<p>Article</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Introduction </span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">De nombreux individus &agrave; travers le monde maitrisent plusieurs langues, et sont donc plurilingues, et vivent dans des pays multilingues et/ou ont effectu&eacute; des mobilit&eacute;s. Nous distinguons les termes plurilinguisme (&laquo;&nbsp;comp&eacute;tence des locuteurs (capables d&rsquo;employer plus d&rsquo;une langue)&nbsp;&raquo;) et multilinguisme (&laquo;&nbsp;pr&eacute;sence des langues sur un territoire donn&eacute;&nbsp;&raquo;)) tels que le d&eacute;finit le Conseil de l&rsquo;Europe (Beacco et Byram, 2007&nbsp;: 10). D&rsquo;autre part, la mondialisation fait ressortir le plurilinguisme de nos soci&eacute;t&eacute;s, ce qui affecte grandement nos &eacute;changes.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Dans diff&eacute;rentes situations, un locuteur peut recourir &agrave; diff&eacute;rentes langues de son r&eacute;pertoire afin de communiquer dans une situation donn&eacute;e. On parle de m&eacute;langes de codes (ou alternance codique) mais plus r&eacute;cemment en contexte plurilingue on parle de <i>translanguaging</i> ou production translangagi&egrave;re (Narcy-Combes, 2018). Comme le souligne ce chercheur, cette production r&eacute;v&egrave;le des processus internes qui sont ant&eacute;rieurs au discours et que ce dernier en est la cons&eacute;quence. Il soutient que la complexit&eacute; dynamique du discours des individus est d&eacute;clench&eacute;e par les comportements transculturels qu&#39;il appelle <i>transculturing</i>. Nous remarquons que l&#39;exp&eacute;rience transculturelle des individus freine leur apprentissage de la langue. Nous nous concentrerons sur le contexte sri lankais notamment les &eacute;tudiants o&ugrave; la pluriculturalit&eacute; et le plurilinguisme sont des ph&eacute;nom&egrave;nes courants et l&#39;exp&eacute;rience transculturelle des &eacute;tudiants peut r&eacute;sulter des difficult&eacute;s au cours de leur processus d&#39;apprentissage de langue additionnelle<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a> (LA). Par cons&eacute;quent,</span></span><b> </b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">il est crucial d&#39;&eacute;tudier le comportement transculturel des individus et son lien avec la production translangagi&egrave;re afin d&rsquo;&eacute;laborer (ult&eacute;rieurement) une p&eacute;dagogie transculturelle dont le but est de respecter et valoriser l&#39;alt&eacute;rit&eacute; de chacun (Ouari, 2015) et de laisser chacun comprendre ce que son exp&eacute;rience signifie (Narcy-Combes, 2019). </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Default" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Cet article s&rsquo;appuie sur </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">une partie des r&eacute;sultats </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">d&rsquo;une </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">th&egrave;se venant de s&rsquo;achever (Auteur). &Agrave; travers les analyses des discours et comportements issus de discussion de groupe focalis&eacute; et d&#39;entretiens d&rsquo;autoconfrontation aupr&egrave;s d&rsquo;&eacute;tudiants sri lankais, nous tenterons de comprendre ce qui favorise le comportement transculturel dans le contexte sri lankais et si le <i>translanguaging </i>est d&eacute;clench&eacute; par le <i>transculturing</i>.&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Default" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Cette recherche &agrave; caract&egrave;re &laquo;&nbsp;exploratoire&nbsp;&raquo; est novatrice dans le sens o&ugrave; la partie pratique contribue &agrave; &eacute;laborer le construit de <i>transculturing</i> dans un contexte sp&eacute;cifique : Sri Lanka. </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">Cette recherche propose de remettre en cause la notion de culture monolithique car on suppose qu&rsquo;il n&rsquo;y a pas de d&eacute;terminisme</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">. M&ecirc;me si au d&eacute;part de la r&eacute;flexion, les normes culturelles institu&eacute;es par la religion ou le contexte politique sont des &eacute;l&eacute;ments sur lesquels nous nous appuyons, cette approche ne signifie pas que les environnements sont fixes. Nous attacherons, au-del&agrave; des diff&eacute;rences culturelles, aux diff&eacute;rences d&rsquo;histoire en fonction des parcours et des environnements que chacun a connus.</span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Les comportements, les discours sur les langues, les identit&eacute;s et les cultures sont des constructions instables et plurielles. Les recherches aupr&egrave;s des &eacute;tudiants ont permis de montrer que les comportements, identit&eacute;s, cultures se construisent en fonction des contextes qui sont pluriels, li&eacute;s au moment v&eacute;cu, au ressenti, en fonction de la propre exp&eacute;rience de chacun. Dans les interactions, le discours se construit en m&ecirc;me temps qu&rsquo;une co-culture qui va &laquo;&nbsp;refl&eacute;ter&nbsp;&raquo; les participants et leur pens&eacute;e. Et la conscience est li&eacute;e &agrave; l&rsquo;exp&eacute;rience v&eacute;cue et s&rsquo;exprime dans le discours (Narcy-Combes <i>et al.</i>, 2019).</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">Nous exposerons quelques&nbsp;aspects sociolinguistiques de la soci&eacute;t&eacute; sri-lankaise. Puis, nous pr&eacute;senterons les construits de <i>translanguaging</i> et <i>transculturing</i> et pr&eacute;ciserons les notions d&rsquo;interculturel, d&rsquo;intraculturel, et de transculturel. Nous aborderons ensuite la m&eacute;thodologie adopt&eacute;e et discuterons des r&eacute;sultats.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">1. </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Contexte</span></span></b></span></span></p> <p class="Default" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">L&rsquo;objectif est de comprendre l&#39;influence de plusieurs environnements culturels et des langues sur les &eacute;tudiants sri Lankais &agrave; travers le contexte socio-culturel de Sri Lanka, en soulignant ses langues, l&rsquo;influence du bouddhisme et de la colonisation sur la soci&eacute;t&eacute; sri lankaise, le comportement g&eacute;n&eacute;ral des Sri Lankais et la culture &eacute;ducative &agrave; Sri Lanka.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Sri Lanka a une longue histoire au cours de laquelle l&rsquo;on peut observer les influences de nombreuses cultures et langues. L&#39;introduction du bouddhisme a provoqu&eacute; de grands changements dans la soci&eacute;t&eacute;. Par exemple, le comportement des Sri Lankais a &eacute;t&eacute; modifi&eacute; selon les cinq pr&eacute;ceptes du bouddhisme<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a>. Il s&rsquo;agit ici de faire ressortir quelques st&eacute;r&eacute;otypes du comportement g&eacute;n&eacute;ral des Sri Lankais car notre objectif porte sur le comportement transculturel des individus. Apr&egrave;s un examen des habitudes et comportements des Sri Lankais, on peut se rendre compte qu&#39;ils ont &eacute;t&eacute; largement modifi&eacute;s en raison de divers facteurs externes comme le bouddhisme, le christianisme, l&rsquo;hindouisme, la colonisation, la mondialisation, l&rsquo;internationalisation etc. Cependant, certains comportements h&eacute;rit&eacute;s du pass&eacute; restent inchang&eacute;s et rendent les Sri Lankais uniques parmi les autres pays du monde. D&rsquo;autre part, il convient de souligner la situation linguistique &agrave; Sri Lanka, li&eacute;e &agrave; une histoire complexe en raison de diff&eacute;rentes colonisations (portugaise, hollandaise et britannique) qui expliquent que si le cinghalais et le tamoul sont les langues officielles, l&rsquo;anglais reste la <i>lingua franca</i> o&ugrave; l&rsquo;on voit que la langue des anciens colonisateurs est devenue langue de prestige et joue un r&ocirc;le essentiel dans l&#39;administration et l&#39;&eacute;ducation. Un tr&egrave;s petit nombre d&#39;&eacute;tudiants &eacute;tudient les LA y compris le fran&ccedil;ais. L&#39;&eacute;ducation et le contact des cultures et langues diverses r&eacute;v&egrave;lent que Sri Lanka est un pays multiculturel et multilingue. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">2. </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Cadre th&eacute;orique</span></span></b></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-36pt; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">2.1. </span></b><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Intraculturel, interculturel et transculturel</span></b></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">La notion de culture n&rsquo;est pas aussi clair qu&rsquo;on le pense du moins du point de vue de la recherche. Selon Wageher (2010), un comportement est d&rsquo;abord une &eacute;mergence correspondant &agrave; une r&eacute;ponse &agrave; un environnement donn&eacute; avant d&rsquo;&ecirc;tre un comportement dit culturel ou non. <span style="color:#7030a0">En outre, chaque comportement est d&rsquo;abord une r&eacute;ponse &agrave; des questions essentielles de soci&eacute;t&eacute; (ex. vivre en soci&eacute;t&eacute;) avant d&rsquo;&ecirc;tre un comportement vari&eacute; et distinct correspondant &agrave; un type de &laquo; culture&nbsp;&raquo; (</span><i>Ibid</i>.)