<p>Article</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:18.4px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">Abstract:</span><b>&nbsp;</b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">The European Union is committed to having member states reduce their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2030. On what sustainable information are countries basing their decarbonization? What is the relevance of the carbon accounting methods used?</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:18.4px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">The objective is to question the data available to measure the decarbonization of cities. We discuss the relevance of the three carbon accounting methods used (production, consumption, and community infrastructure). We show that the local governance structure influences how a territory undertakes climate actions and the effectiveness of these actions. We rely on a multi-stakeholder approach to climate governance based on vertical and horizontal coordination.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:18.4px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">The methodology relies on a comparative case study based on cities&#39; ambition in terms of % of GHG emissions to be mitigated by 2050. We use the Carbon Disclosure Project 2020 database, which allows cities to publicly disclose information on their climate action plans and achievements.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:18.4px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">We identify a set of criteria for comparing decarbonization strategies and show the need to strengthen the methodology for assessing progress in reducing GHG emissions. In an economic intelligence approach, we show the importance of sustainable information for the decarbonized development of territories.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px">&nbsp;</p> <h2 style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px">Introduction</h2> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:18.4px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">L&#39;objectif de l&rsquo;accord de Paris (COP 21), adopt&eacute; par plus de 170 pays en 2015, est de contraindre le r&eacute;chauffement climatique &agrave; des niveaux bien inf&eacute;rieurs &agrave; 2&deg;C, voire 1,5&deg;C, par rapport aux niveaux pr&eacute;industriels (CCNUCC, 2015 ; Rogelj et&nbsp;<i>al</i>., 2019). Dans le cadre de cet accord, de nombreuses r&eacute;gions du monde ont propos&eacute; des objectifs sp&eacute;cifiques pour l&#39;att&eacute;nuation des gaz &agrave; effet de serre (GES) et des politiques environnementales plus strictes (Liobikiene et Butkus, 2017 ; Sobrinho et&nbsp;<i>al</i>., 2020 ; Zhou et&nbsp;<i>al</i>., 2021) mais beaucoup reste &agrave; faire (UNEP, 2020&nbsp;; GIEC 2022).&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:18.4px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Le r&ocirc;le des villes et de leurs acteurs dans la cr&eacute;ation d&#39;une soci&eacute;t&eacute; durable &agrave; faible &eacute;mission de carbone est essentiel (Georgeson et&nbsp;<i>al</i>., 2016 ; Sun et&nbsp;<i>al</i>., 2016). Les villes couvrent 3 % de la surface de la Terre, accueillent la moiti&eacute; de la population mondiale, sont responsables de plus de 70 % des &eacute;missions de GES et de pr&egrave;s de 80% de la consommation mondiale d&rsquo;&eacute;nergie (IEA, 2012 ; IIASA, 2012&nbsp;; Wei et al. 2021). On s&#39;attend &agrave; ce que, d&#39;ici 2050, 70% de la population mondiale vive dans des zones urbaines.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:18.4px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Avec le<i>&nbsp;Green Deal,&nbsp;</i>l&rsquo;Union europ&eacute;enne (UE) s&rsquo;engage de mani&egrave;re contraignante &agrave; ce que les &Eacute;tats membres r&eacute;duisent fortement les &eacute;missions de GES &agrave; l&rsquo;horizon de 2030 (Drysdale et&nbsp;<i>al</i>., 2020).&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">Dans de cadre, de nombreuses villes de l&#39;UE se sont engag&eacute;es &agrave; r&eacute;duire leurs &eacute;missions de GES, voire atteindre la neutralit&eacute; carbone (Reckien et&nbsp;<i>al</i>., 2018).<span style="color:black">&nbsp;Cependant Salvia et&nbsp;<i>al</i>. (2021), apr&egrave;s avoir &eacute;valu&eacute; les plans de 327 villes de l&#39;UE, ont montr&eacute; que beaucoup de villes devraient doubler leurs ambitions pour atteindre les objectifs fix&eacute;s par l&#39;Accord de Paris.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:18.4px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">L&rsquo;objectif&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">de cet article&nbsp;<span style="color:black">est d&rsquo;analyser l&rsquo;information durable (Nolin 2010) sur laquelle les villes adossent leur strat&eacute;gie de d&eacute;carbonation et de questionner la pertinence des m&eacute;thodes de comptabilisation des &eacute;missions carbone. Ces donn&eacute;es sont n&eacute;cessaires pour &eacute;tablir les bilans compar&eacute;s des &eacute;missions de GES et permettent d&rsquo;identifier les grandes lignes des actions des villes pour r&eacute;duire les &eacute;missions de GES. Mais les indicateurs produits sont-ils pour autant suffisants et pertinents&nbsp;? Permettent-ils d&rsquo;&eacute;valuer l&rsquo;efficacit&eacute; des politiques de r&eacute;ductions des &eacute;missions de GES&nbsp;?</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:18.4px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Dans un premier point nous pr&eacute;senterons la fa&ccedil;on dont la d&eacute;carbonation des villes est mesur&eacute;e. Nous &eacute;tudierons ensuite la strat&eacute;gie de d&eacute;carbonation de 12 villes europ&eacute;ennes pour finir par&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">une analyse critique de l&rsquo;information durable disponible en mati&egrave;re de d&eacute;carbonation des villes&nbsp;?</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <h2 style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px">La mesure de la d&eacute;carbonation des villes</h2> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:18.4px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Aborder la d&eacute;carbonation des villes revient non seulement &agrave; mesurer les &eacute;missions de GES mais surtout &agrave; &eacute;tablir un bilan carbone&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">dans une perspective relativement longue pour appr&eacute;hender les tendances et les &eacute;volutions en mati&egrave;re de d&eacute;carbonation. Les m&eacute;thodes de comptabilisation sont complexes car non encore unifi&eacute;es, et reposent essentiellement sur de l&rsquo;auto-d&eacute;claratif (1). Les donn&eacute;es sont regroup&eacute;es au sein de plateformes et de bases de donn&eacute;es disponibles en open data (2).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <h3 style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px">Une m&eacute;thode bas&eacute;e sur l&#39;auto-d&eacute;claration</h3> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:18.4px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">Pour appr&eacute;hender la d&eacute;carbonation, il faut d&rsquo;abord &ecirc;tre en mesure de mesurer les &eacute;missions de CO2 des villes. Deux m&eacute;thodes semblent d&eacute;sormais s&rsquo;imposer, celle de&nbsp;<i>l&rsquo;Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories</i>&nbsp;plus connu sous le nom de m&eacute;thode du GIEC (IPPC, 2019) et celle propos&eacute;e par le&nbsp;<i>Global Protocol for Community Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventories</i>&nbsp;(GPC, 2014). Cette derni&egrave;re ambitionne de devenir la norme internationale recommand&eacute;e pour la comptabilisation des &eacute;missions de GES des villes. Ces organisations proposent aux villes de suivre une m&eacute;thodologie pr&eacute;cise pour renseigner au mieux les &eacute;missions de GES et rendre les donn&eacute;es comparables.