<div class="WordSection1"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Lexicographie, genre&nbsp;et f&eacute;minit&eacute; : aspects macro- et microstructuraux dans les dictionnaires bilingues au Gabon</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#222222">Edgard Maillard ELLA est chercheur-enseignant au Centre national de la recherche scientifique et technologique (CENAREST) au Gabon. Il est titulaire d&rsquo;un PhD en lexicographie de l&rsquo;Universit&eacute; de Stellenbosch en Afrique du Sud, Charg&eacute; de Recherche de Lexicographie Bilingue et de Lexicographie de Langues de Sp&eacute;cialit&eacute;, ses nombreux travaux de recherche visent l&rsquo;endog&eacute;n&eacute;isation du savoir local en int&eacute;grant les donn&eacute;es allog&egrave;nes ainsi que la promotion de la lexicographie scolaire qui est une lexicographie de langues de sp&eacute;cialit&eacute;. </span></span></i></span></span></span></span></p> <h1 style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Introduction</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></h1> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">&Agrave; l&rsquo;instar des langues endog&egrave;nes de l&rsquo;Afrique subsaharienne en g&eacute;n&eacute;ral, celles du Gabon vont n&eacute;cessairement se soumettre &agrave; la contrainte d&rsquo;une clarification conceptuelle en passant de l&rsquo;oral &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;crit (cf. Houis, 1971&nbsp;: 190). &Agrave; l&rsquo;instar des pays de cette partie de l&rsquo;Afrique, la distinction du sexe, m&ecirc;me si elle n&rsquo;est seulement que parfois repr&eacute;sent&eacute;e par deux formes pour indiquer le masculin et le f&eacute;minin surtout chez les personnes, est fondatrice de l&rsquo;organisation sociale et de la litt&eacute;rature orale dans la soci&eacute;t&eacute; africaine. Il faut tenir compte de cette r&eacute;alit&eacute; dans la communication &eacute;crite de ces langues endog&egrave;nes. Cet effort de conceptualisation en passant de l&rsquo;oral &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;crit est &eacute;galement n&eacute;cessaire pour le d&eacute;veloppement du point de vue scientifique, pour ne citer que cet aspect. En effet, comment enseignerait-on la biologie ou les sciences de la vie et de la terre (SVT) par exemple, s&rsquo;il n&rsquo;y a pas de distinction entre le masculin et le f&eacute;minin ainsi que le concept de m&acirc;le et de femelle&nbsp;? Les dictionnaires sont impliqu&eacute;s dans ce processus, car ces ouvrages sont li&eacute;s fondamentalement &agrave; la communication &eacute;crite comme le disent J. Dubois et Cl. Dubois (1971&nbsp;: 43). </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">D</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">ans les langues locales du Gabon, langues bantu ou bantoues, le genre grammatical renvoie aux couples de classes de noms au singulier et au pluriel correspondant aux diff&eacute;rents genres. Dans ces langues, les noms ne font en g&eacute;n&eacute;ral aucune distinction entre le masculin et le f&eacute;minin et le neutre. Cependant, fond&eacute; sur la distinction du sexe, le genre naturel est parfois repr&eacute;sent&eacute; par deux formes pour indiquer le masculin et le f&eacute;minin surtout chez les personnes. Il faut n&eacute;cessairement tenir compte de cette r&eacute;alit&eacute; comme nous l&rsquo;avons d&eacute;j&agrave; insinu&eacute; plus haut. Par ailleurs, dans ces langues</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black"> locales, </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">i</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">l n&rsquo;y a pas aussi dans les pronoms personnels sujets, de modification de son m&ecirc;me quand la personne d&eacute;sign&eacute;e et son genre qui sont sugg&eacute;r&eacute;s &agrave; l&rsquo;oral sont connus. Or, dans le dictionnaire, le traitement macro- et microstructural est une clarification conceptuelle des mots s&eacute;lectionn&eacute;s comme lemmes ou entr&eacute;es. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Ce travail est une r&eacute;flexion pour la prise en compte &agrave; la fois du genre grammatical et du genre naturel comme c&rsquo;est le cas en fran&ccedil;ais ou en anglais par exemple et sans recherche de mim&eacute;tisme aveugle, dans les dictionnaires bilingues au Gabon. Autrement dit, le genre peut ne pas reposer de fa&ccedil;on rigide sur un seul aspect et sans que cela ne soit pr&eacute;judiciable au sens propre et &agrave; la vision du monde de la langue ainsi trait&eacute;e. Un morphogramme grammatical va distinguer les pronoms personnels sujets du masculin de ceux du f&eacute;minin en donnant l&rsquo;information sur le genre grammatical de ces mots sans modifier le son. Car, e</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">n fixant la pens&eacute;e, c&rsquo;est-&agrave;-dire en en proc&eacute;dant &agrave; l&rsquo;effort de clarification conceptuelle en passant de l&rsquo;oral &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;crit, l&rsquo;&eacute;crit oblige &agrave; formuler et &agrave; pr&eacute;ciser la pens&eacute;e conceptuelle qui ne peut &ecirc;tre que parfois sugg&eacute;r&eacute;e dans l&rsquo;oral (L. Lur&ccedil;at, 1988&nbsp;:1). </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">L&rsquo;objectif de ce travail est en filigrane la mise en perspective de la f&eacute;minit&eacute;, souvent moins sugg&eacute;r&eacute;e que la masculinit&eacute; dans le discours oral et dans les propositions d&rsquo;&eacute;criture des langues locales du Gabon.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Il sera d&rsquo;abord question de discuter d&rsquo;une part, des aspects du genre grammatical et du genre naturel que portent les mots dans les langues locales du Gabon et qui sont porteurs de sens dans l&rsquo;organisation sociale et la litt&eacute;rature orale, etc. D&rsquo;autre part, il s&rsquo;agira d&rsquo;&eacute;voquer, &agrave; travers les articles de dictionnaire, les aspects macro- et microstructuraux du traitement du genre dans les dictionnaires bilingues au Gabon. Cette d&eacute;monstration va se faire &agrave; partir des mots choisis comme lemmes et porteurs de ces genres et sur la base d&rsquo;un dictionnaire bilingue bidirectionnel ou biscopal. Nous allons exceptionnellement nous r&eacute;f&eacute;rer au fang ntumu ou ntoumou de Bitam pour ce qui est valable pour toutes les autres langues locales du Gabon.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <h1 style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">1. Aspects du genre dans les langues locales du Gabon</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></h1> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#212529">Le genre grammatical n&rsquo;est pas n&eacute;cessairement fond&eacute; sur le sexe en ne renvoyant pas qu&rsquo;au masculin et au f&eacute;minin des objets anim&eacute;s que sont les humains et les animaux. Dans ce cas, on parle de genre naturel ou fond&eacute; sur la distinction du sexe. En fran&ccedil;ais par exemple, le mot <i>femme</i> est f&eacute;minin tout comme ce qu&rsquo;il d&eacute;finit. Il peut l&rsquo;&ecirc;tre aussi comme en fran&ccedil;ais encore une fois, de fa&ccedil;on arbitraire sur les objets inanim&eacute;s, <i>table</i> est ainsi f&eacute;minin et immeuble <i>masculin</i>, sur la forme, la texture, la couleur, bref sur n&rsquo;importe quel ensemble de propri&eacute;t&eacute;s naturelles qui d&eacute;termine des classes. Le genre renvoie ainsi &agrave; un principe d</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#222222">&rsquo;accord qui se fait entre mots des &eacute;nonc&eacute;s. Dans les lignes qui suivent, nous allons discuter des manifestations du genre dans les langues locales du Gabon.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <h2 style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; margin-bottom: 13px; margin-left: 48px;"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">1.1. </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">&nbsp;Le genre grammatical</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></h2> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#1c1e21">Les langues locales du Gabon sont des langues dites bantu ou bantoues. Dans ces langues, le genre n&rsquo;ob&eacute;it pas &agrave; un </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#222222">principe d&rsquo;accord entre les mots fortement li&eacute; par le sens</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#1c1e21">. C&rsquo;est un accord bas&eacute; dans l&rsquo;opposition entre le singulier et le pluriel des noms d&eacute;termin&eacute;e par des affixes ou des pr&eacute;fixes et qui donne lieu &agrave; une classe du singulier et celle du pluriel. Ce sont ces couples de classes de noms au singulier et au pluriel qui correspondent aux diff&eacute;rents genres. Dans cette cat&eacute;gorie des langues &agrave; laquelle appartient les langues locales du Gabon, le nom est compos&eacute; d&rsquo;un radical et d&rsquo;un affixe. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#1c1e21">Dans le fang parl&eacute; &agrave; Bitam<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#1c1e21">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a>, le nom <i>m&ocirc;ng</i> &laquo;&nbsp;enfant&nbsp;&raquo; est compos&eacute; du radical -<i>&ocirc;ng</i> et du pr&eacute;fixe <i>m</i>-. Le pr&eacute;fixe <i>m</i>- qui indique le singulier et le caract&egrave;re humain de l&rsquo;&ecirc;tre d&eacute;sign&eacute; par <i>m&ocirc;ng</i>, appartient ainsi &agrave; la classe 1. Au pluriel, <i>m&ocirc;ng</i> &eacute;quivaut &agrave; <i>b&ocirc;ng</i> &laquo;&nbsp;enfants&nbsp;&raquo;. Le pr&eacute;fixe <i>b</i>-, indique que <i>b&ocirc;ng</i> est le pluriel de <i>m&ocirc;ng</i> et que, comme celui-ci, <i>b&ocirc;ng</i> d&eacute;signe un &ecirc;tre humain et appartient &agrave; la classe 2. Ce sont ces deux classes qui correspondent au genre 1. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">On a alors les couples <i>m&ocirc;ng/b&ocirc;ng, </i>l&rsquo;opposition entre le singulier et le pluriel de noms &agrave; partir des pr&eacute;fixes qui permet de d&eacute;terminer les classes 1 et 2 qui correspondent au genre 1. Parce que, pour d&eacute;signer le pluriel des &ecirc;tres qui ne sont pas humains, il y a d&rsquo;autres pr&eacute;fixes, par exemple le pr&eacute;fixe <i>bi</i>- du nom <i>bil&eacute;</i> &laquo;&nbsp;arbres&nbsp;&raquo; et appartenant &agrave; la classe 8. Il s&rsquo;est substitu&eacute; au pr&eacute;fixe <i>&eacute;</i>- qui indique le statut non humain de l&rsquo;objet que d&eacute;signe <i>&eacute;l&eacute;</i> &laquo;&nbsp;arbre&nbsp;&raquo; et qui appartient &agrave; la classe 7. <i>&Eacute;l&eacute;</i> et<i> bil&eacute;</i> ont pour radical &ndash;<i>l&eacute;</i> et les classes 7 et 8 correspondent au genre 5. Ici, nous avons donc les couples <i>m&ocirc;ng/b&ocirc;ng</i> et <i>&eacute;l&eacute;</i>/<i> bil&eacute;</i> qui sont les classes de mots qui correspondent aux genres 1 et 5. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Il y a naturellement d&rsquo;autres couples dans la langue qui ont permis de d&eacute;terminer des classes de mots correspondant &agrave; 15 genres. Des &eacute;tudes sur le fang</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">, </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">ont permis de d&eacute;terminer 9 genres &agrave; une classe et on peut donc d&eacute;duire le nombre de genres dans le fang parl&eacute; &agrave; Bitam &agrave; un total de 24.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Cependant, comme nous l&rsquo;avons d&eacute;j&agrave; indiqu&eacute; dans les propos liminaires, le genre ne peut se limiter qu&rsquo;&agrave; cet aspect grammatical dans les langues locales du Gabon. En effet, fond&eacute; sur la distinction du sexe, le genre naturel est parfois repr&eacute;sent&eacute; dans ces langues, par deux formes pour indiquer le masculin et le f&eacute;minin surtout chez les personnes. Cet aspect n&rsquo;apparait pas dans les donn&eacute;es du genre grammatical<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a>. Or, il faut n&eacute;cessairement tenir compte de cette r&eacute;alit&eacute; dans l&rsquo;&eacute;criture au sens large de ces langues&nbsp;: celle qui englobe la notion de grammaire, en mentionnant &agrave; c&ocirc;t&eacute; du genre grammatical s&rsquo;il y a lieu, que ces noms sont masculins ou f&eacute;minins<a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a>. Autrement dit, il faut restituer autant que possible comment les peuples endog&egrave;nes du Gabon peuple per&ccedil;oivent le monde et le nomment<a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a>. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">C&rsquo;est dans ce m&ecirc;me ordre d&rsquo;id&eacute;es qu&rsquo;il est n&eacute;cessaire de mat&eacute;rialiser &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;crit le genre naturel qui est seulement sugg&eacute;r&eacute; &agrave; l&rsquo;oral dans les pronoms personnels sujets. Dans ces mots, il n&rsquo;y a pas </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">de modification de son m&ecirc;me quand la personne d&eacute;sign&eacute;e et son genre sugg&eacute;r&eacute;s &agrave; l&rsquo;oral sont connus. Comme nous allons le voir dans les lignes qui suivent, cette distinction n&eacute;cessaire peut se faire &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;crit gr&acirc;ce &agrave; l&rsquo;ajout d&rsquo;un morphogramme grammatical &agrave; la fin des mots repr&eacute;sentant les pronoms personnels sujets de la troisi&egrave;me personne du singulier et pluriel.&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <h2 style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#1c1e21">1.2. </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#1c1e21">&nbsp;Le genre naturel</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></h2> <h3 style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -28.9pt; margin-bottom: 13px; margin-left: 48px;"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">1.2.1. </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Le masculin, le f&eacute;minin et le neutre dans diff&eacute;rentes formes de mots quand on parle des personnes</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></h3> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">En fang </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#1c1e21">parl&eacute; &agrave; Bitam</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">, cela est valable pour les autres langues locales du Gabon, certains noms, surtout ceux qui d&eacute;signent les personnes, peuvent avoir deux formes pour indiquer s&eacute;par&eacute;ment le masculin et le f&eacute;minin. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Tableau 1&nbsp;: </span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Une esquisse de la repr&eacute;sentation du masculin et du f&eacute;minin par diff&eacute;rentes formes quand on parle des personnes </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#1c1e21">dans le fang parl&eacute; &agrave; Bitam</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <table class="MsoTableGrid" style="width:604px; border-collapse:collapse; border:none" width="604"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:217px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Masculin</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:198px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">F&eacute;minin</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:189px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Neutre</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:217px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">fam (homme)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:198px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">minenga (femme)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:189px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">mbot (humain)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:217px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">nom (&eacute;poux/mari)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:198px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">ngaa (&eacute;pouse/femme)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:189px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3 style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt; margin-bottom: 13px; margin-left: 48px;"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">1.2.2. </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Le masculin et le f&eacute;minin dans la d&eacute;signation du fr&egrave;re et de la s&oelig;ur selon que l&rsquo;on soit un homme ou une femme</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></h3> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">En fang </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#1c1e21">parl&eacute; &agrave; Bitam</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">, cela est valable pour les autres langues locales du Gabon, les noms repr&eacute;sentant le fr&egrave;re et la s&oelig;ur sont masculins ou f&eacute;minins selon que la personne qui d&eacute;signe soit du sexe masculin ou f&eacute;minin. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Tableau 2&nbsp;: </span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Une esquisse de la repr&eacute;sentation du masculin et du f&eacute;minin des noms repr&eacute;sentant le fr&egrave;re et la s&oelig;ur</span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">selon que la personne qui d&eacute;signe est du sexe masculin ou f&eacute;minin</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#1c1e21"> dans le fang parl&eacute; &agrave; Bitam</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <table class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:302px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Masculin</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:302px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">F&eacute;minin</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:302px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">monegnang (fr&egrave;re) lorsque la personne qui d&eacute;signe est du sexe masculin&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:302px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">ndom (fr&egrave;re) lorsque la personne qui d&eacute;signe est du sexe f&eacute;minin&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:302px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">kaa (s&oelig;ur) lorsque la personne qui d&eacute;signe est du sexe masculin&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:302px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">monegnang (s&oelig;ur) lorsque la personne qui d&eacute;signe est du sexe f&eacute;minin&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3 style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt; margin-left: 48px;"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">1.2.3. </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Le masculin, le f&eacute;minin et le neutre dans diff&eacute;rentes formes de mots quand on parle des m&eacute;tiers</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></h3> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">En fang </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#1c1e21">parl&eacute; &agrave; Bitam</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">, cela est valable pour les autres langues locales du Gabon, les noms qui d&eacute;signent les m&eacute;tiers, peuvent avoir deux formes pour pr&eacute;ciser que l&rsquo;on parle ou d&eacute;signe respectivement un homme ou une femme. Ces formes se diff&eacute;rencient en faisant des noms compos&eacute;s avec <i>fam</i> (homme) ou minenga (femme) respectivement. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Tableau 3&nbsp;: </span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Une esquisse de la repr&eacute;sentation du masculin et du f&eacute;minin par diff&eacute;rentes formes quand on parle des m&eacute;tiers </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#1c1e21">dans le fang parl&eacute; &agrave; Bitam</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <table class="MsoTableGrid" style="width:604px; border-collapse:collapse; border:none" width="604"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:217px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Masculin</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:198px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">F&eacute;minin</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:189px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Neutre</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:217px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">fam<b>#</b>ngyeghele (enseignant)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:198px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">minenga<b>#</b>ngyeghele (enseignante)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:189px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">ngyeghele (enseignant)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:217px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">fam nguengang (tradipraticien) </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:198px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">minenga nguengang (tradipraticienne)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:189px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">nguengang (tradipraticien)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#1c1e21">Loin de vouloir emprunter le chemin d&rsquo;une id&eacute;ologie radicale &agrave; tout va ou celui de tomber dans un effet de mode, nous pensons que la f&eacute;minisation des noms dans les langues locales du Gabon est importante. Cela l&rsquo;est pour mieux affirmer et pr&eacute;senter la f&eacute;minit&eacute; dans l&rsquo;organisation sociale et la communication. Comme dans la langue fran&ccedil;aise, nous pensons que la r&eacute;f&eacute;rence aux noms neutres sugg&eacute;rait dans l&rsquo;imaginaire beaucoup plus la masculinit&eacute;. D&rsquo;o&ugrave;, les am&eacute;nagements avec soit avec la f&eacute;minisation du d&eacute;terminant et/ou du nom&nbsp;: la cheffe, la capitaine, la maire, la professeure, l&rsquo;auteure, etc. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#1c1e21">C&rsquo;est la raison pour laquelle si ce travail met l&rsquo;accent sur le genre de fa&ccedil;on g&eacute;n&eacute;rale, il y a un accent particulier mis sur la f&eacute;minit&eacute; </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">qui n&rsquo;a pas souvent &eacute;t&eacute; assez mise en relief comme cela a &eacute;t&eacute; le cas pour la masculinit&eacute;<span style="color:#1c1e21">. </span>Nous pensons que cela est d&ucirc; au fait que la r&eacute;f&eacute;rence aux noms neutres sugg&egrave;re beaucoup plus la masculinit&eacute; dans l&rsquo;imaginaire collectif. Car elle est per&ccedil;ue comme le point de d&eacute;part pour d&eacute;terminer la f&eacute;minit&eacute;, cette derni&egrave;re n&rsquo;est pas souvent prise en compte comme une entit&eacute; ind&eacute;pendante. </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Si les formes </span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">M</span></span></i><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">inenga ngyeghele</span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> (enseignante) et <i>fam ngyeghele</i> (enseignant) se diff&eacute;rencient en faisant des noms compos&eacute;s avec <i>fam</i> (homme) ou minenga (femme), cela ne doit pas &ecirc;tre consid&eacute;r&eacute; comme un point de d&eacute;part de la masculinit&eacute; pour la f&eacute;minit&eacute; mais de deux concepts ind&eacute;pendants l&rsquo;un de l&rsquo;autre.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <h3 style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt; margin-bottom: 13px; margin-left: 48px;"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">1.2.4. </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Le masculin, le f&eacute;minin et le neutre dans diff&eacute;rentes formes de mots quand on parle des animaux</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></h3> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">En fang </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#1c1e21">parl&eacute; &agrave; Bitam</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">, cela est valable pour les autres langues locales du Gabon, les noms qui d&eacute;signent les animaux, peuvent avoir deux formes pour indiquer s&eacute;par&eacute;ment le masculin (m&acirc;le) et le f&eacute;minin (femelle). Ces formes se diff&eacute;rencient en faisant des noms compos&eacute;s avec <i>nome</i> (mari/&eacute;poux) ou <i>ngaa</i> (femme/&eacute;pouse) pour pr&eacute;ciser que l&rsquo;on parle ou d&eacute;signe respectivement d&rsquo;un animal m&acirc;le ou femelle. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Tableau 4&nbsp;: </span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Une esquisse de la repr&eacute;sentation du masculin (m&acirc;le) et du f&eacute;minin (femelle) par diff&eacute;rentes formes quand on parle des animaux </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#1c1e21">dans le fang parl&eacute; &agrave; Bitam</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <table class="MsoTableGrid" style="width:604px; border-collapse:collapse; border:none" width="604"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:217px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Masculin (m&acirc;le)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:198px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">F&eacute;minin (femelle)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:189px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Neutre</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:217px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">nome<b>#</b>ngui (gorille m&acirc;le)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:198px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">ngaa<b>#</b>ngui (gorille femelle)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:189px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">ngui (gorille)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:217px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">nome<b>#</b>zok(&eacute;l&eacute;phant m&acirc;le)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:198px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">ngaa<b>#</b>zok (&eacute;l&eacute;phant femelle)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:189px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">zok (&eacute;l&eacute;phant)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3 style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt; margin-bottom: 13px; margin-left: 48px;"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">1.2.5. </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Les pronoms personnels sujets</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></h3> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">En fang </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#1c1e21">parl&eacute; &agrave; Bitam</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">, cela est valable pour les autres langues locales du Gabon, </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">i</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">l n&rsquo;y a pas dans les pronoms personnels, de modification de son m&ecirc;me quand la personne d&eacute;sign&eacute;e et son genre sugg&eacute;r&eacute;s &agrave; l&rsquo;oral sont connus. Nous proposons que ces donn&eacute;es relatives &agrave; la personne et au genre sugg&eacute;r&eacute;s soient visibles &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;crit par l&rsquo;ajout d&rsquo;un morphogramme grammatical &agrave; la fin du pronom personnel qui va repr&eacute;senter le f&eacute;minin. Inspir&eacute; de l&rsquo;orthographe du fran&ccedil;ais, ce morphogramme grammatical renvoie &agrave; un ou plusieurs graph&egrave;mes qui ne sont pas audibles ou muets et qui sont ajout&eacute;s &agrave; la fin du mot. Ces derniers jouent un r&ocirc;le visuel fondamental en marquant &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;crit une information grammaticale seulement sugg&eacute;r&eacute;e sur le genre, le nombre et la personne. Ils ajoutent une information autre que celle relative au son. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">En fran&ccedil;ais, dans &laquo;&nbsp;ils&nbsp;&raquo; et &laquo;&nbsp;elles&nbsp;&raquo; par exemple, qui se prononcent de la m&ecirc;me fa&ccedil;on au singulier, le &laquo;&nbsp;s&nbsp;&raquo; est un morph&egrave;me grammatical qui &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;crit, indique la troisi&egrave;me personne du pluriel. C&rsquo;est-&agrave;-dire le nombre. C&rsquo;est aussi le cas pour &laquo;&nbsp;ent&nbsp;&raquo; &agrave; la fin des verbes &agrave; la troisi&egrave;me du pluriel, s&eacute;rie de graph&egrave;mes morphogrammiques grammaticaux, qui les diff&eacute;rencie dans certains cas de ceux de la troisi&egrave;me voire deuxi&egrave;me personne du singulier. C&rsquo;est le cas de &laquo;&nbsp;(tu) manges&nbsp;&raquo;, &laquo;&nbsp;(il/elle) mange&nbsp;&raquo; et &laquo;&nbsp;(ils/elles) mangent&nbsp;&raquo;, par exemple. Le &laquo;&nbsp;e&nbsp;&raquo; muet &agrave; la fin des mots comme l&rsquo;adjectif &laquo;&nbsp;ravie&nbsp;&raquo;, par exemple, est un morphogramme grammatical qui indique le f&eacute;minin de &laquo;&nbsp;ravi&nbsp;&raquo;. Tous ces mots sont ainsi des homophones.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Cette approche que nous proposons ici n&rsquo;est pas nouvelle. Au d&eacute;but du&nbsp;<span style="font-variant:small-caps">xx</span><sup>e</sup>&nbsp;si&egrave;cle, le chinois moderne par exemple, l&rsquo;avait d&eacute;j&agrave; utilis&eacute; en ne faisant apparaitre le genre qu&rsquo;&agrave; l&#39;&eacute;crit &agrave; l&rsquo;aide des caract&egrave;res employ&eacute;s restant strictement homophones dans les pronoms personnels. Ces caract&egrave;res ont &eacute;t&eacute; introduits dans les pronoms personnels de la deuxi&egrave;me et la troisi&egrave;me personnes du singulier (C. Jortay, 2018).</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Dans le cas du fang </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">parl&eacute; &agrave; Bitam </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">le graph&egrave;me que nous sugg&eacute;rons va permettre d&rsquo;indiquer le genre les pronoms personnels sujets du masculin de ceux du f&eacute;minin qui se prononcent indistinctement. Dans ce cas de figure, nous proposons que c</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">e morphogramme grammatical soit le graph&egrave;me &laquo;&nbsp;a&nbsp;&raquo;. C&rsquo;est-&agrave;-dire qu&rsquo;il va correspondre &agrave; la voyelle finale de ces mots, mais cette double voyelle ne va pas se lire comme une longueur vocalique. C&rsquo;est cette approche que nous sugg&eacute;rons pour toutes les langues locales du Gabon. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Dans le fang </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">parl&eacute; &agrave; Bitam le </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">pronom personnel sujet masculin de la troisi&egrave;me personne du singulier</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> est une voyelle. Nous proposons qu&rsquo;il soit en lettre capitale pour qu&rsquo;il soit facilement identifiable dans les textes. C&rsquo;est le cas en anglais par exemple, avec le &laquo;&nbsp;I&nbsp;&raquo; (je). </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Tableau 5&nbsp;: </span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Une esquisse de la repr&eacute;sentation du masculin, du f&eacute;minin et du neutre des pronoms personnels sujets lorsque la personne d&eacute;sign&eacute;e et son genre sont connus ou pas</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <table class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:198px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Masculin</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:208px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">F&eacute;minin</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:198px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Neutre</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:198px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">A </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(pronom personnel sujet de la troisi&egrave;me personne du singulier) lorsque le genre de la personne est masculin&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:208px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">aa </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(pronom personnel sujet de la troisi&egrave;me personne du singulier) lorsque le genre de la personne est f&eacute;minin&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:198px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">A </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(pronom personnel sujet de la troisi&egrave;me personne du singulier) lorsque le genre de la personne n&rsquo;est pas connu&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:198px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">ba </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(pronom personnel sujet de la troisi&egrave;me personne du pluriel) lorsque le genre des personnes est masculin&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:208px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">baa </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(pronom personnel sujet de la troisi&egrave;me personne du pluriel) lorsque le genre des personnes est f&eacute;minin&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:198px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">ba </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(pronom personnel sujet de la troisi&egrave;me personne du pluriel) lorsque le genre de des personnes n&rsquo;est pas connu </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Cette proposition de l&rsquo;ajout d&rsquo;un morphogramme grammatical &agrave; la fin des pronoms personnels sujets pour distinguer le genre de ces mots dans les langues locales du Gabon, rentre dans le cadre th&eacute;orique de la lexicographie. Pour Kalonji (1993&nbsp;:89) par exemple, la t&acirc;che du lexicographe est d&rsquo;&ecirc;tre assez imaginatif. Par ailleurs, en r&eacute;f&eacute;rence au m&ecirc;me auteur (1993&nbsp;:85), nous dirons qu&rsquo;&agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;tat actuel de l&rsquo;&eacute;criture de ces langues locales, le lexicographe doit au regard de son intuition, contribuer &agrave; la r&eacute;flexion sur certaines formes &eacute;crites. De fa&ccedil;on plus large, notre d&eacute;marche ob&eacute;it aux principes de la Th&eacute;orie G&eacute;n&eacute;rale de la lexicographie telle qu&rsquo;&eacute;nonc&eacute;e par H. E&nbsp;Wiegand (1989) et consid&eacute;r&eacute; comme le p&egrave;re de la lexicographie moderne. </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Il s&rsquo;agit notamment de la deuxi&egrave;me composante du Constituant Th&eacute;orique D<a href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a>. &nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&Agrave; l&rsquo;instar des langues &agrave; forte tradition orale, il n&rsquo;y a pas dans les langues locales du Gabon de confusion dans la communication orale, &agrave; cause de l&rsquo;inf&eacute;rence. L&rsquo;inf&eacute;rence comme c&rsquo;est le cas dans les pronoms personnels, permet de savoir lors de l&rsquo;&eacute;change que c&rsquo;est un un homme ou une femme &agrave; qui on renvoie. Les m&eacute;canismes du protocole d&rsquo;&eacute;change de l&rsquo;oral (l&rsquo;interf&eacute;rence) permettent la compr&eacute;hension des faits de langue par la pr&eacute;sence physique de l&rsquo;encodeur </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(Kalonji, 1993&nbsp;:85)</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">. Mais comme l&rsquo;indique cet auteur dans le m&ecirc;me argumentaire, les contraintes de l&rsquo;&eacute;crit qui &eacute;limine physiquement l&rsquo;encodeur sont autres. Par ailleurs, en dehors du fait qu&rsquo;elle sert &agrave; emmagasiner les connaissances, l&rsquo;&eacute;criture permet de faire subsister la parole en dehors de la pr&eacute;sence de son &eacute;metteur<a href="#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a>. C&rsquo;est dans ce sens que l&rsquo;&eacute;criture doit &ecirc;tre transparente et limpide </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(Z. Kalonji, 1993&nbsp;:85) et qu&rsquo;elle</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> n&#39;est pas la simple retranscription de la parole (D. </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Olson, 1998, p. 3).</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Ce qui peut &ecirc;tre &eacute;galement retenu ici, c&rsquo;est que </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">l&rsquo;&eacute;volution du langage &eacute;crit d&eacute;pend de l&rsquo;&eacute;volution de la pens&eacute;e (L. Lur&ccedil;at, 1988, p. 1). </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Par ailleurs, ce que nous avons dit &agrave; propos des noms des m&eacute;tiers est valable dans les pronoms personnels sujets. </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">C&rsquo;est-&agrave;-dire que si ce travail met l&rsquo;accent sur le genre de fa&ccedil;on g&eacute;n&eacute;rale, il y a un accent particulier sur la f&eacute;minit&eacute; qui n&rsquo;a pas &eacute;t&eacute; mis en relief comme cela a &eacute;t&eacute; le cas pour la masculinit&eacute;. Nous pensons que la r&eacute;f&eacute;rence aux pronoms neutres sugg&egrave;re beaucoup plus la masculinit&eacute; dans l&rsquo;imaginaire collectif, car elle est per&ccedil;ue comme le point de d&eacute;part pour d&eacute;terminer la f&eacute;minit&eacute;. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Cette derni&egrave;re n&rsquo;est pas souvent prise en compte comme une entit&eacute; ind&eacute;pendante. Nous pensons comme nous l&rsquo;</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">avons dit &agrave; propos des noms des m&eacute;tiers </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">que cela est d&ucirc; au fait que la r&eacute;f&eacute;rence aux noms neutres sugg&egrave;re beaucoup plus la masculinit&eacute; dans l&rsquo;imaginaire collectif. Car elle est per&ccedil;ue comme le point de d&eacute;part pour d&eacute;terminer la f&eacute;minit&eacute;, cette derni&egrave;re n&rsquo;est pas souvent prise en compte comme une entit&eacute; ind&eacute;pendante. </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Si les formes </span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">a</span></span></i><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">a, baa </span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(elle, elles) se diff&eacute;rencie de <i>A</i>, <i>ba</i> (il, ils) par l&rsquo;ajout du morph&egrave;me grammatical &laquo;&nbsp;a&nbsp;&raquo; &agrave; la fin pronom personnel sujet masculin, cela ne doit pas &ecirc;tre consid&eacute;r&eacute; comme un point de d&eacute;part de la masculinit&eacute; pour la f&eacute;minit&eacute; mais de deux concepts totalement ind&eacute;pendants l&rsquo;un de l&rsquo;autre.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <h1 style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp; &nbsp; 2. Aspects macro- et microstructuraux du traitement du genre dans les dictionnaires bilingues au Gabon</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></h1> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Dans cette section, il sera question tour &agrave; tour de pr&eacute;senter et de discuter, de diff&eacute;rents types exemples d&rsquo;articles de dictionnaire correspondant aux lemmes ou entr&eacute;es de dictionnaire porteurs de genre. Il s&rsquo;agira d&rsquo;abord, de ceux renvoyant aux noms neutres qui ne portent que le genre grammatical, de ceux se r&eacute;f&eacute;rant aux noms masculins et f&eacute;minins qui portent &agrave; la fois le genre grammatical et naturel soit le genre ou les deux. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Il sera ensuite question des articles de dictionnaire des pronoms personnels sujets, des noms des m&eacute;tiers et des animaux. Les articles de dictionnaire seront pr&eacute;sent&eacute;s en pair. Le premier, pour la partie fran&ccedil;ais/fang de Bitam et le deuxi&egrave;me, pour la partie fang de Bitam/fran&ccedil;ais. Pour plus de clart&eacute;, ils seront s&eacute;par&eacute;s par des pointill&eacute;s.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <h2 style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">2.&nbsp; &nbsp; 2.1.</span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> <b>Exemples d&rsquo;article de dictionnaire des noms neutres ou ne portant que le genre grammatical&nbsp;: </b></span></span><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">enfant/m&ocirc;ng</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></h2> </div> <div class="WordSection2"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">enfant </span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">/&atilde;f&atilde;/</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">nom masculin<b> </b></span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">m&ocirc;ng </span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(un/l&rsquo;enfant)<b>, </b>genre 1, cl 1, 2, pl</span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> b&ocirc;ng </span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(les/des enfants), cl 2 <a href="#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection2"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">-----------------------------------------------</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div class="WordSection3"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection3"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">m&ocirc;ng </span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">/m</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:IPAKiel">O</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">:</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:IPAPhon">&divide;</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">/</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">nom masculin<b> </b></span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">un/l&rsquo;enfant</span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> genre 1, cl 1,2, pl</span></span><i> </i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">b&ocirc;ng, cl 2, </span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">les/des enfants</span></span></i></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div class="WordSection5"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection5"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Par commodit&eacute; et convention, les dictionnaires optent g&eacute;n&eacute;ralement de ne pas mentionner que le nom trait&eacute; est neutre dans l&rsquo;article de dictionnaire et cela doit &ecirc;tre indiqu&eacute; dans le guide de l&rsquo;utilisateur. C&rsquo;est ce que nous avons appliqu&eacute; ici avec <i>m&ocirc;ng</i> (enfant) dans la partie fang/fran&ccedil;ais. &nbsp;Dans la macrostructure, nous avons commenc&eacute; par la donn&eacute;e &laquo;&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">nom masculin<b>&nbsp;</b>&raquo;. Cela a &eacute;t&eacute; fait<b> </b></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">pour qu&rsquo;il n&rsquo;y ait pas une microstructure quasi semi int&eacute;gr&eacute;e dans laquelle il risque de ne pas avoir une<span style="background:white"><span style="color:black"> relation d&rsquo;adressage direct entre une paraphrase du sens/&eacute;quivalent de traduction et son entr&eacute;e (<i>enfant </i>et<i> m&ocirc;ng/m&ocirc;ng </i>et<i> enfant).</i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection5"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Par ailleurs, comme c&rsquo;est le cas en fran&ccedil;ais par exemple, o&ugrave; les donn&eacute;es grammaticales sont apprises progressivement en fonction du niveau d&rsquo;acquisition des &eacute;l&egrave;ves, nous proposons que l&rsquo;article du dictionnaire se limite d&rsquo;abord avec cette donn&eacute;e microstructurale. C&rsquo;est apr&egrave;s discussion antre lexicographes, didacticiens et p&eacute;dagogues que les donn&eacute;es trait&eacute;es dans les premiers exemples d&rsquo;articles de dictionnaire seront pr&eacute;sent&eacute;es aux &eacute;l&egrave;ves dans les dictionnaires correspondants en fonction de leurs diff&eacute;rents &acirc;ges et niveaux d&rsquo;&eacute;tudes<a href="#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a>. Les premiers ouvrages d&rsquo;apprentissage pourront donc pr&eacute;senter les articles de dictionnaires ainsi que suit&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div class="WordSection6"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection6"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">enfant /</span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&atilde;f&atilde;/</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">nom masculin<b> </b></span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">m&ocirc;ng </span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(un/l&rsquo;enfant) </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">genre 1,</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> cl 1,2,<b> </b>pl</span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> b&ocirc;ng </span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(les/des enfants)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div class="WordSection7"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection7"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">-----------------------------------------------</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div class="WordSection8"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:3.8pt; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection8"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">m&ocirc;ng </span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">/m</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:IPAKiel">O</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">:</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:IPAPhon">&divide;</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">/ </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">nom masculin<b> </b></span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(un/l&rsquo;)</span></span></i> <i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">enfant</span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">, </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">genre 1, </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">cl 1,2, pl b&ocirc;ng</span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> (les/des) enfants</span></span></i></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <p>&nbsp;</p> <div class="WordSection9"> <h2 style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="page:WordSection9"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 2.2.</span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> <b>Exemples d&rsquo;articles de dictionnaire des noms portant &agrave; la fois le genre grammatical&nbsp;et naturel&nbsp;: homme/fam et </b></span></span><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#1c1e21">femme/minenga</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></h2> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:13px; margin-left:48px"><span style="page:WordSection9"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:Symbol">&middot; </span></span><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">homme/fam</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div class="WordSection10"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection10"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#1c1e21">homme </span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">/</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:IPAKiel">O</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">m/</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#1c1e21"> nom masculin<b> </b></span></span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#1c1e21">fam </span></span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(un/l&rsquo;homme)<span style="color:#1c1e21">, genre 1, cl 1,2, pl</span></span></span><i> </i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(les/des hommes)</span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> <span style="color:#1c1e21">be # fam, </span></span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#1c1e21">cl 2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div class="WordSection11"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection11"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#1c1e21">-----------------------------------------------</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div class="WordSection12"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection12"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#1c1e21">fam </span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">/f&aacute;m/ </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#1c1e21">nom masculin<b>, </b></span></span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#1c1e21">homme</span></span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#1c1e21"> genre 1, cl 1,2, pl</span></span></span><i> </i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#1c1e21">be # fam, (cl 2, </span></span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#1c1e21">les/des # hommes)</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div class="WordSection13"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection13"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#1c1e21">&nbsp;<b>--------------------------------------------</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-left:48px"><span style="page:WordSection13"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:Symbol">&middot; </span></span><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#1c1e21">femme/minenga</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-left:48px"><span