<span style="color:#7030a0">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Si on ajoute un pr&eacute;fixe </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">(inter-, intra-, trans-) </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">au terme culture, diff&eacute;rents termes apparaissent tout en ayant des nuances. Cependant, les notions d&rsquo;interculturel, de transculturel ont des contours qui s&rsquo;estompent tout en gardant une certaine op&eacute;rationnalit&eacute;. Notamment l&rsquo;opposition interculturel/ intraculturel&nbsp;: l&rsquo;interculturel lorsque deux cultures et deux langues diff&eacute;rentes sont en contact alors que l&rsquo;intraculturel lorsque deux cultures sont en contact mais avec des vari&eacute;t&eacute;s de langues ou de r&eacute;pertoires linguistiques diff&eacute;rents mais compr&eacute;hensibles pour les locuteurs. Ainsi il y a de nombreuses formes d&rsquo;intra-culturels &agrave; Sri Lanka comme ailleurs mais la situation sociolinguistique y est plus contrast&eacute;e du fait de deux langues officielles&nbsp;- le </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">cinghalais (langue indo-europ&eacute;enne), le tamoul (langue dravidienne) - et une langue v&eacute;hiculaire, l&rsquo;anglais</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Selon Narcy-Combes (2018), une approche interculturelle analyse ce qui se passe et rel&egrave;ve d&rsquo;une r&eacute;flexion alors qu&rsquo;un v&eacute;cu transculturel est co-&eacute;labor&eacute; et v&eacute;cu les uns <i>avec </i>les autres. Il ne se r&eacute;alise pas uniquement dans une relation de tensions <i>entre </i>les cultures en pr&eacute;sence. Le transculturel rel&egrave;ve d&rsquo;un fonctionnement plus ou moins conscient, o&ugrave; les &eacute;v&eacute;nements d&eacute;clenchent des r&eacute;actions chez les personnes en contact. Ces r&eacute;actions reprennent des attributs des diff&eacute;rents environnements culturels connus pour atteindre l&rsquo;objectif fix&eacute; dans la situation pr&eacute;sente. Les comportements transculturels sont dus aux exp&eacute;riences transculturelles des individus. Le transculturel est ce que vivent les personnes et l&rsquo;interculturel renvoie &agrave; la mani&egrave;re dont sont d&eacute;crits/s&rsquo;opposent les environnements culturels et &agrave; la fa&ccedil;on d&rsquo;y vivre (<i>Ibid</i>., 2022).</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">2.2. </span></span></span></b><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Translanguaging</span></span></span></i></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"> et <i>transculturing</i></span></span></span></b><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">. </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">Dans diff&eacute;rentes situations, un locuteur peut employer diff&eacute;rentes langues de son r&eacute;pertoire pour communiquer dans une situation donn&eacute;e. Selon la situation, le locuteur peut opter pour un mode monolingue ou plurilingue (Grosjean, 2008). On parle d&rsquo;&laquo;&nbsp;alternance codique&nbsp;&raquo; (<i>code switching</i>) qui signifie que le locuteur utilise alternativement deux ou plusieurs langues dans son discours. On parle &eacute;galement de m&eacute;lange de codes (<i>code meshing</i>) qui se produit dans une langue avec des dialectes locaux, vernaculaires, familiers et mondiaux, il implique &eacute;galement l&#39;activation partielle d&#39;une langue autre que celle attendue avec des adaptations plus ou moins efficaces &agrave; la langue cible (<i>Ibid</i>.). Cependant, plus r&eacute;cemment en contexte plurilingue on parle de <i>translanguaging</i> ou production translangagi&egrave;re (Narcy-Combes, 2018). </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Tout d&rsquo;abord, il convient de pr&eacute;ciser qu&rsquo;il est compliqu&eacute; de traduire ces deux termes en fran&ccedil;ais m&ecirc;me si <i>translanguaging</i> est traduit par &laquo;&nbsp;production translangagi&egrave;re&nbsp;&raquo; et <i>transculturing</i> par &laquo;&nbsp;comportement transculturel&nbsp;&raquo;. <span style="color:#7030a0">Le pr&eacute;fixe trans fait allusion &agrave; la transgression et &agrave; la transformation au sens large et comme moyen de d&eacute;stabiliser &lsquo;language hierarchies [and expanding] practices that are typically valued in school and in the everyday world of communities and homes&rsquo; (Garc&iacute;a &amp; Li, 2014, 68).</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Translanguaging</span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"> est un terme cr&eacute;&eacute; par Williams en 1996 pour d&eacute;crire la situation des &eacute;tudiants bilingues gallois qui lisaient en anglais et &eacute;crivaient en gallois et vice versa<span style="color:#7030a0">. Il a ensuite &eacute;t&eacute; &eacute;tendu en tant que concept th&eacute;orique, analytique et pratique p&eacute;dagogique (Blackledge &amp; Creese, </span></span></span><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13670050.2019.1600469" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">2010</span></span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink" style="color:blue"><span style="text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">)</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">. </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Wei et Zhu (2013) d&eacute;crivent le <i>translanguaging </i>comme un ensemble de performances linguistiques de locuteurs plurilingues qui leur permettent de d&eacute;passer leurs limites en termes de codes, de structures et de formes pour exprimer leurs messages, valeurs, identit&eacute;s et pr&eacute;ciser leurs relations. La description qui est faite du <i>translanguaging </i>est linguistique. Baker (2011 : 288) explique que c&#39;est un processus de cr&eacute;ation de sens, avoir des exp&eacute;riences et de compr&eacute;hension avec l&#39;utilisation de deux langues. Quant &agrave; Canagarajah (2011), il souligne que le <i>translanguaging</i> ne se limite pas &agrave; deux langues, c&#39;est une capacit&eacute; que les plurilingues ont de faire la navette entre les langues, de les utiliser dans leur r&eacute;pertoire comme un seul syst&egrave;me int&eacute;gr&eacute;. Le <i>translanguaging </i>fait ressortir la capacit&eacute; de l&#39;individu &agrave; d&eacute;passer les langues nomm&eacute;es (<i>named language</i>). Pour Narcy-Combes (2018), la production translangagi&egrave;re est &laquo;&nbsp;toute pratique l&eacute;g&egrave;rement non conventionnelle&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">Le <i>translanguaging</i> faisait initialement r&eacute;f&eacute;rence au processus de compr&eacute;hension de discours dans une langue et d&rsquo;expression dans une autre, mais progressivement sa port&eacute;e s&rsquo;est &eacute;tendue &agrave; un fonctionnement langagier o&ugrave; aucun des codes disponibles pour l&rsquo;individu ne peut &ecirc;tre totalement d&eacute;sactiv&eacute; lors de la r&eacute;ception ou de la production.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Le mot <i>transculturing</i> est form&eacute; du pr&eacute;fixe trans et du suffixe <i>ing</i>. Il<i> </i>signifie donc d&eacute;passer les affiliations culturelles. Le suffixe <i>ing</i> ajoute le dynamisme et la complexit&eacute; que l&#39;on retrouve dans le discours d&#39;un individu. </span></span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">C&rsquo;est un terme plus r&eacute;cent et moins fr&eacute;quemment r&eacute;f&eacute;r&eacute; que <i>translanguaging</i>.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Baena (2006) s&#39;int&eacute;resse aux effets de l&#39;exp&eacute;rience multiculturelle sur les comportements et les pens&eacute;es qui font comprendre que la conscience a des dimensions dynamiques. Elle choisit le terme <i>transculturing </i>pour parler d&#39;exp&eacute;riences de vie complexes o&ugrave; apparaissent des choix ind&eacute;finis. Elle souligne qu&#39;elle s&#39;int&eacute;resse au dynamisme de l&#39;exp&eacute;rience transculturelle. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Default" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Dervin (2011), quant &agrave; lui, s&#39;interroge sur la validit&eacute; des cultures nomm&eacute;es Il soutient que nous ne pouvons pas d&eacute;pendre totalement des st&eacute;r&eacute;otypes relatifs aux identit&eacute;s et aux cultures et que les comportements, les croyances et les discours des langues sont instables. Ils consistent en une interaction complexe et variable d&#39;influences culturelles. Les ph&eacute;nom&egrave;nes de <i>transculturing </i>des individus peuvent avoir leurs propres raisons. Les actions de l&#39;individu peuvent &ecirc;tre influenc&eacute;es par une combinaison des aspects culturels qui l&#39;entourent. Le <i>transculturing </i>ne refl&egrave;te pas l&#39;attitude dominante vis-&agrave;-vis des langues et des cultures ; pourtant, il peut y avoir des aspects complexes des comportements et de l&#39;utilisation de la langue en conjonction avec une vari&eacute;t&eacute; de facteurs socio-&eacute;motionnels, socioculturels, sociopolitiques et id&eacute;ologiques (Narcy-Combes et <i>al.