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:18.4px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">Ces m&eacute;thodes pr&eacute;sentent des diff&eacute;rences dans les exigences de comptabilisation, en particulier pour les &eacute;missions hors des &laquo;&nbsp;fronti&egrave;res&nbsp;&raquo; urbaines li&eacute;es aux activit&eacute;s int&eacute;rieures. Cela peut conduire &agrave; des r&eacute;sultats diff&eacute;rents, pour une m&ecirc;me ville. Dans ces protocoles, la comparaison des d&eacute;tails des &eacute;missions transfrontali&egrave;res est n&eacute;cessaire. On devrait avoir la capacit&eacute; de mesurer les &eacute;missions territoriales et d&rsquo;y ajouter les &eacute;missions incorpor&eacute;es dans les importations et d&rsquo;en d&eacute;duire les &eacute;missions incorpor&eacute;es dans les exportations (Chen et&nbsp;<i>al.</i>, 2019).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:18.4px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">T<span style="color:black">outes les villes ou agglom&eacute;rations sont amen&eacute;es, sur la base du volontariat, &agrave; fournir un ensemble de donn&eacute;es standardis&eacute;es en r&eacute;pondant &agrave; un questionnaire annuel. Ce travail d&rsquo;harmonisation est important pour permettre&nbsp;</span>l&#39;&eacute;valuation et la comparaison des progr&egrave;s de l&#39;att&eacute;nuation des &eacute;missions de GES dans le temps et l&#39;espace.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:18.4px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">C&rsquo;est sur cette base d&eacute;clarative que nombres d&rsquo;auteurs ont &eacute;valu&eacute; l&#39;efficacit&eacute; des progr&egrave;s en mati&egrave;re de r&eacute;duction des &eacute;missions de GES ou des objectifs climatiques dans certaines villes (Chen et al., 2019&nbsp;; Chen et Chen, 2012&nbsp;;&nbsp;<span style="color:black">Drozdz et&nbsp;<i>al</i>., 2021</span>). Cependant, il n&#39;existe pas de bilan global des villes &agrave; diff&eacute;rents stades de d&eacute;veloppement &agrave; l&#39;&eacute;chelle sectorielle (transport, b&acirc;timents, d&eacute;chets, etc.) et les comparaisons entre les diff&eacute;rentes ann&eacute;es sont souvent incoh&eacute;rentes. Il est &eacute;galement essentiel de comparer les objectifs de r&eacute;duction des &eacute;missions de carbone entre les villes, ce qui est important pour &eacute;valuer les &eacute;carts entre les progr&egrave;s actuels et les attentes futures en mati&egrave;re d&#39;att&eacute;nuation.&nbsp;<span style="color:black">En fait, il semble plus facile de suivre les trajectoires individuelles des villes que de les comparer.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <h3 style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px">Les bases de donn&eacute;es disponibles</h3> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:18.4px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Le Carbon Disclosure Project&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">est&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">une plateforme mondiale qui permet aux villes de publier des informations sur les plans d&#39;action climatique et sur les r&eacute;alisations accomplies en mati&egrave;re de r&eacute;duction des GES. La base de donn&eacute;es comprend des informations provenant d&#39;un questionnaire volontaire que les repr&eacute;sentants des villes remplissent chaque ann&eacute;e. Cette plateforme dispose de la collection la plus compl&egrave;te de donn&eacute;es environnementales auto-d&eacute;clar&eacute;es au monde. Elle contient des donn&eacute;es sur les &eacute;missions de GES, l&#39;att&eacute;nuation du changement climatique, les plans d&#39;adaptation et les objectifs climatiques. Le CDP a une couverture &eacute;lev&eacute;e des villes mondiales et une qualit&eacute; de donn&eacute;es relativement bonne, et sont disponibles en open source.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:18.4px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">Le CDP collabore avec la Convention mondiale des maires pour le climat et l&#39;&eacute;nergie et avec le C40 cities, r&eacute;seau qui relie 97 des plus grandes villes du monde pour lutter contre le changement climatique en fournissant des informations sur les &eacute;missions de carbone et les plans de r&eacute;duction des &eacute;missions de GES. Le CDP collabore avec l&#39;ICLEI pour la durabilit&eacute; et d&#39;autres organisations qui &oelig;uvrent en faveur de l&#39;action climatique au niveau local.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:18.4px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">Au niveau europ&eacute;en, le r&eacute;seau&nbsp;Euro Cities regroupe&nbsp;les 200 principales villes europ&eacute;ennes de 38 pays. L&rsquo;ambition est de proposer aux 130 millions d&rsquo;habitants concern&eacute;s, une meilleure qualit&eacute; de vie en partenariat avec l&rsquo;UE dans une logique&nbsp;<i>bottom-up</i>&nbsp;de changements issus du terrain. L&rsquo;Agence europ&eacute;enne pour l&rsquo;environnement en collaboration avec son Centre th&eacute;matique europ&eacute;en sur l&#39;att&eacute;nuation du changement climatique et l&#39;&eacute;nergie (CTE/CME), compile et traite les donn&eacute;es transmises par les &Eacute;tats membres. L&rsquo;Agence analyse &eacute;galement les tendances pass&eacute;es et &agrave; venir ainsi que les facteurs sous-jacents des &eacute;missions de GES. Elle est en mesure de renseigner sur les progr&egrave;s de l&#39;UE en mati&egrave;re de r&eacute;duction des &eacute;missions de GES dans son rapport annuel.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:18.4px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Nous sommes bien en pr&eacute;sence d&rsquo;une information durable au sens de &laquo;&nbsp;information for sustainable development&nbsp;&raquo; de Nollin (2011). Cette information, ici centr&eacute;e sur les &eacute;missions de GES, propose des indicateurs en appui des politiques publiques, est de nature participative (auto d&eacute;claration) et est collect&eacute;e et diffus&eacute;e par des syst&egrave;mes d&rsquo;information accessibles &agrave; tous (base de donn&eacute;es en open source).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <h2 style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px">La d&eacute;carbonation de 12 villes de l&#39;Union europ&eacute;enne</h2> <h3>Echantillon et donn&eacute;es explor&eacute;es</h3> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:18.4px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">Notre &eacute;chantillon<b>&nbsp;</b>comprend les 12 villes europ&eacute;ennes suivantes, class&eacute;es par ordre alphab&eacute;tique : Barcelone (Espagne), Berlin (Allemagne), Braga (Portugal), Copenhague (Danemark), Heidelberg (Allemagne), Helsinki (Finlande), Lahti (Finlande), Malm&ouml; (Su&egrave;de), Paris (France), Stockholm (Su&egrave;de), Turin (Italie), Turku (Finlande). Il s&rsquo;agit de&nbsp;<span style="color:black">12 r&eacute;gions urbaines (villes ou zones m&eacute;tropolitaines) de 8 pays de l&rsquo;UE, s&eacute;lectionn&eacute;es en fonction de la repr&eacute;sentativit&eacute; de la taille des villes et de la distribution r&eacute;gionale. Ces &eacute;chantillons urbains repr&eacute;sentatifs sont g&eacute;n&eacute;ralement des villes centrales, des zones urbaines importantes voire des r&eacute;gions m&eacute;tropolitaines dans leur pays.