<p>Article</p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Introduction</span></span></b></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Cette étude se situe à la croisée de la linguistique et de la didactique du français langue étrangère (FLE) dans un contexte universitaire. Nous nous interrogeons sur les difficultés des apprenants qui ont atteint un niveau élevé en FLE mais ont encore des difficultés dans certaines compétences et notamment en expression écrite. Cette compétence mérite, à notre avis, un intérêt particulier, car elle est primordiale pour l’intégration à des cursus universitaires. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Le phénomène des mobilités entrantes et sortantes en milieu universitaire est devenu une pratique ordinaire. De nombreux étudiants viennent en France perfectionner leur niveau de langue dans le but d’intégrer un master. Leur maîtrise de français est une condition d’accès à ces formations. Ils sont donc conscients des efforts qu’ils doivent fournir et des difficultés qu’ils peuvent rencontrer. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">La distance entre la langue et la culture d’origine de l’apprenant et le français est un facteur à prendre en compte. En effet, les travaux antérieurs dans le domaine de la rhétorique contrastive ont montré que les logiques et les conventions d’écriture varient beaucoup d’un pays à l’autre (Hidden, 2013). La culture éducative forme les apprenants à composer des écrits d’une certaine manière en prenant en compte les traditions et l’histoire du pays. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Nous nous sommes donc intéressées aux difficultés que les apprenants d’une culture très éloignée, qui est celle de la Chine, peuvent avoir pour rédiger un texte bien structuré en français. Pour cibler notre problématique et la ramener au maximum au contexte universitaire, nous avons choisi de nous intéresser au texte argumenté, comme type de texte commun à toutes les formations universitaires. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Les questions qui ont guidé cette recherche sont donc : </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Calibri", sans-serif"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">1. </span></span></i><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Comment les étudiants chinois de niveau B2 gèrent-ils le texte argumentatif en FLE ? </span></span></i></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Calibri", sans-serif"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">2. </span></span></i><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Quels dispositifs pédagogiques mettre en œuvre pour aider ce public à mieux appréhender ce type d’écrit ?</span></span></i></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Nous nous appuyons dans ce travail sur les études issues à la fois du domaine de l’acquisition des langues secondes (L2) avec une approche psycholinguistique au processus de production de la parole et sur les travaux relevant plutôt de la rhétorique contrastive avec une approche linguistique qui trouvent leur écho dans les travaux en didactique du FLE. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Du point de vue méthodologique, nous avons recueilli un corpus de productions d’apprenants sinophones du français. Ce public universitaire réside en France depuis une année environ et suit des cours de FLE au centre Universitaire d’Etudes Françaises (CUEF) à l’Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA). Les apprenants ont le niveau B2 en français et sont demandés d’écrire un texte argumenté en conditions d’examen. La consigne du devoir a été empruntée aux épreuves du Diplôme d’études de langue française (DELF) de niveau B2. Pour mieux comprendre leurs difficultés et les stratégies mises en œuvre pour la rédaction de ces textes, nous avons contrasté leurs productions à celles des groupes de contrôle. Ils sont constitués de scripteurs francophones et sinophones natifs. Nous avons demandé à ces participants de rédiger un texte à partir de la même consigne et dans les mêmes conditions. Nous avons essayé de respecter au maximum l’homogénéité des profils socio-culturels des participants, à savoir, leur âge, leur milieu socio-culturel, la maîtrise et l’utilisation d’autres langues que leurs langues premières (L1). Cette étude s’appuie sur un corpus de 30 textes, à savoir 10 textes par groupe de scripteurs. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Les analyses portent sur l’organisation globale des textes et particulièrement sur l’élaboration du plan et la linéarité, à savoir les stratégies mises en œuvre pour constituer le réseau anaphorique autour du référent principal qui est le concert musical. Les résultats des analyses nous donnent quelques éclairages sur les difficultés éprouvées par les apprenants sinophones et nous amènent vers des pistes pédagogiques qui ont été mises en pratique en contexte universitaire en Chine et en France. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Cette contribution sera présentée de la manière suivante. Nous évoquerons d’abord le cadre d’analyse et la méthodologie de ce travail. Nous parlerons ensuite des résultats observés et des pistes didactiques que nous avons testées. Nous clôturerons cette présentation par une discussion des résultats obtenus. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Calibri", sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">1. </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Cadre théorique </span></span></b></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Calibri", sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">1.1 </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Production écrite en L1 et en L2 </span></span></b></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">La production écrite est un mécanisme complexe nécessitant d’identifier l’environnement de la tâche, d’activer la mémoire à long terme avant de procéder à la rédaction elle-même (Flower & Hayes, 1980). Ainsi, l’analyse de l’environnement de la tâche consiste à choisir les idées à exprimer et à les planifier en prenant en compte la situation de production, le destinataire et les objectifs du message. Cette phase peut être visible à travers le brouillon du scripteur, ses notes et son plan (Fayol, 1997). </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">L’activation de la mémoire à long terme est indispensable pour la mise en texte. Le scripteur doit choisir le lexique et les structures syntaxiques, utiliser la ponctuation et appliquer les capacités globales de structuration d’un texte cohérent. Le scripteur peut revenir sur certaines formulations, restructurer le plan de son texte, apporter des corrections. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">La dernière étape consiste à réviser le texte. C’est une des étapes les plus complexes selon Fayol (<i>ibid</i>.). Il s’agit de détecter les erreurs commises et de les corriger, ce qui n’est pas toujours évident car le repérage des erreurs dans son propre texte est une tâche extrêmement difficile.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Les modèles théoriques pointent sur le fait que le processus de rédaction n’est pas aussi linéaire que le processus de production orale. L’écrit permet une gestion moins rapide du flux de la pensée, il permet de revenir en arrière, de retracer alors que les réactions à l’oral nécessitent souvent plus de spontanéité. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Lorsqu’on s’intéresse à la production écrite en langue étrangère, on se rend compte que cette complexité est encore plus importante pour les communicants. L’enjeu de planifier et de trouver les éléments nécessaires est important surtout dans les tâches où les choix informationnels n’ont pas d’ordre prédéfini. Ainsi, il est plus facile pour un locuteur et/ou un apprenant de produire un récit prédisposant à un ordre chronologique des événements qu’une argumentation nécessitant de créer des liens logiques et demandant des efforts cognitifs plus importants. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">L’interaction entre les langues de l’apprenant se passe à tous les niveaux de la production. Ainsi, l’entrée et la sortie de la tâche doivent se réaliser à travers la L2, alors que le processus de composition implique l’interaction des composantes reliées à la L1, comme la génération et l’organisation des idées, le processus de contrôle. Cette interaction peut créer des conflits au niveau de la rédaction, demande de faire des traductions, de trouver des équivalents entre la L1 et la L2. La mémoire à long terme nécessaire pour ce processus est aussi en partie basée sur la L1 de l’apprenant, d’où les difficultés et une certaine lenteur dans les productions. Le modèle de Wang & Wen (2002) illustre très clairement la complexité de ce processus en L2. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="430" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_161_6_image-20191215183527-3.png" width="774" /></p>
<p><br />
<span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:146%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Figure 1 : Modèle descriptif du processus de composition en L2 (Wang & Wen, 2002) </span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Nous avons donc montré que le processus de production écrite est composé d’éléments complexes impliquant plusieurs processus mentaux. Leur réalisation en L2 fait intervenir les compétences linguistiques, rhétoriques et culturelles liées aux deux langues, la L1 et la L2 de l’apprenant, et par cela alourdit et rend encore plus complexe ce processus. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
</p>
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<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Calibri", sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">1.2 </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Le relativisme linguistique et la rhétorique contrastive </span></span></b></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Nous avons trouvé des éléments théoriques importants dans deux domaines de la linguistique qui nous semblent complémentaires. D’une part, les travaux de Sapir et Whorf (Whorf, 1956) ont suscité de nombreux débats autour du rôle de la langue dans la cognition. Nous adhérons à la version faible de l’hypothèse du relativisme linguistique en suivant les travaux de Slobin (1996) qui évoque le fait que la langue et sa structure peuvent dans une certaine mesure et pour certains points influencer le processus de production des discours. De nombreux travaux en acquisition des L2 ont montré que les apprenants de niveaux avancés, voire très avancés, présentent ce que les auteurs appellent des « traits d’étrangeté » en parlant leur L2 (par exemple, Lambert & al., 2008). Tout étant grammaticalement correctes, leurs productions présentent des spécificités dans leur organisation. C’est ce mode spécifique de planification et d’organisation des idées dans le discours qui représente une des difficultés et des résistances pour les apprenants avancés. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Les travaux en rhétorique contrastive s’intéressent au même phénomène de l’acquisition des compétences discursives en L2 focalisant davantage sur l’écrit et en prenant en compte les conventions d’écriture propres aux types et aux genres de textes et aux cultures de pays différents. Ainsi, Kaplan (1966) identifie cinq modes de progression de la pensée en fonction de la langue et de la culture de l’apprenant. Le modèle rhétorique propre aux langues germaniques et notamment à l’anglais est direct. Il suit un développement du thème sans digressions. Le modèle des langues romanes et slaves est similaire, mais présente quelques possibilités de digressions. Le modèle des langues sémitiques est présenté en zigzag, et le modèle rhétorique des langues asiatiques est présenté en spirale. La progression de la pensée est donc influencée à la fois par la structure de la langue et les conventions d’écritures qui se sont formées dans la culture en question. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Nous pouvons voir donc que le public chinois est très intéressant du point de vue de deux critères : à la fois du point de vue de la langue très éloignée du français et d’autre part par les conventions d’écriture existant dans ce pays. Nous allons donc dans nos analyses prendre en compte ces distances et ces aspects théoriques pour mieux comprendre et situer les phénomènes observés. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Calibri", sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">1.3 </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Le texte argumenté et les difficultés des apprenants </span></span></b></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Notre choix s’est porté sur la rédaction d’un texte argumenté, car la maîtrise de ce type de texte est attendue par le CECRL au niveau B2. </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">Selon </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Adam (1990 : 103), <span style="color:black">l'argumentation se construit à partir de notre volonté de diffuser notre opinion sur un sujet donné et le soutenir devant un auditoire vaste. </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Or, il est possible d’argumenter de façons très différentes. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Ces différences peuvent être liées à la culture du pays. En France, une tradition longue de dialogisme en philosophie est transmise aux enfants à travers le parcours scolaire. Les collégiens apprennent à donner leur point de vue et à argumenter avec précision. L’argumentation est basée sur un raisonnement logique (logos). Le texte doit être divisé en paragraphes comportant chacun une idée qui est développée. Les paragraphes ainsi distingués comportent généralement une idée, un argument et un exemple. On apprend aux scripteurs de guider leur lecteur au maximum en explicitant les liens entre les idées et les paragraphes. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Quant à la Chine, selon les traditions du pays, l’argumentation a tout une autre logique et structure. Le raisonnement est basé sur le scripteur, son parcours et son expérience. Il est autorisé à donner des exemples personnels et à évoquer une morale dans le texte (ethos). Les métaphores et les expressions imagées sont fréquentes. L’évocation du sens n’est pas aussi directe, elle s’appuie souvent sur un sens caché, imagé, renvoyant vers des légendes qui se trouvent derrière les mots. Le scripteur n’est pas obligé de guider aussi minutieusement le lecteur en lui laissant la possibilité de deviner le sens et une liberté d’interprétation (Bi, 2016). </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Il est donc évident qu’en plus des difficultés de la langue qu’un apprenant étranger éprouve lors de la rédaction des textes en L2, il doit aussi gérer les différences culturelles et rhétoriques. Hidden (2013) constate un recul de compétences rédactionnelles lorsqu’un apprenant est amené à écrire en L2. Elle mentionne plusieurs problèmes et difficultés. Une planification phrase par phrase liée au manque de vocabulaire et une limitation syntaxique amènent l’apprenant à des textes mal structurés. Cette limitation oblige l’apprenant à focaliser son attention sur la formulation et les aspects locaux comme les accords, les choix des temps et des modes grammaticaux. En focalisant sur ces aspects, il prête peu d’attention à l’ensemble global du texte, à sa cohérence et a du mal à faire des révisions de son écrit, car elles portent aussi sur les aspects locaux pour lesquels il a eu des difficultés. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Relier une structuration, influencée par les codes culturels du pays d’origine, et les compétences linguistiques imparfaites en L2 est une tâche verbale très complexe. Il serait donc intéressant de mieux comprendre quels sont les points les plus sensibles pour pouvoir agir sur ces difficultés. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Calibri", sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">2. </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Méthodologie </span></span></b></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Nous avons demandé à un groupe d’apprenants sinophones, parlant le mandarin et apprenant le français, de rédiger un texte argumenté sous forme de lettre officielle adressée au maire de leur ville pour lui demander de ne pas annuler un concert musical gratuit. Ce sujet a été emprunté à une épreuve de DELF pour le niveau B2 :</span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Vous habitez dans une ville qui organise chaque année un grand concert gratuit pour marquer la fin de l'été. Pour des raisons financières, votre ville annonce qu'elle veut supprimer cet événement musical. Vous écrivez au maire de la ville pour le persuader, à l'aide d'arguments et d'exemples précis, des avantages culturels et touristiques que ce concert représente. Vous insistez également sur l'intérêt économique de cette manifestation pour les commerçants et les artistes de la région. (250 mots en français/500 mots en chinois)</span></span></i></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Le texte doit être limité à 250 mots, et les apprenants ont une heure pour le réaliser. Ils n’ont pas le droit aux dictionnaires ni aux autres supports d’aide à la rédaction. Leurs compositions manuscrites sont récupérées ainsi que les autorisations signées qui nous permettent d’interpréter et d’analyser leurs productions sous la forme anonyme. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Le groupe d’apprenants est assez homogène, à savoir les dix scripteurs parlent le mandarin, certains maîtrisent aussi des dialectes locaux. Ils ont tous entre 18 et 22 ans et sont étudiants au Centre universitaire d’études françaises à Grenoble (CUEF). Leur niveau de français correspond au niveau B2. D’après les questionnaires remplis, ils n’utilisent pas d’autres langues étrangères dans leur vie de tous les jours, même s’ils ont tous appris l’anglais à l’école. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Leurs productions sont contrastées à celles des groupes de contrôle de scripteurs monolingues dans le sens large du terme, à savoir que ces scripteurs n’utilisent pas d’autres langues que leur langue maternelle dans leur vie quotidienne. Les monolingues sont également étudiants à l’université dans une filière des sciences humaines. Ils ont composé leurs textes dans les mêmes conditions que les apprenants, à savoir dans une salle de cours pendant une heure. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Pour ce qui est de la consigne, elle a été traduite en chinois pour les scripteurs sinophones. Le nombre de mots a été augmenté vu la structure du chinois, langue isolante, à 500 mots. Pour le traitement des textes produits en mandarin, nous avons procédé à leur traduction détaillée et glosée à l’aide des locuteurs natifs sinophones maîtrisant bien le français. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Les textes recueillis sont informatisés et disponibles sous le format Word et XML. Ils sont analysés à l’aide des critères proposés par Hidden (2013), comme le plan du texte, la linéarité, les enchainements, l’implication du scripteur et le style. Cet article est focalisé sur l’analyse du plan et de la linéarité. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Les analyses nous amènent à faire des propositions didactiques qui ont été testées dans deux contextes différents, à savoir en Chine dans le contexte universitaire auprès d’un public d’enseignants de FLE, et en France au CUEF auprès d’un public de futurs étudiants de l’Université Grenoble Alpes. Ces interventions nous permettent d’avoir quelques retours, même si plus de tests sont nécessaires pour comprendre l’utilité et les faiblesses de notre démarche. La méthodologie d’exploitation et d’analyses didactiques est en cours d’élaboration. Cet article propose donc seulement quelques pistes didactiques et les premières réactions des apprenants observées lors de nos interventions. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"> </p>
<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Calibri", sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">3. </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Résultats des analyses </span></span></b></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Calibri", sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">3.1 </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Groupes de contrôle </span></span></b></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-36pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Calibri", sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">3.1.1 </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Le plan du texte </span></span></b></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Nous allons dans un premier temps contraster les productions de scripteurs monolingues afin d’identifier les différences entre les textes produits en français et en chinois. Quant au plan textuel, nous avons remarqué que les scripteurs des deux cultures respectent un ordre canonique, à savoir une introduction, une partie argumentative, composée de paragraphes, et une conclusion. En revanche, chaque partie ne répond pas aux mêmes principes. Ainsi, l’introduction chez les francophones est généralement composée d’une seule phrase, comme dans l’exemple suivant : </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Calibri", sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">(1) </span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Bonjour monsieur,</span></span></i></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Je vous écris cette lettre en raison de la décision qui a été prise en début de semaine par la Mairie concernant l’annulation de l’événement musical prévu à la fin de cet été. </span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">(Scripteur francophone natif) </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Quant aux sinophones, elle est systématiquement plus longe et comporte quatre propositions en moyenne qui servent au scripteur non seulement à exprimer son désaccord, mais aussi à remercier son destinataire et à expliquer les raisons de la lettre. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Calibri", sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">(2) </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">1.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"MS Mincho"">尊</span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">敬</span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">的</span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">市长</span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">先生:</span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Honorable </span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">de</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Maire</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Monsieur </span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Adj.</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Part.</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Monsieur le Maire</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">2. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">感谢</span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">您</span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">能</span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">在百忙之中</span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">抽空</span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">来</span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">看</span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">我</span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">写</span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">给</span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">您</span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">的</span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">信,</span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Remercier </span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">vous</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">pouvoir</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">dans vos nombreuses occupations </span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">prendre le temps</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">de</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">regarder</span></span></span></span></p>
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<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:40px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">je</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:51px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">écrire</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:50px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">à </span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:48px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">vous</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:48px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">de</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:50px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">lettre</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:67px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">V</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:48px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">PP</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:54px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">V</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:86px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">COP</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:55px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">V</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:50px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Prép.</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:61px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">V</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:40px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">PP</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:51px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">V</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:50px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Prép.</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:48px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">PP</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:48px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Part.</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:50px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="13" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:707px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">(Je) vous remercie dans vos nombreuses occupations de regarder ce que je vous écris dans cette lettre. </span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">3. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<table class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:47px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"MS Mincho"">来</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:49px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">信</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:43px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">的</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:52px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">原因</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:40px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">是</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:60px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">关于</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:48px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">今</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:52px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">年</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:65px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">停办</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:43px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">的</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:61px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">音乐</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:44px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">会。</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:47px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Reçu</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:49px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">lettre</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:43px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">de</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:52px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">raison </span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:40px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">être</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:60px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">à propos de </span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:48px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">cette</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:52px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">année</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:65px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">suspendu</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:43px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">de</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:61px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">musique</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:44px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">fête</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:47px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Adj.</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:49px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:43px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Par.</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:52px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:40px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">V</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:60px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Loc.P.</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:48px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Dét.</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:52px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:65px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Adj.</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:43px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Par.</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:61px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:44px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="12" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:604px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">La raison de la lettre reçue est à propos de la fête de musique suspendue cette année. </span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Calibri", sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">4. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:58px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"MS Gothic""><span style="letter-spacing:-.15pt">每</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:54px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.15pt">年</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:49px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">的</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:45px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">夏</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:43px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">末</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:50px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">我们</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:48px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">都</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:85px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">非常</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:62px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">期待</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:62px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">音乐</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:47px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">节</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:49px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">的</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:56px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">到来,</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
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<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:58px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">chaque</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:54px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">année</span></span></span></span></p>
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<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:49px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">de</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:45px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">été</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:43px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">fin </span></span></span></span></p>
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<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:50px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">nous</span></span></span></span></p>
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<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:48px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">tout</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:85px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">extrêmement </span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:62px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">attendre</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:62px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">musique</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:47px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">fête</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:49px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">de</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:56px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">arrivée</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:58px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Dét.</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:54px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">SN</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:49px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Part.</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:45px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:43px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:50px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">PP</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:48px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Adv.</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:85px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Adv.</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:62px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">V</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:62px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:47px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:49px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Part.</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:56px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="13" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:707px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">La fin d’été de chaque année nous attendons extrêmement l’arrivée de la fête de musique. </span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Calibri", sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">5. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:51px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"MS Gothic""><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">但</span></span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">是</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:75px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">听说</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:51px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">今</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:65px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">年</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:58px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">由于</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:64px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">财政</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:72px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">问题</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:54px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">要</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:62px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">停办</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:52px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">了。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:51px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Mais</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:75px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">entendre dire</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">cette</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">année</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">à cause de</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">finance </span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">problème</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">aller</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">arrêter</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">le</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Conj.</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Loc.V.</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Dét.</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Loc.P.</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">V aux.</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">V</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">P.A.</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Mais (on) entend dire que cette année à cause du problème de finance (la fête) va arrêter. </span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">(Scripteur sinophone natif) </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">A travers cet exemple, on voit clairement que le nombre de caractères nécessaires pour le scripteur pour arriver à exprimer son idée est nettement plus important que le nombre de mots indispensables au scripteur francophone pour faire son introduction. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">La partie argumentative se construit de façons différentes également. Nous avons observé trois paragraphes en moyenne dans les textes des francophones, alors que dans les textes en chinois deux paragraphes en moyenne sont visibles. Les paragraphes des scripteurs sinophones sont plus longs que ceux des francophones et comportent un grand nombre de caractères. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Quant à la conclusion, les tendances observées diffèrent également entre les groupes des natifs. Dans les lettres de francophones la conclusion compte 1,7 propositions en moyenne. Elle comporte systématiquement des remerciements, des propositions financières d’organisation de l’évènement, des demandes de reconsidérer la décision ainsi qu’une formule de politesse. En revanche, la longueur moyenne d’une conclusion en chinois est de 1,2 propositions. Les conclusions sont donc systématiquement plus courtes. Deux lettres sur dix n’en comportent pas du tout. Dans les autres cas, la conclusion comporte des remerciements et une formule de politesse (4 productions sur 10) ou indique l’importance de l’évènement pour la communauté sans formules de politesse (4 productions sur 10). </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">On peut donc voir que le rôle de l’introduction et de la conclusion n’est pas le même dans les deux cultures rhétoriques. Les francophones entrent assez directement dans le sujet, ce qui leur permet de ne pas faire de longue introduction. En revanche, ils formulent clairement une conclusion qui peut être composée de propositions, de remerciements ou des souhaits. En revanche, l’introduction semble avoir une place plus importante pour les scripteurs sinophones. En effet, ils formulent systématiquement plusieurs énoncés avant de rentrer dans le vif du sujet. Les formules de politesse semblent avoir une grande importance au début de la lettre. Ce n’est pas le cas de la conclusion qui est plus courte que l’introduction, voire absente, dans certains textes. Les formes de politesse à la fin du texte semblent avoir moins d’importance dans les productions en chinois que dans celles en français. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"> </p>
