<p><span style="color:#8e44ad;">Pr&eacute;ambule</span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:">Cet article utilise les donn&eacute;es extraites du projet de recherche, Gestion du Travail &agrave; l&rsquo;interface sant&eacute;-travail social-&eacute;ducation.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:">Les autrices ont contribu&eacute; &agrave; parts &eacute;gales &agrave; la r&eacute;daction de l&#39;article, qui est partag&eacute; entre les deux premi&egrave;res auteurs. </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:">Maristel Kasper a contribu&eacute; &agrave; la d&eacute;limitation du sujet de l&#39;article, l&#39;introduction, discussion, conclusion et la traduction en fran&ccedil;ais.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#8e44ad;">Affiliations</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><sup>1 </sup>Facult&eacute; en Sciences Medicales de Minas Gerais, Br&eacute;sil; </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><sup>2 </sup><span style="background:white">The Ubuntu Center on Racism, Global Movement, Population and Equity of Drexel University;&nbsp;</span> </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><sup>3 </sup><span style="background:white"><span style="color:#222222">Observatoire de Recherche en &Eacute;pid&eacute;miologie, Nutrition et Sant&eacute; (OPENS)</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><sup>4</sup> Universit&eacute; de l&rsquo;&Eacute;tat de Minas Gerais, Br&eacute;sil. Docteure en double dipl&ocirc;me par l&#39;Universit&eacute; de S&atilde;o Paulo (USP) et CY Cergy Paris Universit&eacute; - France; </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:">Maristel Kasper est l&rsquo;autrice correspondante pour cet article</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="color:#8e44ad;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="">D&eacute;claration d&#39;int&eacute;r&ecirc;t</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:">Les auteurs d&eacute;clarent aucun conflit d&#39;int&eacute;r&ecirc;ts. Ces analyses reposent sur des donn&eacute;es agr&eacute;g&eacute;es et non identifi&eacute;es et donc n&rsquo;ont pas besoin de l&rsquo;autorisation du Comit&eacute; d&rsquo;&Eacute;thique.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:">Cette &eacute;tude a utilis&eacute; des donn&eacute;es disponibles sur des sites web publics et des bases de donn&eacute;es &eacute;lectroniques. La plateforme Embase a &eacute;t&eacute; accessible par le gouvernement br&eacute;silien (site web de la CAPES).</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span style="color:#822587">Introduction</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">La s&eacute;curit&eacute; alimentaire et nutritionnelle (SAN) est un droit humain fondamental li&eacute; &agrave; l&#39;acc&egrave;s r&eacute;gulier et permanent &agrave; une alimentation de qualit&eacute; en quantit&eacute; suffisante et r&eacute;pondant aux besoins nutritionnels des personnes, sans pr&eacute;judice ou garantie d&#39;acc&egrave;s &agrave; d&#39;autres droits fondamentaux. Malheureusement, au Br&eacute;sil et dans le monde, il s&#39;agit encore d&#39;une r&eacute;alit&eacute; tr&egrave;s lointaine pour de nombreuses personnes, en particulier celles qui vivent dans des situations de vuln&eacute;rabilit&eacute; (Bezerra et al., 2020).&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">La vuln&eacute;rabilit&eacute; sociale est un facteur d&eacute;terminant de l&#39;Ins&eacute;curit&eacute; Alimentaire et Nutritionnelle (IAN). Les personnes vivant dans l&#39;extr&ecirc;me pauvret&eacute;, le ch&ocirc;mage, un faible niveau d&#39;&eacute;ducation et qui subissent diverses formes de discrimination, entre autres, sont plus susceptibles de ne pas avoir acc&egrave;s &agrave; une nourriture quotidienne de qualit&eacute; et en quantit&eacute; suffisantes. En outre, ces personnes ont moins acc&egrave;s aux services de sant&eacute; et d&#39;&eacute;ducation, ce qui aggrave encore leur vuln&eacute;rabilit&eacute;. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">Pour assurer la s&eacute;curit&eacute; alimentaire des personnes vuln&eacute;rables, il est n&eacute;cessaire d&#39;adopter des politiques publiques qui favorisent l&#39;acc&egrave;s &agrave; des aliments diversifi&eacute;s et culturellement adapt&eacute;s, en assurant une planification alimentaire ad&eacute;quate. En outre, il est essentiel de promouvoir l&#39;acc&egrave;s &agrave; l&#39;eau potable, &agrave; l&#39;assainissement de base et &agrave; des services de sant&eacute; de qualit&eacute;. De cette mani&egrave;re, il est possible de contribuer &agrave; l&#39;am&eacute;lioration de la qualit&eacute; de vie de ces personnes et de r&eacute;duire les in&eacute;galit&eacute;s (Ramos &amp; Cuervo, 2012).