<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><em>Par Elise Chetcuti, Master Sociologie, Universit&eacute; Paul-Val&eacute;ry - Montpellier 3</em></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom: 11px; text-align: right; margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">&laquo;&nbsp;Tintement d&rsquo;assiettes, voici le grand plat de ce d&eacute;jeuner pascal. Un gigot d&rsquo;agneau piqu&eacute; d&rsquo;ail accompagn&eacute; de haricots verts, de flageolets et de pur&eacute;e. Une sauci&egrave;re en porcelaine blanche, ventru, &agrave; double bec verseur, cot&eacute; maigre et cot&eacute; gras, passe de main en main. Lucie b&acirc;tit une petite montagne de pur&eacute;e dans son assiette puis creuse un puits en son centre pour y verser la sauce. La sauce brune &agrave; reflet dor&eacute;e d&eacute;borde hors du puits et ruisselle le long des flancs de la colline de pur&eacute;e. &quot;C&rsquo;est un volcan en &eacute;ruption ! s&rsquo;&eacute;crit Lucie enchant&eacute;e par son &oelig;uvre. Lucie ! intervient aussit&ocirc;t sa m&egrave;re, calme-toi et mange proprement ! Et n&rsquo;oublie pas les haricots, il faut aussi des l&eacute;gumes verts&quot; </span></span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">&raquo;</span></span></span><a href="#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 11px; text-align: right; margin-left: 40px;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Si le temps pass&eacute; &agrave; table a tendance &agrave; d&eacute;croitre parmi les pays occidentaux, les Fran&ccedil;ais ne restent pas sur leur faim en passant en moyenne &laquo;&nbsp;deux heures et treize minutes&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span></span><a href="#_edn2" name="_ednref2" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"> par jour &agrave; boire et &agrave; manger : un chiffre record parmi l&rsquo;ensemble des pays de l&rsquo;OCDE. En ce sens, cet ordre de grandeur est le t&eacute;moignage du caract&egrave;re social de l&rsquo;aliment et des dispositions ritu&eacute;liques qui l&rsquo;entourent o&ugrave; l&rsquo;enjeux est davantage celui de d&eacute;guster cet instant de commensalit&eacute;, de prendre plaisir &agrave; &ecirc;tre ensemble que de simplement avaler une substance d&eacute;nu&eacute;e de sens.&nbsp; Autrement dit, dans l&rsquo;acte de s&rsquo;alimenter on ne nourrit pas seulement une fonction mais un langage et les relations qui en d&eacute;pendent. L&rsquo;aliment est social car il appara&icirc;t davantage en France comme un miroir de son identit&eacute; sociale que d&rsquo;une simple mati&egrave;re comestible. Si je ne peux &ecirc;tre sans manger, je suis ce que je mange. Ainsi, &laquo;&nbsp;manger, cet acte qui pourrait sembler anodin et banal constitue pourtant une pratique culturelle dont la compr&eacute;hension est une porte d&rsquo;entr&eacute;e id&eacute;ale pour saisir l&rsquo;organisation d&rsquo;une soci&eacute;t&eacute;&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span></span><a href="#_edn3" name="_ednref3" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">. En ce sens on pourrait r&eacute;sumer cette pens&eacute;e &mdash; en s&rsquo;inspirant du c&eacute;l&egrave;bre aphorisme de Brillat Savarin &mdash;&nbsp;de la mani&egrave;re suivante&nbsp;: dis-moi ce que tu manges et je te dirais la structure de la soci&eacute;t&eacute; dans laquelle tu baigne.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">N&eacute;anmoins, l&#39;aliment est un reflet de l&#39;identit&eacute; nationale mais &eacute;galement individuelle.&nbsp;&laquo;&nbsp;L&rsquo;alimentation est un syst&egrave;me de communication&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span><a href="#_edn4" name="_ednref4" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> &eacute;crivait Roland Barthes o&ugrave; la disposition de la viande, sa qualit&eacute;, sa quantit&eacute;, ou son absence sont des messages, des indices, des renseignements sur le capital &eacute;conomique, culturel et sur le genre de la personne qui l&rsquo;ing&egrave;re. L&#39;assiette et son contenu, apparaissent ainsi comme les refuges d&rsquo;une id&eacute;ologie sp&eacute;cifique aux aspirations de l&rsquo;individu qui la poss&egrave;de. La table, o&ugrave; sont dispos&eacute;es les assiettes, est un espace social o&ugrave; se construit des gestes, des mouvements, des mani&egrave;res d&#39;&ecirc;tre au gr&eacute; d&rsquo;une perp&eacute;tuelle socialisation diff&eacute;rentielle selon le genre de l&rsquo;individu.&nbsp; Claude Levis Strauss &eacute;crivait que &laquo;&nbsp;la fa&ccedil;on dont chacun mange est, de tous les comportements, celui que les hommes choisissent le plus volontiers pour affirmer leur originalit&eacute; en face d&rsquo;autrui&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span><a href="#_edn5" name="_ednref5" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">. Ainsi, la table comme tout espace social est travers&eacute; par des rapports de pouvoirs, o&ugrave; la diff&eacute;renciation des genres s&rsquo;y cristallise dans la nature ou la quantit&eacute; des mets aval&eacute;s et notamment dans l&rsquo;aliment qu&rsquo;est la viande. La consommation du bifteck o&ugrave; se meut cette &laquo;&nbsp;force taurine&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span><a href="#_edn6" name="_ednref6" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">&nbsp; ing&eacute;r&eacute; majoritairement par des hommes appara&icirc;t comme le &laquo;&nbsp;symbole de la masculinit&eacute; patriarcale&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span><a href="#_edn7" name="_ednref7" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> ou/et de la masculinit&eacute; h&eacute;g&eacute;monique. </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">Raewyn Connell dans son ouvrage <i>Masculinities</i> d&eacute;signe la masculinit&eacute; h&eacute;g&eacute;monique comme &laquo;&nbsp;la configuration des pratiques de genre visant &agrave; assurer la perp&eacute;tuation du patriarcat et la domination des hommes sur les femmes&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span><a href="#_edn8" name="_ednref8" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">. Or tel que le remarquent Nicoletta Diasio et Vulca Fidolini &laquo;&nbsp;la consommation de viande, et notamment de viande rouge, semblerait jouer un r&ocirc;le central dans les processus d&rsquo;identification &agrave; une masculinit&eacute; virile h&eacute;g&eacute;monique&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span><a href="#_edn9" name="_ednref9" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Ainsi, si la viande symbolise la force, et si la force est essentielle &agrave; la construction de la virilit&eacute; masculine, alors la viande appara&icirc;t comme n&eacute;cessaire &agrave; la construction de l&rsquo;identit&eacute; masculine. N&eacute;anmoins, cet imaginaire relatif &agrave; ce bien consomptible qu&rsquo;est la viande, ayant pour cons&eacute;quence une consommation plus importante de la part des hommes de ces mets carn&eacute;s, n&rsquo;est pas exempt de m&eacute;canismes de reproduction visant &agrave; perp&eacute;tuer l&rsquo;ordre alimentaire genr&eacute;e pr&eacute;sent durant les repas.&nbsp; Cet ordre alimentaire genr&eacute;e utilis&eacute; grandement dans le travail de Tristan Fournier, Julie Jarty Nathalie Lapeyre et Priscille Touraille dans &laquo;&nbsp;l&rsquo;alimentation comme arme de genre&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span></span><a href="#_edn10" name="_ednref10" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"> pourrait se d&eacute;finir comme les attentes et les injonctions d&rsquo;une soci&eacute;t&eacute; donn&eacute;e concernant la nature des aliments qu&rsquo;il convient d&rsquo;avaler ou non en fonction de notre genre. Car manger c&rsquo;est avant tout &laquo;&nbsp;</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">&ldquo;</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">tenir son rang</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">&rdquo;</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">, c&#39;est-&agrave;-dire maintenir l&rsquo;image sociale que le groupe a de lui-m&ecirc;me au regard des autres groupes sociaux&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span></span><a href="#_edn11" name="_ednref11" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">. Autrement dit, le repas est un groupe qui se distingue en rapport &agrave; un autre groupe afin de pr&eacute;server la coh&eacute;sion de son propre groupe, avec notamment la consommation ostentatoire d&rsquo;aliments, tel que la viande qui a pour cons&eacute;quence directe la cr&eacute;ation d&rsquo;in&eacute;galit&eacute;s alimentaires. En ce sens, la praxis alimentaire genr&eacute;e reproduit l&rsquo;id&eacute;ologie de la masculinit&eacute; h&eacute;g&eacute;monique. De plus, si d&rsquo;une part les femmes dans la plupart des m&eacute;nages ont l&rsquo;apanage de la cr&eacute;ation des repas, de la cuisine, elles sont d&rsquo;autres part les premi&egrave;res &agrave; se priver notamment de viande comme le remarquera Pierre Bourdieu. Les femmes sont celles qui &eacute;galement connaissent majoritairement une charge mentale notamment d&ucirc; &agrave; l&rsquo;organisation complexe que n&eacute;cessite la r&eacute;alisation des repas. La charge mentale selon la sociologue Monique Haicault est &laquo;&nbsp;une notion n&eacute;e au milieu des ann&eacute;es 70&nbsp;[&hellip;] soulignant le poids de cette gestion globale [des taches], sa complexit&eacute; croissante et ses contraintes, mais aussi la pluralit&eacute; des comp&eacute;tences cognitives qu&rsquo;elle mobilise&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span></span><a href="#_edn12" name="_ednref12" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">.&nbsp; En ce sens, il para&icirc;t l&eacute;gitime de s&#39;interroger sur : Quels sont les m&eacute;canismes et les facteurs qui reproduisent la diff&eacute;renciation alimentaire carn&eacute;e ? Quels en sont leurs origines ? Quels sont les mythes du pouvoir virils de la viande ? Au sein de cet article nous explorerons comment l&rsquo;alimentation carn&eacute;e structure les rapports sociaux de genre et par extension une masculinit&eacute; h&eacute;g&eacute;monique &agrave; travers une analyse th&eacute;orique et une m&eacute;thodologie de terrain bas&eacute; sur huit entretiens semi directifs o&ugrave; les repr&eacute;sentations sociales autour de l&rsquo;alimentation carn&eacute;e et v&eacute;g&eacute;tales jouent un r&ocirc;le d&eacute;cisif dans la reproduction de cet ordre alimentaire genr&eacute;e.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <h2 style="margin-bottom: 11px;"><strong><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="text-transform:uppercase">La viande comme privil&egrave;ge masculin</span></span></span></span></span></strong></h2> <p style="border:none; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="border: none; text-indent: 14.2pt; margin-bottom: 11px; text-align: right; margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">La viande nourriture nourrissante par excellence, forte et donnant la force de la vigueur, du sang, de la sant&eacute;, est le plat des hommes, qui en prennent deux fois, tandis que les femmes se servent une petite part</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> &raquo; </span></span><a href="#_edn13" name="_ednref13" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></span></span></span></p> <p style="border: none; margin-bottom: 11px; text-align: right; margin-left: 40px;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Une des hypoth&egrave;ses avanc&eacute;es quant &agrave; la diff&eacute;renciation physique au niveau de la taille qui existe entre les femmes et les hommes est celle de Priscille Touraille dans sa th&egrave;se </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">dimorphismes sexuels de taille corporelle : des adaptations </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">meurtri&egrave;res ?<span style="color:black">&raquo;. Cette anthropologue a avanc&eacute; l&rsquo;hypoth&egrave;se que </span><span style="background:white"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span><span style="color:black">l&rsquo;in&eacute;gal acc&egrave;s aux ressources alimentaires entre les hommes et les femmes pouvait favoriser la survie des femmes de petite taille</span> &raquo; </span></span><a href="#_edn14" name="_ednref14" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">. Si l&rsquo;in&eacute;gale r&eacute;partition des denr&eacute;es alimentaires a pu entra&icirc;ner des diff&eacute;rences physiques, la propension des hommes &agrave; consommer davantage de viande que les femmes </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">&mdash;<span style="color:black"> plus de 40% des hommes consomment au moins 500 grammes de viande par semaine contre un quart des femmes en France </span>&mdash;<span style="color:black"> est &agrave; appr&eacute;hender sous une perspective constructiviste et non essentialiste. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">La division sexuelle du travail </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">&mdash;<span style="color:black"> que Levis Strauss a &eacute;t&eacute; le premier &agrave; &laquo;&nbsp;conceptualiser comme un ordre social&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span></span><a href="#_edn15" name="_ednref15" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">&mdash;<span style="color:black"> peut en partie apporter un &eacute;l&eacute;ment explicatif concernant le privil&egrave;ge de la viande comme consommation majoritairement masculine. La division homme chasseur et femme cueilleuse a longtemps fait l&rsquo;objet de </span><span style="background:white"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span><span style="color:black">justifications physiologiques</span> &raquo; </span></span><a href="#_edn16" name="_ednref16" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"> avan&ccedil;ant comme id&eacute;e qu&rsquo;il &eacute;tait plus naturel pour les hommes d&rsquo;aller chasser que pour les femmes compte tenu de leur masse musculaire. N&eacute;anmoins nombre de scientifiques tel que l&rsquo;anthropologue P. Tabet a mis en &eacute;vidence l&rsquo;in&eacute;gal acc&egrave;s </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">&mdash; <span style="color:black">voir l&rsquo;interdiction pour les femmes</span> &mdash;<span style="color:black"> aux armes, aux outils, entre les genres servant &agrave; l&#39;abattage des animaux entra&icirc;nant ainsi une diff&eacute;renciation quant &agrave; la consommation ult&eacute;rieure de ces animaux. Autrement dit, le contr&ocirc;le des armes et du savoir du maniement des armes par les hommes permettrait le contr&ocirc;le de la viande abattue et donc de l&#39;alimentation qui en d&eacute;coule et plus g&eacute;n&eacute;ralement le contr&ocirc;le du corps f&eacute;minin. Cette th&egrave;se est corrobor&eacute;e par l&rsquo;&eacute;crasante majorit&eacute; de chasseurs masculins qui selon la f&eacute;d&eacute;ration nationale des chasseurs, serait constitu&eacute;e </span>&mdash; <span style="color:black">en France</span> &mdash; <span style="color:black">&agrave; 98% d&rsquo;hommes. Ainsi, </span><span style="background:white"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span><span style="color:black">la viande et les prot&eacute;ines en g&eacute;n&eacute;ral ne sont