<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-36pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Calibri", sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">3.1.2 </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">La linéarité </span></span></b></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Un autre critère important, selon nous, correspond à la linéarité du texte, à savoir au développement du thème principal. Nous avons constaté que les francophones monolingues l’introduisent dès la première phrase dans laquelle ils annoncent la raison du courrier, un regret ou un mécontentement envers la décision du maire. Cette introduction est exprimée par un syntagme nominal (SN) en fonction du complément composé d’un nom et un déterminant défini (cf. l’exemple 1). </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Le thème est ensuite maintenu en tant que sujet grammatical de la proposition suivante. Ainsi, on observe une linéarité dans le passage d’un rhème vers un statut de thème. Une progression à thème constant est souvent observée dans les phrases qui suivent avant qu’un changement thématique arrive. Nous illustrons cette progression par l’exemple 3 ci-dessous. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">(3) </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li style="text-align:justify; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:"Calibri", sans-serif; margin-bottom:11px"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Je viens par la présente vous demander de renoncer à la décision de supprimer <u>le grand concert gratuit</u></span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> (introduction du thème avec un statut de rhème dans la phrase)</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:"Calibri", sans-serif; margin-bottom:11px"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">qui </span></span></i></b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">marque la fin de l’été, et ce, depuis des années maintenant. </span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">(progression à thème linéaire) </span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:"Calibri", sans-serif; margin-bottom:11px"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Cet évènement </span></span></i></b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">est un rendez-vous </span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">(progression à thème constant)</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:"Calibri", sans-serif; margin-bottom:11px"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">qui </span></span></i></b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">fait rayonner notre ville <b> </b></span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">(progression à thème constant) (Scripteur francophone natif)</span></span></li>
</ol>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Comme le montre l’exemple ci-dessus, les maintiens à thème constant sont exprimés par le SN plein « cet évènement » et le pronom relatif « qui ». </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Dans la partie argumentative, le thème n’est plus spécialement mentionné dans chaque proposition, car les arguments développés demandent d’introduire et de maintenir d’autres thèmes et sous-thèmes. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Quant aux productions en chinois, le thème n’apparait souvent qu’à la deuxième ou la troisième phrase une fois que le scripteur a exprimé les remerciements au maire de la ville d’avoir pris le temps de lire sa lettre. L’introduction se fait selon les mêmes principes que chez les francophones, à savoir le thème est exprimé par un syntagme nominal correspondant à la fête musicale (</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:SimSun">音乐会</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">). Les déterminants n’étant pas obligatoires en chinois, ils ne sont pas employés (cf. exemple 2 ci-dessus). </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Nous avons constaté un résultat intéressant dans les textes en chinois, à savoir le fait que le rhème, qui renvoie à l’introduction de la référence « fête de musique » sous forme de complément, ne passe pas systématiquement au statut de thème de la proposition suivante qui représente le sujet grammatical, comme c’est le cas chez les francophones. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Lorsque le thème est maintenu, trois types de maintien ont été attestés : le maintien du thème d’une phrase à l’autre par une anaphore zéro, représentant 50% des cas, le maintien du thème par une anaphore fidèle en tant que SN sujet (30% des cas), le maintien du thème par un SN complément placé en fin d’énoncé et exprimé souvent par une anaphore fidèle également (20% des cas). Nous allons illustrer ces moyens. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Le maintien par l’anaphore zéro est fréquent (50% des cas). Il permet de relier deux propositions et de maintenir le thème constant implicitement. L’exemple 4 illustre ce moyen de maintien. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">(4) </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Calibri", sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">1. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="font-family:"MS Mincho"">首先</span></span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"> ,</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="font-family:"MS Mincho"">音</span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif">乐</span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"> </p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="font-family:"MS Mincho"">会</span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="font-family:"MS Mincho"">是</span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="font-family:"MS Mincho"">我</span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif">们</span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="font-family:"MS Mincho"">市</span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="font-family:"MS Mincho"">精神</span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="font-family:"MS Mincho"">文明</span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="font-family:"MS Mincho"">建</span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif">设</span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:36px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:25px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="font-family:"MS Mincho"">的</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:61px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:25px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="font-family:"MS Mincho"">重要</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:56px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:25px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="font-family:"MS Mincho"">旗</span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif">帜</span></span><span style="font-size:8.0pt">,</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:56px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:8.0pt">D’abord</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:53px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><b><span style="font-size:8.0pt">musique</span></b></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:47px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><b><span style="font-size:8.0pt">festival</span></b></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:33px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:8.0pt">être</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:40px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:8.0pt">notre</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:33px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:8.0pt">ville</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:52px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:8.0pt">spirituel</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:63px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:8.0pt">civilisation</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:73px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:8.0pt">construction</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:36px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:8.0pt">DE</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:61px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:8.0pt">important</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:56px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:8.0pt">drapeau,</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:56px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:16px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:8.0pt">Adv.</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:53px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:16px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:8.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:47px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:16px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:8.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:33px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:16px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:8.0pt">V</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:40px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:16px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:8.0pt">Dét.</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:33px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:16px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:8.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:52px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:16px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:8.0pt">Adj.</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:63px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:16px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:8.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:73px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:16px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:8.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:36px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:16px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:8.0pt">Part.</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:61px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:16px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:8.0pt">Adj.</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:56px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:16px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:8.0pt">NS,</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="12" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:604px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:8.0pt">D’abord, <b>le festival musical</b> est un drapeau important de la construction de civilisation spirituelle de notre ville, </span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Calibri", sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">2. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<table align="left" class="MsoTableGrid" style="width:604px; border-collapse:collapse; border:none; margin-left:6px; margin-right:6px" width="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:18px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="font-family:"MS Mincho"">是</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:18px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="font-family:"MS Mincho"">我</span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif">们</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:18px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="font-family:"MS Mincho"">市</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:18px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="font-family:"MS Mincho"">文化</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:18px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="font-family:"MS Mincho"">氛</span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif">围</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:18px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif">领先</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:18px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="font-family:"MS Mincho"">周</span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif">边</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:18px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="font-family:"MS Mincho"">地</span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="font-family:"PMingLiU",serif">级</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:18px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="font-family:"MS Mincho"">市</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:18px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="font-family:"MS Mincho"">的</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:18px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="font-family:"MS Mincho"">最</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:18px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="font-family:"MS Mincho"">重大</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:18px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="font-family:"MS Mincho"">原因</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:52px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:18px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="font-family:"MS Mincho"">之一,</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:22px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:8.0pt">Être</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:22px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:8.0pt">notre</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:22px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:8.0pt">ville</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:22px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:8.0pt">culture</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:22px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:8.0pt">ambiance</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:22px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:8.0pt">avancer</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:22px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:8.0pt">voisin</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:22px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:8.0pt">préfectoral</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:22px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:8.0pt">ville</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:22px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:8.0pt">DE</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:22px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:8.0pt">le plus</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:22px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:8.0pt">important</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:22px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:8.0pt">raison </span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:52px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:22px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:8.0pt">un</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:8.0pt">V</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:8.0pt">Dét.</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:8.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:8.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:8.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:8.0pt">V</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:8.0pt">Adj.</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:8.0pt">Adj.</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:8.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:8.0pt">Part. </span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:8.0pt">Adv.</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:8.0pt">Adj.</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:8.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:52px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:21px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:8.0pt">NS </span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="14" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:604px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:22px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:8.0pt">est l’une des raisons les plus importantes de l’ambiance culturelle avancée de notre ville par rapport aux autres villes voisines préfectorales,</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">(Scripteur sinophone natif) </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Le maintien par l’anaphore fidèle en tant que sujet est systématique aussi (30% des cas). La répétition du même syntagme ne pose pas de problèmes de cohésion du texte en chinois. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">(5) </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">1. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<table class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:93px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">音乐</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:81px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">节</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:88px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">还</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:90px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">能</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:84px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">打造</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:90px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">品牌</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:93px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">产业</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:87px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">链。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:93px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Musique</span></b></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:81px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt">fête</span></b></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:88px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">encore</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:90px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">pouvoir</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:84px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">créer </span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:90px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">marque</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:93px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">industrie</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:87px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">chaine</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:93px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:81px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:88px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Adv.</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:90px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">V</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:84px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">V</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:90px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:93px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:87px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="8" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:707px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">La fête de musique</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt"> peut encore créer la chaîne industrielle de marque.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">2. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<table class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:41px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">户外</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:72px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">音乐</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:34px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">节</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:37px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">是</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:37px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">一</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:86px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">个</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:37px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">很</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:36px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">好</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:40px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">的</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">文化</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">产业</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">平台,</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">De plein air</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt">musique</span></b></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt">fête</span></b></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">être</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">un</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"> </p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">très</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">bon </span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">de</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">culture</span></span></span></span></p>
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<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:62px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">industrie</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">plateforme, </span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Adj.</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">V</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Dét.</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Classificateur</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Adv.</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Adj.</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Part.</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p>
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<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:62px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">La fête de musique</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt"> de plein air est une très bonne plate-forme de l’industrie culturelle,</span></span></span></span></span></p>
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</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">(Scripteur sinophone natif) </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Ces procédés de maintien ne sont pas spécifiques au chinois, on en trouve également en français, mais c’est le dernier moyen attesté qui a surtout attiré notre attention. Il s’agit du maintien du rhème en tant que rhème de la proposition suivante. Les phrases de l’exemple 6 permettent de voir que le référent « fête de musique » constitue le rhème de trois propositions qui se suivent. La référence est exprimée deux fois par une anaphore fidèle correspondante au SN </span></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:SimSun">音乐会</span></span></b><b> </b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">« musique fête » et une fois par une anaphore zéro (phrase n° 3). </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">(6)</span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">1. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<tbody>
