<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">&Agrave; une &eacute;poque o&ugrave; il semble que la vision strat&eacute;gique et la compr&eacute;hension de la complexit&eacute; du monde ont c&eacute;d&eacute; le pas &agrave; l&rsquo;absence de vision et &agrave; l&rsquo;incapacit&eacute; de d&eacute;finir le r&eacute;el, faire l&rsquo;&eacute;tude du concept de l&rsquo;intelligence &eacute;conomique, sous le prisme des d&eacute;fis qu&rsquo;engendre la guerre &eacute;conomique, demeure d&rsquo;une imp&eacute;rieuse n&eacute;cessit&eacute;. Fin de l&rsquo;absence strat&eacute;gique ou l&rsquo;&eacute;mergence d&rsquo;une vision renouvel&eacute;e du devenir des &Eacute;tats et des soci&eacute;t&eacute;s face &agrave; la guerre &eacute;conomique, il faut, pour saisir toutes les nuances de ce d&eacute;bat, entreprendre une r&eacute;flexion globale sur l&rsquo;aporie du vide strat&eacute;gique et ses implications sur l&rsquo;intelligence &eacute;conomique. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Les march&eacute;s contre l&rsquo;&Eacute;tat, l&rsquo;euro contre le dollar, le yuan contre le dollar, la guerre commerciale entre la Chine et les &Eacute;tats-Unis, les soci&eacute;t&eacute;s transnationales contre leurs salari&eacute;s et contre les &Eacute;tats, les services de renseignements contre les entreprises dans une perp&eacute;tuelle lutte d&rsquo;espionnage industriel, les administrations fiscales contre les fraudeurs et les paradis fiscaux &hellip;; face &agrave; cette sc&egrave;ne &eacute;conomique mondiale hyperconcurrentielle, les &Eacute;tats se voient en train de renier les principes du libre-&eacute;change et les principes de l&rsquo;ordre &eacute;conomique international au nom de la protection des int&eacute;r&ecirc;ts &eacute;conomiques nationaux. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">L&rsquo;une des premi&egrave;res r&eacute;actions que les pays occidentaux ont adopt&eacute;es face &agrave; l&rsquo;agression de la Russie contre l&rsquo;Ukraine a &eacute;t&eacute; d&rsquo;imposer des sanctions &eacute;conomiques &agrave; la Russie. Cela d&eacute;montre que l&rsquo;&eacute;conomie est de plus en plus consid&eacute;r&eacute;e comme une arme dans les relations internationales en particulier depuis la fin de la guerre froide. Cela r&eacute;v&egrave;le &eacute;galement le fait que l&rsquo;&eacute;conomie est devenue un espace de conflictualit&eacute; r&eacute;sultant d&rsquo;une guerre devenue hors limite, au sens o&ugrave; la guerre a outrepass&eacute; l&rsquo;espace purement militaire pour investir des domaines tels que l&rsquo;&eacute;conomie, le commerce, la culture, les m&eacute;dias&hellip; Les sanctions &eacute;conomiques donnent ainsi corps &agrave; cette maxime de Sun Tzu selon laquelle &laquo; l&rsquo;excellence supr&ecirc;me consiste &agrave; briser la r&eacute;sistance de l&rsquo;ennemi sans combattre &raquo; ? Toutefois, dans un champ &eacute;conomique et commercial devenu un domaine d&rsquo;une guerre &eacute;conomique qui s&rsquo;est internationalis&eacute;e les sanctions &eacute;conomiques demeurent l&rsquo;un des aspects les plus violents et extr&ecirc;mes de la guerre &eacute;conomique afin de contraindre l&rsquo;adversaire sans recourir ou &agrave; d&eacute;faut de recourir &agrave; la force militaire. Outre cette dimension coercitive des relations &eacute;conomiques, dans une guerre &eacute;conomique mondialis&eacute;e les acteurs &eacute;conomiques nationaux et priv&eacute;s usent de moyens divers, et plus conventionnels, &agrave; l&rsquo;image du renseignement &eacute;conomique, de l&rsquo;intelligence &eacute;conomique, de la s&eacute;curit&eacute; &eacute;conomique afin de gagner des parts de march&eacute; ou autre gain &eacute;conomique. &Agrave; une &eacute;poque de vives tensions commerciales entre la Chine, les &Eacute;tats-Unis, l&rsquo;Europe, la Russie et autres puissances &eacute;conomiques dans quelle mesure l&rsquo;intelligence &eacute;conomique constitue-t-elle un enjeu strat&eacute;gique pour l&rsquo;Afrique en particulier dans un contexte de guerre &eacute;conomique mondialis&eacute;e ?</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Sur ces entrefaites, on propose de comprendre dans notre article les d&eacute;fis qui se posent aux politiques de l&rsquo;intelligence &eacute;conomique en Afrique.