pas consomm&eacute;es par tous les membres d&rsquo;une population &eacute;quitablement</span> &raquo;</span></span><a href="#_edn17" name="_ednref17" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Cette affirmation est valable dans les pays occidentaux comme dans ceux du reste du monde. Une &eacute;tude r&eacute;alis&eacute;e au sein de six campements ou population de chasseurs cueilleurs en Tanzanie a mis en &eacute;vidence que la viande constituait &laquo;&nbsp;40% du r&eacute;gime alimentaire des hommes&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span></span><a href="#_edn18" name="_ednref18" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"> contre 1% de celui des femmes. Au Kenya, l&rsquo;in&eacute;gal acc&egrave;s &agrave; la viande se justifie par le fait que les hommes se consid&egrave;rent comme des </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">gourmets</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> &raquo;<span style="color:black"> contrairement aux femmes auxquelles on donne le morceau de viande le plus mauvais. L&rsquo;&eacute;tude d&rsquo;Harriet Whitehead sur les Seltmann de Nouvelle Guin&eacute;e d&eacute;montre que les femmes ont interdiction de consommer les ressources en prot&eacute;ines les plus courantes que sont les casoars et les porcs sauvages. Les hommes ont ainsi le monopole de la viande. G. Lacaze ayant &eacute;tudi&eacute; l&rsquo;influence des relations genr&eacute;es sur les pratiques alimentaires des Mongols &agrave; travers son article </span><span style="background:white"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span><span style="color:black">le maigre f&eacute;minin et le gras viril chez les Mongols</span> &raquo;<span style="color:black"> a </span>mis<span style="color:black"> en &eacute;vidence une hi&eacute;rarchie verticale quant &agrave; la r&eacute;partition des parts alimentaires. </span><span style="background:white"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span><span style="color:black">Les hommes, p&egrave;re et fils a&icirc;n&eacute;s, mangent le deež, le </span>&ldquo;<span style="color:black">dessus, meilleur</span>&rdquo;<span style="color:black">, alors que les femmes, les jeunes filles et les enfants partagent le </span>&ldquo;<span style="color:black">fond du chaudron&rdquo; &raquo;</span></span></span><a href="#_edn19" name="_ednref19" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">[19]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">.<span style="color:black"> De plus, le </span><span style="background:white"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span>&scaron;&uuml;&uuml;s&raquo;, mouton<span style="color:black"> entier, est cuisin&eacute; par les femmes mais consomm&eacute; uniquement par les hommes pour ses </span><span style="background:white"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span><span style="color:black">qualit&eacute;s nutritives</span> &raquo;<span style="color:black">. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Pour revenir en Occident, en Magne en Gr&egrave;ce, Margarita Xanthakou a constat&eacute; que </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">les femmes se privent de viande pour leurs maris ou leur fils</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> &raquo;</span></span><a href="#_edn20" name="_ednref20" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[20]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">. Ce comportement de privation est &eacute;galement observ&eacute; pour les tomates. En ce sens, les femmes ne se privent pas seulement de viande, elles se privent de nourriture en g&eacute;n&eacute;ral, l&rsquo;acte de manger devient aussi un privil&egrave;ge. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Ainsi, la socialisation au sacrifice, &agrave; la privation semble constituer la condition n&eacute;cessaire quant au monopole masculin concernant la consommation carn&eacute;e diff&eacute;rentielle et la banalisation de l&rsquo;acc&egrave;s in&eacute;gale entre les genres qui en d&eacute;coule. La difficult&eacute; quant &agrave; la d&eacute;construction de l&rsquo;in&eacute;gale acc&egrave;s &agrave; la viande entre les femmes et les hommes r&eacute;side comme nous l&rsquo;avons en partie vu du caract&egrave;re ancien de cette in&eacute;galit&eacute; comme le montre notamment la th&egrave;se de Priscille Touraille &eacute;nonc&eacute;e auparavant. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Au XIX<sup>e</sup> si&egrave;cle, en 1863 le docteur Edward Smith &agrave; l&rsquo;occasion de </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">la premi&egrave;re enqu&ecirc;te nationale sur les habitudes alimentaires des Britanniques</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> &raquo;</span></span><a href="#_edn21" name="_ednref21" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">[21]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"> a r&eacute;v&eacute;l&eacute; que la quantit&eacute; de viande consomm&eacute;e &eacute;tait la diff&eacute;rence majeure des habitudes alimentaires entre les hommes et les femmes.&nbsp; En </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">effet, apr&egrave;s<span style="color:black"> des recherches ult&eacute;rieures </span><span style="background:white"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span><span style="color:black">il apparut que dans le comt&eacute; rural d&rsquo;Angleterre, les femmes et les enfants mangent les pommes de terre et regardent la viande </span>&raquo; </span></span><a href="#_edn22" name="_ednref22" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[22]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">. <span style="color:black">Ainsi, si la domination masculine prive les femmes de l&rsquo;acte de manger, elle les prive aussi de </span><span style="background:white"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span><span style="color:black">la possibilit&eacute; de choisir elle-m&ecirc;me leur nourriture</span> &raquo;</span></span><a href="#_edn23" name="_ednref23" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[23]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Le contr&ocirc;le des corps &agrave; travers le contr&ocirc;le alimentaire se manifeste par une propension plus importante chez les femmes &agrave; avoir recours &agrave; un r&eacute;gime lorsqu&rsquo;elles sont ob&egrave;ses comme l&rsquo;a d&eacute;montr&eacute; Solenn Carof (2015) au sein de son article </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">le r&eacute;gime amaigrissant : une pratique in&eacute;galitaire ? </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">&raquo;</span></span><a href="#_edn24" name="_ednref24" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[24]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">. De plus, les femmes re&ccedil;oivent davantage d&rsquo;injonction que les hommes quant &agrave; la n&eacute;cessit&eacute; de maigrir d&egrave;s l&rsquo;adolescence, les normes de minceur sont plus importantes et elles subissent ainsi un contr&ocirc;le et un autocontr&ocirc;le permanent concernant leur alimentation. </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Les femmes se privent plus de manger que les hommes [...] les hommes de leur c&ocirc;t&eacute;, manifestent une certaine complaisance pour leur masse graisseuse quand celle-ci semble confirmer la puissance virile de leur corps</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> &raquo;</span></span><a href="#_edn25" name="_ednref25" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[25]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Nora Bouazzouni dans son ouvrage <i>Steaksisme</i> corrobore cette pens&eacute;e en ajoutant l&rsquo;id&eacute;e selon laquelle la minceur fait partie du capital culturel chez les femmes. En effet, &ecirc;tre mince serait un symbole de r&eacute;ussite et mettrait en lumi&egrave;re la capacit&eacute; qu&rsquo;un individu &agrave; prendre en main son existence. N&eacute;anmoins cette injonction au corps mince aurait une classe : </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">les filles des classes sup&eacute;rieures ont 1,6 fois plus de risque d&#39;&ecirc;tre touch&eacute;es [d&rsquo;anorexie] que les filles d&rsquo;ouvriers et celles de classes moyennes 1,3 fois </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">&raquo;</span></span><a href="#_edn26" name="_ednref26" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[26]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">. De plus, la n&eacute;cessit&eacute; pour une femme d&rsquo;acqu&eacute;rir et de construire un corps mince est mise en &oelig;uvre d&egrave;s l&rsquo;enfance dans l&rsquo;&eacute;ducation diff&eacute;rentielle. Un article du New York Times datant de 2014 nomm&eacute; </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span></span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">google tell me is my son a genius</span></span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> &raquo;</span></span><a href="#_edn27" name="_ednref27" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">[27]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"> expose le constat suivant : Les parents seraient deux fois plus nombreux &agrave; chercher sur google </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">ma fille est-elle en surpoids ?</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> &raquo;<span style="color:black"> que </span><span style="background:white"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span><span style="color:black">mon fils est-il en surpoids ?</span> &raquo;<span style="color:black"> A contrario la tendance s&rsquo;inverse quand il s&rsquo;agit du </span>quotient intellectuel<span style="color:black"> : &laquo;</span> <span style="color:black">mon fils est-il surdou&eacute; ?</span> &raquo;<span style="color:black"> est recherch&eacute; deux fois plus que </span><span style="background:white"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span><span style="color:black">ma fille est-elle surdou&eacute;e&nbsp;&raquo; ?</span> &laquo;&nbsp;<i>Parents are two and a half times more likely to ask &ldquo;Is my son gifted?&rdquo; than &ldquo;Is my daughter gifted?&rdquo;&nbsp;</i>&raquo;</span></span><a href="#_edn28" name="_ednref28" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[28]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Ainsi, la viande est un privil&egrave;ge masculin en ce sens que sa consommation est largement masculine. La sati&eacute;t&eacute; apparait &eacute;galement comme un privil&egrave;ge masculin </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">la conscience des femmes dans les pays occidentaux [...] est domin&eacute;e par l&rsquo;envie de manger et la sensation de faim</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> &raquo; </span></span><a href="#_edn29" name="_ednref29" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">[29]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">. Compte tenu du fait que tel que l&rsquo;&eacute;crit la sociologue Sol&egrave;ne Carof, </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">le r&eacute;gime alimentaire est comme le r&eacute;gime politique un mode de gouvernance</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> &raquo;</span></span><a href="#_edn30" name="_ednref30" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[30]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"> , la pr&eacute;servation des privil&egrave;ges alimentaires s&rsquo;exerce &agrave; travers une violence concr&egrave;te, mat&eacute;rielle, physique et psychologique </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">&mdash;<span style="color:black"> et pas simplement symbolique comme l&rsquo;&eacute;crit Pierre Bourdieu dans la domination masculine</span> &mdash;<span style="color:black"> o&ugrave; la femme internalise </span>&mdash;<span style="color:black"> en se privant </span>&mdash;<span style="color:black"> que son existence est moindre par rapport aux hommes. Si Virginia Woolf dans <i>Une chambre &agrave; soi</i></span></span></span><a href="#_edn31" name="_ednref31" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">[31]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">&nbsp;exposait la n&eacute;cessit&eacute; </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">&mdash;<span style="color:black"> afin qu&rsquo;une femme puisse s&rsquo;&eacute;manciper</span> &mdash;<span style="color:black"> d&rsquo;acqu&eacute;rir une chambre, de l&rsquo;argent et du temps, </span><span style="background:white"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span><span style="color:black">un met &agrave; soi</span> &raquo;<span style="color:black"> semble s&rsquo;ajouter &agrave; la table de ces composants essentiels &agrave; la libert&eacute; f&eacute;minine et l&rsquo;&eacute;galit&eacute; des genres. De plus, si la viande est un privil&egrave;ge masculin, elle est aussi un privil&egrave;ge de classe et d&rsquo;ethnies. </span><span style="background:white"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span><span style="color:black">La hi&eacute;rarchie des prot&eacute;ines carn&eacute;es renforce la hi&eacute;rarchie de la race, de la classe et du sexe</span> &raquo;</span></span><a href="#_edn32" name="_ednref32" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[32]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">N&eacute;anmoins, ce n&rsquo;est pas seulement la viande qui est un privil&egrave;ge masculin mais l&rsquo;acte de manger en lui-m&ecirc;me est un privil&egrave;ge masculin nourrit par les repr&eacute;sentations collectives, les images, et notre imaginaire occidental. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <h3 style="border: none; text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 11px;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="text-transform:uppercase">Le terrain</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></h3> <h3 style="margin-bottom: 11px;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">M&eacute;thodologie</span></span></b></span></span></span></h3> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">Afin de mener &agrave; bien ma recherche et de comprendre comment l&rsquo;alimentation carn&eacute;e structure les rapports sociaux de genre, j&rsquo;ai choisi de mettre en &oelig;uvre une &eacute;tude qualitative bas&eacute;e sur 8 entretiens semi directifs r&eacute;alis&eacute;s &agrave; distance. Ce choix m&eacute;trologique s&rsquo;inscrivait dans une volont&eacute; d&rsquo;apporter un cadre fertile &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;closion de r&eacute;ponse spontan&eacute;e et subjectives afin d&rsquo;analyser non seulement le contenu mais &eacute;galement le contenant des messages v&eacute;hicul&eacute;s (les silences, les h&eacute;sitations, le timbre de la voix etc&hellip;). Cette &eacute;tude de terrain a &eacute;t&eacute; men&eacute;e entre janvier et avril 2022. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">Concernant le choix de la population et la construction de l&rsquo;&eacute;chantillon deux &eacute;l&eacute;ments majeurs ont vari&eacute;&nbsp;: le genre et/ou sexe et l&rsquo;appartenance ou non &agrave; la Cagette le supermarch&eacute; coop&eacute;ratif pr&eacute;sent &agrave; Montpellier proposant une mani&egrave;re de consommer diff&eacute;rente tant dans les produits (majoritairement bio et locaux) que dans l&rsquo;organisation du magasin, dans sa tenue (la cagette est un supermarch&eacute; autog&eacute;r&eacute;). En somme, il paraissait n&eacute;cessaire &mdash; afin de cerner si l&rsquo;alimentation carn&eacute;e structure les rapports sociaux de genre ou non &mdash; d&rsquo;une part de choisir une parit&eacute; en termes de sexe au sein des participants et des sujets et d&rsquo;autre part de choisir des individus membre du supermarch&eacute; coop&eacute;ratif qu&rsquo;est la cagette. En effet, ce dernier &eacute;l&eacute;ment permettait par extension de faire varier la sensibilit&eacute; &agrave; l&rsquo;environnement puisque l&rsquo;ensemble des membres de la cagette interrog&eacute; croyait fermement en une catastrophe &eacute;cologique en cours. L&rsquo;&acirc;ge a &eacute;galement &eacute;t&eacute; un facteur variant puisque les sujets des 8 entretiens semi directifs avaient entre 18 et 90 ans. Les entretiens semi directifs ont en moyenne dur&eacute; environ 35 minutes. Une grille d&rsquo;entretien divis&eacute; en 4 rubriques&nbsp;: donn&eacute;es bibliographiques, habitudes alimentaires, sensibilit&eacute; &agrave; l&rsquo;environnement et rapport au genre &eacute;tait utilis&eacute;e comme support.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">En somme, l&rsquo;objectif de ce terrain &eacute;tait de comprendre si d&rsquo;une part les pratiques alimentaires carn&eacute;es variaient en fonction du genre et d&rsquo;autres part d&rsquo;analyser leur repr&eacute;sentation quant &agrave; l&rsquo;association entre consommation de viande et masculinit&eacute;. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <h3 style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 11px;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">Les r&eacute;sultats des pratiques alimentaires carn&eacute;es en fonction du genre&nbsp; </span></span></b></span></span></span></h3> <h4 style="border: none; text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 11px;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">La fr&eacute;quence de consommation de viande en fonction du genre </span></span></span></i></b></span></span></span></h4> <p style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Parmi les 8 sujets interrog&eacute;s </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">&mdash;<span style="color:black"> 4 &eacute;tant biologiquement des hommes et 4 &eacute;tant biologiquement des femmes </span>&mdash;<span style="color:black"> la fr&eacute;quence de consommation de viande par semaine diff&egrave;re nettement en fonction du sexe. En moyenne, les femmes interrog&eacute;es consomment 2,5 fois de viande par semaine. La moyenne des hommes interrog&eacute;s concernant leur fr&eacute;quence de consommation de viande est quant &agrave; elle de 4,25. Il est &agrave; noter que ces r&eacute;sultats sont bas&eacute;s sur la borne la plus faible d&rsquo;intervalle de fr&eacute;quence rapport&eacute;e par les sujets concernant leur consommation de viande. Si on prend la borne la plus haute de l&rsquo;intervalle qu&rsquo;ils ont &eacute;nonc&eacute; cette diff&eacute;rence s&rsquo;accentue et tombe &agrave; 5 fois par semaine pour les hommes et 3 par semaine pour les femmes. La consommation de l&eacute;gumes varie &eacute;galement en fonction du sexe. Toutes les femmes interrog&eacute;es mangent tous les jours des l&eacute;gumes. Quant aux hommes deux n&rsquo;en mangent que 3 jours par semaine. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <h4 style="border: none; text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 11px;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Les habitudes alimentaires comme choix de vie</span></span></span></i></b></span></span></span></h4> <p style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Si une consommation alimentaire diff&eacute;rentielle semble &ecirc;tre observ&eacute;e, 5 sujets sur 8 n&rsquo;estiment pourtant pas &ecirc;tre influenc&eacute;s par leur genre dans leur habitude de consommation alimentaire. </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Les habitudes alimentaires sont un choix de vie influenc&eacute; par ta fa&ccedil;on de penser</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> &raquo;<span style="color:black"> indique le sujet 1 &acirc;g&eacute; de 18 ans. Le sujet 8 estime que non </span><span style="background:white"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="color:black">parce qu&rsquo;on partage la m&ecirc;me table</span> &raquo;<span style="color:black"> en faisant allusion aux habitudes de couples h&eacute;t&eacute;rosexuels dans son cas. Le sujet 7 quant &agrave; elle </span><span style="background:white"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span><span style="color:black">ne croit pas du tout qu&rsquo;il y ait un lien et ne voit pas le rapport</span> &raquo;<span style="color:black">. Deux sujets sont cependant plus nuanc&eacute;s que les 3 venant d&#39;&ecirc;tre &eacute;nonc&eacute;s. Le sujet 5 ne </span><span style="background:white"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span><span style="color:black">pense pas</span> &raquo;<span style="color:black"> que ses habitudes alimentaires soient influenc&eacute;es par son genre. Cependant, il &eacute;voque s&#39;&ecirc;tre </span><span style="background:white"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span><span style="color:black">d&eacute;j&agrave; retrouv&eacute; dans des repas o&ugrave; on fait des soir&eacute;es entre hommes o&ugrave; c&rsquo;est soir&eacute;e c&ocirc;te de b&oelig;uf, viande, mais l&agrave;-dedans, je m&rsquo;y retrouve pas</span> &raquo;<span style="color:black"> me dit-il.&nbsp; Il me partage &eacute;galement son imaginaire quant &agrave; l&rsquo;alimentation genr&eacute;e </span><span style="background:white"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span><span style="color:black">est ce qu&rsquo;on va aller dans le st&eacute;r&eacute;otype du mec qui bouffe mal, qui boit des bi&egrave;res, qui se goinfre de chips, de pizza et qui aime pas cuisiner quand tu me poses cette question-l&agrave; &ccedil;a m&rsquo;&eacute;voque &ccedil;a</span> &raquo;<span style="color:black">.&nbsp; Le sujet 2 ag&eacute; de 20 ans et &eacute;tant non-binaire r&eacute;pond &agrave; cette question par </span><span style="background:white"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span><span style="color:black">je dirais plut&ocirc;t non, &ccedil;a me parait pas &eacute;vident</span> &raquo;<span style="color:black"> cependant iel rajoute pour nuancer son propos </span><span style="background:white"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span><span style="color:black">si &ccedil;a se trouve c&rsquo;est li&eacute; et je le vois m&ecirc;me pas. </span>C<span style="color:black">&rsquo;est s&ucirc;r que les habitudes alimentaires sont influenc&eacute;es par l&rsquo;&eacute;ducation, mais moi j&rsquo;ai pas eu une &eacute;ducation tr&egrave;s genr&eacute;e, pour moi (ces habitudes) sont plus une conviction en tant qu&rsquo;humain </span>&raquo;<span style="color:black">. Les sujets 3, 4 et 6 estiment quant &agrave; eux qu&rsquo;un lien existe entre le genre et l&rsquo;alimentation. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <h4 style="border: none; text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 11px;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Les habitudes alimentaires diff&eacute;rentielles en terme quantitatif&nbsp; </span></span></span></i></b></span></span></span></h4> <p style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Le sujet 3 juste apr&egrave;s la question a r&eacute;pondu </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">non je ne pense pas </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">&raquo;<span style="color:black"> puis apr&egrave;s un silence s&rsquo;est exclam&eacute; </span><span style="background:white"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span><span style="color:black">si bien s&ucirc;r, il y a un rapport &agrave; la bouffe qui est diff&eacute;rent en terme quantitatif</span>&raquo; <span style="background:white"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span><span style="color:black">moi j&rsquo;essaye de manger beaucoup et une de mes craintes c&rsquo;est de maigrir </span>&raquo;<span style="color:black">. Ainsi si la minceur est un capital culturel comme nous l&rsquo;avons expos&eacute; auparavant au sein de l&rsquo;ouvrage <i>Steakisme</i> de Nora Bouazzouni, la masse musculaire semble &eacute;galement &ecirc;tre un capital culturel masculin.&nbsp; Le sujet 4 dit quant &agrave; elle </span><span style="background:white"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span><span style="color:black">je pense que oui, c&rsquo;est tr&egrave;s clich&eacute; mais je pense que les hommes ont souvent plus besoin de manger de la viande </span>&raquo;<span style="color:black">. </span><span style="background:white"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span><span style="color:black">Moi j&rsquo;ai souvent &eacute;t&eacute; en coloc avec des gars qui me voyant cuisiner me disait mais tu vas manger quoi ? beh je mange &ccedil;a, je mange une soupe ou des l&eacute;gumes au four ou des lasagnes aux l&eacute;gumes et ils me disaient mais non l&agrave; tu manges pas elle est o&ugrave; la viande ? &ccedil;a &ccedil;a m&rsquo;avait vachement marqu&eacute; </span>&raquo;<span style="color:black"> L&rsquo;aspect quantitatif au sein de la consommation alimentaire diff&eacute;rentielle est &eacute;galement d&eacute;crit par ce sujet. Ainsi, au regard de ces entretiens, la privation alimentaire serait une pratique f&eacute;minine. La surconsommation alimentaire quant &agrave; elle serait une pratique masculine. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Ainsi, l&rsquo;analyse de ces huit entretiens,</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> <span style="color:black">men&eacute;s au sein de ce travail d&rsquo;&eacute;tude sociologique, semble entrer en coh&eacute;rence avec mes recherches th&eacute;oriques. L&rsquo;alimentation carn&eacute;e serait majoritairement masculine. La restriction alimentaire que subissent les femmes et l&rsquo;injonction &agrave; l&rsquo;ingurgitation que subissent les hommes sont issus de rapport sociaux de genre visant &agrave; la diff&eacute;renciation. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <h3 style="border: none; margin-bottom: 11px;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">Les r&eacute;sultats des entretiens&nbsp;concernant l&rsquo;association entre la consommation de viande et la masculinit&eacute;</span></span></b></span></span></span></h3> <p style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">A la fin de chaque entretien ma question portait sur leur avis concernant la citation suivante issue de l&rsquo;ouvrage La politique sexuelle de la viande de Carol J Adams : </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Les hommes qui d&eacute;cident de s&rsquo;abstenir de viande sont jug&eacute;s comme eff&eacute;min&eacute;s : la non consommation de chair de la part d&rsquo;hommes proclame leur absence de masculinit&eacute;</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> &raquo;</span></span><a href="#_edn33" name="_ednref33" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[33]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">.&nbsp; Ainsi, 3 sujets sur 8 &eacute;tablissent un lien clair entre la consommation de viande et l&rsquo;affirmation de la masculinit&eacute;. 1 sujet &eacute;tablit un lien implicite. Enfin, 3 sujets n&rsquo;&eacute;tablissent pas de relations.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <h3 style="border: none; text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 11px;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">L&#39;affirmation de la masculinit&eacute; &agrave; travers le rapport quantitatif carn&eacute; </span></span></span></b></span></span></span></h3> <p style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Concernant les sujets </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">&mdash;<span style="color:black"> compos&eacute;s de 2 hommes et d&rsquo;une personne non-binaire </span>&mdash;<span style="color:black"> qui &eacute;tablissent un lien clair entre la consommation de viande et la construction de la masculinit&eacute;, le sujet 3 &agrave; propos de la citation &eacute;nonc&eacute;e a d&eacute;clar&eacute; </span><span style="background:white"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span><span style="color:black">je la trouve pas fausse [...]. C&rsquo;est vrai qu&rsquo;un plat o&ugrave; je vais me dire que j&rsquo;ai beaucoup mang&eacute; c&rsquo;est un plat o&ugrave; il y aura de la viande </span>&raquo; <span style="color:black">. Ainsi, son propos fait &eacute;cho &agrave; sa d&eacute;claration ult&eacute;rieure o&ugrave; il affirmait que le rapport &agrave; la nourriture &eacute;tait diff&eacute;rent entre les genres en terme quantitatif. En ce sens, on peut &eacute;mettre l&rsquo;hypoth&egrave;se que selon lui, la sati&eacute;t&eacute; alimentaire n&rsquo;est possible pour un homme qu&rsquo;au travers de sa consommation de viande. La performance de la masculinit&eacute; est exerc&eacute;e par le biais d&rsquo;une consommation quantitative carn&eacute;e diff&eacute;rente de celle des femmes. Ainsi, plus on consomme de viande, plus on consomme l&rsquo;imaginaire de la force qu&rsquo;elle nous apporte et plus on devient m&acirc;le. &Agrave; ce propos le sujet 6 dit </span><span style="background:white"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span><span style="color:black">que le fait de manger de la viande, c&rsquo;est faire du muscle </span>&raquo;<span style="color:black">.