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<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:47px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"MS Mincho"">来</span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:49px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">信</span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:43px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">的</span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:52px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">原因</span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:40px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">是</span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:60px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">关于</span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:48px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">今</span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">年</span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:65px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">停办</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:43px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">的</span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:61px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">音乐</span></span></b></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:44px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian">会。</span></span></b></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Reçu</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">lettre</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">de</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">raison </span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">être</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">à propos de </span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">cette</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">année</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">suspendu</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">de</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:61px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt">musique</span></b></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:44px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt">fête</span></b></span></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:47px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Adj.</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:49px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:43px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Par.</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:52px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:40px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">V</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:60px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Loc.P.</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:48px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Dét.</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:52px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:65px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Adj.</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:43px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Par.</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:61px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt">NS</span></b></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:44px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt">NS</span></b></span></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="12" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:604px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">La raison de la lettre reçue est à propos de <b>la fête de musique</b> suspendue cette année. </span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">2. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<table class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:58px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"MS Gothic""><span style="letter-spacing:-.15pt">每</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:54px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.15pt">年</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:49px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">的</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:45px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">夏</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:43px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">末</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:50px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">我们</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:48px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">都</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:85px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">非常</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:62px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">期待</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:62px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">音乐</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:47px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">节</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:49px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">的</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:56px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">到来,</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:58px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">chaque</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:54px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">année</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:49px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">de</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:45px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">été</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:43px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">fin </span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:50px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">nous</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:48px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">tout</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:85px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">extrêmement </span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:62px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">attendre</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:62px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt">musique</span></b></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:47px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt">fête</span></b></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:49px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">de</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:56px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">arrivée</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:58px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Dét.</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:54px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">SN</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:49px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Part.</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:45px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:43px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:50px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">PP</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:48px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Adv.</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:85px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Adv.</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:62px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">V</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:62px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt">NS</span></b></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:47px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt">NS</span></b></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:49px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Part.</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:56px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="13" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:707px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">La fin d’été de chaque année nous attendons extrêmement l’arrivée de <b>la fête de musique</b>. </span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
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<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Calibri", sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">3. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"MS Gothic""><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">但</span></span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">是</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">听说</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">今</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">年</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">由于</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">财政</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">问题</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">要</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">停办</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:DengXian"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">了。</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Mais</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">entendre dire</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">cette</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">année</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">à cause de</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">finance </span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">problème</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">aller</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">arrêter</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"> </p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Conj.</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Loc.V.</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Dét.</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Loc.P.</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">NS</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">V. aux.</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">V</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt">P.A.</span></b></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Mais (on) entend dire que cette année à cause du problème de finance <b>(la fête)</b> va arrêter. </span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">(Scripteur sinophone natif) </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Le thème de la proposition 1 correspond à la raison de la lettre, le rhème – à la suspension de la fête de musique. Le thème de la proposition 2 change et correspond au scripteur et la communauté qu’il représente qui est exprimé par le pronom personnel </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:SimSun"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">我们</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">(« nous ») (« la fin d’été de chaque année <b>nous</b> »). Le rhème correspond au fait que cette communauté attend la fête musicale (« attendons extrêmement l’arrivée de <b>la fête de musique</b> »). Nous avons ici la répétition partielle du rhème, le mouvement qu’on ne trouve pas dans les productions des scripteurs francophones. Le thème de la proposition 3 correspond de nouveau au scripteur et les habitants. Il est exprimé par l’anaphore zéro et l’expression </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:SimSun"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">听说</span></span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt"> (</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">« entendre dire ») (« mais <b>(on) entend dire</b> »). Quant au rhème, il annonce que la fête n’aura pas lieu cette année (« que cette année à cause du problème de finance <b>(la fête)</b> va arrêter »). L’entité « fête » n’est pas explicitement marquée dans la phrase, mais son maintien se fait par une anaphore zéro. Nous avons à nouveau une répétition partielle du rhème dans cette proposition. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Ce type de progression thématique n’est pas dominant dans les productions des sinophones natifs, mais il est spécifique par rapport aux productions des francophones qui n’y recourent pas dans leurs écrits. Ce résultat montre que l’organisation de la linéarité se fait en partie de manière différente en français et en chinois. Le fait de répéter une partie du rhème donne l’impression d’une certaine redondance ou de la répétition des idées. On peut comparer cette observation avec ce que constate Kaplan (1966) au sujet de la progression thématique dans les langues asiatiques qu’il appelle spiralaire. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"> </p>