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:18.4px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">La s&eacute;lection des villes est bas&eacute;e sur l&#39;ambition des objectifs climatiques &agrave; l&#39;&eacute;chelle de la communaut&eacute; en termes de % d&#39;&eacute;missions de GES &agrave; att&eacute;nuer d&#39;ici 2050 ou avant.&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">De ce fait, toutes ces villes sont ou ont &eacute;t&eacute; class&eacute;es dans la &laquo;&nbsp;liste A&nbsp;&raquo; &eacute;tablie par le&nbsp;Carbon Disclosure Project. Cette &laquo;&nbsp;liste A&nbsp;&raquo; a &eacute;t&eacute; &eacute;tablie en 2018 &agrave; la suite de la COP 21 et fait l&rsquo;objet d&rsquo;une actualisation r&eacute;guli&egrave;re. Il s&rsquo;agit de recenser les villes qui ont r&eacute;alis&eacute; des progr&egrave;s majeurs depuis la signature de l&rsquo;accord de Paris et se sont fix&eacute; des objectifs ambitieux en mati&egrave;re de changement climatique. Comme le montre le tableau 1, deux villes de notre &eacute;chantillon sont class&eacute;es depuis 2018 (Barcelone et Paris), sept villes sont entr&eacute;es dans le classement en 2019 (Berlin, Heidelberg, Lahti, Malm&ouml;, Stockholm, Turin et Turku) et 3 villes en 2020 (Braga, Copenhague, Helsinki). Les deux derniers classements (2021 et 2022) voient des villes sortir du classement. Il s&rsquo;agit de Heidelberg, Malm&ouml; et Turin qui sont sorties en 2021 et de Berlin, Copenhague, Heidelberg, Helsinski, Stockholm et Turin en 2022. Ces villes n&rsquo;ont probablement pas maintenu leurs engagements en raison de la pand&eacute;mie de coronavirus.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:18.4px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">Par ailleurs, la moiti&eacute; de ces villes ont &eacute;t&eacute; finalistes ou ont obtenu le&nbsp;<i>European Green Capital Award</i>, r&eacute;compense qui couronne les efforts des villes soucieuses de proposer &agrave; leurs citoyens une vie urbaine respectueuse de l&rsquo;environnement. Il s&rsquo;agit d&rsquo;une initiative prise en 2006 par 15 villes europ&eacute;ennes (Tallinn, Helsinki, Riga, Vilnius, Berlin, Varsovie, Madrid, Ljubljana, Prague, Vienne, Kiel, Kotka, Dartford, Tartu et Glasgow) et l&#39;Association des villes estoniennes. Cette initiative est relay&eacute;e et soutenue par la Commission europ&eacute;enne depuis 2008. Elle valorise les initiatives locales qui peuvent ensuite &ecirc;tre partag&eacute;es avec d&rsquo;autres villes au titre de l&rsquo;&eacute;change de bonnes pratiques selon une logique&nbsp;<i>bottom-up</i>.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <h3 align="center" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><i><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-weight:normal">Tableau 1</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h3> <h3 align="center" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><i><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-weight:normal">Les 12 villes de notre &eacute;chantillon</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h3> <p><img height="304" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_2702_1_image.png" width="908" /></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:18.4px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:15.333332px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">Sources :&nbsp;<span style="color:black">CDP &laquo;&nbsp;Liste A&nbsp;&raquo;&nbsp;; EU cities,&nbsp;<span class="MsoHyperlink" style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:15.333332px"><span style="color:black">C40</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:18.4px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">Les sources de donn&eacute;es utilis&eacute;es dans notre &eacute;tude sur les villes sont les bases de donn&eacute;es publiques de C40 Cities, EU Cities, l&rsquo;Agence europ&eacute;enne pour l&rsquo;environnement et la plateforme Carbon Disclosure Project qui est&nbsp;<span style="color:black">notre principale source d&#39;information, car toutes les villes ou agglom&eacute;rations ont volontairement fourni un ensemble de donn&eacute;es standardis&eacute;es en r&eacute;pondant &agrave; un questionnaire annuel. Cette base &eacute;tant tr&egrave;s riche, nous avons principalement explor&eacute; les donn&eacute;es relatives aux &eacute;missions de GES d&eacute;nomm&eacute;e&nbsp;<i>city-wide emission</i>&nbsp;disponible pour les ann&eacute;es 2019, 2020 et 2021.&nbsp;</span><span style="color:black">Comme les villes s&eacute;lectionn&eacute;es disposent de bilans d&#39;&eacute;missions de GES depuis au moins deux ans nous pourrons comparer les progr&egrave;s de la r&eacute;duction des &eacute;missions de GES.&nbsp;Nous avons &eacute;galement utilis&eacute; la base CDP&nbsp;<i>renewable energy</i>&nbsp;de 2020 qui pr&eacute;cise les cibles des villes en mati&egrave;re d&rsquo;&eacute;nergie renouvelable. Nous avons ensuite exploit&eacute; la base&nbsp;<i>Mitigation actions</i>&nbsp;qui recense les cibles et les actions en faveur de la r&eacute;duction des &eacute;missions de GES. Enfin, la base&nbsp;<i>Governance</i>, renseigne sur l&rsquo;int&eacute;gralit&eacute; des actions men&eacute;es par les villes au-del&agrave; de la d&eacute;carbonation (changement climatique). Cette base de donn&eacute;es permet d&rsquo;analyser des objectifs de r&eacute;duction des &eacute;missions de carbone fournis par les villes.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:18.4px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">Pour calculer les &eacute;missions de CO2, les villes de Berlin, Copenhague, Lahti et Turin ont utilis&eacute; les recommandations de&nbsp;<i>l&rsquo;Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories 2006</i>&nbsp;(IPPC 2006) tandis que les autres villes du panel ont utilis&eacute; la m&eacute;thode propos&eacute;e par le&nbsp;<i>Global Protocol for Community Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventories</i>.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px">&nbsp;</p> <h3 style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px">Les actions des villes pour r&eacute;duire les &eacute;missions de GES</h3> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:18.4px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Les villes de l&rsquo;&eacute;chantillon ont fix&eacute; des objectifs de r&eacute;duction de carbone clairs, parfois ambitieux, et tra&ccedil;ables. La plupart des villes arrive &agrave; r&eacute;duire leurs &eacute;missions de GES &agrave; la suite d&rsquo;actions</span></span><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">&nbsp;de r&eacute;duction des &eacute;missions, de changement technologique, de la diminution de l&#39;utilisation du chauffage urbain et du fioul domestique ou encore &agrave; l&rsquo;am&eacute;lioration de l&#39;efficacit&eacute; &eacute;nerg&eacute;tique, mais aussi en raison de la r&eacute;duction de la population et de la crise &eacute;conomique. L&#39;&eacute;nergie stationnaire et le transport routier sont les principaux responsables des &eacute;missions de GES des villes. Parmi tous les utilisateurs d&#39;&eacute;nergie stationnaire, les b&acirc;timents r&eacute;sidentiels et institutionnels jouent un r&ocirc;le important.