&nbsp; </span><span style="background:white"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span><span style="color:black">L&rsquo;id&eacute;e de la viande qui transmet la force physique d&eacute;rive de cette puissance symbolique </span>&raquo;</span></span><a href="#_edn34" name="_ednref34" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">[34]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <h4 style="border: none; text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 11px;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">L&rsquo;affirmation de la masculinit&eacute; &agrave; travers la consommation de viande</span></span></span></i></b></span></span></span></h4> <p style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Le sujet 2 </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">&mdash;<span style="color:black"> de genre non-binaire et de sexe f&eacute;minin </span>&mdash;<span style="color:black"> a construit sa r&eacute;flexion au fil de la discussion. Si iel commen&ccedil;ait sa d&eacute;claration en affirmant </span><span style="background:white"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span><span style="color:black">je ne pense pas que la masculinit&eacute; passe par l&rsquo;expression d&rsquo;une virilit&eacute;</span> &raquo; <span style="color:black">iel a poursuivi sa pens&eacute;e en me faisant part d&rsquo;une exp&eacute;rience personnelle o&ugrave; un gar&ccedil;on &agrave; la suite d&rsquo;une discussion sur le v&eacute;g&eacute;tarisme avait fait preuve de violence quant &agrave; ce discours concernant l&#39;arr&ecirc;t de la consommation d&rsquo;animaux morts. </span><span style="background:white"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span><span style="color:black">Je me souviens de son regard sur nous les filles mais alors quand d&rsquo;autres gars ont dit qu&rsquo;ils &eacute;taient d&rsquo;accord avec nous c&rsquo;&eacute;tait la fin </span>&raquo; <span style="color:black">. Ainsi, on peut &eacute;mettre l&rsquo;hypoth&egrave;se que la manifestation de violence symbolique ou d&rsquo;une violence physique de la part d&rsquo;un homme n&eacute;e d&rsquo;une discussion autour de la n&eacute;cessit&eacute; d&#39;arr&ecirc;ter la consommation de la viande est la marque d&rsquo;une remise en question identitaire concernant les moyens d&rsquo;affirmation de sa masculinit&eacute;. </span><span style="background:white"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span><span style="color:black">La viande se fait le reflet du pouvoir masculin chaque fois qu&rsquo;elle est consomm&eacute;e</span> &raquo;</span></span><a href="#_edn35" name="_ednref35" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">[35]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <h4 style="border: none; text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 11px;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">L&rsquo;h&eacute;ritage de l&rsquo;imaginaire pr&eacute;historique quant &agrave; la performance de la masculinit&eacute; au travers de la consommation de viande </span></span></span></i></b></span></span></span></h4> <p style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Quant au sujet 1 </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">&mdash;<span style="color:black"> &acirc;g&eacute; de 18 ans</span> &mdash;<span style="color:black"> concernant son avis sur la citation a d&eacute;clar&eacute; </span><span style="background:white"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span><span style="color:black">c&rsquo;est totalement vrai</span> &raquo;<span style="color:black">. &Agrave; ce propos il a fait part de son imaginaire de la pr&eacute;histoire </span><span style="background:white"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span><span style="color:black">pendant longtemps les hommes allaient &agrave; la chasse du coup c&rsquo;&eacute;tait un symbole de virilit&eacute; [...] ces id&eacute;es ont &eacute;t&eacute; pr&ocirc;n&eacute;es pendant des mill&eacute;naires</span> &raquo;.<span style="color:black"> Si au regard de d&eacute;couvertes arch&eacute;ologiques r&eacute;centes et de la pr&eacute;sence de f&eacute;ministe au sein des comit&eacute;s de chercheurs de la pr&eacute;histoire on sait qu&rsquo;il est faux historiquement d&rsquo;affirmer une diff&eacute;renciation des t&acirc;ches/ pratiques effectu&eacute; entre les genres durant la pr&eacute;histoires comme le met en &eacute;vidence Maryl&egrave;ne Patou Mathis au sein de son ouvrage </span><span style="background:white"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span><span style="color:black">l&rsquo;homme pr&eacute;historique est aussi une femme </span>&raquo;<span style="color:black">, l&rsquo;imaginaire commun partag&eacute; par les occidentaux concernant l&rsquo;affirmation des genres durant cette p&eacute;riode historique est celui des femmes qui partaient cueillir des plantes, des herbes, des fruits et des l&eacute;gumes et des hommes qui partaient chasser muni de divers outil. </span><span style="background:white"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span><span style="color:black">D&egrave;s les origines, selon certains arch&eacute;ologues et anthropologues, les hommes partaient &agrave; la chasse et les femmes &agrave; la cueillette, puis, de retour au campement, partageaient la nourriture rapport&eacute;e par chacun </span>&raquo;</span></span><a href="#_edn36" name="_ednref36" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">[36]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">.<span style="color:black"> Cependant, la pr&eacute;historienne ajoute </span><span style="background:white"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span><span style="color:black">on ne peut exclure que dans certaines soci&eacute;t&eacute;s du pal&eacute;olithique europ&eacute;en, les femmes participaient &agrave; toutes les &eacute;tapes de la chasse </span>&raquo;</span></span><a href="#_edn37" name="_ednref37" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">[37]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">. De </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">plus, <span style="background:white"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span>dans<span style="color:black"> les soci&eacute;t&eacute;s r&eacute;centes de chasseurs cueilleurs les femmes participaient &agrave; la chasse de maintes fa&ccedil;ons </span>&raquo;<span style="color:black">. Ainsi, on peut &eacute;mettre l&rsquo;hypoth&egrave;se que le monopole masculin de l&rsquo;&eacute;laboration de la pr&eacute;histoire a construit une repr&eacute;sentation des femmes de cette &eacute;poque calqu&eacute;e sur des repr&eacute;sentations masculines. De plus, cette &eacute;vocation de l&rsquo;imaginaire pr&eacute;historique &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;nonciation de la citation de la politique sexuelle de la viande est &eacute;galement pr&eacute;sente chez le sujet 6 &acirc;g&eacute; de 49 ans</span> : <span style="background:white"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span><span style="color:black">cela me fait penser aux histoires de la pr&eacute;histoire avec l&rsquo;homme qui va chercher le gibier, [...] &agrave; ces st&eacute;r&eacute;otypes</span> &raquo;<span style="color:black">. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <h2 style="border: none; margin-bottom: 11px;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"><span style="text-transform:uppercase">Les mythes du pouvoir viril de la viande</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h2> <p style="border: none; margin-bottom: 11px; text-align: right; margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">Real<span style="color:black"> men eat meat</span> &raquo; </span></span><a href="#_edn38" name="_ednref38" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">[38]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></span></span></span></p> <p style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">L&rsquo;imagination et la narration d&rsquo;histoire, de r&eacute;cits collectifs et </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">individuels<span style="color:black"> est la composante n&eacute;cessaire &agrave; la p&eacute;rennit&eacute; de l&rsquo;humanit&eacute;. </span><span style="background:white"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span><span style="color:black">L&rsquo;imagination et la fiction ne sont pas de simples attributs de l&rsquo;esp&egrave;ce, mais constituent sa pr&eacute;sence m&ecirc;me au monde</span> &raquo; </span></span><a href="#_edn39" name="_ednref39" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">[39]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">. Ext&eacute;rioriser sa trace, son existence, sur des grottes, des pixels sur </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">T<span style="color:black">ik </span>T<span style="color:black">ok, sur un pinceau ou du textile laisser le temps s&rsquo;&eacute;couler pour inviter une alt&eacute;rit&eacute; post&eacute;rieure &agrave; sa pr&eacute;sence au monde raconter le r&eacute;cit de soi, tel est le propre de l&rsquo;humain. &Agrave; l&rsquo;image de l&rsquo;oxyg&egrave;ne qui remplit nos poumons et nous donne la possibilit&eacute; physique de vivre, nous respirons continuellement des r&eacute;cits et des mythes n&eacute;cessaires au d&eacute;veloppement de soi et du collectif. Autrement dit, le mythe est un des moyens de v&eacute;hiculer l&rsquo;histoire et donc de cimenter la communaut&eacute; dans l&rsquo;espace et le temps, il est une des premi&egrave;res manifestations de la naissance de l&rsquo;humanit&eacute;.&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Un des mythes s&rsquo;articulant autour de l&rsquo;alimentation est celui de M&eacute;tis. En effet, Dans l&rsquo;ouvrage <i>La politique sexuelle de la viande</i> Carol J. Adams met en lumi&egrave;re le mythe de Zeus et M&eacute;tis comme potentiel imaginaire commun occidental amenant &agrave; d&eacute;shumaniser la femme afin de p&eacute;renniser le syst&egrave;me de domination masculin. </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Le mod&egrave;le consistant &agrave; consommer une femme apr&egrave;s l&rsquo;avoir viol&eacute;e, se fonde sur l&rsquo;histoire de Zeus et de M&eacute;tis</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> &raquo; </span></span><a href="#_edn40" name="_ednref40" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[40]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"> En ce sens, l&rsquo;histoire de Zeus et de M&eacute;tis est la suivante : Zeus convoitait M&eacute;tis, cette derni&egrave;re lui &eacute;chappait en se m&eacute;tamorphosant jusqu&#39;&agrave; ce qu&rsquo;il l&rsquo;attrape et qu&rsquo;elle tombe enceinte. Zeus s&#39;unit ainsi &agrave; M&eacute;tis. Cependant, </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">&mdash;<span style="color:black"> suite aux d&eacute;clarations d&rsquo;oracles qui pr&eacute;sageaient qu&rsquo;un fils enfant&eacute; par M&eacute;tis d&eacute;tr&ocirc;nerait Zeus si ce dernier ne la mangeait pas </span>&mdash;<span style="color:black"> M&eacute;tis fut aval&eacute;e par Zeus et ce dernier accoucha d&rsquo;Ath&eacute;na. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Si les mythes permettent de rassembler les individus autour de symboles communs, le mythe de M&eacute;tis retranscrit l&rsquo;id&eacute;e selon laquelle l&rsquo;accomplissement d&rsquo;un d&eacute;sir masculin h&eacute;t&eacute;rosexuel est celui de l&rsquo;appropriation totale du corps f&eacute;minin &agrave; travers son ingurgitation. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">De plus, au sein de ce mythe, le consentement de M&eacute;tis quant &agrave; l&rsquo;acte sexuel avec Zeus n&rsquo;est pas pris en compte. En ne respectant pas le d&eacute;sir de M&eacute;tis, Zeus p&eacute;rennise la culture du viol et transmet la croyance erron&eacute;e et d&eacute;vastatrice suivante : le non peut &ecirc;tre oui. Ainsi, selon ce mythe les vrais hommes ne mangent pas seulement de la viande ils mangent &eacute;galement la femme. Si ce mythe conna&icirc;t une reconnaissance relative de la part du grand public, son impact et ses manifestations traversent nos existences tactiles et nos exp&eacute;riences citadines.</span></span></span> </span></span></span></p> <p style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#222222">Dans le premier &eacute;pisode du </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#222222">C&oelig;ur sur la table &raquo; podcast cr&eacute;&eacute; en 2021 par Victoire Tuaillon, St&eacute;phane Rose essayiste et journaliste fran&ccedil;ais met en &eacute;vidence qu&rsquo;une des acceptions du terme </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#222222">maqu&eacute; &raquo; ou </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#222222">&ecirc;tre maqu&eacute; &raquo; famili&egrave;rement employ&eacute; pour d&eacute;signer le fait d&#39;&ecirc;tre en couple signifie en r&eacute;alit&eacute; &ecirc;tre mang&eacute;. L&rsquo;autre acceptation fait r&eacute;f&eacute;rence, quant &agrave; elle, au </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#222222">maquereau &raquo;. Si l&rsquo;accomplissement amoureux est celui d&#39;ingurgiter notre partenaire, et donc de le consid&eacute;rer par les mots que l&rsquo;on emploie comme un animal comestible, on peut s&#39;interroger sur l&rsquo;extension de cette pratique aux autres liens relationnels, notamment celui que l&rsquo;humain entretient avec la nature.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#222222">Le documentaire Arte <i>L&rsquo;homme a mang&eacute; la terre</i></span></span></span><a href="#_edn41" name="_ednref41" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#222222"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#222222">[41]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#222222"> r&eacute;alis&eacute; par Viallet (2019), par sa simple appellation en est l&rsquo;image. Si au sein du vocabulaire amoureux employ&eacute; existe un d&eacute;sir anthropophagique n&eacute;cessitant la n&eacute;gation de l&rsquo;humanit&eacute; de l&rsquo;alt&eacute;rit&eacute;, afin de le consommer, comme le met en &eacute;vidence Adams dans la politique sexuelle de la viande, &agrave; travers le concept de r&eacute;f&eacute;rent absent, l&rsquo;espace urbain et tactile que nos corps traversent est peupl&eacute; d&rsquo;images o&ugrave; des corps f&eacute;minins sont animalis&eacute;s pour mieux les avaler. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#222222">De plus, l&rsquo;expression avoir le sentiment d&#39;&ecirc;tre pris pour </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#222222">un morceau de viande &raquo; traduit le m&eacute;canisme par lequel le corps des femmes est d&eacute;shumanis&eacute; et animalis&eacute; afin de mieux le contr&ocirc;ler, le ma&icirc;triser et le </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#222222">cuire &raquo; selon ses d&eacute;sirs. &Agrave; ce propos le groupe de pop fran&ccedil;aise </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#222222">LEJ &raquo; a &eacute;crit une chanson nomm&eacute;e </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#222222">la dalle &raquo; d&eacute;non&ccedil;ant &mdash; en endossant le r&ocirc;le de celui qui consomme la chair &mdash; la mani&egrave;re dont les femmes &eacute;taient couramment r&eacute;duites &agrave; un aliment consommable &agrave; travers des remarques &agrave; r&eacute;p&eacute;titions sexistes et d&eacute;gradantes sur leur corps et leur mani&egrave;re de s&rsquo;habiller. </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">J&#39;la prendrai &agrave; point... &Agrave; point</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#222222">. </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">J&#39;la prendrai &agrave; point... &Agrave; point</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#222222">. </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Sur place ou bien &agrave; emporter, je te ferai tourner du bout de mes doigts</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#222222">. </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Douce na&iuml;vet&eacute;, sans vouloir t&#39;offenser, tu ne resteras que mon encas</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> &raquo;</span></span></span><a href="#_edn42" name="_ednref42" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#222222"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#222222">[42]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">De plus, la publicit&eacute; Orangina mettant en sc&egrave;ne des animaux sexualis&eacute;s o&ugrave; la femme est d&eacute;shumanis&eacute;e </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">&mdash; <span style="color:black">au profit d&rsquo;une animalisation</span> <span style="color:black">avec pour slogan </span><span style="background:white"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span><span style="color:black">naturellement pulpeuse</span> <span style="background:white">&raquo;</span> &mdash; <span style="color:black">est l&rsquo;image de la vivacit&eacute; du mythe tragique de M&eacute;tis.