</i>, 2019 : 36). </span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Nous avons adopt&eacute; la d&eacute;finition de Narcy-Combes qui emprunte ce terme &agrave; Baena (2006). Le <i>transculturing </i>concerne le comportement transculturel des individus et exprime le dynamisme que donne la forme en <i>ing </i>en anglais plut&ocirc;t que le terme de &laquo; transculturalit&eacute; &raquo; envisag&eacute; par Dervin. </span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Default" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Narcy-Combes (2018) montre un lien entre le <i>translanguaging </i>et le <i>transculturing</i>. Il soutient que le <i>transculturing </i>nous am&egrave;ne &agrave; interpr&eacute;ter les &eacute;v&eacute;nements et &agrave; y r&eacute; (agir), au niveau de la pens&eacute;e mais ceci est moins conscient que cette pens&eacute;e. C&#39;est la complexit&eacute; dynamique du v&eacute;cu culturel des individus qui provoque le <i>transculturing </i>et elle se refl&egrave;te &agrave; travers le discours. </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">2.3. </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Quelques &eacute;l&eacute;ments sur les comportements</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Tout est action, y compris l&#39;interaction langagi&egrave;re entre les participants lors d&#39;une activit&eacute; sociale (Narcy-Combes, 2018). Baena, Dervin et Narcy-Combes soulignent l&#39;importance de l&#39;action dans l&#39;exp&eacute;rience transculturelle. L&#39;action et le langage des individus ne peuvent &ecirc;tre d&eacute;tach&eacute;s de l&rsquo;environnement culturel dans laquelle ils vivent qui ont un effet direct sur leur production langagi&egrave;re. Les individus sont confront&eacute;s &agrave; des changements culturels diff&eacute;rents, ils n&#39;appartiennent pas &agrave; une seule entit&eacute; culturelle. Selon Narcy-Combes (2022), les comportements (ou les actions) ne sont pas d&eacute;termin&eacute;s de mani&egrave;re consciente. Ils le sont par des processus automatiques et inconscients qui d&eacute;coulent de stimuli environnementaux. Un recul sera n&eacute;cessaire pour prendre conscience de ces comportements.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-24pt; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">3. </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Question de recherche et hypoth&egrave;ses</span></span></b></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">La question de recherche est la suivante&nbsp;: les comportements transculturels (<i>transculturing</i>) des <span style="color:#7030a0">&eacute;tudiants</span> Sri Lankais expliquent les productions translangagi&egrave;res (<i>translanguaging</i>). Les hypoth&egrave;ses sont&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">H1&nbsp;: Le comportement transculturel et la production translangagi&egrave;re peuvent &ecirc;tre identifi&eacute;s chez les &eacute;tudiants Sri Lankais</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">H2&nbsp;: La pluralit&eacute; culturelle et langagi&egrave;re de Sri Lanka constitue la principale cause de <i>transculturing</i> et c&rsquo;est le <i>transculturing</i> qui d&eacute;clenche le <i>translanguaging</i>.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-24pt; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">4. </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">M&eacute;thodologie</span></span></span></b></span></span></p> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Cette recherche est bas&eacute;e sur une m&eacute;thodologie d&#39;&eacute;tude multimodale et <span style="color:#7030a0">longitudinale</span>. <span style="color:#7030a0">L&rsquo;objectif est d&rsquo;examiner le comportement et les propos des participants sri lankais pour identifier le <i>transculturing</i>, ainsi que la pr&eacute;sence de <i>translanguaging</i> dans leurs discours et l&#39;effet de <i>transculturing</i> sur leur comportement. Un autre objectif est d&rsquo;identifier la prise de conscience que les participants ont de leur production translangagi&egrave;re et de leur comportement transculturel</span>. <span style="color:#7030a0">Cette m&eacute;thodologie r&eacute;side dans le fait de croiser les opinions &eacute;mises par les participants sur deux sujets pol&eacute;miques avec les comportements pratiqu&eacute;s (langue utilis&eacute;e, geste, rires, <i>code meshing</i> ou <i>code switching</i>) pour mieux comprendre cette relation (opinion et leur expression communicative dans un cadre transculturel) gr&acirc;ce aux entretiens d&rsquo;auto-confrontation (EAC). L&rsquo;originalit&eacute; est de tenter d&rsquo;objectiver un degr&eacute; de conscience des participants concernant l&rsquo;impact de la culture sur leurs opinions et comportement, selon qu&rsquo;elle soit&nbsp;personnelle, qu&rsquo;elle vienne d&rsquo;ailleurs, qu&rsquo;elle soit typiquement sri-ankaise.&nbsp;Des m&eacute;thodes appropri&eacute;es sont n&eacute;cessaires pour comprendre les comportements, le discours, les conflits, et les valeurs qui &eacute;mergent. Deux m&eacute;thodes ont &eacute;t&eacute; utilis&eacute;es : des discussions semi-structur&eacute;es de groupes focalis&eacute;s (GF) (Van der Maren, 2010) suivies par des EAC (Theureau, 2010). </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Deux discussions en cinghalais (L1), (<span style="color:#7030a0">retranscrites et traduites en fran&ccedil;ais</span>) ont &eacute;t&eacute; film&eacute;es avec un GF de 12 &eacute;tudiants de 1<sup>&egrave;re</sup> &agrave; 4<sup>&egrave;me</sup> ann&eacute;e&nbsp;de l&#39;Universit&eacute; de Sri Jayawardenapura et de l&#39;Universit&eacute; de Kelaniya. <span style="color:#7030a0">Ce groupe a &eacute;t&eacute; s&eacute;lectionn&eacute; en raison de ses pratiques langagi&egrave;res vari&eacute;es et de ses id&eacute;es diverses sur les diff&eacute;rentes valeurs sociales, religieuses et culturelles.</span> Parmi ces 12 &eacute;tudiants, 4 &eacute;tudiants parlent anglais et cinghalais, 4 &eacute;tudiants parlent cinghalais, anglais et fran&ccedil;ais et 4 &eacute;tudiants ne parlent que cinghalais. 7 &eacute;tudiants ont v&eacute;cu &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;tranger et 5 &eacute;tudiants n&rsquo;ont pas d&rsquo;exp&eacute;rience &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;tranger (Tableau 1). Des sujets pol&eacute;miques (homosexualit&eacute; et vente de terrains &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;tranger) ont &eacute;t&eacute; choisis pour la discussion, <span style="color:#7030a0">nous nous focaliserons sur le premier. Ils ont &eacute;t&eacute; choisis car ils vont faire surgir dans le cerveau humain des conflits entre le syst&egrave;me rationnel et le syst&egrave;me &eacute;motionnel (Eagleman, 2012). Selon Narcy-Combes <i>et al. </i>(2019), ces conflits sont complexifi&eacute;s lorsqu&rsquo;un individu a des r&eacute;f&eacute;rences culturelles plurielles. Chaplier et Narcy-Combes (2021 : 4) avancent que &laquo; les individus vivent des exp&eacute;riences pluriculturelles mais r&eacute;agissent transculturellement, c&rsquo;est-&agrave;-dire que leurs comportements sont en quelque sorte m&eacute;tiss&eacute;s en fonction de leurs &eacute;motions et de leurs interpr&eacute;tations des situations &raquo;. C&#39;est cette r&eacute;action transculturelle que nous souhaitons identifier chez ces &eacute;tudiants. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">La discussion &eacute;tait conduite par une animatrice et nous &eacute;tions observatrice </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Le but est de voir ceux qui parlent ou pas de ces sujets et d&rsquo;observer leurs r&eacute;actions. Cette discussion a &eacute;t&eacute; suivie par 6 EAC sur la base des discussions film&eacute;es pour que les &eacute;tudiants commentent leurs propres comportements et activit&eacute;s. <span style="color:#7030a0">Ils ont &eacute;t&eacute; selectionn&eacute;s sur la base des crit&egrave;res suivants : genre, temps de parole, contacts pluriculturels / plurilingues</span>. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">Concernant les EAC, nous avons pos&eacute; des questions sur&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-17.85pt; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">- </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">l&#39;utilisation de diff&eacute;rentes langues, les exemples de <i>translanguaging </i>et les raisons de leur utilisation </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-17.85pt; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">- </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">les comportements, les gestes, les expressions faciales, les postures, etc. Le but est de conna&icirc;tre l&rsquo;histoire, les exp&eacute;riences, la culture derri&egrave;re de l&rsquo;action des participants. Ceci nous m&egrave;ne vers une analyse transculturelle qui examine comment le culturel rencontre le personnel (Narcy-Combes, 2019). </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-17.85pt; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">- </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">le contenu de la discussion et les opinions et id&eacute;es des participants. Le contenu est important pour identifier l&#39;influence sociale et culturelle sur les participants, ce qui fa&ccedil;onne finalement leur production langagi&egrave;re. </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-24pt; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">5. </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">Analyse des principaux r&eacute;sultats</span></span></span></b></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">5.1. <span style="color:#7030a0">GF</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p class="Default" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">Ces &eacute;changes ont fait appara&icirc;tre des opinions controvers&eacute;es. Pourtant, tous les participants n&#39;ont pas particip&eacute; de la m&ecirc;me mani&egrave;re. </span></span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">La majorit&eacute; des participants ont exprim&eacute; leurs id&eacute;es en cinghalais et en anglais, le <i>code switching </i>&eacute;tait l&#39;une des caract&eacute;ristiques de leur discours.