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:18.4px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">Les principales mesures prises par les villes concernent pour l&rsquo;essentiel six secteur qui sont d&eacute;taill&eacute;e dans le tableau 2. S&rsquo;agissant des&nbsp;approvisionnements en &eacute;nergie, les villes &eacute;tudi&eacute;es cherchent &agrave; optimiser la production traditionnelle d&#39;&eacute;lectricit&eacute;/&eacute;nergie (chauffage urbain, stockage de l&rsquo;&eacute;lectricit&eacute;) et &agrave; privil&eacute;gier la production d&#39;&eacute;nergie &agrave; faible ou &agrave; z&eacute;ro &eacute;mission de carbone (biogaz, solaire, &eacute;olien). Les villes visent l&rsquo;efficacit&eacute; et la sobri&eacute;t&eacute; &eacute;nerg&eacute;tique dans les b&acirc;timents publics et priv&eacute;s, notamment les logements dans les parcs immobiliers anciens. Beaucoup de villes en sont au stade de la feuille de route et de l&rsquo;affichage des intentions sauf en mati&egrave;re d&rsquo;abandon des syst&egrave;mes de chauffage au fioul et de d&eacute;veloppement du solaire. Concernant les d&eacute;chets, les villes cherchent &agrave; am&eacute;liorer l&#39;efficacit&eacute; de la collecte et viser le z&eacute;ro d&eacute;chet. Elles cherchent ensuite &agrave; produire avec ces d&eacute;chets du biogaz. Certaines villes tentent de transformer les eaux us&eacute;es en &eacute;nergie (Copenhague, Lahti). C&ocirc;t&eacute; d&eacute;veloppement urbain, les villes tentent dans le cadre des r&eacute;habilitations &agrave; d&eacute;velopper des &eacute;co-quartiers, les transports en commun, l&rsquo;agriculture urbaine, la biodiversit&eacute; et les espaces verts pour renforcer les puits de carbone. D&rsquo;autres comme Braga ou Lahti se lancent dans le concept de &laquo;&nbsp;villes compactes&nbsp;&raquo;. L&rsquo;action sur<i>&nbsp;</i>les infrastructures (hors transports) concerne l&rsquo;&eacute;clairage public en LED et les &eacute;clairages &laquo;&nbsp;intelligents&nbsp;&raquo; (Paris, Barcelone) et la mise en place de capteurs (Barcelone, Paris, Turin). Les transports publics et priv&eacute;s constituent une pr&eacute;occupation majeure partag&eacute;e par toutes les villes de notre &eacute;chantillon. Il s&rsquo;agit de r&eacute;aliser des &eacute;conomies de carburant et de r&eacute;duire les &eacute;missions de CO2 des transports en communs (hydrog&egrave;ne, &eacute;lectrique). Toutes les villes misent sur le v&eacute;lo, et les voitures &eacute;lectriques et surtout sur la r&eacute;duction des v&eacute;hicules priv&eacute;s par une meilleure gestion de la demande de transports (covoiturage, etc.). Il s&rsquo;agit de favoriser les mobilit&eacute;s peu carbon&eacute;es et de d&eacute;velopper les infrastructures autour du v&eacute;lo.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><i><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-weight:normal">Tableau 2</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <h3 align="center" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><i><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-weight:normal">Actions des villes par secteurs pour r&eacute;duire les &eacute;missions de GES</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h3> <p><img height="1296" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_2702_1_image2.png" width="908" /></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><img height="1248" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_2702_1_image3.png" width="908" /></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:18.4px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:15.333332px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">Sources : D&rsquo;apr&egrave;s CDP Cities, City-wide Emissions (2021), fichier &laquo;&nbsp;Cities Emissions Reduction Targets &amp; Actions&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:8px">&nbsp;</p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:8px">&nbsp;</p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:8px">&nbsp;</p> <h2 style="text-indent: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: left;">Discussion et analyse critique de l&#39;information durable disponible</h2> <p><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:18.4px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">Afin de limiter le r&eacute;chauffement climatique &agrave; 1,5◦C au cours de ce si&egrave;cle, les villes doivent mener une politique de d&eacute;veloppement durable ax&eacute;e sur l&#39;innovation. En outre, des instruments doivent &ecirc;tre mis en place pour faciliter cette transformation et la mise &agrave; niveau des industries traditionnelles ainsi que le d&eacute;veloppement de cha&icirc;nes d&#39;approvisionnement plus propres et le passage &agrave; un mode de vie &agrave; faible &eacute;mission de carbone. Plusieurs recommandations en mati&egrave;re de politique publique peuvent &ecirc;tre formul&eacute;es pour faire progresser les actions climatiques futures dans les villes.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <h3>Des strat&eacute;gies d&#39;att&eacute;nuation plus efficaces si elles ciblent des secteurs cl&eacute;s</h3> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:18.4px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">L&#39;&eacute;nergie consomm&eacute;e par le parc immobilier (r&eacute;sidentiel et d&rsquo;entreprises) et les transports routiers sont les deux principaux secteurs responsables des &eacute;missions de GES des grandes m&eacute;tropoles. Des mesures telles que la promotion d&#39;audits &eacute;nerg&eacute;tiques sur la consommation d&#39;&eacute;nergie des b&acirc;timents (Kontokosta et&nbsp;<i>al</i>., 2020), l&#39;ajustement des structures des b&acirc;timents (Li et&nbsp;<i>al</i>., 2019), et le contr&ocirc;le et la r&eacute;duction des activit&eacute;s de construction inutiles (Zhang et&nbsp;<i>al</i>., 2019) devraient &ecirc;tre envisag&eacute;es pour atteindre l&#39;objectif d&#39;&eacute;mission nette z&eacute;ro des b&acirc;timents.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:18.4px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">Les villes dont la population est importante, dont les infrastructures de transport se d&eacute;veloppent rapidement et dont la demande de d&eacute;placements est &eacute;lev&eacute;e ont tendance &agrave; avoir une part plus importante d&#39;&eacute;missions li&eacute;es au transport. Le contr&ocirc;le efficace des &eacute;missions des transports suppose la mise en place de divers outils par les d&eacute;cideurs. Par exemple, les services publics peuvent syst&eacute;matiquement acheter des v&eacute;hicules propres. En outre, les combustibles fossiles utilis&eacute;s dans les transports devraient &ecirc;tre remplac&eacute;s par des &eacute;nergies plus propres comme l&#39;hydrog&egrave;ne et les biocarburants (Axsen et&nbsp;<i>al</i>., 2020), et promouvoir le d&eacute;veloppement du parc de v&eacute;hicules &eacute;lectriques tant dans les transports publics que priv&eacute;s (Safarzy&#39;nska et&nbsp;<i>al.