</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">Avec son vaste territoire, sa culture et sa diversit&eacute;, le Br&eacute;sil est l&#39;une des plus grandes puissances &eacute;conomies du monde, mais, d&#39;un autre c&ocirc;t&eacute;, c&#39;est un pays o&ugrave; les in&eacute;galit&eacute;s, raciales, sexuelles, g&eacute;n&eacute;rationnelles et sociales, se refl&egrave;tent dans les diff&eacute;rentes dimensions de la vie de la population br&eacute;silienne et entra&icirc;nent l&#39;appauvrissement et l&#39;exclusion d&#39;une partie importante de la population br&eacute;silienne (Salata, 2020). </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">La Bourse de la Famille est un programme de transferts mon&eacute;taires conditionnels du gouvernement f&eacute;d&eacute;ral br&eacute;silien qui a &eacute;t&eacute; mis en &oelig;uvre depuis 2003. Associ&eacute; &agrave; d&#39;autres politiques publiques, ce programme de protection sociale a &eacute;t&eacute; un outil important dans la lutte contre la pauvret&eacute; et la faim en fournissant une aide financi&egrave;re aux familles en situation de vuln&eacute;rabilit&eacute; sociale, en remplissant des conditions et normes li&eacute;es &agrave; l&#39;&eacute;ducation et &agrave; la sant&eacute; (Dyngeland et al., 2020; Vasconcelos et al., 2019). </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">Le Programme Bourse de la Famille (PBF), en tant que programme de protection sociale visant &agrave; assurer l&#39;acc&egrave;s aux droits fondamentaux, tels que le droit humain &agrave; une alimentation ad&eacute;quate, garanti par les politiques publiques de SAN, constitue une intervention sociale importante pour att&eacute;nuer ou r&eacute;duire l&#39;ISAN, en particulier la faim, &agrave; laquelle sont expos&eacute;es les familles en situation de vuln&eacute;rabilit&eacute; (Ramos et al., 2012).</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">Dans ce contexte, cette &eacute;tude a pour but de recenser la litt&eacute;rature afin de comprendre la fr&eacute;quence de l&#39;ins&eacute;curit&eacute; alimentaire et nutritionnelle parmi les b&eacute;n&eacute;ficiaires du Programme Bourse de la Famillle, en vingt ans de mise en &oelig;uvre du programme en 2023.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span style="color:#822587">M&eacute;thodes</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">Cette revue de litt&eacute;rature a &eacute;t&eacute; &eacute;labor&eacute;e conform&eacute;ment au PRISMA Extension pour les Revues de <i>Scoping</i> (en anglais <i>Scoping Review</i>) (PRISMA-ScR) (Trico et al., 2018). </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span style="color:#822587">Strat&eacute;gie de recherche et crit&egrave;res d&#39;&eacute;ligibilit&eacute;</span></span></span></i></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">Pour identifier les &eacute;tudes, les bases de donn&eacute;es ind&eacute;pendantes MEDLINE et LILACS ont &eacute;t&eacute; utilis&eacute;es dans la Biblioth&egrave;que Virtuelle de la Sant&eacute;. En compl&eacute;mentarit&eacute;, des documents et des publications ont &eacute;t&eacute; recherch&eacute;s sur les portails de l&#39;Institut Br&eacute;silien de G&eacute;ographie et de Statistique (IBGE), de l&#39;Institut de Recherche &Eacute;conomique Appliqu&eacute;e (IPEA), du Minist&egrave;re du D&eacute;veloppement Social et de la Lutte contre la Faim et du Minist&egrave;re de la Sant&eacute; du Br&eacute;sil, de l&#39;Organisation Mondiale de la Sant&eacute; (OMS) et de la Banque de Th&egrave;ses de la Coordination pour l&#39;Formation du Personnel de l&#39;Enseignement Sup&eacute;rieur (CAPES). En compl&eacute;ment la litt&eacute;rature locale, une recherche manuelle a &eacute;t&eacute; effectu&eacute;e dans les r&eacute;f&eacute;rences des &eacute;tudes s&eacute;lectionn&eacute;es.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">Aucune restriction n&#39;a &eacute;t&eacute; impos&eacute;e quant &agrave; la langue, la date, le type de document ou le statut de publication pour l&#39;inclusion des enregistrements. La revue de litt&eacute;rature a &eacute;t&eacute; effectu&eacute;e en avril 2023. Les descripteurs ont &eacute;t&eacute; identifi&eacute;s dans les Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) et DeCS. La strat&eacute;gie de recherche utilis&eacute;e englobait les termes MeSH, DeCS et les jargons:<span style="color:black">(&quot;bolsa familia&quot; OR &quot;bolsa fam&iacute;lia program&quot; OR &quot;Programa Bolsa Fam&iacute;lia&quot; OR &quot;Bolsa Fam&iacute;lia&quot; OR &quot;cash transfer&quot;) AND &quot;Brazil&quot; AND (&quot;Food Security&quot; OR &quot;Dietary Patterns&quot;) AND ( db:(&quot;LILACS&quot; OR &quot;MEDLINE&quot;))</span>. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">Nous avons inclus des &eacute;tudes primaires et secondaires qui &eacute;valuaient quantitativement l&#39;effet du programme de transferts mon&eacute;taires conditionnels Bourse de la Famille sur la s&eacute;curit&eacute; alimentaire et nutritionnelle des familles ou des citoyens br&eacute;siliens. Les &eacute;tudes qualitatives, les analyses narratives, syst&eacute;matiques, int&eacute;gratives ou exploratoires, les &eacute;ditoriaux et les lettres ont &eacute;t&eacute; exclus. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">Apr&egrave;s avoir recherch&eacute; les informations, les r&eacute;sultats de la recherche &eacute;lectronique dans les bases de donn&eacute;es ont &eacute;t&eacute; export&eacute;s vers l&#39;application du <i>Rayyan Qatar Computing Research Institute</i>. Deux examinateurs ont &eacute;valu&eacute; ind&eacute;pendamment les titres et les r&eacute;sum&eacute;s. Les divergences ont &eacute;t&eacute; r&eacute;solues par consensus. Pour composer le tableau d&#39;extraction, les informations suivantes ont &eacute;t&eacute; collect&eacute;es : r&eacute;f&eacute;rence de l&#39;auteur et ann&eacute;e de publication; titre; revue; ville/&eacute;tat; conception de l&#39;&eacute;tude; nombre d&#39;individus et de familles &eacute;valu&eacute;s; &acirc;ge moyen; crit&egrave;res d&#39;&eacute;valuation du SAN; principaux r&eacute;sultats; impact du programme (positif/n&eacute;gatif/neutre).