</span> <span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">Le Tableau 1 donne un aper&ccedil;u des profils des &eacute;tudiants et de certains r&eacute;sultats du GF</span></span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#0070c0">.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Default" style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <table class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none" width="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:65px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">Etudiant</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:42px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">F/M</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:132px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">Ann&eacute;e et sp&eacute;cialit&eacute;</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:64px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">Anglais courant</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:65px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">Fran&ccedil;ais</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">courant</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:74px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">V&eacute;cu &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;tranger</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:83px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">Interaction</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:101px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">En faveur de l&rsquo;homosexualit&eacute;</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:101px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">Effet de transculturing </span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:65px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">S1</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:42px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">F</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:132px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">3e- Communication de masse</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:64px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:65px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:74px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">X</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:83px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">active</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:101px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">O</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:101px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">O</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:65px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">C1</span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:42px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">M</span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:132px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">3e-Histoire </span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:64px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:65px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:74px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">X</span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:83px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">active</span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:101px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">N</span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:101px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">O</span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:65px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">R1</span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:42px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">M</span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:132px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">3e- Communication de masse</span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:64px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:65px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:74px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:83px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">moyenne</span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:101px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">N</span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:101px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">N</span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:65px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">D1</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:42px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">M</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:132px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">2<sup>e-</sup> Statistiques</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:64px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:65px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:74px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:83px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">active</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:101px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">O</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:101px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">O</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:65px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">D2</span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:42px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">F</span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:132px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">1e-Anglais &amp; Fran&ccedil;ais</span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:64px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">X</span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:65px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">X&nbsp;</span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:74px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">X</span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:83px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">1 fois</span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:101px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">Neutre</span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:101px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">N</span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:65px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">P1</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:42px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">F</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:132px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">4e- Anglais &amp; Fran&ccedil;ais</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:64px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">X</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:65px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">X</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:74px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">X</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:83px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">peu</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:101px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">O</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:101px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">O</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:65px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">T1</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:42px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">F</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:132px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">1e-<b> </b>Anglais &amp; Fran&ccedil;ais</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:64px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">X</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:65px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">X</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:74px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">X</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:83px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">moyenne</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:101px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">O</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:101px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">O</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:65px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">D3</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:42px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">F</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:132px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">4e-Fran&ccedil;ais</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:64px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">X</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:65px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">X</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:74px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">X</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:83px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">peu</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:101px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">O</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:101px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">O</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:65px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">S2</span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:42px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">F</span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:132px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">2e- Anglais </span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:64px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">X</span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:65px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:74px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:83px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">active</span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:101px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">O</span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:101px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">O</span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:65px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">D4</span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:42px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">M</span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:132px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">2e- Anglais </span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:64px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">X</span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:65px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:74px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">X</span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:83px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">&nbsp;X</span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:101px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">Neutre</span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:101px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">N</span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:65px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">G1</span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:42px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">F</span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:132px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">2e Anglais</span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:64px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">X</span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:65px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:74px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:83px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">moyenne</span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:101px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">O</span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:101px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">O</span></span></b></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:65px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">D5</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:42px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">F</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:132px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">2e- Anglais </span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:64px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">X</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:65px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:74px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:83px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">1 fois</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:101px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">Neutre</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:101px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p class="MsoCommentText" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">O</span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p class="Default" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">Tableau 1&nbsp;: profil des &eacute;tudiants</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Default" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">O&nbsp;: oui, N&nbsp;: non</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Default" style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p class="Default" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">Nous avons analys&eacute;&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Default" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="color:#7030a0">- </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">l&rsquo;attitude des participants par leur fa&ccedil;on de r&eacute;agir au sujet de l&#39;homosexualit&eacute;. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Default" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">7 &eacute;tudiants ont parl&eacute; en faveur de l&#39;homosexualit&eacute;. 3 ont un avis neutre et 2 ont un avis n&eacute;gatif. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Default" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="color:#7030a0">- </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">leur comportement transculturel (ou pas) et les propos des &eacute;tudiants en observant leur mani&egrave;re de r&eacute;agir au cours de la discussion. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Default" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">Les &eacute;tudiants qui ont parl&eacute; en faveur de l&#39;homosexualit&eacute; montrent un comportement transculturel (Tableau 1). M&ecirc;me si C1 n&rsquo;avait pas une opinion positive, nous pouvons voir qu&rsquo;il a un comportement transculturel en raison de ses opinions positives sur le &laquo; vivre ensemble sans mariage &raquo; &eacute;tant donn&eacute; qu&rsquo;il vit avec sa petite amie sans &ecirc;tre mari&eacute;. Il a &eacute;galement v&eacute;cu deux ans au Japon et a voyag&eacute; dans d&#39;autres pays &eacute;trangers.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Default" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">Une autre caract&eacute;ristique est que la majorit&eacute; des &eacute;tudiants qui ont un avis favorable parlent plus d&#39;une langue. T1, P1, D2 et D3 parlent anglais et fran&ccedil;ais. G1 parle couramment anglais. S1 et D1 ne parlent que cinghalais et ont un niveau interm&eacute;diaire en anglais car l&#39;anglais est obligatoire pour les &eacute;tudiants de 1<sup>&egrave;re</sup> ann&eacute;e.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Default" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">Compte tenu de ces observations, on peut dire que la plupart des &eacute;tudiants qui montrent un comportement transculturel ont eu des exp&eacute;riences &agrave; l&#39;&eacute;tranger. De m&ecirc;me, ils ont des connaissances de l&#39;anglais en plus du cinghalais (L1). Nous avons &eacute;galement identifi&eacute; qu&#39;ils ont subi l&#39;influence de la culture sri lankaise dominante et que cette influence s&rsquo;est manifest&eacute;e sur leur mani&egrave;re de penser. Nous n&rsquo;avons pas identifi&eacute; tous ces facteurs parmi les &eacute;tudiants qui montrent un comportement transculturel. Par exemple, S2 qui montre un comportement transculturel et qui parle plusieurs langues, n&rsquo;a jamais v&eacute;cu &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;tranger. Sa connaissance de l&#39;anglais et du fran&ccedil;ais a sans doute contribu&eacute; &agrave; explorer d&#39;autres cultures &eacute;trang&egrave;res, ce qui a d&eacute;clench&eacute; le <i>transculturing</i>. Il semble que la connaissance de plusieurs LA n&rsquo;est pas une condition essentielle pour g&eacute;n&eacute;rer un comportement transculturel.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Default" style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p class="Default" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="color:#7030a0">- </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">leurs expressions physiques et leurs mouvements corporels pour comprendre ce qu&rsquo;ils signifient selon les participants.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Default" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">Les participants ont utilis&eacute; principalement le sourire, le rire, le remuement de la t&ecirc;te et les gestes de la main. S1, D1, C1 et S1 ont activement particip&eacute; &agrave; la discussion sur l&#39;homosexualit&eacute;. Leur comportement a montr&eacute; qu&#39;ils &eacute;taient enthousiastes lors de la discussion. Ils rient, sourient, qu&#39;ils soient heureux, confus, d&#39;accord, en d&eacute;saccord, le sourire est l&#39;une des caract&eacute;ristiques les plus courantes. Ils utilisent leur voix avec &eacute;nergie. Ils font souvent des gestes de la main, ce qui indique l&#39;influence de cultures &eacute;trang&egrave;res<a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a>. Nous avons &eacute;galement remarqu&eacute; leur habitude de hocher la t&ecirc;te, ce qui est un trait sri lankais.