</i>, 2018). De plus, les normes d&#39;&eacute;missions routi&egrave;res devraient &ecirc;tre am&eacute;lior&eacute;es et mises &agrave; jour pour minimiser l&#39;impact des v&eacute;hicules &agrave; essence et diesel existants (Thiel et&nbsp;<i>al</i>., 2016). La mise en place d&rsquo;incitations &eacute;conomiques telles qu&rsquo;un syst&egrave;me de monnaie carbone pour les personnes employant des mobilit&eacute;s douces comme c&rsquo;est le cas &agrave; Lahti (Finlande), peut &ecirc;tre un &eacute;l&eacute;ment facilitateur de la transition &eacute;nerg&eacute;tique.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:18.4px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">En outre, la gestion des d&eacute;chets et le recyclage ne doivent pas &ecirc;tre ignor&eacute;s (Weidner et&nbsp;<i>al.,&nbsp;</i>2021<i>)</i>. Comme le montrent nos r&eacute;sultats, pour certaines villes telles que Lahti, la contribution de l&#39;&eacute;limination des d&eacute;chets aux &eacute;missions totales est relativement &eacute;lev&eacute;e. Il est tr&egrave;s important pour d&eacute;carboner d&rsquo;&ecirc;tre en mesure de renforcer la r&eacute;utilisation des d&eacute;chets sous forme de nouveaux produits &agrave; faible teneur en carbone comme la r&eacute;utilisation de la biomasse pour la production d&#39;&eacute;nergie (Tripathi et&nbsp;<i>al</i>., 2019). Une gestion appropri&eacute;e des d&eacute;chets solides peut aider &agrave; optimiser l&#39;utilisation des ressources, tendre vers le &laquo;&nbsp;z&eacute;ro d&eacute;chet&nbsp;&raquo; et donc contribuer &agrave; la construction d&#39;une &eacute;conomie circulaire (Fernandez-Brana et&nbsp;<i>al.</i>, 2020).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <h3>Renforcement de la m&eacute;thodologie d&#39;&eacute;valuation des progr&egrave;s en mati&egrave;re de r&eacute;duction des &eacute;missions</h3> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:18.4px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">Pour &eacute;valuer l&#39;efficacit&eacute; des politiques de r&eacute;duction des &eacute;missions de carbone dans les zones urbaines, il est n&eacute;cessaire de compiler des bilans d&#39;&eacute;missions pr&eacute;cis et chronologiques en utilisant une m&eacute;thodologie coh&eacute;rente. &Agrave; l&#39;heure actuelle, malgr&eacute; les nombreux efforts d&eacute;ploy&eacute;s pour &eacute;tablir le compte carbone des diff&eacute;rentes villes, il n&#39;existe toujours pas de base de donn&eacute;es dynamique de grande qualit&eacute; sur les &eacute;missions de GES des villes &agrave; l&#39;&eacute;chelle mondiale. La plupart des villes ne disposent pas de bilans d&#39;&eacute;missions de GES comparables dans le temps &agrave; un niveau sectoriel d&eacute;taill&eacute;.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:18.4px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">Certaines villes am&eacute;ricaines et europ&eacute;ennes ont d&eacute;velopp&eacute; des bilans d&rsquo;&eacute;missions de GES relativement complets (par ex. Lahti, Turku, Malm&ouml;) tandis que d&#39;autres villes ne disposent de donn&eacute;es d&#39;&eacute;missions que pour quelques ann&eacute;es ou ne rapportent pas les &eacute;missions de certains secteurs (par ex. Berlin, Barcelone). La mise en place de donn&eacute;es tra&ccedil;ables, transparentes et disponibles sur longue p&eacute;riode, sur les &eacute;missions de GES favoriserait une meilleure collaboration entre les grandes villes.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:18.4px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">En outre, les comptes carbone bas&eacute;s sur la consommation et sur les infrastructures ont &eacute;t&eacute; de plus en plus adopt&eacute;s pour d&eacute;terminer l&#39;impact climatique et les responsabilit&eacute;s des villes en mati&egrave;re d&#39;att&eacute;nuation (Chen et Chen, 2017 ; Ramaswami et&nbsp;<i>al</i>., 2021). Le d&eacute;veloppement de bases de donn&eacute;es mondiales reposant sur la consommation et l&#39;infrastructure devrait &eacute;galement &ecirc;tre &agrave; l&#39;ordre du jour. L&#39;am&eacute;lioration du syst&egrave;me de notification et de la qualit&eacute; des donn&eacute;es relatives aux &eacute;missions de GES serait pr&eacute;f&eacute;rable pour l&#39;&eacute;valuation des processus de d&eacute;carbonation. Cela impose des exigences plus &eacute;lev&eacute;es en mati&egrave;re de collecte de donn&eacute;es de base, tant en termes de volume de donn&eacute;es que de niveau de pr&eacute;cision.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <h3 style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px">Des objectifs de r&eacute;duction plus ambitieux et plus faciles &agrave; suivre</h3> <p><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:18.4px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">Bien que de nombreux pays aient annonc&eacute; des engagements climatiques ambitieux, les objectifs climatiques semblent moins clairs et moins disponibles pour de nombreuses villes. Peu de villes dans le monde, y compris en Europe, ont des objectifs climatiques tra&ccedil;ables. Les villes de la plupart des pays d&eacute;velopp&eacute;s ont fix&eacute; des objectifs climatiques clairs &agrave; long terme, tels que la neutralit&eacute; carbone d&#39;ici 2050. En comparaison, un grand nombre de villes des r&eacute;gions en d&eacute;veloppement pr&eacute;f&egrave;rent des objectifs d&#39;intensit&eacute; et des objectifs de sc&eacute;nario de r&eacute;f&eacute;rence qui sont g&eacute;n&eacute;ralement bas&eacute;s sur le court ou le moyen terme, ce qui n&#39;est pas enti&egrave;rement compatible avec les objectifs climatiques mondiaux. &Agrave; un certain stade, l&#39;intensit&eacute; de carbone est un indicateur utile de la d&eacute;carbonation de l&#39;&eacute;conomie et offre une meilleure flexibilit&eacute; aux villes qui connaissent une croissance &eacute;conomique rapide et une augmentation des &eacute;missions. Mais &agrave; long terme, il est essentiel de passer des objectifs d&#39;intensit&eacute; aux objectifs absolus dans les villes pour atteindre la neutralit&eacute; carbone mondiale d&#39;ici 2050.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:18.4px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">En outre, des objectifs sp&eacute;cifiques d&eacute;compos&eacute;s en diff&eacute;rents secteurs (par exemple, des objectifs sp&eacute;cifiques pour la consommation d&#39;&eacute;nergie, les transports et les d&eacute;chets) sont n&eacute;cessaires pour att&eacute;nuer les &eacute;carts d&#39;&eacute;missions. Copenhague pr&eacute;voit d&#39;atteindre une r&eacute;duction de 20 % de la consommation de chaleur en 2025 par rapport &agrave; 2010 et des &eacute;missions nettes de carbone nulles dans les transports publics d&#39;ici 2025 (CPH, 2012). Une large coop&eacute;ration entre les gouvernements, les communaut&eacute;s d&#39;affaires, les institutions de recherche et les organisations sociales est n&eacute;cessaire pour fournir des solutions technologiques synergiques en vue d&#39;atteindre les objectifs de r&eacute;duction des &eacute;missions sectorielles. Les objectifs climatiques pour les diff&eacute;rents secteurs et industries devraient &ecirc;tre con&ccedil;us de mani&egrave;re simple et facilement tra&ccedil;able, et permettre une comparaison transparente au niveau sectoriel entre les villes (Levin et Fransen, 2019).