style="page:WordSection13"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">femme </span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">/fam/ </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">nom f&eacute;minin<b> </b></span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">minenga </span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(une/la femme), genre 1, cl 1,2, pl</span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> binenga </span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(les/des femmes), cl 2</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div class="WordSection14"> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection14"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; -----------------------------------------------</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div class="WordSection15"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection15"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; minenga </span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">/min</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">ng&aacute;/ </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">nom f&eacute;minin<b>, </b>genre 1, cl 1,2 </span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">femme</span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">, pl</span></span><i> </i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">binenga, cl 2,</span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">les/des hommes</span></span></i></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div class="WordSection17"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection17"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Dans ce genre d&rsquo;article de dictionnaire, nous avons pris la r&eacute;solution de mentionner le genre naturel du nom avant les donn&eacute;es relatives au genre grammatical.&nbsp; Cela est ainsi fait pour &eacute;veiller imm&eacute;diatement cet aspect de certains noms dans les langues locales du Gabon. C&rsquo;est loin d&rsquo;&ecirc;tre une imitation au fran&ccedil;ais, par exemple. Comme nous l&rsquo;avons d&eacute;j&agrave; montr&eacute; jusqu&rsquo;ici, les langues locales tiennent compte du sexe dans certains noms et cela doit &ecirc;tre n&eacute;cessairement repr&eacute;sent&eacute; dans l&rsquo;&eacute;criture. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection17"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Par ailleurs, si ce travail </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">se propose de faire plus ressortir le f&eacute;minin et la notion de f&eacute;minit&eacute;, il ne s&rsquo;agit pas de discriminer le masculin et la masculinit&eacute;. Nous pensons seulement, et cela peut &ecirc;tre discutable, que ce dernier aspect a &eacute;t&eacute; plus incarn&eacute; de fa&ccedil;on intuitive dans la soci&eacute;t&eacute; et tel que cela se manifeste dans le traitement actuel de ces langues.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection17"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Enfin, dans les tous articles de dictionnaire du mod&egrave;le sugg&eacute;r&eacute; dans ce travail, nous proposons de pr&eacute;senter les donn&eacute;es microstructurales relatives aux classes nominales des noms m&ecirc;me dans la partie fang parl&eacute; &agrave; Bitam/fran&ccedil;ais. P</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">ar convention,</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black"> cela n&rsquo;est pas courant dans les dictionnaires. Mais ici, c&rsquo;est la langue fang parl&eacute; &agrave; Bitam et non le fran&ccedil;ais qui est la langue cible quelle que soit la partie du dictionnaire trait&eacute;e. De ce fait, le maximum d&rsquo;informations possible doit appara&icirc;tre dans la nomenclature.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <h2 style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="page:WordSection17"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 2.3.</span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> <b>Exemples d&rsquo;articles de dictionnaire des pronoms personnels&nbsp;sujets : </b></span></span><b><i>&nbsp;</i></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">A et ba, aa et baa (il et ils, elle et elles)</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></h2> </div> <div class="WordSection18"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-left:48px"><span style="page:WordSection18"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:Symbol">&middot; </span></span><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">il/A et ils/ba</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div class="WordSection19"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection19"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">il</span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> /il/ </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">PRON</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> <i>A</i> (sujet du verbe ► se r&eacute;f&eacute;rant &agrave; un homme, un gar&ccedil;on)<b>&nbsp;</b>; <i>A dzi</i>&nbsp;(il mange<b>)</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div class="WordSection20"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection20"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ------------------------------------------------</span></span></b>&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div class="WordSection21"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection21"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">A</span></span></b><b>&nbsp;</b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">/a&nbsp;:/ </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">PRON</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> <i>il</i> (sujet du verbe ► se r&eacute;f&eacute;rant &agrave; un homme, un gar&ccedil;on) <i>il mange</i> (A dzi)&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection21"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">------------------------------------------------</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div class="WordSection22"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection22"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">ils</span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> /il/ </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">PRON</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> <i>ba</i> (sujet du verbe ► se r&eacute;f&eacute;rant &agrave; des hommes, des gar&ccedil;ons)<b>&nbsp;</b> <i>ba dzi</i><b> (</b>ils mangent) </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection22"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">------------------------------------------------</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div class="WordSection23"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection23"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">ba</span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> /ba/ </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">PRON</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> <i>ils</i> (sujet du verbe ► se r&eacute;f&eacute;rant &agrave; des hommes, des gar&ccedil;ons)<b>&nbsp;</b> <i>ils mangent </i><b>(</b>ba dzi) </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div class="WordSection25"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0cm; margin-bottom:13px; margin-left:48px"><span style="page:WordSection25"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:Symbol">&middot; </span></span><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">elle/A et elles/ba</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div class="WordSection27"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection27"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">elle</span></span></b> <span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">/ɛl/ </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">PRON</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> <i>aa</i> (sujet du verbe ► se r&eacute;f&eacute;rant &agrave; une femme, une fille)<b>&nbsp;</b>; <i>aa dzi</i>&nbsp;(elle mange<b>)</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection27"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">------------------------------------------------</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div class="WordSection28"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection28"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">aa</span></span></b><b>&nbsp;</b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">/a&nbsp;: / </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">PRON </span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">elle</span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> (sujet du verbe ► se r&eacute;f&eacute;rant &agrave; une femme, une fille) <i>elle mange</i> (aa dzi)&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection28"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">------------------------------------------------</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div class="WordSection29"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection29"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">elles</span></span></b> <span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">/ɛl/</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> PRON</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> <i>baa</i> (sujet du verbe ► se r&eacute;f&eacute;rant &agrave; des femmes, des filles)<b>&nbsp;</b> <i>baa dzi</i><b> (</b>elles mangent) </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection29"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; -------------------------------------------------</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div class="WordSection30"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection30"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">baa</span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> /ba/ </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">PRON</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> <i>elles</i> (sujet du verbe ► se r&eacute;f&eacute;rant &agrave; des femmes, des filles)<b>&nbsp;</b> <i>elles mangent </i><b>(</b>baa dzi)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div class="WordSection31"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection31"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Comme cela est couramment pr&eacute;sent&eacute; dans les dictionnaires, le genre du pronom n&rsquo;est pas souvent mentionn&eacute;. Il est sugg&eacute;r&eacute; par les donn&eacute;es de la paraphrase de sens telles que &laquo;&nbsp;sujet du verbe ► se r&eacute;f&eacute;rant &agrave; des femmes, des filles&nbsp;&raquo; comme c&rsquo;est le cas ici par les </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">oppositions des </span></span><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronom" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title="Pronom"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="text-underline:none">pronoms</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> qui marquent&nbsp;la distinction du genre</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">. Cependant, comme nous l&rsquo;avons signifi&eacute; pour les noms neutres, cela doit &ecirc;tre explicitement signifi&eacute; dans le guide de l&rsquo;utilisateur. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <h2 style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="page:WordSection31"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 2.4.