&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Default" style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-36pt; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">5.1. </span></b><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">EAC</span></b></span></span></p> <p class="Default" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">Les EAC ont fourni plus de d&eacute;tails sur les id&eacute;es, le discours et le comportement des 6 participants&nbsp;: C1, R1, D2, D4, G1 et S2 (Voir Tableau 1 - en gras). </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">L&rsquo;analyse a port&eacute; sur&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Default" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">- l&rsquo;attitude et le comportement des participants. L&rsquo;objectif est de d&eacute;terminer s&#39;il y a une divergence entre les id&eacute;es pr&eacute;sent&eacute;es par ces participants pendant la discussion du GF et pendant les EAC. Un aspect pr&eacute;&eacute;minent de cette analyse est l&rsquo;identification du positionnement des participants par rapport aux normes sri lankaises.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Default" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">Finalement lors des EAC, nous constatons que presque tous les participants ont une opinion n&eacute;gative sur l&#39;homosexualit&eacute;. Ils ne donnent pas de r&eacute;ponses claires et directes &agrave; la plupart des questions et pr&eacute;f&egrave;rent ne pas r&eacute;v&eacute;ler leurs v&eacute;ritables opinions, ce qui est un trait typique de la tradition sri lankaise. Par exemple, m&ecirc;me si S2 n&#39;a pas une opinion positive, elle admire les qualit&eacute;s des homosexuels en raison de ses exp&eacute;riences &agrave; son travail. Pour ces participants, l&#39;homosexualit&eacute; est une maladie, un probl&egrave;me hormonal ou mental, un d&eacute;sir anormal, etc. Pourtant, &agrave; la fin, ils disent ne pas avoir de probl&egrave;me avec l&rsquo;homosexualit&eacute;, ce qui r&eacute;v&egrave;le une contradiction dans leurs propos. La plupart dit avoir acquis des connaissances sur l&#39;homosexualit&eacute; en lisant des documents ou &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;cole. L&#39;&eacute;ducation joue un r&ocirc;le majeur, cependant les participants repr&eacute;sentent la tradition sri lankaise avec ce qu&#39;ils vivent. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">- le fonctionnement translangagier apparent dans les entretiens et qui &eacute;voque le transculturel. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Default" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">Le <i>translanguaging </i>se produit dans le discours des participants en particulier sous la forme de <i>code switching </i>et de <i>code meshing</i>. Cela se produit principalement en raison du contact des participants avec l&rsquo;anglais qui est obligatoire &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;cole.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Default" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">Quelques exemples de <i>translanguaging </i>sous forme de <i>code switching</i> (2) ou de <i>code meshing</i> (1, 3) sont donn&eacute;s ici&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Default" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">1/ Lors de l&rsquo;utilisation de mots anglais, des suffixes cinghalais y sont ajout&eacute;s. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Default" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">Par exemple, le suffixe &laquo; lā &raquo;, marque de pluriel, est employ&eacute; avec des noms emprunt&eacute;s &agrave; l&rsquo;anglais <i>(students</i> et <i>girls</i>) et forment ainsi un double pluriel. Ex : &laquo; <i>studentsla </i>&raquo;, &laquo; <i>girlsla&nbsp;&raquo;. </i>&laquo;&nbsp;lā &raquo; n&rsquo;est pas utilis&eacute;e avec les mots cinghalais. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">La syllabe &laquo; m</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">ə </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">&raquo; est associ&eacute;e &agrave; <i>serious</i>, ce qui donne &laquo; <i>seriousm</i></span></span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">ə</span></span></span></i> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">&raquo; pour marquer l&rsquo;intensit&eacute; (cas de C1). S&rsquo;utilise aux mots cinghalais et anglais.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Default" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">La syllabe &laquo; eka &raquo; qui signifie &laquo; un&nbsp;&raquo; est ajout&eacute; au mot <i>boarding</i>. Le mot en cinghalais pour signifier &laquo; boarding&nbsp;&raquo; n&rsquo;existe pas. C&rsquo;est une habitude des locuteurs cinghalais (ex. R1).</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Default" style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p class="Default" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">2/ L&rsquo;utilisation<i> </i></span></span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">de mots anglais - noms, verbes, adjectifs et adverbes - dans les phrases cinghalaises afin de rendre le discours plus clair pour les interlocuteurs (ex. G1)</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Default" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black"><i><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0"><img src="file:///C:/Users/Claire/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.png" style="width:516px; height:124px" /></span></span></i>&nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <p class="Default" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">3/ Utilisation d&rsquo;une phrase en cinghalais avec le mot <i>tourist</i> ; &laquo; <i>tourist </i>kərənəwā &raquo;. Ici, &laquo;&nbsp;kərənəwā &raquo; signifie &laquo; faire &raquo; et en fran&ccedil;ais le sens de la phrase est &laquo; et nous avons fait &lsquo;<i>tourist&rsquo;&nbsp;&raquo;. </i>Le verbe &laquo; voyager &raquo; n&rsquo;est pas utilis&eacute;, D4 dit &laquo; faire <i>tourist </i>&raquo;. Les locuteurs cinghalais disent &laquo; <i>tourism </i>kərənəwā&raquo; mais pas &laquo; <i>tourist </i>kərənəwā &raquo;. Cette phrase est typique du r&eacute;pertoire linguistique de D4.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Default" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0"><img src="file:///C:/Users/Claire/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.png" style="width:511px; height:135px" /></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">- les comportements (gestes de la main, sourires, rire, etc.). Cette analyse vise &agrave; comprendre comment les expressions corporelles, la gestuelle etc. font partie du <i>translanguaging </i>et ce qui les d&eacute;clenche.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">Les &eacute;tudiants ont tous utilis&eacute; le sourire, le rire et les mouvements de t&ecirc;te pour exprimer leurs id&eacute;es lorsqu&#39;ils ne pouvaient ou ne voulaient pas utiliser de mots, ce qui est une autre caract&eacute;ristique de la tradition sri lankaise. Chacune de ces expressions physiques a une signification diff&eacute;rente qui varie d&#39;un participant &agrave; l&#39;autre.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Default" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">- le degr&eacute; de conscience des participants de la pr&eacute;sence du <i>translanguaging</i> et de l&rsquo;impact de la culture sur leur comportement : s&#39;il sait que son comportement est personnel, qu&#39;il vienne d&#39;ailleurs ou qu&#39;il soit typiquement sri lankais.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">Tout d&rsquo;abord, nous avons tent&eacute; de cat&eacute;goriser les comportements transculturels ainsi&nbsp;: typiquement sri-lankais (1), vient d&rsquo;ailleurs (2), personnel (3), avant d&rsquo;identifier leur degr&eacute; de conscience. Nous donnons quelques exemples.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">1/ Comportement sri lankais</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">- </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">Ne pas &ecirc;tre direct dans ses propos&nbsp;rel&egrave;ve de la tradition sri lankaise.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">- </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">Pendant la discussion, &agrave; certains moments, D2 couvre sa bouche de sa main en souriant. La plupart des filles sri lankaises agissent ainsi, c&#39;est une caract&eacute;ristique de la culture sri lankaise.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">- </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">G1 utilise de nombreux gestes de la main en parlant, c&#39;est une caract&eacute;ristique commune des Sri Lankais. </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">2/ Comportement personnel</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">- </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">Remuer la t&ecirc;te&nbsp;sans donner de r&eacute;ponse est un comportement typiquement sri lankais. Car les Sri Lankais consid&egrave;rent qu&#39;il n&#39;est pas forc&eacute;ment n&eacute;cessaire de r&eacute;pondre en utilisant des mots. Dans un extrait de la vid&eacute;o o&ugrave; un participant parle du bouddhisme, D2 remue la t&ecirc;te. Elle dit que cela ne signifie pas &laquo; oui &raquo; mais la surprise &laquo; c&#39;est vrai ? &raquo;. Le sens de sa r&eacute;ponse par ce mouvement diff&egrave;re de la r&eacute;ponse commun&eacute;ment utilis&eacute;e (oui et non). C&rsquo;est une autre fa&ccedil;on non verbale d&rsquo;exprimer son d&eacute;saccord.