&nbsp; En 2015, une publicit&eacute; lanc&eacute;e par la cha&icirc;ne </span>C<span style="color:black">&ocirc;t&eacute; viande expos&eacute;e dans l&rsquo;est du Val d&rsquo;Oise montrait une femme en sous</span>-<span style="color:black">v&ecirc;tement portant une pi&egrave;ce de viande avec pour slogan </span><span style="background:white"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span><span style="color:black">retrouvez les meilleurs plans crus pr&egrave;s de chez vous !</span> <span style="background:white">&raquo;</span><span style="color:black">. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Si l&#39;app&eacute;tit d&rsquo;un homme et sa faim sont jug&eacute;es l&eacute;gitimes, si l&rsquo;homme mange symboliquement volontiers la femme, une femme qui a faim semble dangereuse ; </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">les app&eacute;tits sexuels des femmes doivent &ecirc;tre contr&ocirc;l&eacute;s car ils menacent d&rsquo;&eacute;puiser et de d&eacute;vorer le corps et l&#39;&acirc;me de l&rsquo;homme</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> <span style="background:white">&raquo;</span></span></span><a href="#_edn43" name="_ednref43" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">[43]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">. En effet, au sein de la Bible premi&egrave;re fiction jud&eacute;o-chr&eacute;tienne, Eve qui choisit de transgresser la volont&eacute; de Dieu en mangeant la pomme est punie et condamn&eacute;e &agrave; la privation, la soumission, la douleur, et l&rsquo;enfantement. Eve serait donc l&rsquo;image de cette culture de la privation alimentaire f&eacute;minine o&ugrave; manger repr&eacute;sente un danger, une lutte, un combat elle est </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">repr&eacute;sentative du m&eacute;canisme social et culturel qui perdure jusqu&#39;&agrave; aujourd&#39;hui, et qui consiste &agrave; contr&ocirc;ler la nutrition et l&rsquo;app&eacute;tit des femmes</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> <span style="background:white">&raquo;</span></span></span><a href="#_edn44" name="_ednref44" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[44]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Les mythes accentuent donc le fait que manger est un privil&egrave;ge masculin. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Ainsi, si les mythes alimentant nos imaginaires s&rsquo;inscrivent dans le r&eacute;el, les croyances autour des individus v&eacute;g&eacute;tariens impr&egrave;gnent nos repr&eacute;sentations. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">En 1906, Irving Fisher compara l&rsquo;endurance entre les athl&egrave;tes mangeurs de chairs et les athl&egrave;tes v&eacute;g&eacute;tariens. Il en arriva &agrave; la conclusion que </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">les </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">v&eacute;g&eacute;tariens, qu&#39;ils<span style="color:black"> soient ou non des </span>athl&egrave;tes, <span style="color:black">poss&eacute;daient une meilleure endurance que les mangeurs de chairs </span><span style="background:white">&raquo;</span> </span></span><a href="#_edn45" name="_ednref45" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[45]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">. De plus, </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">M&ecirc;me le record maximal des consommateurs de viande d&eacute;passait &agrave; peine la moiti&eacute; de la moyenne pour les participants s&rsquo;abstenant de chair</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> <span style="background:white">&raquo;</span></span></span><a href="#_edn46" name="_ednref46" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[46]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Ainsi, la repr&eacute;sentation r&eacute;pandue selon laquelle &ecirc;tre v&eacute;g&eacute;tarien nous rendrait plus faible physiquement est remise en question &agrave; travers cette exp&eacute;rience. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">En ce sens, il para&icirc;t l&eacute;gitime de s&#39;interroger sur les facteurs qui alimentent cette id&eacute;e re&ccedil;ue&nbsp;: l&rsquo;association essentialiste entre la proximit&eacute; des femmes avec la nature et le langage.&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <h2 style="border: none; text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 11px;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"><span style="text-transform:uppercase">Imaginaire autour des v&eacute;g&eacute;tariens&nbsp;: l&rsquo;association essentialiste entre la proximit&eacute; des femmes avec la nature et analyse sociolinguistique</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h2> <p style="border: none; margin-bottom: 11px; text-align: right; margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span arial="" style="font-family:">La diff&eacute;rence qu&rsquo;il y a entre l&rsquo;homme et la femme est celle qu&rsquo;il y a entre l&rsquo;animal et la plante. L&rsquo;animal correspond davantage au temp&eacute;rament masculin, la plante davantage &agrave; celui de la femme car la femme a davantage un d&eacute;veloppement paisible &raquo;</span></span></span><a href="#_edn47" name="_ednref47" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[47]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Malgr&eacute; la hargne avec laquelle Simone de Beauvoir dans son ouvrage le <i>Deuxi&egrave;me sexe</i></span></span></span><a href="#_edn48" name="_ednref48" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">[48]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"> a d&eacute;montr&eacute; la dimension constructiviste des rapports sociaux de genre avec cette phrase fondatrice &laquo;&nbsp;on ne na&icirc;t pas femme on le devient&nbsp;&raquo;, l&rsquo;id&eacute;e selon laquelle la femme serait plus proche de la nature que l&rsquo;homme semble perdurer dans les soci&eacute;t&eacute;s occidentales. Charles Baudelaire &eacute;crivait </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">la femme est naturelle c&rsquo;est &agrave; dire abominable </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span arial="" style="font-family:">&raquo;</span></span></span><a href="#_edn49" name="_ednref49" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[49]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">. Jules Renard quant &agrave; lui ajoutait </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo;</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"> Appelons la femme un bel animal sans fourrure dont la peau est tr&egrave;s recherch&eacute;e </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span arial="" style="font-family:">&raquo;</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Le caract&egrave;re essentialiste de la proximit&eacute; de la femme &agrave; la Nature </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">&mdash;<span style="color:black"> et donc de la consommation v&eacute;g&eacute;tale </span>&mdash; a<span style="color:black"> travers&eacute; les cultures occidentales et les ann&eacute;es. En effet, comme le met en lumi&egrave;re Susan Griffin (2019) dans son ouvrage </span><i><span style="background:white"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">La </span></span>F<span style="color:black">emme et la nature</span></i></span></span><a href="#_edn50" name="_ednref50" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[50]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">, nombre de penseurs ayant forg&eacute; nos repr&eacute;sentations et nos grilles d&rsquo;analyse tels que Sartre, Hegel, Descartes ou Kant se sont &eacute;vertu&eacute;s &agrave; construire une opposition entre nature et raison, conscience et libert&eacute; o&ugrave; la dichotomie femme nature et homme culture est pr&eacute;sente. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Nonobstant, en occident, l&rsquo;association de la femme et la terre est s&eacute;culaire, la litt&eacute;rature de la renaissance notamment contient </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">des centaines d&rsquo;images associant la nature, la mati&egrave;re et la terre au sexe f&eacute;minin. La terre &eacute;tait vivante et consid&eacute;r&eacute;e comme une femme bienfaisante, sensible et nourrici&egrave;re </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span arial="" style="font-family:">&raquo;</span></span></span><a href="#_edn51" name="_ednref51" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[51]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">.</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> <span style="color:black">Enfantant en son s</span>e<span style="color:black">in les </span>&ecirc;tres<span style="color:black"> de demain, l&rsquo;imaginaire occidental de la terre est celui d&rsquo;une m&egrave;re nourrissant le vivant. De plus, la pens&eacute;e animiste de l&rsquo;&eacute;poque &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;gard de la nature favorisait l&rsquo;&eacute;mergence d&rsquo;une image personnifi&eacute;e de la faune et de flore. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Cependant, si l&rsquo;origine de toute forme vivante est celle du ventre de la terre, comment les femmes nourries par cet imaginaire peuvent-elles se nourrir des mets qu&rsquo;elles ont elles-m&ecirc;mes enfant&eacute;es ? Existe-t-il un lien entre la personnification f&eacute;minine de la terre et les luttes majoritairement compos&eacute;es de femmes de d&eacute;fense de la terre et des droits animaux ? </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Notre imaginaire collectif occidental est ainsi peupl&eacute; d&rsquo;images de femmes proches de la nature </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">les images d&rsquo;une connexion particuli&egrave;re entre les femmes et la nature pullulent </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span arial="" style="font-family:">&raquo;</span></span></span><a href="#_edn52" name="_ednref52" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[52]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"> tel que dans les films </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Pocahontas </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span arial="" style="font-family:">&raquo;</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">, </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Avatar </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span arial="" style="font-family:">&raquo;</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">, </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Vaiana</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> <span style="background:white">&raquo;</span><span style="color:black"> ou m</span>&ecirc;<span style="color:black">me dans </span><span style="background:white"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span><span style="color:black">Cendrillon</span> <span style="background:white">&raquo;</span><span style="color:black">, o&ugrave; il ne nous parait pas incoh&eacute;rent qu&rsquo;une femme puisse discourir avec des oiseaux et des souris. En revanche, on s&rsquo;&eacute;tonnerait tr&egrave;s certainement de trouver un homme s&rsquo;atteler &agrave; de telles activit&eacute;s. Susan Griffin (2019) &eacute;voque cette id&eacute;e en &eacute;crivant </span><span style="background:white"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span><span style="color:black">Et lorsque nous apprenons, dans le chant </span>N<span style="color:black">avajo de la montagne, qu&rsquo;un homme adulte s&rsquo;assoit pour fumer avec les ours et qu&rsquo;il suit les indications que lui donnent les &eacute;cureuils nous sommes surpris : nous pensons que seules les petites filles parlaient aux animaux </span><span style="background:white">&raquo;</span></span></span><a href="#_edn53" name="_ednref53" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">[53]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Ainsi, l&rsquo;association femme et nature est une construction sociale, elle n&rsquo;est donc pas universalisable. Dans son ouvrage <i>Masculin/F&eacute;minin. La pens&eacute;e de la diff&eacute;rence</i></span></span></span><a href="#_edn54" name="_ednref54" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">[54]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">,</span></span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"> Fran&ccedil;oise H&eacute;ritier met en &eacute;vidence que chez les Inuits, l&rsquo;homme est associ&eacute; &agrave; la nature, au froid et au cru tandis que les femmes &agrave; la culture au cuit et au chaud. Cette association est &eacute;galement observ&eacute;e chez les Siriono du Br&eacute;sil. N&eacute;anmoins, en France, parmi les v&eacute;g&eacute;tariens 72% sont des femmes et 28 % sont des Hommes selon une &eacute;tude men&eacute;e par les plateformes de repas Seazon et FoodCheri reprise par Bertrand</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> (2018)</span></span><a href="#_edn55" name="_ednref55" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[55]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Si un des facteurs pouvant expliquer cet &eacute;cart est la crainte pour l&rsquo;homme d&#39;&ecirc;tre &eacute;mascul&eacute; et donc de perdre son identit&eacute; de genre, les symboles, images et repr&eacute;sentations alimentent cet &eacute;cart. En effet, </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">nous nous nourrissons de nutriments mais aussi d&rsquo;imaginaire</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> <span style="background:white">&raquo;</span></span></span><a href="#_edn56" name="_ednref56" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">[56]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">. Dans </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">La dialectique de la raison</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> <span style="background:white">&raquo;</span><span style="color:black">, Theodor Adorno et Max Horkheimer (1974) &eacute;crivent </span><span style="background:white"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span><span style="color:black">La femme en tant que repr&eacute;sentante de la nature est devenue un symbole &eacute;nigmatique</span></span></span><a href="#_edn57" name="_ednref57" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">[57]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"> [...], le symbole de la fonction biologique de la nature</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> <span style="background:white">&raquo;</span></span></span><a href="#_edn58" name="_ednref58" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">[58]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">. Ainsi, &agrave; l&rsquo;image de l&rsquo;aphorisme du gastronome Jean-Anthelme Brillat-Savarin, si je suis ce que je mange, je mange &eacute;galement ce que je suis. Si en tant que femme nous sommes consid&eacute;r&eacute;es symboliquement dans les soci&eacute;t&eacute;s occidentales comme davantage proches des plantes (comme l&rsquo;&eacute;crit Hegel) ces imaginaires vont se traduire dans le r&eacute;el. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">En ce sens,<span style="color:black"> il n&rsquo;est pas &eacute;tonnant de constater </span>&mdash; <span style="color:black">comme nous l&rsquo;avons montr&eacute; dans la premi&egrave;re partie de cette grande partie </span>&mdash;<span style="color:black"> une consommation de viande plus &eacute;lev&eacute;e chez les hommes que chez les femmes. En effet, le rapport de l</span>&rsquo;ANS de juin 2017</span></span><a href="#_edn59" name="_ednref59" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[59]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> a mis en &eacute;vidence que les hommes en France mangent deux fois plus de viande que les femmes.