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px">&nbsp;</p> <h2 style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px">Conclusion</h2> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:18.4px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">Il convient de noter certaines limites et incertitudes. Ainsi, les d&eacute;finitions de l&#39;unit&eacute; de compte sont diverses et parfois incoh&eacute;rentes d&#39;une ville &agrave; l&#39;autre, ce qui rend difficile l&#39;&eacute;valuation des villes &agrave; la m&ecirc;me &eacute;chelle g&eacute;ographique et &agrave; la m&ecirc;me gouvernance, compte tenu des donn&eacute;es actuelles. Cela peut introduire des incertitudes dans les comptes et bilans carbone. Par exemple, certaines mesures d&#39;att&eacute;nuation du changement climatique devraient avoir lieu dans des zones suburbaines voisines ou &agrave; un niveau plus &eacute;lev&eacute; de la m&eacute;tropole (comme la r&eacute;duction du carbone du transport interurbain et l&#39;&eacute;limination des d&eacute;chets en dehors du centre-ville). De r&eacute;centes publications (Harris et&nbsp;<i>al.</i>, 2019&nbsp;;&nbsp;<i>EIB</i>, 2022) sugg&egrave;rent qu&rsquo;il faut lier les comptabilit&eacute;s en termes de production et en termes de consommation, ce qui nous semble pertinent.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:18.4px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">Derri&egrave;re la publication des informations, il y a un choix politique qui fait r&eacute;f&eacute;rence &agrave; un type particulier de gouvernance climatique qui repose sur une approche multi-acteurs et s&rsquo;appuie tant sur une coordination verticale qu&rsquo;horizontale (Fr&ouml;hlich et&nbsp;<i>al</i>. 2013, Kern et Alber 2009). L<span style="color:black">a structure de gouvernance locale influence la mani&egrave;re dont un territoire entreprend des actions climatiques et l&#39;efficacit&eacute; potentielle de ces actions (Linton et al. 2020, Van Der Heijden 2019).&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:18.4px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">La production de l&rsquo;information durable, on le voit dans le cas du suivi des &eacute;missions de GES, n&eacute;cessite des comp&eacute;tences techniques particuli&egrave;res et a donc un co&ucirc;t politique.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px">&nbsp;</p> <h2>R&eacute;f&eacute;rences bibliographiques</h2> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">Agence europ&eacute;enne pour l&rsquo;environnement (2021),&nbsp;</span></span><a href="https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/annual-european-union-greenhouse-gas-inventory-2021" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline" target="_self"><i><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">EU Greenhouse Gas inventory report</span></span></i></a><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">, https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/annual-european-union-greenhouse-gas-inventory-2021 (consult&eacute; le 18 novembre 2022).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Axsen, J., Pl&ouml;tz, P. et Wolinetz M. (2020).&nbsp;</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Crafting strong, integrated policy mixes for deep CO2 mitigation in road transport.&nbsp;<i>Nature Climate Change,</i>&nbsp;10, 809&ndash;818. doi: 10.1038/s41558-020-0877-y.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">C40 Cities. (2020).&nbsp;<i>Climate Action Planning Framework</i>; C40 Cities: London, UK.&nbsp;</span></span></span><a href="https://resourcecentre.c40.org/climate-action-planning-framework-home" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">https://resourcecentre.c40.org/climate-action-planning-framework-home</span></span></span></a>&nbsp;<span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">(consult&eacute; le 18 novembre 2022).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Carbon Disclosure Project. (s.d.).&nbsp;</span></span></span><a href="https://www.cdp.net/en" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">https://www.cdp.net/en</span></span></a>&nbsp;<span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">(consult&eacute; le 18 novembre 2022).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Chen, G.,&nbsp;Shan, Y.,&nbsp;Hu, Y.,&nbsp;Tong, K., Wiedmann, T., Ramaswami, A., Guan, D., Shi, L. et Wang, Y. (2019).&nbsp;</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Review on city-level carbon accounting,&nbsp;<i>Environmental Science &amp; technology</i>, 53, 5545-5548.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Chen, S. Q. et Chen, B. (2017). Changing urban carbon metabolism over time: historical trajectory and future pathway.&nbsp;<i>Environmental Science &amp; Technology</i>&nbsp;51, 7560&ndash;7571.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:white">Chen, S. Q. et Chen, B. (2012).&nbsp;</span></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:white">Network environ perspective for urban metabolism and carbon emissions: a case study of Vienna, Austria.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Environmental Science &amp; Technol<span style="background-color:white">ogy,</span></span></span></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:white">&nbsp;46, 4498&ndash;4506.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">CPH. (2012).&nbsp;<i>CPH 2025 Climate Plan: A Green, Smart and Carbon Neutral</i>. City Copenhagen Carbon Neutral by 2025.&nbsp;</span></span></span><a href="https://kk.sites.itera.dk/apps/kk_pub2/pdf/983_jkP0ekKMyD.pdf" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">https://kk.sites.itera.dk/apps/kk_pub2/pdf/983_jkP0ekKMyD.pdf</span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">&nbsp;(consult&eacute; le 18 novembre 2022).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:white">Dodman, D. (2009). Blaming cities for climate change? An analysis of urban greenhouse gas emissions inventories.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Environment &amp; Urban</span></span></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:white">ization, 21, 185&ndash;201. doi: 10.1177/0956247809103016.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Droz˙dz˙, W., Kinelski, G., Czarnecka, M.; Wojcik-Jurkiewicz, M., Marou&scaron;kov, A. et Zych, G. (2021). Determinants of Decarbonization. How to Realize Sustainable and Low Carbon Cities?&nbsp;</span></span></span><i><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Energies,</span></span></span></i><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">&nbsp;14, 2640.&nbsp;</span></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">doi.org/10.3390/en14092640<span class="MsoHyperlink" style="text-decoration:none"><span style="color:black">.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Drysdale, D., Krog, L. et Mathiesen, B. (2020).&nbsp;</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Energy Vision Strategies for the EU Green New Deal: A Case Study of European Cities.&nbsp;<i>Energies</i>, 13, 2194. doi:10.3390/en13092194.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:18.4px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:15.333332px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">EIB. (2022). Methodologies for the assessment of Project GHG Emissions and Emissions Variations, Version 11.2. February.