</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span style="color:#822587">M&eacute;ta-analyse</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">Des diagrammes <i>forest plots</i> ont &eacute;t&eacute; utilis&eacute;s pour &eacute;valuer visuellement les estimations regroup&eacute;es et les intervalles de confiance &agrave; 95 % correspondants. Nous avons calcul&eacute; la statistique Q (niveau de signification de p&lt;0,1) et la statistique I2, et le mod&egrave;le des effets al&eacute;atoires a &eacute;t&eacute; appliqu&eacute; pour &eacute;valuer l&#39;h&eacute;t&eacute;rog&eacute;n&eacute;it&eacute;. Dans toutes les analyses, une valeur p &lt;0,05 a &eacute;t&eacute; consid&eacute;r&eacute;e comme statistiquement significative. L&#39;analyse du biais de publication n&#39;a pas &eacute;t&eacute; effectu&eacute;e car cette mesure n&#39;est pas appropri&eacute;e pour une m&eacute;ta-analyse de pr&eacute;valence. Les analyses ont &eacute;t&eacute; r&eacute;alis&eacute;es dans le studio R.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span style="color:#822587">R&eacute;sultats</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">Sur les 45 &eacute;tudes trouv&eacute;es, 20 recherches ont &eacute;t&eacute; exclues lors de l&#39;analyse des titres et des r&eacute;sum&eacute;s. Aucune &eacute;tude double n&#39;a &eacute;t&eacute; trouv&eacute;e. Parmi les &eacute;tudes &eacute;valu&eacute;es dans l&#39;analyse textuelle (n=25), l&#39;&eacute;tude de Mendes et al. (2021), Vega et al. (2014) et Pedraza et al. (2013) ont &eacute;t&eacute; exclues car l&#39;analyse portait exclusivement sur l&#39;&eacute;valuation individuelle des enfants de moins de 2 ans, sans &eacute;largir la relation familiale. Costa et al.(2022) a &eacute;t&eacute; exclue car elle traitait des femmes enceintes. La th&egrave;se de Baptista et al. (2019), l&#39;&eacute;tude de Santos et al. (2013), Cust&oacute;dio et al. (2012) et Segall-Corr&ecirc;a et al. (2011) ont &eacute;t&eacute; exclues car elles n&#39;associaient pas le PBF &agrave; l&#39;IAN. Nous n&#39;avons pas pu extraire les donn&eacute;es brutes de l&#39;&eacute;tude de Cabral et al. (2006) car elle portait sur les changements de niveaux de revenus. Nous n&#39;avons pas pu acc&eacute;der &agrave; l&#39;&eacute;tude de Piperata et al. (2011). Ainsi, 15 &eacute;tudes &eacute;taient &eacute;ligibles pour composer cette revue 1.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">Toutes les &eacute;tudes incluses &eacute;taient de type transversal. En ce qui concerne la localisation au Br&eacute;sil, 7 &eacute;tudes ont &eacute;t&eacute; men&eacute;es dans le nord-est, 2 &eacute;tudes dans le sud, 3 &eacute;tudes dans le sud-est et 1 &eacute;tude dans le Midwest. L&#39;&eacute;tude de Poblacion et al. (2014) a &eacute;t&eacute; men&eacute;e dans tout le pays et celle de Fachini et al. (2014) dans les r&eacute;gions du nord-est et du sud du pays.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">Sur les 15 &eacute;tudes incluses, 11 ont montr&eacute; la pr&eacute;valence de l&#39;IAN dans le groupe des b&eacute;n&eacute;ficiaires du PBF.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span style="color:#822587">Pr&eacute;valence de l&#39;IAN chez les b&eacute;n&eacute;ficiaires du programme Bolsa Fam&iacute;lia</span></span></span></i></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">La pr&eacute;valence group&eacute;e de l&#39;IAN dans les familles br&eacute;siliennes b&eacute;n&eacute;ficiant du PBF correspond &agrave; 70 % (IC &agrave; 95 %: 61-79 %), d&eacute;montr&eacute;e dans les &eacute;tudes de Santana et al. (2023), Silva et al. (2022), Pacheco et al. (2018), Oliveira et al. (2017), Costa et al. (2017), Souza et al. (2016), Sperandio &amp; Priori (2015), Sab&oacute;ia et al. (2015), Nunes et al. (2014), Peixoto et al. (2014) et Ferreira et al. (2014).</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span style="color:#822587">Pr&eacute;valence de l&#39;IAN l&eacute;g&egrave;re chez les b&eacute;n&eacute;ficiaires de la Bourse de la Famille</span></span></span></i></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">La pr&eacute;valence regroup&eacute;e de l&#39;IAN l&eacute;g&egrave;re dans les familles br&eacute;siliennes b&eacute;n&eacute;ficiaires du PBF correspond &agrave; 43 % (IC &agrave; 95 %: 37-49 %), d&eacute;montr&eacute;e dans les &eacute;tudes de Pacheco et al. (2018), Costa et al. (2017), Sperandio &amp; Priori (2015), Sab&oacute;ia et al. (2015) e Nunes et al. (2014).</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span style="color:#822587">Pr&eacute;valence de l&#39;IAN mod&eacute;r&eacute;e chez les b&eacute;n&eacute;ficiaires du Programme Bourse de la Famille</span></span></span></i></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">La pr&eacute;valence regroup&eacute;e de l&#39;INA mod&eacute;r&eacute;e dans les familles br&eacute;siliennes b&eacute;n&eacute;ficiaires du PBA correspond &agrave; 20 % (IC &agrave; 95 %: 11-29 %), d&eacute;montr&eacute;e dans les &eacute;tudes de Oliveira et al. (2017), Sperandio &amp; Priori (2015), Sab&oacute;ia et al. (2015), Nunes et al. (2014), Peixoto et al. (2014) et Ferreira et al. (2014).