<span style="color:black"> Ainsi, une des mani&egrave;res de r&eacute;duire la consommation de viande au sein d&rsquo;un pays </span>&mdash;<span style="color:black"> qui est selon le GIEC, responsable de 14% des &eacute;missions de gaz &agrave; effet de serre</span> &mdash; <span style="color:black">est de cr&eacute;er de nouveaux r&eacute;cits o&ugrave; les films, les livres, les photographies diffuseraient des images o&ugrave; des gar&ccedil;ons et des filles seraient proches de la nature et contribueraient &agrave; son &eacute;panouissement, sa protection et sa p&eacute;rennit&eacute;. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">N&eacute;anmoins, nos imaginaires sont construits &eacute;galement par notre langage et en &eacute;tudiant leur &eacute;tymologie nous &eacute;tudions leur origines et l&rsquo;impact de leur pass&eacute; sur le pr&eacute;sent. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">En anglais, selon <i>l&rsquo;American Heritage Dictionary </i></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">le mot <i>meat</i> repr&eacute;sente l&rsquo;essence ou la part principale de quelque chose </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span arial="" style="font-family:">&raquo;</span></span></span><a href="#_edn60" name="_ednref60" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[60]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"> . On dit par exemple </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">the meat of the matter</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> <span style="background:white">&raquo;</span><span style="color:black"> signifiant le fond du probl&egrave;me. De plus, l&rsquo;utilisation </span><span style="background:white"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span><i><span style="color:black">to beef up</span></i> <span style="background:white">&raquo; </span><span style="color:black">quelque chose </span>&mdash; <span style="color:black">o&ugrave; <i>beef</i> signifie </span>b&oelig;uf &mdash; <span style="color:black">signifie l&rsquo;am&eacute;liorer, le muscler, le renforcer.&nbsp; En fran&ccedil;ais viande vient du latin <i>vivenda </i>signifiant </span><span style="background:white"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span><span style="color:black">ce qui sert la vie</span> <span style="background:white">&raquo;</span><span style="color:black">. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">La viande en anglais ou en fran&ccedil;ais est donc associ&eacute;e &agrave; la profondeur, l&rsquo;essentiel, ce qui est primordial pour avancer, se d&eacute;velopper et grandir paisiblement. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Bien que le terme l&eacute;gume &eacute;tymologiquement vient du latin </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span></span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">legumen</span></span></span></i> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span arial="" style="font-family:">&raquo;</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"> signifiant plante &agrave; gousse, </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">&ecirc;tre un l&eacute;gume</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> <span style="background:white">&raquo;</span><span style="color:black"> est une expression qui implicitement fait comprendre &agrave; l&rsquo;auditeur que consommer un l&eacute;gume c&rsquo;est &ecirc;tre un l&eacute;gume donc c&rsquo;est devenir mou, inactif. En effet, selon la loi de contagion principe composant la magie sympathique </span>&mdash; <span style="color:black">conceptualis&eacute; par les ethnologues Edward Tylor et James George Frazer au XIX<sup>e</sup> </span>&mdash;<span style="color:black"> &laquo;</span> <span style="color:black">en absorbant un aliment, j&rsquo;en acquiert les propri&eacute;t&eacute;s et les vertus</span> <span style="background:white">&raquo;</span></span></span><a href="#_edn61" name="_ednref61" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[61]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Dans cette logique, si je mange de la viande je choisis la vie plut&ocirc;t que la mort de l&#39;&acirc;me, l&rsquo;activit&eacute; &agrave; la passivit&eacute;, l&rsquo;am&eacute;lioration &agrave; la r&eacute;gression. De plus, v&eacute;g&eacute;ter dans le sens moderne signifie mal pousser, cro&icirc;tre avec difficult&eacute;. &Ecirc;tre dans un &eacute;tat v&eacute;g&eacute;tatif d&eacute;finit une personne comportant une </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">absence de toute activit&eacute; consciente d&eacute;celable alors m&ecirc;me que le sujet est en &eacute;tat de veille</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> <span style="background:white">&raquo;</span><span style="color:black"> (Larousse)</span></span></span><a href="#_edn62" name="_ednref62" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">[62]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">. Ainsi au sein de notre langage manger des l&eacute;gumes ne rendrait pas seulement inactif mais &eacute;galement inconscient, cela nous d&eacute;shumaniserait.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Cette pens&eacute;e est corrobor&eacute;e par l&rsquo;id&eacute;e re&ccedil;ue et la croyance erron&eacute;e selon laquelle </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">les v&eacute;g&eacute;tarien.nes et les v&eacute;ganes sont faibles et apathiques, car en s&rsquo;abstenant de manger de la viande ils et elles n&rsquo;absorberaient pas la force de l&rsquo;animal </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span arial="" style="font-family:">&raquo;</span></span></span> <a href="#_edn63" name="_ednref63" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">[63]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">. De plus, selon Carol J. Adams </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Le mot l&eacute;gume fait office de synonyme pour la passivit&eacute; des femmes, car celles-ci sont cens&eacute;es ressembler &agrave; des plantes</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> <span style="background:white">&raquo;</span> </span></span><a href="#_edn64" name="_ednref64" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">[64]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <h2 style="border: none; text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 11px;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"><span style="text-transform:uppercase">Conclusion </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h2> <p style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">En somme, &agrave; travers les pratiques alimentaires se sculptent nos corps, nos aspirations, nos esp&eacute;rances et le monde que nous construisons. </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Les corps sont des textes o&ugrave; les diff&eacute;rents r&eacute;gimes de pouvoir ont inscrit leurs prescriptions </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span arial="" style="font-family:">&raquo;</span></span></span><a href="#_edn65" name="_ednref65" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[65]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">. Les corps portent en eux les marques physiques ou psychologiques des syst&egrave;mes d&#39;oppressions, des violences, des peines, des plaisirs r&eacute;gis et orchestr&eacute;s en partie par le mode de gouvernance qu&rsquo;est le r&eacute;gime alimentaire.&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Au regard des &eacute;l&eacute;ments th&eacute;oriques et de terrain, l&rsquo;hypoth&egrave;se selon laquelle l&rsquo;alimentation carn&eacute;e structure les rapports sociaux de genre semble &ecirc;tre confirm&eacute;e. Les mythes du pouvoir viril de la viande rel&eacute;gu&eacute;s &agrave; travers la publicit&eacute; ou les m&eacute;dias en g&eacute;n&eacute;raux v&eacute;hiculent l&rsquo;image selon laquelle les codes alimentaires diff&egrave;rent en fonction de notre genre. &Agrave; l&rsquo;image des coutumes vestimentaires variant selon le genre o&ugrave; les hommes pr&eacute;f&egrave;rent davantage porter des pantalons que des robes, la nourriture est un habillage refl&eacute;tant la volont&eacute; des groupes sociaux de se diff&eacute;rencier de leur genre oppos&eacute;. La viande n&rsquo;est pas qu&rsquo;un simple animal mort, la viande n&rsquo;est pas qu&rsquo;une substance, son ingurgitation davantage masculine que f&eacute;minine en France est le continuum de pratiques alimentaires de la masculinit&eacute; h&eacute;g&eacute;monique. Autrement dit, sans chair animale on ne peut &ecirc;tre homme car la chair animale v&eacute;hicule la force n&eacute;cessaire au maintien de la virilit&eacute;. La viande structure l&rsquo;ordre alimentaire genr&eacute;e o&ugrave; la gouvernance s&rsquo;exerce par la substance alimentaire aval&eacute; par sa quantit&eacute; et par la charge mentale alimentaire s&rsquo;immis&ccedil;ant majoritairement dans l&rsquo;esprit des femmes. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">&Agrave; l&rsquo;heure de la sixi&egrave;me extinction de masse o&ugrave; les &eacute;missions de gaz &agrave; effet de serre des hommes seraient sup&eacute;rieure de 41% &agrave; celle des femmes &laquo;&nbsp;en raison de diff&eacute;rence dans la consommation de viande&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span></span><a href="#_edn66" name="_ednref66" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">[66]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">, l&rsquo;enjeu serait d&rsquo;arriver &agrave; dessiner de nouvelles toiles, des contres r&eacute;cits o&ugrave; la trag&eacute;die d&rsquo;Eve est r&eacute;invent&eacute;e au profit d&rsquo;un &ecirc;tre ensemble connectif que procurent les mets partag&eacute;s. </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#1a1a1a">&laquo; </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">D&egrave;s qu&rsquo;elle aura mang&eacute; le fruit sa taille se d&eacute;veloppera, elle grandira, ses pieds ne quitteront pas le sol tandis que son front touchera les &eacute;toiles</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> [&hellip;] ses yeux deviendront pales comme des lunes, elle aura la connaissance </span></span><a href="#_edn67" name="_ednref67" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[67]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Bibliographie </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">ADAMS J., <i>La politique sexuelle de la viande : une th&eacute;orie critique f&eacute;ministe v&eacute;g&eacute;tarienne</i>. Lausanne, L&rsquo;&acirc;ge d&rsquo;homme, 2016 (1990).</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">ANS., &laquo;&nbsp;Etude individuelle nationale des consommations alimentaires 3 (INCA 3)&nbsp;&raquo;, 2017. URL&nbsp;: </span></span><a href="https://www.anses.fr/fr/system/files/NUT2014SA0234Ra.pdf" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">https://www.anses.fr/fr/system/files/NUT2014SA0234Ra.pdf</span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"> (consult&eacute; le 04/04/23).</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">BARTHES R., <i>Mythologies</i>, Paris, Points, 2014 (1957).</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">-, &laquo;&nbsp;Pour une psycho-sociologie de l&rsquo;alimentation contemporaine&nbsp;&raquo;,<i> Annales. Economies, soci&eacute;t&eacute;s, civilisations</i>, n&deg;5, 1961, pp. 997-986.</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">BAUDELAIRE C., <i>Mon c&oelig;ur mis &agrave; nu</i>, Paris, Robert Laffont, coll. &laquo;&nbsp;bouquins&nbsp;&raquo;, 2004 (1887) p. 406.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">BENAZET HEUGENHAUSER E., &laquo;&nbsp;Les femmes qui mangent sont dangereuses&nbsp;&raquo; in la D&eacute;ferlante, Paris, 2021, p. 105.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">BOUAZZOUNI N., <i>Steaksisme</i>, Paris, Nouriturfu, 2021, p. 33.</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">BOURDIEU P., <i>La distinction&nbsp;: critique sociale du jugement</i>, Paris, Edition de Minuit, 1979.</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">BRIGHTMAN R., &laquo;&nbsp;The sexual division of foraging Labor&nbsp;: Biology, Taboo and Gdenr Politics&nbsp;&raquo;, <i>Comparative Studies in Society and History</i>, n&deg;4, 1996, pp. 687-729.</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">CARDON P, DEPECKER T, PLESSZ M., <i>Sociologie de l&rsquo;alimentation</i>, Paris, Armand Colin, 2019.</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">CAROF S., &laquo;&nbsp;Le r&eacute;gime amaigrissant&nbsp;: une pratique in&eacute;galitaire&nbsp;?&nbsp;&raquo;,<i> journal des anthropologues, </i>n&deg;140-141, 2015, pp. 213-233.</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">DE BEAUVOIR S., <i>Le deuxi&egrave;me sexe I</i>, Paris, Gallimard, coll. &laquo;&nbsp;Folio essais&nbsp;&raquo;, 1976 (1949).</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">DE SAINT POL T., &laquo;&nbsp;Les &eacute;volutions de l&rsquo;alimentation et de sa sociologie au regard des in&eacute;galit&eacute;s sociales&nbsp;&raquo;, <i>Revue l&rsquo;ann&eacute;e sociologique</i>, n&deg;67, 2017/1, pp. 11-22.</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">DIASO N, FIDOLINI V., &laquo;&nbsp;Garder le cap. Corps, masculinit&eacute; et pratiques alimentaires &agrave;&nbsp;<span style="color:black">&ldquo;</span>l&rsquo;&acirc;ge critique<span style="color:black">&rdquo;</span>&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">FEDERICI S., <i>Par-del&agrave; les fronti&egrave;res du corps</i>, Paris, Divergentes, coll. &laquo;&nbsp;Hors collection&nbsp;&raquo;, 2020, p. 77.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">FOURNIER T, JARTY J, LAPEYRE N, TOURAILLE P, &laquo;&nbsp;L&rsquo;alimentation, arme du genre&nbsp;&raquo;, <i>Journal des anthropologues</i>, 140-141, 2015, pp 19-49.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">GERMAIN S., <i>L&rsquo;Enfant M&eacute;duse</i>, Paris, Gallimard, coll. &laquo;&nbsp;Folio&nbsp;&raquo;, 1991.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">GRIFFIN S., <i>La femme et la nature&nbsp;: le rugissement en son sein</i>, Paris, Le pommier, 2021 (1978).</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">HACHE E., <i>Reclaim</i>, Paris, Cambourakis, coll. &laquo;&nbsp;Cambourakis <span style="color:black">&ldquo;</span>sorci&egrave;res<span style="color:black">&rdquo;</span>&raquo;, 2016, p. 140.</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">HAICAULT M., &laquo;&nbsp;La charge mentale. Histoire d&rsquo;une notion charni&egrave;re&nbsp;(1976-2020), 2020, pp. 1-3. URL&nbsp;: </span></span><a href="https://hal.science/hal-02881589/document" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">https://hal.science/hal-02881589/document</span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"> (consult&eacute; le 1/04/23).</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">HEGEL G, W, F., <i>Principe de la philosophie du droit</i>, Paris, Gallimard, 2006 (1820), p. 205.