&nbsp;</span></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:15.333332px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0e2031"><span style="letter-spacing:-0.15pt">EIB Project Carbon Footprint Methodologies,&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span><a href="https://www.eib.org/attachments/strategies/eib_project_carbon_footprint_methodologies_en.pdf" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:15.333332px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">https://www.eib.org/attachments/strategies/eib_project_carbon_footprint_methodologies_en.pdf</span></span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink" style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:15.333332px"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">(consult&eacute; le 18 novembre 2022).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">Euro Cities.&nbsp;</span></span><a href="https://eurocities.eu/" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">https://eurocities.eu</span></span></a><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">,&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">(consult&eacute; le 18 novembre 2022)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Fernandez-Brana, A., Feijoo, G. et Dias Ferreira, C. (2020).&nbsp;</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Turning waste management into a carbon neutral activity: Practical demonstration in a medium-sized European city,&nbsp;<i>Science of the Total Environment</i>, 728, doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138843.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:#333333"><span style="background-color:#fcfcfc">Fr&ouml;hlich, J. et Knieling, J. (2013). Conceptualising Climate Change Governance. In: Knieling, J., Leal Filho, W. (eds)&nbsp;<i>Climate Change Governance. Climate Change Management</i>. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:white">Georgeson, L., Maslin, M., Poessinouw, M., et Howard, S. (2016). Adaptation responses to climate change differ between global megacities.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Nature Climate Change</span></span></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:white">s, 6, 584&ndash;588.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">GIEC. (2022),&nbsp;<i>AR6 Synthesis Report: Climate Change 2022</i>,&nbsp;</span></span></span><a href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/sixth-assessment-report-cycle/" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">https://www.ipcc.ch/report/sixth-assessment-report-cycle/</span></span></a>&nbsp;<span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">(consult&eacute; le 18 novembre 2022).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">GPC.&nbsp;</span></span></span><i><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">Global Protocol for Community Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventories.</span></span></i><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">&nbsp;https://ghgprotocol.org/greenhouse-gas-protocol-accounting-reporting-standard-cities&nbsp;</span></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">(consult&eacute; le 18 novembre 2022).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Harris, S., Weinzettel, J., Bigano, A. et K&auml;limen, A. (2019).&nbsp;</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Low carbon cities in 2050? GHG emissions of European cities using production-based and consumption-based emission accounting methods,&nbsp;<i>Journal of Cleaner Production,&nbsp;</i>248.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">ICLEI.&nbsp;<i>Local Governments for Sustainability</i>,&nbsp;</span></span></span><a href="https://www.iclei.org/" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">https://www.iclei.org</span></span></span></a>&nbsp;<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">(consult&eacute; le 18 novembre 2022).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:white">IEA. (2012).&nbsp;</span></span></span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">World Energy Outlook 2012. Paris: International Energy Agency</span></span></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:white">.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span><a href="https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2012" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:white">https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2012</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">(consult&eacute; le 18 novembre 2022).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:white">IIASA. (2012).&nbsp;</span></span></span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">GEA 2012: Global Energy Assessment &ndash; Toward a Sustainable Future.&nbsp;</span></span></span></i><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Cambridge University Press<span style="background-color:white">.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span><a href="http://assets.cambridge.org/97811070/05198/frontmatter/9781107005198_frontmatter.pdf" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">http://assets.cambridge.org/97811070/05198/frontmatter/9781107005198_frontmatter.pdf</span></span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink" style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">&nbsp;(consult&eacute; le 19 novembre 2022).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:white">IPPC.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories</span></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">.</span></span><a href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/2019-refinement-to-the-2006-ipcc-guidelines-for-national-greenhouse-gas-inventories/" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">https://www.ipcc.ch/report/2019-refinement-to-the-2006-ipcc-guidelines-for-national-greenhouse-gas-inventories/</span></span></a><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">&nbsp;(consult&eacute; le 19 novembre 2022).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Kern, K. et Alber, G. (2009).&nbsp;</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Governing Climate Change in Cities: Modes of Urban Climate Governance in Multi-Level Systems. In&nbsp;<i>International Conference on Competitive Cities and Climate Change</i>; OCED: Paris, France, pp. 171&ndash;196.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Kontokosta, C. E., Spiegel-Feld, D. et Papadopoulos, S. (2020).&nbsp;</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">The impact of mandatory energy audits on building energy use.&nbsp;<i>National Energy,</i>&nbsp;5, 309&ndash;316.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Levin, K. et Fransen, T. (2019).&nbsp;<i>Commentary: Climate Action for Today and Tomorrow: The Relationship between NDCs and LTSs.</i></span></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">World Resources Institute.&nbsp;</span></span></span><a href="https://wriorg.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/wri-commentary-climate-action-today.pdf" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">https://wriorg.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/wri-commentary-climate-action-today.pdf</span></span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink" style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">&nbsp;(consult&eacute; le 19 novembre 2022).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Li, X., Yao,, R., Yu W., Meng, X., Liu, M., Short, A. et Li, B. (2019).&nbsp;</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Low carbon heating and cooling of residential buildings in cities in the hot summer and cold winter zone - a bottom-up engineering stock modeling approach.&nbsp;<i>Journal of Cleaner Production,</i>&nbsp;220, 271&ndash;288.