</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span style="color:#822587">Pr&eacute;valence de l&#39;INA s&eacute;v&egrave;re chez les b&eacute;n&eacute;ficiaires du Programme Bourse de la Famille</span></span></span></i></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">La pr&eacute;valence group&eacute;e de l&#39;INA s&eacute;v&egrave;re dans les familles br&eacute;siliennes b&eacute;n&eacute;ficiaires du PBF correspond &agrave; 13 % (IC 95 %: 6-19 %), d&eacute;montr&eacute;e dans les &eacute;tudes de Santana et al. (2023), Oliveira et al. (2017), Sperandio &amp; Priori (2015), Sab&oacute;ia et al. (2015), Nunes et al. (2014), Peixoto et al. (2014) et Ferreira et al. (2014).</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">Le tableau suivant permet d&#39;&eacute;tablir des approximations entre les degr&eacute;s d&#39;INA dans la population incluse dans les &eacute;tudes :</span></span></span></span></span></p> <table class="Table" style="margin-left:-20px; border-collapse:collapse; border:none" width="815"> <thead> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:143px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">Variables ajustables</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:158px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td colspan="3" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:515px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">Ins&eacute;curit&eacute; Alimentaire et Nutritionnelle</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:158px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">&Eacute;tudes combin&eacute;es</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:190px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">Population</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:117px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">&Eacute;chantillon</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:208px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">Proportion (95% CI)</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:143px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:13px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">INA totale</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:158px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:13px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">11</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:190px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:13px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">4334</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:117px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:13px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">3011</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:208px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:13px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">&nbsp;0.7029 [0.6125; 0.7932]</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:143px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">Q</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:158px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">415.82</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:190px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:117px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:208px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:143px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">p</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:158px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">&lt;0.01</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:190px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:117px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:208px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:143px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">I2</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:158px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">97.6%</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:190px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:117px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:208px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:143px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">Tau2</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:158px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">0.022</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:190px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:117px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:208px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:143px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">INA l&eacute;g&egrave;re</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:158px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">5</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:190px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; background-color:white; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">2380</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:117px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; background-color:white; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">924</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:208px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">&nbsp;0.4330 [0.3747; 