<p>R&eacute;sum&eacute; :</p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Aptos, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:19.200000762939453px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">La capacit&eacute; &agrave; lire, &agrave; comprendre et &agrave; &eacute;valuer des informations provenant de multiples sources constitue une comp&eacute;tence cl&eacute; dans l&#39;acquisition de connaissances complexes, en particulier dans le cadre de la recherche d&rsquo;information sur Internet (Boub&eacute;e &amp; Tricot, 2011). Dans le contexte acad&eacute;mique, cette comp&eacute;tence est cruciale pour les &eacute;tudiants, souvent confront&eacute;s &agrave; des documents multiples lors de la r&eacute;alisation de travaux universitaires. Le mod&egrave;le d&rsquo;engagement cognitif et affectif propos&eacute; par List et Alexander (2017) postule que la compr&eacute;hension des documents multiples d&eacute;pend &agrave; la fois des habitudes d&rsquo;&eacute;valuation de l&#39;information et de l&rsquo;int&eacute;r&ecirc;t des &eacute;tudiants pour le sujet.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Aptos, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:19.200000762939453px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Concernant l&rsquo;engagement cognitif dans la recherche d&rsquo;information, l&rsquo;&eacute;valuation critique des sources (par exemple, la comp&eacute;tence de l&rsquo;auteur, la date de publication, la qualit&eacute; du site web), s&rsquo;av&egrave;re &ecirc;tre une comp&eacute;tence particuli&egrave;rement complexe. Le mod&egrave;le MD-TRACE (Rouet &amp; Britt, 2011) souligne l&rsquo;importance de ce processus cognitif, mettant en avant l&rsquo;&eacute;valuation de la fiabilit&eacute; des sources comme une &eacute;tape fondamentale. En parall&egrave;le, la motivation de l&rsquo;&eacute;tudiant joue un r&ocirc;le important dans la r&eacute;alisation de ces t&acirc;ches. La th&eacute;orie de l&rsquo;autod&eacute;termination (Deci &amp; Ryan, 1985, 2000) distingue diff&eacute;rentes formes de motivation qui s&rsquo;inscrivent sur un continuum allant de la motivation autonome (int&eacute;r&ecirc;t intrins&egrave;que pour la t&acirc;che) &agrave; la motivation contr&ocirc;l&eacute;e (motivation par des facteurs externes) et &agrave; l&rsquo;amotivation (absence de motivation). Cette th&eacute;orie, largement valid&eacute;e dans divers contextes &eacute;ducatifs, offre un cadre pertinent pour explorer l&rsquo;impact de la motivation sur les apprentissages, mais a &eacute;t&eacute; peu &eacute;tudi&eacute;e en lien avec l&rsquo;&eacute;valuation critique de documents multiples.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Aptos, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:19.200000762939453px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">C&rsquo;est la raison pour laquelle notre &eacute;tude a pour objectif d&rsquo;explorer les liens entre diff&eacute;rents types de motivation autod&eacute;termin&eacute;e et la capacit&eacute; des &eacute;tudiants &agrave; &eacute;valuer l&rsquo;information provenant de documents multiples dans le cadre d&rsquo;un cours sur le Business Plan. Nous posons les hypoth&egrave;ses suivantes :</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Aptos, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:19.200000762939453px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">&nbsp;- H1 : La motivation autonome pour les &eacute;tudes et pour le cours de Business Plan corr&egrave;le positivement avec les performances des &eacute;tudiants dans l&rsquo;&eacute;valuation critique des documents.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Aptos, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:19.200000762939453px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">- H2&nbsp;: Les &eacute;tudiants qui r&eacute;alisent une &laquo;&nbsp;lecture lat&eacute;rale&nbsp;&raquo; (Wineburg &amp; McGrew, 2018), corroborant les informations avec d&rsquo;autres sources que celles propos&eacute;es initialement, ont une plus forte motivation autonome pour les &eacute;tudes et pour le cours de Business Plan, par rapport aux &eacute;tudiants non-corroborateurs.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Aptos, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:19.200000762939453px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">- H3&nbsp;: La qualit&eacute; des justifications sur la fiabilit&eacute; des sources est associ&eacute;e &agrave; une plus forte motivation autonome/contr&ocirc;l&eacute;e chez les &eacute;tudiants.