<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-24pt; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Calibri", sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">3.2 </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Apprenants sinophones du français </span></span></b></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-36pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Calibri", sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">3.2.1 </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Le plan du texte </span></span></b></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Quant à la planification du texte, nous avons remarqué que les apprenants respectent la structure du texte en proposant, tout comme les natifs, trois parties, à savoir l’introduction, la partie argumentative et la conclusion. A l’intérieur de ces parties, nous constatons la présence des paragraphes. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">L’introduction est composée de deux propositions en moyenne exprimant directement le désaccord avec la suppression de la fête annuelle et expliquant les raisons de la lettre comme si l’apprenant cherchait à se justifier. Il n’est pas rare non plus de voir le plan de la lettre, caractéristique absente des productions des francophones natifs. Les apprenants semblent donc appliquer certaines règles de l’argumentation apprises au cours de leur parcours, mais ils ne prennent pas en compte le genre de discours qui est une lettre, un écrit court qui ne nécessite pas forcément de plan. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">(7)</span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">J’ai entendu dire que notre ville va supprimer l’événement musical car nous n’avons pas assez de finances à le supporter. Pourtant je trouve qu’il ne faut pas le supprimer. Pour l’argumenter, je vous présente tout d’abord des avantages culturels et touristiques que ce concert nous apporte. Ensuite, je vais vos montrer l’intérêt économique de cette manifestation. A la fin je vais vous présenter un moyen à résoudre ce problème financier. </span></span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">(Apprenant sinophone du FLE)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Les textes représentent en moyenne trois paragraphes, ce qui est proche des textes produits par les francophones monolingues. En revanche, la structure des paragraphes ne suit pas toujours les mêmes principes que ceux attestés dans les productions des francophones, à savoir une idée, un argument et un exemple, mais des efforts sont attestés chez les apprenants pour harmoniser et structurer leurs paragraphes. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">(8)</span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Tout d’abord, organiser une activité est un bon moyen de diffuser notre culture régionale qui demeure un emblème de notre ville. Aujourd’hui, la compétition culturelle devient de plus en plus violente. Si on ne transmet pas notre culture on serait avalé par d’autres cultures et on serait risque de perdre notre place culturelle. Je prends l’exemple de Bretagne qui a une fête traditionnelle tous les ans – la fête de Bruyère, pendant laquelle les villages portent leur vêtements traditionnels pour fêter le mariage traditionnel. C’est une bonne idée de répandre leur traditions et en même temps ils ont réussi à attirer des attentions des touristes. C’est aussi le deuxième point des avantages que je veux montrer. </span></span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">(Apprenant sinophone du FLE)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">La conclusion compte en moyenne 1,1 proposition chez les apprenants, ce qui est moins long par rapport aux francophones natifs et se rapproche davantage aux productions des scripteurs sinophones. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">(9)</span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Je voudrais que vous puissiez considérer bien pour dont je parle et la bonne décision. Je vous prie d’agréer, Monsieur le maire, de l’expression de mes salutations les plus sincères. </span></span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">(Apprenant sinophone du FLE)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Une seule production ne comporte pas de conclusion et se termine par la phrase suivante : « <i>Enfin, le concert estival fait déjà partie de notre ville, de notre vie …</i> » (Apprenant sinophone du FLE). Le plus souvent, la conclusion comporte une formule de politesse comme « <i>Veuillez agréer, Madame ou Monsieur, de mes salutations distinguées.</i> » (Apprenant sinophone du FLE). </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"> </p>
<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-36pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Calibri", sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">3.2.2 </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">La linéarité </span></span></b></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Le thème principal est généralement introduit dès la première proposition tout comme chez les francophones natifs. Les apprenants ne font pas de remerciements, ce qui doit être lié au résultat de l’apprentissage du français. Le thème apparait en tant que SN déterminé en fin de la phrase. Les erreurs de déterminants sont parfois attestés. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">(10)</span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Bonjour ! Je vous écris pour donner mon opinion sur l’annulation <b>de concert</b> de notre ville.</span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> (Apprenant sinophone du FLE) </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Nous avons constaté des traces de l’influence de la L1 des apprenants dans les principes d’organisation du thème et du rhème. Deux stratégies ont été observées dans les productions des apprenants. La première stratégie consiste à placer le rhème de la phrase 1 en tant que thème de la phrase 2, ce qui correspond à la progression linéaire qu’on observe également chez les francophones natifs. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">(11) </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">1. En tant que citoyen de Grenoble, je me permet de vous bien vouloir examiner la proposition consistant à faire endurer <b>le festival musical</b> à la fin de l’été. </span></span></i></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">2. Puisque <b>cette fête annuelle</b> devient progressivement un rite indispensable pour les habitants. </span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">(Apprenant sinophone du FLE) </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"> </p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">En plus d’utiliser la progression linéaire entre la proposition, l’apprenant emploie le SN complet sous forme d’une anaphore infidèle « cette fête annuelle » (proposition 2). Ce type de progression thématique représente 40% des cas dans les productions des apprenants. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Une autre stratégie a été observée dans leurs productions. Elle suit les mêmes principes que ceux attestés dans les productions des sinophones, à savoir le thème de chaque proposition change et une partie du rhème se répète. Cette stratégie occupe 60% des cas. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> (12) </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li style="text-align:justify; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:"Calibri", sans-serif; margin-bottom:11px"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">J’ai appris que notre ville va supprimer <b>l’événement musical</b> </span></span></i></li>
<li style="text-align:justify; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:"Calibri", sans-serif; margin-bottom:11px"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">car nous n’avons pas assez de finances à <b>le</b> supporter.</span></span></i></li>
<li style="text-align:justify; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:"Calibri", sans-serif; margin-bottom:11px"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Pourtant je trouve </span></span></i></li>
<li style="text-align:justify; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:"Calibri", sans-serif; margin-bottom:11px"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">qu’il ne faut pas <b>le</b> supprimer. </span></span></i></li>
<li style="text-align:justify; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:"Calibri", sans-serif; margin-bottom:11px"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Pour l’argumenter, je vous présente tout d’abord des avantages culturels et touristiques </span></span></i></li>
<li style="text-align:justify; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:"Calibri", sans-serif; margin-bottom:11px"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">que <b>ce concert </b>nous apporte. </span></span></i></li>
<li style="text-align:justify; line-height:107%; font-size:11pt; font-family:"Calibri", sans-serif; margin-bottom:11px"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Ensuite, je vais vous montrer l’intérêt économique <b>de cette manifestation.</b></span></span></i><b> </b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">(Apprenant sinophone du FLE)</span></span></li>
</ol>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">La progression thématique est basée sur la reprise du même thème qui correspond au scripteur et qui est exprimé par les pronoms personnels « je » et « nous ». Le rhème de chaque proposition apporte une information sur les raisons de l’annulation ou l’intérêt économique de l’évènement. Dans chaque proposition, le rhème est composé de cette explication et de la mention explicite de l’entité « évènement musical ». Cette entité est exprimée par des moyens linguistiques différents comme le SN complet « ce concert » ou « cette manifestation » ou par le pronom « le ». Contrairement aux productions des francophones natifs, le rhème dans ce cas ne passe pas au statut du thème et du sujet grammatical. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Ainsi, la linéarité ne suit pas complètement les mêmes principes dans les textes des apprenants que ceux attestés dans les productions des francophones. Nous pensons que ce résultat est important à prendre en compte par les enseignants afin de sensibiliser les apprenants à l’organisation des idées. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">En effet, il ne suffit pas seulement d’évoquer la structure du texte et l’importance des paragraphes, mais il est aussi important de sensibiliser les apprenants et les enseignants eux-mêmes aux différents modes de progression thématique dans le texte qui permettent d’élaborer des schémas de pensée qui se rapprochent aux normes et exigences de la L2. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"> </p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">4. Pistes didactiques </span></span></b></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Nos pistes de propositions didactiques se basent sur les différences observées et les difficultés constatées. En effet, en prenant en compte les exigences du DELF au niveau B2-C1, on constate qu’il est attendu des apprenants à ce niveau d’être capable à présenter les faits et à argumenter ses idées avec une prise de position tout en respectant la cohérence et la cohésion textuelle. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="333" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_161_6_image-20191215183848-4.png" width="605" /></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">Figure 1 : Cadre Européen pour les langues (CECRL), Conseil de l’Europe, 2001. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Les procédés de reprises anaphoriques constituent un des outils de la cohésion et sont donc importantes dans la démarche pédagogique. Notre démarche s’appuie donc sur l’observation et l’analyse des corpus recueillis en classe de langue. Nous proposons aux élèves de prendre connaissance des productions des scripteurs natifs, à savoir une production réalisée par un francophone et une réalisée par un scripteur sinophone. Les élèves lisent les textes et font des commentaires spontanés sur leur organisation et les spécificités qu’ils remarquent. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Un travail autour de trois thématiques, à savoir : « organiser et faire progresser sa pensée », « justifier sa pensée » et « préciser sa pensée » est ensuite envisagé. Ce travail se fait à nouveau à partir des textes de scripteurs monolingues, mais aussi les textes produits par des apprenants. Nous mettons ainsi nos apprenants en position de linguiste qui décortique et analyse la structure textuelle en s’appuyant sur les critères de la rhétorique contrastive. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Nos analyses préliminaires nous permettent de cibler les analyses en classe sur les aspects problématiques pour lesquels nous avons attesté des différences et des difficultés. Par exemple, pour le module « organiser et faire progresser sa pensée », nous proposons aux apprenants des extraits de productions d’apprenants en comparaison avec les productions des natifs et nous essayons de les sensibiliser aux différentes manières de faire progresser le thème. Cette activité de sensibilisation est suivie d’une série d’exercices qui leur permet de s’entrainer et d’appliquer les différents principes observés. Voici un exemple d’activité proposée : </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">(9) </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Utilisez un terme qui permet de faire progresser le thème. Evitez les répétitions du même mot.</span></span></b></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Calibri", sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">1. </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">La fête de la musique est un événement présent dans de nombreux pays du monde. Il faut valoriser la fête de la musique pour sensibiliser tous les habitants à différents genres musicaux.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Calibri", sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">2. </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Les festivals attirent beaucoup de touristes en été grâce à leur originalité et créativité. Cette originalité et cette créativité sont particulièrement appréciés par les connaisseurs mais aussi par les amateurs. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Calibri", sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">3. </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Tout le monde peut participer à la fête de la musique. Les chanteurs professionnels s'associent à toute personne qui veut proposer un morceau de musique ou de chant au cours de la fête de la musique. Il faut absolument encourager la fête de la musique de manière régulière.