0.4914]</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:143px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">Q</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:158px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">22.80</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:190px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:117px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:208px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:143px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">p</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:158px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">&lt;0.01</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:190px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:117px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:208px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:143px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">I2</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:158px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">82.5%</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:190px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:117px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:208px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:143px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">Tau2</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:158px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">0.0032</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:190px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; background-color:white; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:117px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; background-color:white; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:208px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:143px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">INA mod&eacute;r&eacute;e</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:158px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">5</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:190px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; background-color:white; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">1458</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:117px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; background-color:white; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">190</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:208px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">&nbsp;0.1993 [0.1125; 0.2862]</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:143px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">Q</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:158px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">145.66</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:190px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; background-color:white; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:117px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; background-color:white; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:208px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:143px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">p</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:158px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">&lt;0.01</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:190px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; background-color:white; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:117px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; background-color:white; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:208px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:143px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">I2</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:158px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">96.6</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:190px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; background-color:white; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:117px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; background-color:white; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:208px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:143px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">Tau2</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:158px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">0.0106</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:190px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; background-color:white; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:117px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; background-color:white; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:208px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:143px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">IAN s&eacute;v&egrave;re</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:158px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">7</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:190px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; background-color:white; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">1887</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:117px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; background-color:white; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">161</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:208px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">&nbsp;0.1278 [0.0623; 