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">- </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">Le sourire et le rire sont embl&eacute;matiques de la culture sri lankaise et sont utilis&eacute;s pour s&#39;exprimer. Pourtant, le sourire a plusieurs significations. Par exemple, pendant la discussion du GF, D2 sourit mais n&#39;utilise pas un seul mot. Elle sourit aux situations ironiques, aux situations humoristiques. </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">- </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">En &eacute;coutant les autres participants pendant la discussion du GF, D2 change de position et la fa&ccedil;on de positionner ses jambes. Cette fa&ccedil;on est unique &agrave; D2. </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">- </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">Lors de l&rsquo;EAC, G1 remue la t&ecirc;te et a indiqu&eacute; qu&#39;elle ne veut pas dire &laquo; oui &raquo; mais &laquo; Voila !, c&#39;est le point qu&rsquo;il faut discuter &raquo;. De m&ecirc;me, S2 remue la t&ecirc;te lorsque C1 s&rsquo;exprime, elle pr&eacute;cise que c&rsquo;est parce qu&rsquo;elle est enti&egrave;rement d&#39;accord avec ce qu&rsquo;il dit. Par cons&eacute;quent, il semble que remuer la t&ecirc;te a deux significations d&#39;acceptation dans le r&eacute;pertoire langagier de S2.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">3/ Comportement venant d&rsquo;ailleurs</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">G1 est assise avec une jambe sur l&#39;autre, ce qui montrerait l&#39;influence de la culture occidentale sur les Sri Lankais.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">Porter un pantalon, une chemise &agrave; manches longues et une cravate est une pratique issue de la culture occidentale. Elle est consid&eacute;r&eacute;e comme la tenue formelle des hommes, notamment de ceux qui travaillent dans les bureaux. Par sa tenue, C1 montre l&#39;influence de la culture occidentale sur lui.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Default" style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p class="Default" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">Tous les participants ne sont pas conscients du <i>translanguaging</i> sauf S2 qui explique qu&rsquo;elle utilise diff&eacute;rentes langues pour convaincre le public et D4 qui est conscient que le <i>code switching</i> est pr&eacute;sent dans son discours. Ils ne sont pas non plus conscients des effets de <i>transculturing </i>dans leur comportement. Il semble que le <i>translanguaging </i>se produit en raison de l&rsquo;environnement culturel dans lequel ils vivent et des environnements culturels avec lesquels ils ont eu des contacts. S2 et C1 (qui a v&eacute;cu &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;tranger) s&rsquo;expriment beaucoup et ont des opinions tr&egrave;s lib&eacute;rales, ils ont &eacute;galement h&eacute;rit&eacute; des traits typiques sri lankais. Par cons&eacute;quent, leurs performances langagi&egrave;res en sont influenc&eacute;es. Ce qu&#39;ils disent, c&#39;est ce qu&#39;ils vivent. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Default" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">Au lieu de cloisonner les exp&eacute;riences &agrave; l&#39;&eacute;tranger, la connaissance des autres cultures et l&#39;influence de la culture dominante, nous sugg&eacute;rons de les mettre ensemble sous la forme de &laquo; v&eacute;cu culturel &raquo; d&#39;un individu, ce qui constitue le facteur principal du <i>transculturing</i>. C&#39;est ce v&eacute;cu culturel qui produit le <i>translanguaging</i> des &eacute;tudiants.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-24pt; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">6. </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Discussion </span></span></b></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">6.1. <b>Hypoth&egrave;se 1</b></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Nous avons identifi&eacute; la pr&eacute;sence de <i>translanguaging </i>et<i> transculturing</i> dans les propos des &eacute;tudiants (GF et EAC). </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Tous les &eacute;tudiants qui montrent des effets de <i>transculturing</i> ont v&eacute;cu &agrave; l&#39;&eacute;tranger et ma&icirc;trise l&#39;anglais. De m&ecirc;me, la culture sri lankaise dominante a un impact sur le <i>transculturing </i>; le v&eacute;cu culturel des &eacute;tudiants ne pouvant pas &ecirc;tre s&eacute;par&eacute; de leur culture originelle et de leur langue initiale. Ainsi, leur niveau d&#39;&eacute;ducation est un facteur essentiel permettant le <i>transculturing</i>. M&ecirc;me si l&#39;effet de <i>transculturing </i>n&rsquo;a pas &eacute;t&eacute; identifi&eacute;<i> </i>chez R1, D4 et D2, l&rsquo;EAC a conduit &agrave; identifier chez chacun un comportement transculturel. Leur <i>transculturing </i>est li&eacute; &agrave; leurs langues, leurs exp&eacute;riences &agrave; l&#39;&eacute;tranger et &agrave; la culture sri lankaise dominante<b>. </b>Nous remarquons que le <i>translanguaging </i>est pr&eacute;sent dans le discours des &eacute;tudiants sous forme de <i>code switching</i> et de <i>code meshing</i>. Tous les &eacute;tudiants qui ont des effets de <i>transculturing </i>sur leur comportement montrent &eacute;galement des effets de <i>translanguaging </i>sur leur discours. Nous avons &eacute;galement &eacute;valu&eacute; leur degr&eacute; de conscience de <i>transculturing</i> et de <i>translanguaging</i>. Il s&#39;est av&eacute;r&eacute; que les &eacute;tudiants sont peu conscients de la pr&eacute;sence de <i>translanguaging</i> dans leur discours. Nous avons principalement constat&eacute; que le <i>transculturing </i>est courant parmi les &eacute;tudiants sans qu&rsquo;ils en soient totalement conscients. Les principales causes de <i>transculturing </i>dans une situation donn&eacute;e sont leur v&eacute;cu &agrave; l&#39;&eacute;tranger, la connaissance de l&#39;anglais et des LA, leur &eacute;ducation et la culture sri lankaise dominante. &nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">L&rsquo;analyse des discussions avec les &eacute;tudiants a montr&eacute; qu&rsquo;ils construisaient d&#39;abord l&#39;interaction en eux-m&ecirc;mes et dans l&#39;environnement. Puis leur comportement tend &agrave; &eacute;voluer dans leur mani&egrave;re de vivre l&#39;interaction.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-36pt; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">6.1. </span></b><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Hypoth&egrave;se 2</span></b><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"> </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">La pluralit&eacute; culturelle et langagi&egrave;re de Sri Lanka est la principale cause de <i>transculturing </i>(premi&egrave;re partie de H2). Cependant, ce n&#39;est pas la seule cause, la culture sri lankaise dominante n&#39;est qu&#39;une partie du v&eacute;cu culturel des <span style="color:#7030a0">&eacute;tudiants sri lankais</span>. Le v&eacute;cu &agrave; l&#39;&eacute;tranger, la ma&icirc;trise de l&#39;anglais et de LA ainsi que l&rsquo;&eacute;ducation sont &eacute;galement des causes qui d&eacute;clenchent le <i>transculturing </i><span style="color:#7030a0">chez ces &eacute;tudiants</span>. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Default" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">La deuxi&egrave;me partie de H2 est que le <i>transculturing </i>d&eacute;clenche le <i>translanguaging</i>. Les discussions avec les &eacute;tudiants ont r&eacute;v&eacute;l&eacute; que leur discours montre un effet de <i>translanguaging </i>et leur comportement montre un effet de <i>transculturing</i>. Cependant, les &eacute;tudiants (qui parlent anglais/ne parlent pas anglais et qui ont v&eacute;cu &agrave; l&#39;&eacute;tranger/qui n&#39;ont pas v&eacute;cu &agrave; l&#39;&eacute;tranger) ne sont pas conscients de leur <i>translanguaging</i> qui est pr&eacute;sent dans leur discours. L&rsquo;analyse conduit &agrave; des r&eacute;sultats qui confirment les recherches ant&eacute;rieures (ex. Dervin), en particulier le faible degr&eacute; de conscience de chacun en ce qui concerne ses propres comportements.</span> <span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">&Eacute;tonnamment, les &eacute;tudiants qui n&rsquo;ont pas v&eacute;cu &agrave; l&#39;&eacute;tranger ont &eacute;galement montr&eacute; un effet de <i>transculturing </i>dans leur propos. De la m&ecirc;me mani&egrave;re, ceux qui n&#39;ont pas v&eacute;cu &agrave; l&#39;&eacute;tranger et qui ne parlent pas anglais ont &eacute;galement montr&eacute; un effet de <i>transculturing </i>dans leur discours. En contexte universitaire, tous les &eacute;tudiants ont une certaine connaissance de l&#39;anglais qui est obligatoire &agrave; l&#39;universit&eacute;. Par cons&eacute;quent, m&ecirc;me si tous les &eacute;tudiants ne parlent pas anglais, ils ont au moins un niveau d&eacute;butant. Ainsi, il ne faut pas oublier que certaines caract&eacute;ristiques influencent l&#39;apprentissage d&#39;une LA (Narcy-Combes, 2005). Ces caract&eacute;ristiques peuvent avoir un impact sur les diff&eacute;rents niveaux de connaissance de l&#39;anglais des &eacute;tudiants. Le contexte universitaire cr&eacute;e un cadre pour qu&rsquo;ils manifestent des effets de <i>transculturing</i>. Nous avons remarqu&eacute; un effet de <i>translanguaging </i>dans les discours de tous les participants. Par cons&eacute;quent, nous conclurons que le <i>transculturing </i>est la principale cause du <i>translanguaging</i>. La complexit&eacute; dynamique des discours des individus est d&eacute;clench&eacute;e par le <i>transculturing</i>.