</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">HERITIER F., <i>Masculin/F&eacute;minin I&nbsp;: La pens&eacute;e de la diff&eacute;rence</i>, Paris, Odile Jacob, coll. &laquo;&nbsp;Poche Odile Jacob&nbsp;&raquo;, 2012. </span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">HOLLY BRUBACH BY., &laquo;&nbsp;Real men eat meat&nbsp;&raquo;, The New York Times, 2008. URL&nbsp;: </span></span><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/09/style/tmagazine/09brubach.html" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/09/style/tmagazine/09brubach.html</span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"> (consult&eacute; le 04/04/23).</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">HORKHEIMER M, ADORNO T., <i>La dialectique de la raison</i>, Paris, Gallimard, coll. &laquo;&nbsp;Tel&nbsp;&raquo;, 1983 (1944), p. 84.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">LACAZE G., &laquo;&nbsp;Le maigre f&eacute;minin et le gras viril chez les mongols&nbsp;&raquo;, <i>Journal des anthropologues</i>, n&deg;140-141, 2015 pp.173-191.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">LAROUSSE &laquo;&nbsp;&eacute;tat v&eacute;g&eacute;tatif chronique&nbsp;&raquo; URL&nbsp;: </span></span><a href="https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/medical/%C3%A9tat_v%C3%A9g%C3%A9tatif_chronique/12951#:~:text=%C3%89tat%20d%C3%A9fini%20par%20l'absence,du%20fonctionnement%20du%20tronc%20c%C3%A9r%C3%A9bral." style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/medical/%C3%A9tat_v%C3%A9g%C3%A9tatif_chronique/12951#:~:text=%C3%89tat%20d%C3%A9fini%20par%20l&#39;absence,du%20fonctionnement%20du%20tronc%20c%C3%A9r%C3%A9bral.</span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"> (consult&eacute; le 04/04/23)</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">LEJ., &laquo;&nbsp;La dalle&nbsp;&raquo;, 2015. URL&nbsp;: </span></span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RaK8HLqMPA8" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RaK8HLqMPA8</span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"> (consult&eacute; le 04/04/23).</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">LEVIS-STRAUSS C., <i>Mythologie **** L&rsquo;Homme nu</i>, Paris, Plon, 1971.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">LOUVARD A., &laquo;&nbsp;Pourquoi les &ecirc;tres humains se racontent-ils des histoires&nbsp;?&nbsp;&raquo; in Socialter, Paris, 2020, pp. 34-37.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">MORALDO D., &laquo;&nbsp;Raewyn Connell, Masculinit&eacute;s. Enjeux sociaux de l&rsquo;h&eacute;g&eacute;monie&nbsp;&raquo;, 2014, pp. 1-11. URL&nbsp;:&nbsp; </span></span><a href="https://journals.openedition.org/lectures/13753" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">https://journals.openedition.org/lectures/13753</span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"> , (consult&eacute; le 31/03/23)</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">OBS., &laquo;&nbsp;En France, le v&eacute;g&eacute;tarien est plut&ocirc;t&hellip; une femme trentenaire&nbsp;&raquo;, 2018. URL&nbsp;: </span></span><a href="https://o.nouvelobs.com/food/20180703.OBS9086/en-france-le-vegetarien-est-plutot-une-femme-trentenaire.html" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">https://o.nouvelobs.com/food/20180703.OBS9086/en-france-le-vegetarien-est-plutot-une-femme-trentenaire.html</span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"> (consult&eacute; le 04/04/2023).</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">OECD., &laquo;&nbsp;Balancing paid word, unpaid work and leisure&nbsp;&raquo;, 2018. URL&nbsp;: </span></span><a href="https://www.oecd.org/gender/balancing-paid-work-unpaid-work-and-leisure.htm" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">https://www.oecd.org/gender/balancing-paid-work-unpaid-work-and-leisure.htm</span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"> (consult&eacute; le 31/03/23).</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">PATOU-MATHIS M., <i>L&rsquo;Homme pr&eacute;historique est aussi une femme</i>, Paris, Allary Editions, 2021, p. 140</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">PEASE B., &laquo;&nbsp;Masculinisme, changement climatique et catastrophes produites par les hommes. Vers une r&eacute;ponse environnementale prof&eacute;ministe&nbsp;&raquo; in Nouvelles questions f&eacute;ministes, Lausanne, Antipodes, 2021.</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">RIPPIN HL. (dir.), &laquo;&nbsp;Variations in greenhouse gas emissions of individual diets&nbsp;: Associations between the greenhouse gas emissions and nutrient intake in the United Kingdom&nbsp;&raquo;, <i>Plos one</i>, n&deg;16, 2021, pp. 1-12.</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">SALL R., &laquo;&nbsp;A qui profite le steak&nbsp;&raquo;, <i>in La d&eacute;ferlante</i>, Paris, 2021</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">STEPHENS-DAVIDOWITZ S., &laquo;&nbsp;Google, Tell me. Is my son a genius&nbsp;?&nbsp;&raquo; The New York Times, 2014, URL&nbsp;: </span></span><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/19/opinion/sunday/google-tell-me-is-my-son-a-genius.html" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/19/opinion/sunday/google-tell-me-is-my-son-a-genius.html</span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"> (consult&eacute; le 4/04/23)</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">VIALLET JR., &laquo;&nbsp;L&rsquo;homme a mang&eacute; la Terre&nbsp;&raquo;, ARTE, 2019. URL&nbsp;: </span></span><a href="https://boutique.arte.tv/detail/l-homme-a-mange-la-terre" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">https://boutique.arte.tv/detail/l-homme-a-mange-la-terre</span></span></a></span></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">WITTIG M., Les Gu&eacute;rill&egrave;res, Paris, Minuit, coll. &laquo;&nbsp;Double&nbsp;&raquo;, 2019, (1969), p. 70-71.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">WOOLF V., <i>Une chambre &agrave; soi</i>, Paris, 10/18, coll. &laquo;&nbsp;Biblioth&egrave;ques 10-18&nbsp;&raquo;, 2001 (1929).</span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <div>&nbsp; <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="edn1"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref1" name="_edn1" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> GERMAIN S., <i>L&rsquo;Enfant M&eacute;duse</i>, Paris, Gallimard, coll. &laquo;&nbsp;Folio&nbsp;&raquo;, 1991, p. 41.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn2"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref2" name="_edn2" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> OECD., &laquo;&nbsp;Balancing paid word, unpaid work and leisure&nbsp;&raquo;, 2018. URL&nbsp;: </span></span><a href="https://www.oecd.org/gender/balancing-paid-work-unpaid-work-and-leisure.htm" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">https://www.oecd.org/gender/balancing-paid-work-unpaid-work-and-leisure.htm</span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> (consult&eacute; le 31/03/23)</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn3"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref3" name="_edn3" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> DE SAINT POL T., &laquo;&nbsp;Les &eacute;volutions de l&rsquo;alimentation et de sa sociologie au regard des in&eacute;galit&eacute;s sociales&nbsp;&raquo;, <i>Revue l&rsquo;ann&eacute;e sociologique</i>, n&deg;67, 2017/1, pp. 11-22.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn4"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref4" name="_edn4" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> BARTHES R., &laquo;&nbsp;Pour une psycho-sociologie de l&rsquo;alimentation contemporaine&nbsp;&raquo;,<i> Annales. Economies, soci&eacute;t&eacute;s, civilisations</i>, n&deg;5, 1961, p. 979.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn5"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref5" name="_edn5" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> LEVIS-STRAUSS C., <i>Mythologie **** L&rsquo;Homme nu</i>, Paris, Plon, 1971.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn6"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref6" name="_edn6" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> BARTHES R., Mythologies, Paris, Points, 2014 (1957).</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn7"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref7" name="_edn7" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> PEASE B., &laquo;&nbsp;Masculinisme, changement climatique et catastrophes produites par les hommes. Vers une r&eacute;ponse environnementale prof&eacute;ministe&nbsp;&raquo; in Nouvelles questions f&eacute;ministes, Lausanne, Antipodes, 2021.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn8"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref8" name="_edn8" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> MORALDO D., &laquo;&nbsp;Raewyn Connell, Masculinit&eacute;s. Enjeux sociaux de l&rsquo;h&eacute;g&eacute;monie&nbsp;&raquo;, 2014, pp. 1-11. URL&nbsp;:&nbsp; </span></span><a href="https://journals.openedition.org/lectures/13753" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">https://journals.openedition.org/lectures/13753</span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> , (consult&eacute; le 31/03/23)</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn9"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref9" name="_edn9" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> DIASO N, FIDOLINI V., &laquo;&nbsp;Garder le cap. Corps, masculinit&eacute; et pratiques alimentaires &agrave;&nbsp;<span style="color:black">&ldquo;</span>l&rsquo;&acirc;ge critique<span style="color:black">&rdquo;</span>&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn10"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref10" name="_edn10" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> FOURNIER T, JARTY J, LAPEYRE N, TOURAILLE P, &laquo;&nbsp;L&rsquo;alimentation, arme du genre&nbsp;&raquo;, <i>Journal des anthropologues</i>, 140-141, 2015, pp 19-49.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn11"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref11" name="_edn11" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> CARDON P, DEPECKER T, PLESSZ M. Sociologie de l&rsquo;alimentation, Paris, Armand Colin, 2019.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn12"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref12" name="_edn12" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> HAICAULT M., &laquo;&nbsp;La charge mentale. Histoire d&rsquo;une notion charni&egrave;re&nbsp;(1976-2020), 2020, pp. 1-3. URL&nbsp;: </span></span><a href="https://hal.science/hal-02881589/document" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">https://hal.science/hal-02881589/document</span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> (consult&eacute; le 1/04/23).</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn13"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref13" name="_edn13" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> BOURDIEU P., <i>La distinction&nbsp;: critique sociale du jugement</i>, Paris, Edition de Minuit, 1979.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn14"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref14" name="_edn14" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> SALL R., &laquo;&nbsp;A qui profite le steak&nbsp;&raquo;, <i>in La d&eacute;ferlante</i>, Paris, 2021</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn15"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref15" name="_edn15" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> FOURNIER T, JARTY J, LAPEYRE N, TOURAILLE P.,&nbsp;op. cit., p. 25.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn16"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref16" name="_edn16" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> BRIGHTMAN R., &laquo;&nbsp;The sexual division of foraging Labor&nbsp;: Biology, Taboo and Gdenr Politics&nbsp;&raquo;, <i>Comparative Studies in Society and History</i>, n&deg;4, 1996, pp. 687-729.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn17"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref17" name="_edn17" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> FOURNIER T, JARTY J, LAPEYRE N, TOURAILLE P.,&nbsp;op. cit., p. 30.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn18"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref18" name="_edn18" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> Idem, p. 31</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn19"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref19" name="_edn19" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[19]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> LACAZE G., &laquo;&nbsp;Le maigre f&eacute;minin et le gras viril chez les mongols&nbsp;&raquo;, <i>Journal des anthropologues</i>, n&deg;140-141, 2015 pp.173-191</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn20"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref20" name="_edn20" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[20]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> FOURNIER T, JARTY J, LAPEYRE N, TOURAILLE P.,&nbsp;op. cit., p. 31</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoEndnoteText">&nbsp;</p> </div> <div id="edn21"> <p style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref21" name="_edn21" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[21]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> ADAMS C. J., <i>La politique sexuelle de la viande : une th&eacute;orie critique f&eacute;ministe v&eacute;g&eacute;tarienne</i>. Lausanne, L&rsquo;&acirc;ge d&rsquo;homme, 2016 (1990) p. 72.</span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn22"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref22" name="_edn22" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[22]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> Idem, p. 73.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn23"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref23" name="_edn23" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[23]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> BENAZET HEUGENHAUSER E., &laquo;&nbsp;Les femmes qui mangent sont dangereuses&nbsp;&raquo; in <i>La D&eacute;ferlante</i>, Paris, 2021</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">, p. 106.</span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn24"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref24" name="_edn24" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[24]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> CAROF S., Le r&eacute;gime amaigrissant&nbsp;: une pratique in&eacute;galitaire&nbsp;?&nbsp;&raquo;,<i> journal des anthropologues, </i>n&deg;140-141, 2015, pp. 213-233.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn25"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref25" name="_edn25" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[25]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> FOURNIER T, JARTY J, LAPEYRE N, TOURAILLE P.,&nbsp;<i> </i>op. cit., p. 38.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn26"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref26" name="_edn26" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[26]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> BOUAZZOUNI N., <i>Steaksisme,</i> Paris, Nouriturfu, 2021, p. 33.