0.1934]</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:143px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">Q</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:158px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">120.07</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:190px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; background-color:white; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:117px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; background-color:white; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:208px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:143px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">p</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:158px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">&lt;0.01</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:190px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; background-color:white; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:117px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; background-color:white; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:208px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:143px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">I2</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:158px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">95.0%</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:190px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; background-color:white; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:117px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; background-color:white; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:208px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:143px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">Tau2</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:158px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">0.0070</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:190px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; background-color:white; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:117px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; background-color:white; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:208px; padding:0cm 3px 0cm 3px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </thead> </table> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">Tableau 1 - </span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">Caract&eacute;ristiques de la m&eacute;ta-analyse des ratios pour l&#39;INA, l&#39;INA l&eacute;g&egrave;re, l&#39;INA mod&eacute;r&eacute; et l&#39;INA s&eacute;v&egrave;re.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span style="color:#822587">Discussion</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">La pr&eacute;valence globale de l&#39;INA parmi les familles b&eacute;n&eacute;ficiaires du PBF est &eacute;lev&eacute;e, en particulier l&#39;INA class&eacute;e comme l&eacute;g&egrave;re (43%), suivie de l&#39;INA mod&eacute;r&eacute;e (20%) et de l&#39;INA s&eacute;v&egrave;re (13%), refl&eacute;tant une r&eacute;alit&eacute; similaire, bien que moins intense, par rapport &agrave; la population br&eacute;silienne en g&eacute;n&eacute;ral. Les donn&eacute;es du R&eacute;seau Br&eacute;sili&eacute;nne de Recherche en Souverainet&eacute; et Securit&eacute; Alimentaire e Nutritionnelle (PENSSAN), au d&eacute;but de la pand&eacute;mie de Covid-19,indiquaient que 19 millions de br&eacute;siliens souffraient de la faim pendant la pand&eacute;mie de Covid-19, soit le double du nombre de Br&eacute;siliens qui se trouvaient dans cette situation en 2004 (Vigisan, 2021). </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">La mise &agrave; jour de l&#39;enqu&ecirc;te a not&eacute; qu&#39;environ 30,1 % des foyer<a>s</a></span></span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><a class="msocomanchor" href="#_msocom_1" id="_anchor_1" language="JavaScript" name="_msoanchor_1" onmouseout="msoCommentHide('_com_1')" onmouseover="msoCommentShow('_anchor_1','_com_1')">[dp1]</a>&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><a class="msocomanchor" href="#_msocom_2" id="_anchor_2" language="JavaScript" name="_msoanchor_2" onmouseout="msoCommentHide('_com_2')" onmouseover="msoCommentShow('_anchor_2','_com_2')">[M2]</a>&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%"> ont connu la malnutrition, dont 15,5 % ont souffert de la faim (malnutrition s&eacute;v&egrave;re) (Vigisan, 2022). Malgr&eacute; la reconnaissance de l&#39;importance des programmes de protection sociale, tels que le PBF, dans la r&eacute;duction de la faim dans le pays, qui a culmin&eacute; avec la sortie du Br&eacute;sil de la carte de la faim en 2018, la fr&eacute;quence de l&#39;INA parmi les familles en situation de vuln&eacute;rabilit&eacute; reste &eacute;lev&eacute;e dans le pays.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">La Bourse de la Famille, le principal programme de transferts mon&eacute;taires conditionnels au Br&eacute;sil, a &eacute;t&eacute; associ&eacute; &agrave; des am&eacute;liorations en mati&egrave;re de sant&eacute;, notamment en ce qui concerne la sant&eacute; maternelle et infantile, et &agrave; une r&eacute;duction de la mortalit&eacute; infantile parmi les populations vuln&eacute;rables. Toutefois, ses effets varient et d&eacute;pendent de plusieurs facteurs, notamment la couverture municipale du programme, le groupe de population cible et la taille de la municipalit&eacute;, qui est intrins&egrave;quement li&eacute;e &agrave; sa capacit&eacute; &agrave; fournir des services essentiels en mati&egrave;re de sant&eacute; et d&#39;&eacute;ducation (Ramos et al., 2021).