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">Conclusion</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">Nous pouvons tirer deux conclusions principales de cette &eacute;tude&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">- Le <i>transculturing</i> est la principale cause du <i>translanguaging</i>, ce qui peut s&rsquo;interpr&eacute;ter ainsi&nbsp;: le d&eacute;veloppement cognitif est culturel (Narcy-Combes, 2022)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">- La complexit&eacute; dynamique des discours des individus est d&eacute;clench&eacute;e par le <i>transculturing</i> et r&eacute;sulte d&rsquo;une construction sociale.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">Selon cette &eacute;tude, le <i>transculturing</i> est un indice important de la transformation graduelle de la soci&eacute;t&eacute; sri lankaise &agrave; travers le cas des &eacute;tudiants dont le discours est le t&eacute;moin. L&rsquo;analyse devrait ainsi nous amener &agrave; nous interroger sur la mani&egrave;re dont la prise en compte du <i>transculturing</i> et du <i>translanguaging</i> peut avoir un impact sur l&rsquo;enseignement des LA &agrave; Sri Lanka et, de mani&egrave;re plus g&eacute;n&eacute;rale, sur l&rsquo;&eacute;volution linguistique et culturelle du pays. </span></span></span>&nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">Une des limites de l&rsquo;&eacute;tude&nbsp;concerne le corpus qui est constitu&eacute; uniquement de locuteurs qui ont le cinghalais comme L1 et non pas de locuteurs de tamoul ou d&rsquo;anglais, ce qui aurait permis de prendre en compte les aspects intra-culturels et non pas uniquement les aspects inter-culturels entre des locuteurs cinghalais et une &laquo;&nbsp;culture&nbsp;&raquo; occidentale.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Bibliographie</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Baena, R. (2006). <i>Transculturing Auto/Biography: Forms of Life Writing</i>. Routledge.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Baker, C. (2001). <i>Foundations of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism. </i>Multilingual Matters.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <h2 style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:18pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="font-weight:normal">Beacco, J.-C. et Byram, M. (2007)</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">. </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="font-weight:normal">De la diversit&eacute; linguistique &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;ducation plurilingue : <i>Guide pour l&rsquo;&eacute;laboration des politiques linguistiques &eacute;ducatives en Europe, </i>Conseil de l&rsquo;Europe, Division des politiques linguistiques.</span></span></span></span></span></span></h2> <h2 style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:18pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0"><span style="font-weight:normal">Blackledge, </span></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0"><span style="font-weight:normal">A.</span></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0"><span style="font-weight:normal">, and Creese, A. (2010). </span></span></span></span><i><span lang="ES" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0"><span style="font-weight:normal">Multilingualism: A Critical Perspective</span></span></span></span></i><span lang="ES" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0"><span style="font-weight:normal">. Continuum</span></span></span></span><span lang="ES" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="font-weight:normal">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></h2> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span lang="ES" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Canagarajah, S. (2011). </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Codemeshing in Academic Writing: Identifying Teachable Strategies of Translanguaging. </span></span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">The Modern Language Journal</span></span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">, <i>95</i>(3), 401-417. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">Chaplier, C. et Narcy-Combes, J.-P.&nbsp; (2021).</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#00000a"> Comportement</span></span></span><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#00000a">s </span></span></span></em><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#00000a">transculturels, production translangagi&egrave;re et r&eacute;flexion didactique. <i>Actes du</i> <i>Colloque international Approches critiques des identit&eacute;s culturelles dans l&rsquo;espace public : Comment sortir de la tour d&rsquo;ivoire ?</i><b> </b>Dijon, Universit&eacute; de Bourgogne Franche-Comt&eacute;, 1-17</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Dervin, F. (2011). <i>Les identit&eacute;s des couples interculturels</i>. </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">L&rsquo;Harmattan.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">Douglas Fir Group. (2016). A transdisciplinary framework for SLA in a multilingual world. </span></span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">The Modern Language Journal </span></span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">100. DOI: 10.1111/modl.12301 0026-7902/16/19&ndash;47 $1.50/0C.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">Eagleman, D. (2012). <i>Incognito. Les vies secr&egrave;tes du cerveau</i>. </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">Laffont.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Garc&iacute;a, O. (2009). <i>Bilingual education in the 21st century: A global perspective</i>. Blackwell. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">Grosjean, F. (2008). <i>Studying Bilinguals</i>. Oxford University Press.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">Garc&iacute;a, </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">O.</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">, and Wei, L. (2014). <i>Translanguaging: Language, Bilingualism and Education</i>. </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">Palgrave Macmillan.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Narcy-Combes, J.-P. (2005). <i>Didactique des langues et TIC &ndash; Pour une recherche-action responsable</i>. Ophrys. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Narcy-Combes, J.-P. (2018). Le transculturing: un construit pour d&eacute;couvrir les ressorts du translanguaging. <i>LEM</i>, <i>1</i>, 52&ndash;65. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Narcy-Combes J.-P. (2019) Le transculturing et le translanguaging&nbsp;: des construits pertinents au Maroc. Dans : Essaouuri, M., Mabrour, A., et Sadiqui, M. <i>L&rsquo;enseignement-apprentissage du fran&ccedil;ais au Maroc au XXI&egrave;me si&egrave;cle</i> (p.13-41), L&rsquo;Harmattan. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Narcy-Combes, J.-P. et Narcy-Combes, M.-F. (2019). <i>Cognition et personnalit&eacute; dans l&rsquo;apprentissage des langues</i>. Didier.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Narcy-Combes, J.-P. (2022). <i>Transculturing</i>, Intervention dans le master DIDALAP, INSPE de Toulouse, 21 f&eacute;vrier.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Ouari. K. (2015). <i>Vers une p&eacute;dagogie transculturelle des langues-cultures : l&rsquo;&eacute;mergence d&rsquo;une parole qui fait sens pour les adolescent</i>s. Th&egrave;se de l&rsquo;universit&eacute; de Cergy Pontoise.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Theureau J. (2010). Les entretiens d&rsquo;autoconfrontation et de remise en situation par les traces mat&eacute;rielles et le programme de recherche &ldquo;cours d&rsquo;actions&rdquo;. <i>Revue d&rsquo;anthropologie des connaissances</i> <i>4</i>(2), 287-322. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Van Der Maren, J. M. (2010). La maquette d&rsquo;un entretien. Son importance</span></span><br /> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">dans le bon d&eacute;roulement de l&rsquo;entretien et dans la collecte de donn&eacute;es de qualit&eacute;.</span></span><br /> <i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Recherches qualitatives</span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">, 29(1), 129-139.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Wageher, A. (2010). Entre interculturalit&eacute; et intraculturalit&eacute; : pour une red&eacute;finition du concept de culture. Dans: P. Blanchet et D. Coste (ed.), <i>Regards critiques sur la notion d&#39;interculturalit&eacute;</i> (p.29-58) L&#39;Harmattan.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <h2 style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:18pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="font-weight:normal">Wei, L. and Zhu, H. (2013) Translanguaging identities: creating transnational space through flexible multilingual practices amongst Chinese university students in the UK. <i>Applied Linguistics</i> 34(5), 516-535.</span></span></span></span></span></span></h2> <div>&nbsp; <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">Douglas Fir Group (2016) repris par Narcy-Combes &amp; Narcy-Combes (2019). Cette d&eacute;nomination (LA) permet de consid&eacute;rer que l&rsquo;apprentissage des langues ne se fait pas de mani&egrave;re chronologique et successive (L2, L3, L4), la langue initiale &eacute;tant L1.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn2"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zf8g4qt/revision/9</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn3"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#7030a0"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#7030a0">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color:#7030a0"> Ne pas utiliser ses mains quand on parle (r&egrave;gles de Sekhiyavatta).</span></span></span></p> </div> </div>