</span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> <b>Exemples d&rsquo;articles de dictionnaire des noms repr&eacute;sentant le fr&egrave;re et la s&oelig;ur</b></span></span><b> </b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">selon que la personne qui d&eacute;signe est du sexe masculin ou f&eacute;minin</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></h2> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:13px; margin-left:48px"><span style="page:WordSection31"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:Symbol">&middot; </span></span><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">fr&egrave;re/monegnang et fr&egrave;re/ndom </span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div class="WordSection32"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection32"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">fr&egrave;re</span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> /frɛr/ nom masculin <i>monegnang</i> (lorsque la personne qui d&eacute;signe est du sexe masculin) genre 1, cl 1, 2; <i>ndom</i> (lorsque la personne qui d&eacute;signe est du sexe f&eacute;minin) cl 1, 2</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div class="WordSection33"> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection33"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">-------------------------------------------------</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div class="WordSection34"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection34"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">monegnang /</span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">m</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:IPAPhon">&iquest;</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">n</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:IPAPhon">&micro;</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&atilde;/<b> </b>nom masculin<b> </b><i>fr&egrave;re </i>genre 1, cl 1, 2 (lorsque la personne qui d&eacute;signe est du sexe masculin), </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div class="WordSection35"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection35"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">-------------------------------------------------</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div class="WordSection36"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection36"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">ndom </span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">/nd&oacute;m/ nom masculin<b> </b><i>fr&egrave;re </i>genre 1, cl 1, 2 (lorsque la personne qui d&eacute;signe est du sexe f&eacute;minin)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div class="WordSection37"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection37"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">-------------------------------------------------</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div class="WordSection38"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection38"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">s&oelig;ur</span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> /s&oelig;r/ nom f&eacute;minin<b> </b><i>kaa </i>(lorsque la personne qui d&eacute;signe est du sexe masculin)&nbsp;; <i>monegnang</i> (lorsque la personne qui d&eacute;signe est du sexe f&eacute;minin)&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div class="WordSection39"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:13px; margin-left:48px"><span style="page:WordSection39"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:Symbol">&middot; </span></span><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">s&oelig;ur/kaa et s&oelig;ur/mone gnang) </span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div class="WordSection40"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection40"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">s&oelig;ur</span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> /s&oelig;r/nom f&eacute;minin<b> </b><i>kaa</i> (lorsque la personne qui d&eacute;signe est du sexe masculin)&nbsp;cl 1, 2 ; <i>monegnang </i>(lorsque la personne qui d&eacute;signe est du sexe f&eacute;minin), cl 1, 2</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div class="WordSection41"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection41"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">-------------------------------------------------</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div class="WordSection42"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection42"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">kaa</span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> /ka:/nom f&eacute;minin<b> </b><i>s&oelig;ur</i> genre 1, cl 1, 2<b> </b>(lorsque la personne qui d&eacute;signe est du sexe masculin)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div class="WordSection43"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection43"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">-------------------------------------------------</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div class="WordSection44"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection44"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">monegnang</span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> <b>/</b>m</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:IPAPhon">&iquest;</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">n</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:IPAPhon">&micro;</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&atilde;/<b> </b>nom f&eacute;minin<b> </b><i>s&oelig;ur </i>genre 1, cl 1, 2<b> </b>(lorsque la personne qui d&eacute;signe est du sexe f&eacute;minin)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <p>&nbsp;</p> <div class="WordSection45"> <h2 style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="page:WordSection45"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 2.5.</span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> <b>Exemples d&rsquo;articles de dictionnaire des noms des m&eacute;tiers : </b></span></span><b>&nbsp;</b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">enseignant/fam#ngyeghele et enseignante/minenga#ngyeghele</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></h2> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:13px; margin-left:48px"><span style="page:WordSection45"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:Symbol">&middot; </span></span><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">enseignant/fam ngyeghele</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div class="WordSection46"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection46"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">enseignant </span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">/&atilde;sɛ</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:IPAPhon">&divide;</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&atilde;/<b> </b>nom masculin<b> </b><i>fam</i><b>#</b><i>ngyeghele</i><b> </b></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div class="WordSection47"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-7.1pt; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection47"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">--------------------------------------------------</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div class="WordSection48"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection48"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">fam#ngyeghele </span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">/f&aacute;m/ nom masculin<b> </b><i>enseignant</i></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div class="WordSection49"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:13px; margin-left:48px"><span style="page:WordSection49"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:Symbol">&middot; </span></span><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">enseignante/minenga#ngyeghele</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div class="WordSection50"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection50"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">enseignante </span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">/&atilde;sɛ</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:IPAPhon">&divide;</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&atilde;t</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">/<b> </b>nom f&eacute;minin<b> </b><i>minenga</i> ngyeghele</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div class="WordSection51"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection51"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;-------------------------------------------------</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div class="WordSection52"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection52"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">minenga#ngyeghele </span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">/min</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">ng&aacute;</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#1c1e21">#j</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">g</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">l</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">/ nom f&eacute;minin<b> </b><i>enseignante </i></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div class="WordSection53"> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-21.3pt; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection53"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection53"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Au risque de le redire, les &eacute;l&eacute;ments d&rsquo;analyse de ces exemples d&rsquo;articles de dictionnaire pr&eacute;sent&eacute;s ci-dessus, correspondent &agrave; ceux qui ont &eacute;t&eacute; d&eacute;j&agrave; discut&eacute;s. On peut donc s&rsquo;y r&eacute;f&eacute;rer. Dans la sous-section 2.1, il s&rsquo;agit de la primaut&eacute; de la mention du genre naturel sur le genre grammatical). Cependant, dans cet article de dictionnaire, les lemmes ou entr&eacute;es du dictionnaire comme <i>fam</i></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#1c1e21">#</span></span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> ngyeghele</span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> (enseignant) et <i>minenga</i></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#1c1e21"> #</span></span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> ngyeghele </span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(enseignante) interrogent sur plusieurs aspects. Dans le fang parl&eacute; &agrave; Bitam <i>fam</i> et <i>minenga</i> comme leurs &eacute;quivalents <i>homme</i> et <i>femme</i> en fran&ccedil;ais, interviennent dans plusieurs mots. Ces cas de figure se pr&eacute;senteront dans de nombreux autres articles de dictionnaire.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection53"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Dans un premier temps, faut-il en faire des mots simples et non compos&eacute;s par l&rsquo;usage de la soudure&nbsp;ou celui du trait d&rsquo;union : <i>famngyeghele </i>et <i>minengangyeghele </i>ou <i>fam-ngyeghele </i>et <i>minenga-ngyeghele</i>? Dans ces deux cas, il sera question d&rsquo;une microstructure int&eacute;gr&eacute;e comme cela a &eacute;t&eacute; pr&eacute;sent&eacute; dans les articles de dictionnaires avec les mots simples ou de base, cf. <b>fam</b> et <b>minenga</b>, par exemple<span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="background:white"><span style="color:black"> <a href="#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a></span></span></span>. Cette derni&egrave;re, <span style="background:white"><span style="color:black">pr&eacute;sente une relation d&rsquo;adressage direct entre une paraphrase du sens/&eacute;quivalent de traduction et son entr&eacute;e. </span></span>Cette d&eacute;cision importante et subtile doit faire l&rsquo;objet d&rsquo;une collaboration entre le lexicographe, le linguiste et le didacticien. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection53"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Dans un deuxi&egrave;me temps, si ces lemmes ou entr&eacute;es de dictionnaire sont laiss&eacute;s ainsi comme mots compos&eacute;s, ils seront trait&eacute;s dans le cadre d&rsquo;une microstructure<span style="background:white"><span style="color:black"> non int&eacute;gr&eacute;e. Cette derni&egrave;re, d&eacute;cline une relation d&rsquo;adressage &agrave; distance entre une paraphrase du sens/&eacute;quivalent de traduction et son entr&eacute;e. </span></span>Cette fois-ci encore, cette d&eacute;cision importante et d&eacute;licate doit faire l&rsquo;objet d&rsquo;une collaboration entre le lexicographe, le linguiste et le didacticien. <span style="background:white"><span style="color:black">Dans ce cas, les articles se pr&eacute;senteront ainsi que suit&nbsp;: </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div class="WordSection54"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection54"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#1c1e21">fam </span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">/f&aacute;m/ </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#1c1e21">nom masculin<b>, </b></span></span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#1c1e21">homme</span></span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#1c1e21"> genre 1, cl 1,2, pl</span></span></span><i> </i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#1c1e21">be#fam, <a name="_Hlk155660902">cl 2</a>, </span></span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#1c1e21">les/des # hommes</span></span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#1c1e21">,</span></span></span><i> </i><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">~ </span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">ngyeghele<b> </b></span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(un/l&rsquo;)</span></span></i> <i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">enseignant</span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">, pl</span></span><i> </i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#1c1e21">be#fam </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">ngyeghele </span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(les/des) enseignants</span></span></i></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div class="WordSection55"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection55"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ------------------------------------------------</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div class="WordSection56"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection56"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">minenga </span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">/min</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">ng&aacute;/ </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">nom f&eacute;minin<b>, </b>genre 1, cl 1,2, </span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">femme</span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">, pl</span></span><i> </i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">binenga, cl 2, </span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">les/des femmes</span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">,<b>&nbsp; ~ </b></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">ngyeghele<b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </b></span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(une/l&rsquo;)</span></span></i> <i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">enseignante</span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">, pl&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">binenga </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">ngyeghele </span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(les/des) enseignantes</span></span></i></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div class="WordSection57"> <h2 style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="page:WordSection57"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 2.6.</span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> <b>Exemples d&rsquo;articles de dictionnaire des noms des animaux : </b></span></span><b><i>&nbsp;</i></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&eacute;l&eacute;phant femelle/ngaa</span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#1c1e21">#</span></span></span><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">zok et nom</span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#1c1e21">#</span></span></span><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">zok/&eacute;l&eacute;phant m&acirc;le </span></span></b></span></span></span></span></h2> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:13px; margin-left:48px"><span style="page:WordSection57"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:Symbol">&middot; </span></span><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&eacute;l&eacute;phant/ngaa</span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#1c1e21">#</span></span></span><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">zok (femelle) et nom</span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#1c1e21">#</span></span></span><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">zok (m&acirc;le)</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div class="WordSection58"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection58"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&eacute;l&eacute;phant </span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">nom masculin<b> </b><i>nom</i></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#1c1e21">#</span></span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">zok, nome</span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> cl 1, 2 et <i>zok</i> cl 9,10, &eacute;l&eacute;phant m&acirc;le, </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#1c1e21">pl</span></span></span><i> </i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#1c1e21">be#yom#zok</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">; <i>ngaa</i></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#1c1e21">#</span></span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">zok</span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">, <i>ngaa</i> cl 1, 2 et <i>zok</i> cl 9,10, &eacute;l&eacute;phant femelle, </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#1c1e21">pl</span></span></span><i> </i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#1c1e21">be#yaa#zok</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div style="page-break-after: always"><span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="WordSection59"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection59"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ------------------------------------------------</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:13px; margin-left:48px"><span style="page:WordSection59"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:Symbol">&middot; </span></span><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">ngaa zok /&eacute;l&eacute;phant femelle</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div class="WordSection60"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection60"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">ngaa</span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#1c1e21">#</span></span></span><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">zok</span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">/nga:</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#1c1e21">#</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">z</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:IPAPhon">&iquest;</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">k/ nom f&eacute;minin<b> </b></span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(un/l&rsquo;)</span></span></i> <i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&eacute;l&eacute;phant femelle</span></span></i><b>&nbsp;</b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">;<b> </b>ngaa cl 1, 2<b> </b>et<b> </b>zok cl 9,10, pl</span></span><i> </i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#1c1e21">be#yaa#zok </span></span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(les/des) &eacute;l&eacute;phants femelles</span></span></i></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div class="WordSection61"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection61"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; -------------------------------------------------</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:13px; margin-left:48px"><span style="page:WordSection61"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:Symbol">&middot; </span></span><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">nom</span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#1c1e21">#</span></span></span><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">zok/&eacute;l&eacute;phant m&acirc;le</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div class="WordSection62"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="page:WordSection62"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">nom</span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#1c1e21">#</span></span></span><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">zok </span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">/n&oacute;m</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#1c1e21">#</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">z</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:IPAPhon">&iquest;</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">k/ nom masculin<b> </b></span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(un/l&rsquo;)</span></span></i> <i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&eacute;l&eacute;phant m&acirc;le&nbsp;</span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">; nom cl 1, 2<b> </b>et<b> </b>zok cl 9,10<b>, </b>pl</span></span><i> </i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#1c1e21">be#yom#zok </span></span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(les/des) &eacute;l&eacute;phants m&acirc;les</span></span></i></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Encore une fois ici, de peur de nous reprendre, les &eacute;l&eacute;ments d&rsquo;analyse de ces exemples d&rsquo;articles de dictionnaire pr&eacute;sent&eacute;s ci-dessus, correspondent &agrave; ceux qui ont &eacute;t&eacute; d&eacute;j&agrave; discut&eacute;s. On peut donc s&rsquo;y r&eacute;f&eacute;rer. Dans la sous-section 2.5, il est question de la discussion autour de savoir s&rsquo;il faut faire de certains lemmes ou entr&eacute;es de dictionnaire des mots simples ou compos&eacute; avec tout que cela implique comme choix du type de la macrostructure. C&rsquo;est le cas ici avec <i>nome</i></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#1c1e21">-</span></span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> et ngaa</span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#1c1e21">#</span></span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">zok</span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> (&eacute;l&eacute;phant m&acirc;le et femelle).</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Le masculin et le f&eacute;minin ici vont &eacute;videmment dans le sens de la distinction entre les animaux m&acirc;les et femelles. La traduction de <i>nom</i> ou <i>ngaa</i> comme <i>&eacute;poux/mari</i> et <i>&eacute;pouse/femme</i> est donc litt&eacute;ral et non litt&eacute;raire. Il s&rsquo;agit de la notion de m&acirc;le et femelle que les locuteurs ont traduit ici. Comme nous nous sommes interrog&eacute;s &agrave; l&rsquo;entame de travail, cette distinction sera importante pour l&rsquo;enseignement de la biologie ou des sciences de la vie et de la terre (SVT) par exemple. Dans ces disciplines entre autres, la distinction entre le masculin et le f&eacute;minin ou le concept de m&acirc;le et de femelle. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">En &eacute;lectricit&eacute; et m&eacute;canique par exemple, on parle de <i>fiche</i>, de <i>borne</i> et de <i>cl&eacute; m&acirc;le</i> ou <i>femelle</i>. &nbsp;Les locuteurs du fang de Bitam en particulier et des langues locales du Gabon en g&eacute;n&eacute;ral, vont faire pr&eacute;c&eacute;der <i>nom </i>ou <i>ngaa </i>aux &eacute;quivalents des mots fiche et cl&eacute;. Ce ne sera pas dans l&rsquo;id&eacute;e d&rsquo;<i>&eacute;poux/mari</i> et d&rsquo;<i>&eacute;pouse/femme</i>, mais dans celle<i> de m&acirc;le </i>et<i> femelle.</i></span></span></span></span></span></p> <h1 style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Conclusion</span></span></b></span></span></span></h1> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">En nous r&eacute;f&eacute;rant &agrave; <span class="fontstyle01" style="font-family:Code2000"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="font-style:normal"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">J. Vachek (1939), nous dirons que d</span></span></span></span></span>ans l&rsquo;examen des langues locales du Gabon, seul l&rsquo;aspect phon&eacute;tique a &eacute;t&eacute; souvent mis &agrave; l&rsquo;honneur dans l&rsquo;&eacute;criture. On n&rsquo;a reconnu &agrave; cette derni&egrave;re d&rsquo;autre fonction que celle de repr&eacute;senter la langue &laquo;&nbsp;parl&eacute;e&nbsp;&raquo; comme simple voile recouvrant la configuration r&eacute;elle de ces langues. Or, nous pensons qu&rsquo;il faudra peut-&ecirc;tre dor&eacute;navant aussi manifester une am&eacute;nit&eacute; dans la contribution de l&rsquo;&eacute;criture de ces langues comme repr&eacute;sentation r&eacute;elle de la langue. Ce, &agrave; partir de la pens&eacute;e m&ecirc;me si cette derni&egrave;re est seulement sugg&eacute;r&eacute;e &agrave; l&rsquo;oral, de l&rsquo;organisation sociale et de la vision du monde.