;s. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Nos tests didactiques aupr&egrave;s des apprenants sinophones r&eacute;alis&eacute;s dans deux contextes diff&eacute;rents, &agrave; savoir en Chine aupr&egrave;s d&rsquo;un public d&rsquo;enseignants de FLE et en France au CUEF, ont montr&eacute; que la d&eacute;marche contrastive int&eacute;resse les apprenants. Leur participation active, leurs commentaires autour des textes produits en leur L1 manifestent d&rsquo;une nouveaut&eacute; didactique dans leur parcours. Les apprenants semblent prendre r&eacute;ellement conscience des sp&eacute;cificit&eacute;s textuelles de fa&ccedil;on pr&eacute;cise en faisant le lien entre la forme de l&rsquo;&eacute;l&eacute;ment et sa fonction textuelle. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Nous sommes cependant conscientes que la difficult&eacute; de cette d&eacute;marche r&eacute;side dans le fait que pour les enseignants qui n&rsquo;ont pas l&rsquo;habitude de pratiquer l&rsquo;analyse contrastive, il n&rsquo;est pas &eacute;vident de la r&eacute;aliser en classe. Le choix des textes et des exemples doit &ecirc;tre tr&egrave;s minutieux pour ne pas embrouiller les enseignants et les apprenants. Les exemples et la progression propos&eacute;s doivent &eacute;galement &ecirc;tre tr&egrave;s bien structur&eacute;s et accompagn&eacute;s de consignes tr&egrave;s claires et d&eacute;taill&eacute;es ainsi que d&rsquo;une sensibilisation &agrave; l&rsquo;argumentation situ&eacute;e au niveau du discours. Nous esp&eacute;rons que ce projet initi&eacute; il y a quelques ann&eacute;es se poursuivra en approfondissant les analyses linguistiques et en affinant les propositions didactiques. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <h1>Bibliographie</h1> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Adam, J.-M. (1990). <i>El&eacute;ments de linguistique textuelle&nbsp;: th&eacute;orie et pratique de l&rsquo;analyse textuelle</i>. Li&egrave;ge, Mardaga.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="1" style="text-indent:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Bi, X. (2016). <i>Rh&eacute;torique de la dissertation : &eacute;tude contrastive des conventions d&rsquo;&eacute;criture acad&eacute;mique en fran&ccedil;ais et en chinois </i></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">(Th&egrave;se de doctorat)</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">. </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Universit&eacute; Sorbonne Paris. Rep&eacute;r&eacute; &agrave; </span></span></span><a href="http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Connor, U. (1996). </span></span></span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Contrastive Rhetoric: cross-cultural aspects of second-language writing</span></span></span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">. </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Fayol, M. (1997)<i>. Des id&eacute;es au texte : psychologie cognitive de la production verbale, orale et &eacute;crite</i>. </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Paris: Presses universitaires de France.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Flower, L. &amp; Hayes, John (1980). The dynamics of composing: Making plans and juggling constraints. In L. Gregg &amp; E. Steinberg (Eds.). <em>Cognitive processes in writing</em>. </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, pp. 31-50.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Hidden, M.-O. (2013). <i>Les pratiques d&rsquo;&eacute;criture: Apprendre &agrave; r&eacute;diger en langue &eacute;trang&egrave;re</i>. </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Paris, Hachette. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Kaplan, R.B. (1966). Cultural thought patterns in inter-cultural education. <i>Language learning</i>, 16, 1 et 2. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Lambert,&nbsp;M., Carroll, M. &amp; von Stutterheim, C. (2008). </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Acquisition en L2 des principes d&rsquo;organisation de r&eacute;cits sp&eacute;cifiques aux langues. </span></span></span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Acquisition et Interaction en Langue Etrang&egrave;re</span></span></span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">, 26, 11-31. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Levelt, W., J., M. (1989) <i>Speaking: From Intention to Articulation</i>. </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Cambridge, MIT Press.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Slobin, D. I. (1996). </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">From &ldquo;thought and language&rdquo; to &ldquo;thinking for speaking&rdquo;. In Gumperz, J.J.&nbsp; &amp; Levinson, S. C. (&eacute;ds.) <i>Rethinking linguistic relativity</i>. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 70-96. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Wang, W. &amp; Wen, Q. (2002). </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">L1 use in the L2 composing process: an exploratory study of 16 Chinese EFL writers, <i>Journal of Second Language Writing</i>, <i>11</i>, 3.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Whorf, B. (1956). <i>Language, thought, and reality: Selected writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf</i> (edited by J. B. Carroll). </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Cambridge, MA, MIT Press.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <h1>Annexes</h1> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Liste d&rsquo;abr&eacute;viations pour les exemples en chinois&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></p> <table class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:141px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Adj.</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:463px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Adjectif </span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:141px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Adv.</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:463px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Adverbe</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:141px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">CL</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:463px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Classificateur </span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:141px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Conj.</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:463px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Conjonction </span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:141px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">COP</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:463px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Compl&eacute;ment pr&eacute;positionnel </span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:141px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">D&eacute;t.</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:463px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">D&eacute;terminant </span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:141px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Loc.v.</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:463px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Locution verbale </span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:141px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Loc.p. </span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:463px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Locution pr&eacute;positionnelle </span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:141px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">NS</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:463px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Nom singulier </span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:141px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">NPL</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:463px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Nom au pluriel </span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:141px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Part.</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:463px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Particule</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:141px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">PP</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:463px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Pronom personnel</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:141px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">P.A</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:463px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Particule aspectuelle</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:141px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Pr&eacute;p.</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:463px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Pr&eacute;position </span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:141px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Pron. ind.</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:463px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Pronom ind&eacute;fini</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:141px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Pron.d&eacute;m.</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:463px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Pronom d&eacute;monstratif </span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:141px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">V</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:463px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Verbe </span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:141px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">V.aux.</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:463px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Verbe auxiliaire </span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p>