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn27"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref27" name="_edn27" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[27]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> STEPHENS-DAVIDOWITZ S., &laquo;&nbsp;Google, Tell me. Is my son a genius&nbsp;?&nbsp;&raquo; The New York Times, 2014, URL&nbsp;: </span></span><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/19/opinion/sunday/google-tell-me-is-my-son-a-genius.html" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/19/opinion/sunday/google-tell-me-is-my-son-a-genius.html</span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> (consult&eacute; le 4/04/23)</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn28"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref28" name="_edn28" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[28]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> Ibidem</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn29"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref29" name="_edn29" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[29]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> FOURNIER T, JARTY J, LAPEYRE N, TOURAILLE P.,&nbsp;<i> </i>op. cit., p. 40.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn30"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref30" name="_edn30" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[30]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> CAROF S., op. cit., p. 213.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn31"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref31" name="_edn31" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[31]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">&nbsp;&nbsp; WOOLF V., Une chambre &agrave; soi, Paris, 10/18, coll. &laquo;&nbsp;Biblioth&egrave;ques 10-18&nbsp;&raquo;, 2001 (1929).</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn32"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref32" name="_edn32" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[32]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> ADAMS C. J., op. cit., p. 75.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn33"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref33" name="_edn33" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[33]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> Idem, p. 81.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn34"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref34" name="_edn34" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[34]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> Idem, p. 15.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn35"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref35" name="_edn35" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[35]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> Idem, p. 315.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn36"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref36" name="_edn36" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[36]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> PATOU-MATHIS M., <i>L&rsquo;Homme pr&eacute;historique est aussi une femme</i>, Paris, Allary Editions, 2021, p. 140.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn37"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref37" name="_edn37" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[37]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> Idem, p. 142.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn38"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref38" name="_edn38" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[38]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> HOLLY BRUBACH BY., &laquo;&nbsp;Real men eat meat&nbsp;&raquo;, <i>The New York Times</i>, 2008. URL&nbsp;: </span></span><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/09/style/tmagazine/09brubach.html" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/09/style/tmagazine/09brubach.html</span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> (consult&eacute; le 04/04/23).</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn39"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref39" name="_edn39" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[39]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> LOUVARD A., &laquo;&nbsp;Pourquoi les &ecirc;tres humains se racontent-ils des histoires&nbsp;?&nbsp;&raquo; in <i>Socialter</i>, Paris, 2020, pp. 34-37</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn40"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref40" name="_edn40" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[40]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> ADAMS C. J., op. cit., p. 103.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn41"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref41" name="_edn41" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[41]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> VIALLET JR., &laquo;&nbsp;L&rsquo;homme a mang&eacute; la Terre&nbsp;&raquo;, ARTE, 2019. URL&nbsp;: </span></span><a href="https://boutique.arte.tv/detail/l-homme-a-mange-la-terre" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">https://boutique.arte.tv/detail/l-homme-a-mange-la-terre</span></span></a></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn42"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref42" name="_edn42" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[42]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> LEJ., &laquo;&nbsp;La dalle&nbsp;&raquo;, 2015. URL&nbsp;: </span></span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RaK8HLqMPA8" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RaK8HLqMPA8</span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> (consult&eacute; le 04/04/23)</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn43"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref43" name="_edn43" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[43]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> BOUAZZOUNI N., Steaksisme, op. cit., p. 37</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn44"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref44" name="_edn44" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[44]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> BENAZET HEUGENHAUSER E., op. cit., p. 105.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn45"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref45" name="_edn45" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[45]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> ADAMS C. J., op. cit., p. 80.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn46"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref46" name="_edn46" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[46]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> Ibidem</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn47"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref47" name="_edn47" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[47]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> HEGEL G, W, F., <i>Principe de la philosophie du droit</i>, Paris, Gallimard, 2006 (1820), p. 205.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn48"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref48" name="_edn48" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[48]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> DE BEAUVOIR S., <i>Le deuxi&egrave;me sexe I</i>, Paris, Gallimard, coll. &laquo;&nbsp;Folio essais&nbsp;&raquo;, 1976 (1949).</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn49"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref49" name="_edn49" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[49]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">&nbsp; BEAUDELAIRE C., <i>Mon c&oelig;ur mis &agrave; nu</i>, Paris, Robert Laffont, coll. &laquo;&nbsp;bouquins&nbsp;&raquo;, 2004 (1887) p. 406.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn50"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref50" name="_edn50" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[50]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> GRIFFIN S., <i>La femme et la nature&nbsp;: le rugissement en son sein</i>, Paris, Le pommier, 2021 (1978).</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn51"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref51" name="_edn51" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[51]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> HACHE E., Reclaim, Paris, Cambourakis, coll. &laquo;&nbsp;Cambourakis <span style="color:black">&ldquo;</span>sorci&egrave;res<span style="color:black">&rdquo;</span>&raquo;, 2016, p. 140.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn52"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref52" name="_edn52" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[52]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> GRIFFIN S., op. cit., p. XI.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn53"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref53" name="_edn53" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[53]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> Idem, p. 15.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn54"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref54" name="_edn54" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[54]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> HERITIER F., <i>Masculin/F&eacute;minin I&nbsp;: La pens&eacute;e de la diff&eacute;rence</i>, Paris, Odile Jacob, coll. &laquo;&nbsp;Poche Odile Jacob&nbsp;&raquo;, 2012. </span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn55"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref55" name="_edn55" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[55]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> OBS., &laquo;&nbsp;en France, le v&eacute;g&eacute;tarien est plut&ocirc;t&hellip; une femme trentenaire&nbsp;&raquo;, 2018. URL&nbsp;: </span></span><a href="https://o.nouvelobs.com/food/20180703.OBS9086/en-france-le-vegetarien-est-plutot-une-femme-trentenaire.html" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">https://o.nouvelobs.com/food/20180703.OBS9086/en-france-le-vegetarien-est-plutot-une-femme-trentenaire.html</span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> (consult&eacute; le 04/04/2023).</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn56"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref56" name="_edn56" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[56]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> BOUAZZOUNI N., op. cit., p. 13.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn57"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref57" name="_edn57" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[57]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> HORKHEIMER M, ADORNO T., <i>La dialectique de la raison</i>, Paris, Gallimard, coll. &laquo;&nbsp;Tel&nbsp;&raquo;, 1983 (1944), p. 84.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn58"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref58" name="_edn58" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[58]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> Idem, p. 270.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn59"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref59" name="_edn59" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[59]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> ANS., &laquo;&nbsp;&Eacute;tude individuelle nationale des consommations alimentaires 3 (INCA 3)&nbsp;&raquo;, 2017. URL&nbsp;: </span></span><a href="https://www.anses.fr/fr/system/files/NUT2014SA0234Ra.pdf" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">https://www.anses.fr/fr/system/files/NUT2014SA0234Ra.pdf</span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> (consult&eacute; le 04/04/23)</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn60"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref60" name="_edn60" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[60]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> ADAMS C. J., op. cit., p. 84.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn61"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref61" name="_edn61" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[61]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> BOUAZZOUNI N., op. cit., p. 13.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn62"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref62" name="_edn62" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[62]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> Larousse &laquo;&nbsp;&eacute;tat v&eacute;g&eacute;tatif chronique&nbsp;&raquo; URL&nbsp;: </span></span><a href="https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/medical/%C3%A9tat_v%C3%A9g%C3%A9tatif_chronique/12951#:~:text=%C3%89tat%20d%C3%A9fini%20par%20l'absence,du%20fonctionnement%20du%20tronc%20c%C3%A9r%C3%A9bral." style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:">https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/medical/%C3%A9tat_v%C3%A9g%C3%A9tatif_chronique/12951#:~:text=%C3%89tat%20d%C3%A9fini%20par%20l&#39;absence,du%20fonctionnement%20du%20tronc%20c%C3%A9r%C3%A9bral.</span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> (consult&eacute; le 04/04/23)</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn63"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref63" name="_edn63" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[63]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> BOUAZZOUNI N., op. cit., p. 14.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn64"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref64" name="_edn64" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[64]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> ADAMS C. J., op. cit., p. 86.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn65"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref65" name="_edn65" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[65]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> FEDERICI S., <i>Par-del&agrave; les fronti&egrave;res du corps</i>, Paris, Divergentes, coll. &laquo;&nbsp;Hors collection&nbsp;&raquo;, 2020, p. 77.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn66"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref66" name="_edn66" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[66]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> RIPPIN HL. (dir.), &laquo;&nbsp;Variations in greenhouse gas emissions of individual diets&nbsp;: Associations between the greenhouse gas emissions and nutrient intake in the United Kingdom&nbsp;&raquo;, <i>Plos one</i>, n&deg;16, 2021, pp. 1-12.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn67"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="#_ednref67" name="_edn67" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">[67]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span arial="" style="font-family:"> WITTIG M., Les Gu&eacute;rill&egrave;res, Paris, Minuit, coll. &laquo;&nbsp;Double&nbsp;&raquo;, 2019, (1969), p. 70-71.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> </div> <p style="margin-bottom: 11px; text-align: right; margin-left: 40px;">&nbsp;</p>