</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Dans ce travail, nous avons montr&eacute; que la fonction de l&rsquo;&eacute;criture des langues locales du Gabon peut &ecirc;tre &agrave; la fois de repr&eacute;senter, </span></span><span class="fontstyle01" style="font-family:Code2000"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">sans aucune ambigu&iuml;t&eacute;,</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> la langue &laquo;&nbsp;parl&eacute;e&nbsp;&raquo; et</span></span><span class="fontstyle01" style="font-family:Code2000"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> la langue &laquo;&nbsp;pens&eacute;e&nbsp;&raquo; et sans que ces deux fonctions ne s&rsquo;excluent n&eacute;cessairement. Ce travail a donc &eacute;t&eacute; une interrogation sur la vision de l&rsquo;&eacute;criture de ces langues qui d&eacute;voile le genre naturel qui permet sur le plan litt&eacute;raire de d&eacute;voiler la f&eacute;minit&eacute; qui plus que la masculinit&eacute;, est rest&eacute;e assez dissimul&eacute;e. Sur le plan linguistique, il s&rsquo;est agi de l&rsquo;effort d&rsquo;analyse de la distinction m&acirc;le et femelle dans un contexte o&ugrave; les langues locales doivent se d&eacute;velopper sur le plan scientifique avec un impact sur le plan enseignement/apprentissage de ces langues.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="fontstyle01" style="font-family:Code2000"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">En utilisant le syst&egrave;me morphogrammique du fran&ccedil;ais et en imitant le chinois contemporain, il a &eacute;t&eacute; question </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">de voir dans quelle mesure l&rsquo;&eacute;change des m&eacute;thodes entre les langues &agrave; communication internationale et les langues locales du Gabon pourrait permettre &agrave; ces derni&egrave;res de se d&eacute;velopper. </span></span><span class="fontstyle01" style="font-family:Code2000"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Comme cela a &eacute;t&eacute; d&eacute;montr&eacute; dans ce travail, cette approche a &eacute;t&eacute; emprunt&eacute;e sans intention aucune d&rsquo;imitation absolue ou aveugle. Bien au contraire. Avec le chinois contemporain qui a us&eacute; de l&rsquo;homophonie pour distinguer le genre naturel dans les pronoms personnel, c&rsquo;est un aspect important de la vision de l&rsquo;&eacute;criture des langues locales qui a d&eacute;voil&eacute; plus que les diff&eacute;rences, les similitudes qui caract&eacute;risent les peuples du monde. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><br /> <span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">R&eacute;f&eacute;rences bibliographiques</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">JORTAY</span></span></span></span><strong> </strong><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-weight:normal">Coraline,</span></span></span></span></strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">&nbsp;&laquo;&nbsp;Blanches colombes, monstrueuses machines&nbsp;: le genre linguistique au miroir de la traduction litt&eacute;raire chinois-fran&ccedil;ais&nbsp;&raquo; <em>Semen</em>&nbsp;[En ligne], 44&nbsp;|&nbsp;2018, mis en ligne le&nbsp;24 mai 2018, consult&eacute; le&nbsp;06 janvier 2024.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">URL&nbsp;: http://journals.openedition.org/semen/10759&nbsp;;&nbsp;DOI&nbsp;: https://doi.org/10.4000/semen.10759</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">ELLA Edgard Maillard, </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">2011, &laquo;&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Le nom et la notion usuelle du genre dans les langues locales du Gabon&nbsp;&raquo; in <i>Palabres Actuelles</i>, N<sup>0 </sup>11 &laquo;&nbsp;Le nom&nbsp;&raquo; Editions Raponda-Walker, Libreville, pp. 97-119. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">ELLA Edgard Maillard, </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">2012, </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Le nom et la notion usuelle du genre dans les langues locales du Gabon&nbsp;&raquo; in <i>Palabres Actuelles</i>, Libreville, Editions Raponda-Walker, 2012. pp. 97-119.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">ELLA Edgard Maillard, </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">2015, &laquo;&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Approche lexicographique des langues locales du Gabon et reflet d&rsquo;une culture &eacute;galitaire de sexe<span style="color:black"> &raquo;</span> in <i>Le f&eacute;minin, le masculin et les rapports sociaux de sexe au Gabon</i>, Gladys Esseng Aba&rsquo;a et Joseph Tonda (dir.), Etudes africaines, S&eacute;rie Sociologique, L&rsquo;Harmattan, Paris (France), 2015, pp. 133-145.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">ELLA Edgard Maillard, </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">2018, &laquo;&nbsp;Les dictionnaires bilingues au Gabon et la prise en compte des contenus historiques et socioculturels pour un meilleur enseignement des langues locales&nbsp;&raquo; in </span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">NodusSciendi</span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">, Volume 23, www.nodus-sciendi.net (Site Web), pp. 5-27</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">GOUWS, R.H. 2001. Formation lexicographique : Approches et th&egrave;mes. Emejulu, J.D. (&Eacute;d.), <i>&Eacute;l&eacute;ments de Lexicographie Gabonaise, Tome I</i>:<i> </i>95-134. New York: Jimacs-Hillman Publishers.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">HOUIS Maurice, 1971, <i>Anthropologie linguistique de l&rsquo;Afrique noire</i>. Paris, Presses Universitaires de France.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">KALONJI Zezeze, 1993, <i>La lexicographie bilingue en Afrique francophone&nbsp;</i>: <i>L&rsquo;exemple fran&ccedil;ais-cilub&agrave;</i>&nbsp;; Paris, L&rsquo;Harmattan. </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">LUR&Ccedil;AT Liliane, 1988, &laquo;&nbsp;De la n&eacute;cessit&eacute; de l&#39;&eacute;criture manuscrite comme &eacute;criture premi&egrave;re&nbsp;&raquo; in <i>Psychologie scolaire</i>, n&deg;66, avril, </span></span><a href="http://www.sauv.net/lurcat3.htm#1" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="text-underline:none">http://www.sauv.net/lurcat3.htm#1</span></span></span></span></a></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-style:normal">MAVOUNGOU Paul Achille, 2010, </span></span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="color:black">Lexicographie et Confection des Dictionnaires au Gabon</span></span></span></em><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">, African Sun Media, 360 p.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#111111">ONDO-MEBIAME Pierre,&nbsp;2008, <em><span style="border:none windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0cm">Essai sur les constituants syntaxiques du f&agrave;ŋ-nt&uacute;m&ugrave;, </span></em>Libreville, Editions Raponda-Walker, 295 p.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">OLSON David, 1999, &laquo;&nbsp;</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">L&#39;Univers de l&#39;&eacute;crit. Comment la culture &eacute;crite donne forme &agrave; la pens&eacute;e&nbsp;&raquo; in <i>Echange et lien social</i>, N<sup>0</sup> 93-Avril. Paris: E</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">ditions Retz.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Sangare Mahamadou, 2004. </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">L&rsquo;identit&eacute; africaine &agrave; la lumi&egrave;re du multilinguisme in <i>Langues locales et l&rsquo;identit&eacute; africaine</i>, th&egrave;me de la Conf&eacute;rence du Caire du 17 au 18 avril 2004. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:36pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">WIEGAND Herbert Ernst, 1989, Der gegenw&auml;rtige Status der Lexikographie und ihr Verh&auml;ltnis zu anderen Disziplinen. In, Hausmann, F.J et al. (eds.), <i>W&ouml;rterb&uuml;cher</i>. <i>Dictionaries. Dictionnaires. Ein Internationales Handbuch zur Lexikographie</i>. Berlin : De Gruyter. 246-280.</span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Webographie</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">https://www.citation-du-jour-ernest-hemingway/seule-ecriture-valable-celle-invente-10519.html, consult&eacute; le 23/06/2018</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&laquo;&nbsp;</span></span><a href="https://akepatrice.wordpress.com/2007/11/24/discussion-sur-de-loralite-a-lecriture-dans-les-langues-africaines/" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="text-underline:none">Discussion sur de l&rsquo;oralit&eacute; &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;criture dans les langues africaines</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> &raquo;, https&nbsp;: //www. Akepatrice.wordpress.com/2007/11/24, consult&eacute; le 07/05/2020.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <div>&nbsp; <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Cf. P. Ondo-Mebiame (2008).</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn2"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Cet aspect a fait l&rsquo;objet d&rsquo;une r&eacute;flexion dans E.M. Ella (2011) </span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn3"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> L&rsquo;importance de la prise en compte des donn&eacute;es culturelles dans les dictionnaires au Gabon a &eacute;t&eacute; abord&eacute;e dans E.M Ella (2018)</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn4"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><a href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Nous r&eacute;f&eacute;rons &agrave; la citation d&rsquo;Ernest Hemingway&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;La seule &eacute;criture valable, c&rsquo;est celle qu&rsquo;on invente&hellip;c&rsquo;est &ccedil;a qui rend les choses r&eacute;elles&nbsp;&raquo;, cf. https://www.citation-du-jour-ernest-hemingway/seule-ecriture-valable-celle-invente-10519.html, consult&eacute; le 23/06/2018</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText">&nbsp;</p> </div> <div id="ftn5"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><a href="#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Le Constituant Th&eacute;orique D est celui est la th&eacute;orie de la recherche lexicographique sur la langue et dispose de deux composantes. La premi&egrave;re consiste en une typologie de dictionnaires et ses principes et la deuxi&egrave;me en une cat&eacute;gorie de toutes les pr&eacute;sentations des r&eacute;sultats de la lexicographie linguistique comme textes &agrave; propos de la langue.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn6"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><a href="#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Cf. &laquo;&nbsp;</span></span><a href="https://akepatrice.wordpress.com/2007/11/24/discussion-sur-de-loralite-a-lecriture-dans-les-langues-africaines/" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="text-underline:none">Discussion sur de l&rsquo;oralit&eacute; &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;criture dans les langues africaines</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> &raquo;, https&nbsp;: //www. Akepatrice.wordpress.com/2007/11/24, consult&eacute; le 07/05/2020.</span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn7"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><a href="#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Cl = classe (nominale) et pl = pluriel</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn8"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><a href="#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Ces aspects ont &eacute;t&eacute; abord&eacute;s dans E. M. Ella </span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn9"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><a href="#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a> <span style="background:white"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Pour plus d&rsquo;informations sur la microstructure int&eacute;gr&eacute;e, non int&eacute;gr&eacute;e et semi-int&eacute;gr&eacute;e, cf. Gouws&nbsp;(2001&nbsp;: 117-118) et Mavoungou (2010&nbsp;: 202-207).</span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> </div>