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"> </p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Des exercices de réécriture sont également proposés, comme par exemple, </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">(10) </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Cette introduction n’est pas adaptée à la situation. En quoi ? Essayez de la reformuler.</span></span></b></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Madame, Monsieur,</span></span></i></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">J’ai entendu dire que notre ville va supprimer l’événement musical car nous n’avons pas assez de finances à le supporter. Pourtant je trouve qu’il ne faut pas le supprimer. Pour l’argumenter, je vous présente tout d’abord des avantages culturels et touristiques que ce concert nous apporte. Ensuite, je vais vous montrer l’intérêt économique de cette manifestation. A la fin je vais vous présenter un moyen à résoudre ce problème financier.</span></span></i></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"> </p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Ces analyses nous ont donc permis de focaliser notre attention sur les difficultés particulières de notre public d’apprenants. Elles nous ont permis de créer des outils ciblés pour essayer de répondre au mieux à leurs besoins. Les analyses d’autres aspects textuels sont actuellement en cours, et nous continuons à élaborer des outils pédagogiques en gardant les mêmes principes, à savoir la démarche comparative des productions au cours des séances. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"> </p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">5. Discussion et conclusion </span></span></b></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Ce travail nous a été utile pour identifier quelques difficultés du public d’apprenants sinophones du FLE. Nous avons dégagé deux caractéristiques principales, d’une part les apprenants tentent de suivre les conseils donnés par leurs enseignants et d’appliquer les règles enseignées, à savoir aller directement vers l’objectif de leur lettre, mais aussi annoncer le plan de leur écrit. Or, l’annonce du plan semble assez artificielle et non appropriée dans ce genre d’écrit. L’application des règles textuelles doit donc être affinée, et leur maîtrise est encore en cours. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Une autre caractéristique textuelle qui ressort de nos analyses concerne la difficulté à faire progresser son texte de façon propre au texte français. Nous pensons que cette difficulté est déterminée à la fois par la structure linguistique du chinois, langue isolante avec un ordre de mots libre dans la phrase, et les conventions d’écriture propres à cette culture. D’après nos connaissances, ces deux raisons et leur lien ne sont pas assez mises en lumière dans les outils didactiques destinés au public sinophone. Nous constatons donc que l’enseignement a des effets sur les apprenants, ce qui est visible dans leur façon de construire le plan du texte et d’introduire le thème principal, mais au-delà de ça, les apprenants semblent être inconscients des manipulations thématiques. En tout cas, c’est ce résultat qui apparait dans les textes analysés. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Nos tests didactiques auprès des apprenants sinophones réalisés dans deux contextes différents, à savoir en Chine auprès d’un public d’enseignants de FLE et en France au CUEF, ont montré que la démarche contrastive intéresse les apprenants. Leur participation active, leurs commentaires autour des textes produits en leur L1 manifestent d’une nouveauté didactique dans leur parcours. Les apprenants semblent prendre réellement conscience des spécificités textuelles de façon précise en faisant le lien entre la forme de l’élément et sa fonction textuelle ou discursive. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Nous sommes cependant conscientes que la difficulté de cette démarche réside dans le fait que pour les enseignants qui n’ont pas l’habitude de pratiquer l’analyse contrastive, il n’est pas évident de la réaliser en classe. Le choix des textes et des exemples doit être très minutieux pour ne pas embrouiller les enseignants et les apprenants. Les exemples et la progression proposés doivent également être très bien structurés et accompagnés de consignes très claires et détaillées ainsi que d’une sensibilisation à l’argumentation située au niveau du discours. Nous espérons que ce projet initié il y a quelques années se poursuivra en approfondissant les analyses linguistiques et en affinant les propositions didactiques. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"> </p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Bibliographie </span></span></b></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">Adam, J.-M. (1990). <i>Eléments de linguistique textuelle : théorie et pratique de l’analyse textuelle</i>. Liège, Mardaga.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p class="1" style="text-indent:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">Bi, X. (2016). <i>Rhétorique de la dissertation : étude contrastive des conventions d’écriture académique en français et en chinois </i></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">(Thèse de doctorat)</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">. </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">Université Sorbonne Paris. Repéré à </span></span></span><a href="http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">Fayol, M. (1997)<i>. Des idées au texte : psychologie cognitive de la production verbale, orale et écrite</i>. </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">Paris: Presses universitaires de France.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">Flower, L. & Hayes, John (1980). The dynamics of composing: Making plans and juggling constraints. In L. Gregg & E. Steinberg (Eds.). <em>Cognitive processes in writing</em>. </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, pp. 31-50.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">Hidden, M.-O. (2013). <i>Les pratiques d’écriture: Apprendre à rédiger en langue étrangère</i>. </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">Paris, Hachette. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">Kaplan, R.B. (1966). Cultural thought patterns in inter-cultural education. <i>Language learning</i>, 16, 1 et 2. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">Lambert, M., Carroll, M. & von Stutterheim, C. (2008). </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">Acquisition en L2 des principes d’organisation de récits spécifiques aux langues. </span></span></span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">Acquisition et Interaction en Langue Etrangère</span></span></span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">, 26, 11-31. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">Slobin, D. I. (1996). </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">From “thought and language” to “thinking for speaking”. In Gumperz, J.J. & Levinson, S. C. (éds.) <i>Rethinking linguistic relativity</i>. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 70-96. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">Wang, W. & Wen, Q. (2002). </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">L1 use in the L2 composing process: an exploratory study of 16 Chinese EFL writers, <i>Journal of Second Language Writing</i>, <i>11</i>, 3.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">Whorf, B. (1956). <i>Language, thought, and reality: Selected writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf</i> (edited by J. B. Carroll). </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">Cambridge, MA, MIT Press.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"> </p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Annexes</span></span></b></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Liste d’abréviations pour les exemples en chinois </span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Adjectif </span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Adverbe</span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">CL</span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Classificateur </span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Conj.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Conjonction </span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">COP</span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Complément prépositionnel </span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Dét.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Déterminant </span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Loc.v.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Locution verbale </span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Loc.p. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Locution prépositionnelle </span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">NS</span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Nom singulier </span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">NPL</span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Nom au pluriel </span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Part.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Particule</span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">PP</span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Pronom personnel</span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">P.A</span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Particule aspectuelle</span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Prép.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Préposition </span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Pron. ind.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Pronom indéfini</span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Pron.dém.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Pronom démonstratif </span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">V</span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Verbe </span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">V.aux.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:463px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Verbe auxiliaire </span></span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>
<p>
<table class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:141px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> </td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:463px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:141px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> </td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:463px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:141px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> </td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:463px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:141px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> </td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:463px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:141px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> </td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:463px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:141px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> </td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:463px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:141px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> </td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:463px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:141px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> </td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:463px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:141px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> </td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:463px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:141px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> </td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:463px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:141px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> </td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:463px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:141px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> </td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:463px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:141px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> </td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:463px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:141px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> </td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:463px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:141px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> </td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:463px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:141px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> </td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:463px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:141px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> </td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:463px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:141px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> </td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:463px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</p>
</p>
<p> </p>