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Aptos, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:19.200000762939453px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Notre &eacute;tude a &eacute;t&eacute; men&eacute;e aupr&egrave;s de 125 &eacute;l&egrave;ves ing&eacute;nieurs de premi&egrave;re ann&eacute;e &agrave; l&rsquo;&Eacute;cole Polytechnique de Tours (89 % de sexe masculin, &acirc;ge moyen = 20,1 ans). Deux outils de mesure standardis&eacute;s ont &eacute;t&eacute; utilis&eacute;s pour &eacute;valuer la motivation : l&rsquo;&eacute;chelle de motivation pour les &eacute;tudes sup&eacute;rieures (EMEU-28, Vallerand et al., 1989),&ndash;et une version adapt&eacute;e de l&rsquo;&eacute;chelle EMS-28 (Bri&egrave;re et al., 1995) afin de mesurer la motivation des &eacute;tudiants sp&eacute;cifiquement pour le cours de &laquo; Business Plan &raquo;. Les &eacute;tudiants ont ensuite r&eacute;alis&eacute; &agrave; une t&acirc;che consistant &agrave; &eacute;valuer trois pages web sur le th&egrave;me de la cr&eacute;ation d&rsquo;entreprise. La qualit&eacute; des justifications apport&eacute;es concernant la fiabilit&eacute; des sources a &eacute;t&eacute; &eacute;valu&eacute;e selon un bar&egrave;me de 4 points. Toutes les t&acirc;ches ont &eacute;t&eacute; compl&eacute;t&eacute;es lors d&rsquo;une s&eacute;ance de deux heures en salle informatique.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Aptos, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:19.200000762939453px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Les r&eacute;sultats sont en cours d&rsquo;analyse. Les analyses pr&eacute;liminaires montrent que les &eacute;l&egrave;ves ing&eacute;nieurs sont fortement motiv&eacute;s pour les &eacute;tudes sup&eacute;rieures. En revanche, ils manifestent une motivation relativement plus faible pour le cours de Business Plan. Les analyses corr&eacute;lationnelles r&eacute;v&egrave;lent une relation n&eacute;gative significative entre la motivation contr&ocirc;l&eacute;e et la qualit&eacute; des justifications fournies lors de l&rsquo;&eacute;valuation des documents (r = -0.229, p &lt; 0.01), sugg&eacute;rant que plus la motivation contr&ocirc;l&eacute;e est &eacute;lev&eacute;e, moins les justifications apport&eacute;es par les &eacute;tudiants sont pertinentes. Aucune corr&eacute;lation significative n&rsquo;a &eacute;t&eacute; trouv&eacute;e entre les diff&eacute;rentes forme de motivation et le fait de consulter des sources suppl&eacute;mentaires pour corroborer les informations des documents.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Aptos, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:19.200000762939453px"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">En conclusion, nos r&eacute;sultats mettent en lumi&egrave;re le r&ocirc;le ambivalent de la motivation dans l&rsquo;&eacute;valuation des documents multiples. Bien que la motivation autonome soit g&eacute;n&eacute;ralement associ&eacute;e &agrave; une meilleure performance cognitive dans d&rsquo;autres contextes (</span></span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Vansteenkiste et al., 2004, 2005&nbsp;; Leroy &amp; Bressoux, 2016)<span style="color:black">, notre &eacute;tude montre qu&rsquo;elle n&rsquo;est pas syst&eacute;matiquement li&eacute;e &agrave; une meilleure &eacute;valuation critique des documents. En revanche, une motivation contr&ocirc;l&eacute;e semble clairement nuire &agrave; la qualit&eacute; des justifications apport&eacute;es lors de cette t&acirc;che. L&rsquo;absence de lien entre la consultation d&rsquo;autres sources (corroboration) et la motivation sugg&egrave;re que d&rsquo;autres facteurs, tels que la formation aux pratiques d&rsquo;&eacute;valuation ou l&rsquo;habitude de v&eacute;rifier les sources, pourraient jouer un r&ocirc;le plus d&eacute;terminant dans l&rsquo;engagement cognitif des &eacute;tudiants. In fine, notre &eacute;tude apporte un &eacute;clairage nouveau sur les liens entre motivation et &eacute;valuation de l&rsquo;information dans le contexte de la recherche d&rsquo;information. Elle invite &agrave; r&eacute;fl&eacute;chir &agrave; la mani&egrave;re dont des interventions p&eacute;dagogiques pourraient &ecirc;tre con&ccedil;ues pour encourager non seulement l&rsquo;int&eacute;r&ecirc;t intrins&egrave;que, mais aussi la qualit&eacute; de l&#39;engagement cognitif des &eacute;tudiants dans des t&acirc;ches acad&eacute;miques complexes.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Aptos, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">R&eacute;f&eacute;rences&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:-42.55pt; margin-left:57px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:-42.55pt; margin-left:57px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Aptos, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:18.399999618530273px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Boub&eacute;e, N., &amp; Tricot, A. 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D&eacute;veloppement et Validation d&#39;une Mesure de Motivation Intrins&egrave;que, Extrins&egrave;que et d&#39;Amotivation en Contexte Sportif: L&#39;&Eacute;chelle de Motivation dans les Sports (&Eacute;MS).