</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">Plus de 5,2 millions d&#39;enfants sont morts au Br&eacute;sil entre 2006 et 2015.Une &eacute;tude montre une r&eacute;duction de 16 % de la mortalit&eacute; infantile chez les enfants de moins de cinq ansau cours de cette p&eacute;riode.La Bourse de la Famille a un impact tr&egrave;s important dans les famillesavec des naissances pr&eacute;matur&eacute;es, d&#39;origine ethnique noire et &agrave; faible revenu(Ramos et al., 2021).</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">Le programme pr&eacute;voit des versements r&eacute;guliers en esp&egrave;ces (R$ 600,00 reais) aux familles &agrave; faible revenu avec enfants, aux femmes enceintes et allaitantes, ce qui garantit une certaine flexibilit&eacute; aux familles - l&#39;un des principaux avantages de ce type de programme par rapport &agrave; d&#39;autres programmes de protection sociale, tels que l&#39;utilisation de paniers alimentaires. En fournissant de l&#39;argent liquide aux b&eacute;n&eacute;ficiaires plut&ocirc;t que des produits alimentaires sp&eacute;cifiques, les familles peuvent choisir ce dont elles ont besoin d&#39;acheter et pr&eacute;f&egrave;rent manger, en tenant compte, ainsi, de leurs pr&eacute;f&eacute;rences alimentaires et de leurs normes culturelles.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">Des &eacute;tudes ant&eacute;rieures men&eacute;es au Br&eacute;sil et dans plusieurs pays &agrave; revenu faible ou interm&eacute;diaire ont montr&eacute; que cette flexibilit&eacute; des transferts d&#39;argent liquide peut entra&icirc;ner une augmentation de la consommation alimentaire et une am&eacute;lioration de la diversit&eacute; du r&eacute;gime alimentaire, ce qui peut contribuer &agrave; pr&eacute;venir la malnutrition et ses cons&eacute;quences sur la sant&eacute;. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">Par exemple, une &eacute;tude men&eacute;e au Br&eacute;sil a montr&eacute; que les b&eacute;n&eacute;ficiaires de la Bourse de la Famille avaient un niveau de s&eacute;curit&eacute; alimentaire plus &eacute;lev&eacute; et consommaient plus de fruits et de l&eacute;gumes que les non-b&eacute;n&eacute;ficiaires (Martins &amp; Monteiro, 2016). Toutefois, la valeur de la prestation ne suffit pas &agrave; &eacute;liminer la faim et l&#39;ins&eacute;curit&eacute; alimentaire des foyers br&eacute;siliens, en particulier ces derni&egrave;res ann&eacute;es, lorsque le pays a &eacute;t&eacute; confront&eacute; au d&eacute;mant&egrave;lement et &agrave; l&#39;abandon de plusieurs politiques publiques directement li&eacute;es au maintien de la s&eacute;curit&eacute; alimentaire et du droit humain &agrave; une alimentation saine. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">La faiblesse des investissements dans l&#39;agriculture familiale et dans le Programme de Acquisition Alimentaire (PAA) ainsi que le d&eacute;mant&egrave;lement du Conseil National de Securit&eacute; Alimentaire Nutritionnelle (CONSEA) sont des exemples d&#39;actions qui ont contribu&eacute; &agrave; l&#39;augmentation de la faim dans les foyers des familles br&eacute;siliennes, en particulier celles qui vivent dans des contextes de vuln&eacute;rabilit&eacute; sociale. En outre, ces derni&egrave;res ann&eacute;es, le pays a connu l&#39;une des pires r&eacute;cessions, marqu&eacute;e par l&#39;inflation des intrants &quot;fondamentaux&quot; qui constituent le panier alimentaire de base des familles br&eacute;siliennes, tels que le riz, les haricots, le lait et les sources de prot&eacute;ines animales, notamment le poulet et la viande rouge, ce qui a entra&icirc;n&eacute; une baisse du pouvoir d&#39;achat de ces familles.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">Par ailleurs, dans le cas des programmes conditionnels, principalement sur les questions de sant&eacute; et d&#39;&eacute;ducation, comme le PBF, les conditionnalit&eacute;s, &agrave; savoir la n&eacute;cessit&eacute; d&#39;acc&eacute;der p&eacute;riodiquement aux unit&eacute;s de sant&eacute; et d&#39;obtenir des conseils en mati&egrave;re d&#39;alimentation et de nutrition, peuvent constituer une occasion unique de dialoguer avec les familles b&eacute;n&eacute;ficiaires sur l&#39;&eacute;ducation alimentaire et nutritionnelle, afin de contribuer &agrave; des choix qui respectent leurs habitudes et leurs cultures alimentaires. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">Cependant, la r&eacute;alisation de cet objectif se heurte encore &agrave; certains d&eacute;fis, car il n&#39;est pas toujours possible d&#39;acc&eacute;der, avec qualit&eacute; et de mani&egrave;re appropri&eacute;e, &agrave; un dialogue sur l&#39;&eacute;ducation alimentaire et nutritionnelle qui r&eacute;ponde aux besoins des familles, ce qui n&eacute;cessite des actions urgentes et intersectorielles entre les diff&eacute;rents minist&egrave;res, lorsqu&#39;il s&#39;agit de politiques de protection sociale.