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:white">Liobikiene, G.et Butkus, M. (2017). The European Union possibilities to achieve targets of Europe 2020 and Paris agreement climate policy.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Renewable Energy</span></span></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:white">, 106, 298&ndash;309. doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2017.01.036.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Nolin, J. (2010), Sustainable information and information science,&nbsp;<i>Information Research</i>, 15 (2), paper 421,&nbsp;</span></span></span><a href="http://www.informationr.net/ir/15-2/paper431.html" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">http://www.informationr.net/ir/15-2/paper431.html</span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink" style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">&nbsp;(consult&eacute; le 19 novembre 2022).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Ramaswami, A., Tong, K., Canadell, J. G., Jackson, R. B., Stokes, E., Dhakal, S., Finch, M., Jittrapirom, P., Sing, N., Yamagata, Y., Yewdall, E., Yona, L. et Seto, K. C. (2021). Carbon analytics for net-zero emissions sustainable cities.&nbsp;<i>Nature Sustainability,</i>&nbsp;4, 460-463.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:white">Reckien, D., Salvia, M., Heidrich, O., Church, J. M., Pietrapertosa, F.,&nbsp;<a name="bau6">De Gregorio-Hurta&amp;do S.,&nbsp;</a></span></span></span></span><a name="bau7"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">D&rsquo;Alonso V.,&nbsp;</span></span></span><a name="bau8"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Foley A.,</span></span></span><a name="bau9"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">&nbsp;Simo&euml;s S. G.,</span></span></span><a name="bau10"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Lorencova E. K., Orru H., Orru K., Wejs A., Flacke J.,</span></span></span><a name="bau11"></a>&nbsp;<a name="bau14"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Olazabal M.,&nbsp;</span></span></span><a name="bau16"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Geneletti D.,&nbsp;</span></span></span><a name="bau17"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Fellu E., Vasilie S.,&nbsp;</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">&hellip;&nbsp;&nbsp;et Dawson R.,&nbsp;<span style="background-color:white">(2018). How are cities planning to respond to climate change? Assessment of local climate plans from 885 cities in the EU-28.&nbsp;</span><i>Journal of Cleaner Production,&nbsp;</i><span style="background-color:white">191, 207&ndash;219. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.220.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Rogelj, J., Huppmann, D., Krey, V., Riahi, K., Clarke, L. et Gidden, M. (2019). A new scenario logic for the Paris Agreement long-term temperature goal.&nbsp;<i>Nature,&nbsp;</i>573, 357&ndash;363.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Safarzynska K. et Van den Bergh J. (2018). A higher rebound effect under bounded rationality: interactions between car mobility and electricity Generation.&nbsp;<i>Energy Economics,</i>&nbsp;74, 179&ndash;196. doi: 10.1016/j.eneco.2018.06.006.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:white">Salvia, M., Reckien, D., Pietrapertosa, F., Eckersley, P., Spyridaki, N., Krook-Riekkola, A., &hellip; et Heichrichah, O. (2021). Will climate mitigation ambitions lead to carbon neutrality? An analysis of the local-level plans of 327 cities in the EU.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev</span></span></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:white">iew, 135:110253.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:white">Sobrinho, V., Lagutov, V., et Baran, S. (2020). Green with savvy? Brazil&#39;s climate pledge to the Paris Agreement and its transition to the green economy.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Energy Climate Change,&nbsp;</span></span></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:white">1, 100015.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:white">Sun, Y., Zhang, X., Ren, G., Zwiers, F. W., et Hu, T. (2016). Contribution of urbanization to warming in China.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Nature Climate Chang</span></span></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:white">e, 6, 706&ndash;709.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Thiel, C., Nijs, W., Simoes, S., Schmidt, J., Van Zyl, A. et Schmid, E. (2016). The impact of the EU car CO2 regulation on the energy system and the role of electro-mobility to achieve transport decarbonization.&nbsp;<i>Energy Policy,&nbsp;</i>96, 153-166. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2016.05.043.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Tripathi, N., Hills, C. D., Singh, R. S. et Atkinson, C. J. (2019). Biomass waste utilization in low-carbon products: harnessing a major potential resource.&nbsp;<i>Climate and Atmospheric</i>&nbsp;<i>Science,</i>&nbsp;2-35. doi: 10.1038/s41612-019-0093-5.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:white">UNEP. (2020).&nbsp;</span></span></span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Emissions Gap Report 2020</span></span></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:white">.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:white">United Nations Environment Program.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span><a href="https://www.unep.org/emissions-gap-report-2020" style="color:#954f72; text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:white">https://www.unep.org/emissions-gap-report-2020</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:white">(consult&eacute; le 19 novembre 2022).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Wei, T., Wu, J. et Chen, S. (2021).&nbsp;</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Keeping Track of Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Progress and Targets in 167 Cities Worldwide.&nbsp;<i>Frontiers of Sustainable Cities,</i>&nbsp;3, 696381. doi: 10.3389/frsc.2021.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Weidner, T. et Yang, A. (2021). The potential of urban agriculture in combination with organic waste valorization: assessment of resource flows and emissions for two European cities.&nbsp;<i>Journal of Cleaner Production,&nbsp;</i>244. doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118490.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Zhang, Y., Yan, D., Hu, S. et Guo S. (2019). Modelling of energy consumption and carbon emission from the building construction sector in China, a process based LCA approach.&nbsp;<i>Energy Policy,</i>&nbsp;134, 110949.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:white">Zhou, S., Tong, Q., Pan, X., Cao, M., Wang, H., Gao, J., et Ou X. (2021).&nbsp;</span></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:white">Research on low-carbon energy transformation of China necessary to achieve the Paris agreement goals: a global perspective.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span><i><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Energy Econ<span style="background-color:white">omics</span></span></span></span></i><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:white">&nbsp;95:105137. doi: 10.1016/j.eneco.2021.105137.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>