&nbsp;</span></span></span><i style="caret-color:#222222; font-variant-caps:normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; word-spacing:0px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:#222222">International journal of sport psychology</span></span></i><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="color:#222222"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="caret-color:#222222; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="float:none"><span style="word-spacing:0px">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222"><span style="background-color:white">Deci, E. L., &amp; Ryan, R. M. (1985). Conceptualizations of intrinsic motivation and self-determination.&nbsp;</span></span><i style="font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; orphans:2; widows:2; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-decoration-thickness:initial; word-spacing:0px">Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior</i><span style="font-variant-ligatures:normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="orphans:2"><span style="widows:2"><span style="text-decoration-thickness:initial"><span style="float:none"><span style="word-spacing:0px">, 11-40.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222"><span style="background-color:white">Deci, E. 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(2000).&nbsp;</span></span>&laquo; The &ldquo;what&rdquo; and &ldquo;why&rdquo; of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-de- termination of behavior &raquo;.&nbsp;<i>Psychological Inquiry</i>, vol. 11, n<span style="position:relative"><span style="top:-3pt">o&nbsp;</span></span>4,.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">LEROY N., &amp; BRESSOUX P. 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(2018). Can students evaluate online sources? Learning from assessments of civic online reasoning.&nbsp;<em>Theory &amp; Research in Social Education, 46</em>(2), 165&ndash;193</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:-42.55pt; margin-left:57px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none">Vallerand, R. J., Blais, M. R., Brière, N. M. et Pelletier, L. G. (1989). Construction et validation de l&rsquo;Échelle de motivation en éducation (EME).&nbsp;<i>Canadian Journal of Behavioural</i>,&nbsp;<i>21</i>(3), 323-349.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222"><span style="background-color:white">Vansteenkiste, M., Simons, J., Lens, W., Sheldon, K. M., &amp; Deci, E. L. (2004). Motivating learning, performance, and persistence: the synergistic effects of intrinsic goal contents and autonomy-supportive contexts.&nbsp;</span></span><i style="caret-color:#222222; font-variant-caps:normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; word-spacing:0px"><span style="color:#222222">Journal of personality and social psychology</span></i><span style="color:#222222"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="caret-color:#222222; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="float:none"><span style="word-spacing:0px">,&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span><i style="caret-color:#222222; font-variant-caps:normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; word-spacing:0px"><span style="color:#222222">87</span></i><span style="color:#222222"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="caret-color:#222222; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="float:none"><span style="word-spacing:0px">(2), 246</span></span></span></span>.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222"><span style="background-color:white">Vansteenkiste, M., Zhou, M., Lens, W., &amp; Soenens, B. (2005). Experiences of autonomy and control among Chinese learners: Vitalizing or immobilizing?.&nbsp;</span></span><i style="caret-color:#222222; font-variant-caps:normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; word-spacing:0px"><span style="color:#222222">Journal of educational psychology</span></i><span style="color:#222222"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="caret-color:#222222; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="float:none"><span style="word-spacing:0px">,&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span><i style="caret-color:#222222; font-variant-caps:normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; word-spacing:0px"><span style="color:#222222">97</span></i><span style="color:#222222"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="caret-color:#222222; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="float:none"><span style="word-spacing:0px">(3), 468.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Aptos, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Wineburg, S., &amp; McGrew, S. (2019). Lateral reading and the nature of expertise: Reading less and learning more when evaluating digital information.&nbsp;</span><i><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">Teachers College Record</span></i><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif">,&nbsp;<i>121</i>(11), 1-40.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:-42.55pt; margin-left:57px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p>