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">Pendant la pand&eacute;mie de Covid-19, la situation des INA s&#39;est aggrav&eacute;e en raison de l&#39;augmentation du ch&ocirc;mage, de la r&eacute;duction des revenus et de la fermeture d&#39;entreprises. Ces facteurs ont particuli&egrave;rement affect&eacute; les populations les plus vuln&eacute;rables, entra&icirc;nant une augmentation du nombre de personnes confront&eacute;es &agrave; des difficult&eacute;s d&#39;acc&egrave;s &agrave; une alimentation suffisante et saine. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">Malgr&eacute; les mesures d&#39;urgence prises par le gouvernement f&eacute;d&eacute;ral, les &Eacute;tats et les municipalit&eacute;s, le d&eacute;mant&egrave;lement d&#39;importantes politiques publiques de protection sociale, qui s&#39;est produit au d&eacute;but de 2018 et s&#39;est prolong&eacute; jusqu&#39;en 2022, notamment par l&#39;extinction du CONSEA, l&#39;aggravation de la crise &eacute;conomique, l&#39;augmentation des in&eacute;galit&eacute;s sociales et la deuxi&egrave;me ann&eacute;e de la pand&eacute;mie de Covid-19 ont maintenu plus de la moiti&eacute; (58,7 %) de la population br&eacute;silienne dans l&#39;ins&eacute;curit&eacute; alimentaire, aux niveaux de gravit&eacute; les plus divers au cours des ann&eacute;es de pand&eacute;mie</span></span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><w:sdt id="411349879" sdttag="goog_rdk_3"></w:sdt></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">(R&eacute;seau PENSSAN, 2022; Silva 2021). </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span style="color:#822587">Conclusions</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">Cette &eacute;tude a cherch&eacute; &agrave; cartographier la fr&eacute;quence de l&#39;ins&eacute;curit&eacute; alimentaire et nutritionnelle dans les familles b&eacute;n&eacute;ficiant du programme Bourse de la Famille, en vigueur depuis vingt ans au Br&eacute;sil. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">Parmi les r&eacute;sultats obtenus, nous soulignons l&#39;impact du programme sur la vie des personnes en situation de vuln&eacute;rabilit&eacute;, en particulier dans les familles avec des naissances pr&eacute;matur&eacute;es, d&#39;origine ethnique noire et &agrave; faible revenu.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:120%"><span style="color:#822587">Bibliographie</span></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:120%">Ba</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">ptista, L. L. S. (2019). </span></span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">Pr&aacute;tica alimentar e determinantes sociais na anemia em fam&iacute;lias atendidas pela Estrat&eacute;gia Sa&uacute;de da Fam&iacute;lia no estado do Maranh&atilde;o &ndash; estudo de base populacional [tese] S&atilde;o Paulo: Faculdade de Sa&uacute;de P&uacute;blica.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">Bezerra, M. S, Jacob, M. C. M, Ferreira, M. A. F, Vale, D, Mirabal, I. R. B, Lyra, C. O. (2020). &laquo;Inseguran&ccedil;a alimentar e nutricional no Brasil e sua correla&ccedil;&atilde;o com indicadores de vulnerabilidade&raquo;<i>Ci&ecirc;ncia Sa&uacute;de Coletiva</i>, vol. 25, n &ordm; 10, pp. 3833-3846.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:120%">Cabral, C. S, Lopes, A. G, Lopes, J. M, Vianna, R. P. T. (2014). </span></span></span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">&laquo;<span style="background:white">Seguran&ccedil;a alimentar, renda e Programa Bolsa Fam&iacute;lia: estudo de coorte em munic&iacute;pios do interior da Para&iacute;ba Brasil, 2005-2011</span>&raquo;<i><span style="background:white">Cadernos de Sa&uacute;de P&uacute;blica</span></i><span style="background:white">, vol. 30, n&ordm; 2, Fev.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:120%">Costa, R. O. M, Poblacion, A, Giudice, C. L et al.(</span></span></span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:120%">2022)</span></span></span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">&laquo;<span style="background:white">Factors associated with food insecurity among pregnant women assisted by Universal Health Care in Lavras - Minas Gerais State</span>&raquo;</span></span><i><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:120%">Rev. Bras. Sa&uacute;de Mater. Infant</span></span></span></i><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:120%">., vol. 22, n&ordm; 01, Jan-Mar.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:120%">Cust&oacute;dio, M. B, Yuba, T. Y, Cyrillo, D. C. (2013) </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">&laquo; </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:120%">Food and nutrition security policy in Brazil: an analysis of resource allocation &laquo;&nbsp;Rev Panam Salud Publica. 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Oct 2, vol. 169, n&ordm; 7, pp. 467-473. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:120%">Vasconcelos, F. A. G, Machado, M. L, Medeiros, M. A. T, Neves, J. A, Recine, E, Pasquim, E. M. </span></span></span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%">(<span style="background:white">2019</span>) &laquo; <span style="background:white">Public policies of food and nutrition in Brazil: From Lula to Temer Public policies of food and nutrition in Brazil: From Lula to Temer</span>&raquo;<i><span style="background:white">Rev Nutri&ccedil;&atilde;o,</span></i><span style="background:white">vol. 32, n&ordm; e180161.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:120%">Veja, J. B, Taddei, J. A, Poblacion, A. 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