&nbsp; Le premier point de notre intervention aura donc pour objectif d&rsquo;analyser le d&eacute;fi que pose le vide strat&eacute;gique, c&rsquo;est-&agrave;-dire l&rsquo;absence de vision strat&eacute;gique dont l&rsquo;intelligence &eacute;conomique en est l&rsquo;expression, &agrave; la mise en &oelig;uvre de l&rsquo;intelligence &eacute;conomique en Afrique. Dans le deuxi&egrave;me point on propose de comprendre comment l&rsquo;intelligence &eacute;conomique peut permettre aux &Eacute;tats africains et globalement &agrave; l&rsquo;ensemble des acteurs &eacute;conomiques du continent, puisque le fondement de l&rsquo;intelligence &eacute;conomique est d&rsquo;&ecirc;tre une dynamique collective, de relever les d&eacute;fis de la mondialisation, en tant qu&rsquo;ar&egrave;ne o&ugrave; se d&eacute;roule la guerre &eacute;conomique, et ainsi avoir des avantages et de gagner en agilit&eacute; dans cette sc&egrave;ne &eacute;conomique mondiale hyperconcurrentielle et pr&eacute;datrice. Le </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">troisi&egrave;me est dernier point de notre intervention vise &agrave; &eacute;tudier le d&eacute;fi, &agrave; la mise en &oelig;uvre de l&rsquo;intelligence &eacute;conomique, que pose le pan criminel de </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">la guerre &eacute;conomique. Le vide strat&eacute;gique, la mondialisation marchande et &eacute;conomique hyperconcurrentielle et la criminalit&eacute; transnationale organis&eacute;e, tels sont les trois d&eacute;fis que pose la guerre &eacute;conomique &agrave; l&rsquo;intelligence &eacute;conomique est que notre intervention propose d&rsquo;&eacute;tudier.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">L&rsquo;intelligence &eacute;conomique aux d&eacute;fis du vide strat&eacute;gique </span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Le terme intelligence d&eacute;rive du nom latin <i>intelligentia</i> est d&eacute;signe le fait de comprendre, saisir, appr&eacute;cier. Le mot intelligence est parvenu &agrave; la langue fran&ccedil;aise au XIIe si&egrave;cle dans le sens de &laquo;&nbsp;facult&eacute; de comprendre&nbsp;&raquo;<a href="#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a> (Jean Mafart, 2018 : 472). Dans le monde anglo-saxon, le terme intelligence signifie le renseignement. Par un effet d&rsquo;enrichissement de la langue le mot intelligence dans sa signification anglaise est revenu dans la langue fran&ccedil;aise sous la forme de l&rsquo;expression intelligence &eacute;conomique. Le flou qui entoure le sens de cette expression r&eacute;sulte donc du fait que le mot intelligence est employ&eacute; dans son sens anglais pour signifier renseignement &eacute;conomique. L&rsquo;intelligence &eacute;conomique recouvre &laquo;&nbsp;l&rsquo;ensemble des actions coordonn&eacute;es de recherche, de traitement et de distribution, en vue de son exploitation, de l&rsquo;information utile aux acteurs &eacute;conomiques&nbsp;&raquo;<a href="#_edn2" name="_ednref2" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a> (Jean Mafart, 2018 : 473). Le <i>lexicon</i> du <i>Financial Times</i> pr&eacute;cise que l&rsquo;intelligence &eacute;conomique regroupe diff&eacute;rentes notions et pratiques&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;le renseignement concurrentiel, la s&eacute;curit&eacute; &eacute;conomique, la gestion du risque, l&rsquo;influence, la diplomatie publique, le soft Power (gouvernement), la diplomatie &eacute;conomique (entreprise)&nbsp;&raquo;<a href="#_edn3" name="_ednref3" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">(Jean Mafart, 2018 : 473).</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">La quintessence de l&rsquo;intelligence &eacute;conomique est de fournir aux d&eacute;cideurs &eacute;conomiques une information strat&eacute;gique, toutefois elle demeure tributaire de ce dont les d&eacute;cideurs vont en faire. En d&rsquo;autres termes l&rsquo;intelligence &eacute;conomique est soumise &agrave; la pr&eacute;sence d&rsquo;une vision strat&eacute;gique<a href="#_edn4" name="_ednref4" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a>, cependant &agrave; l&rsquo;&egrave;re du vide strat&eacute;gique<a href="#_edn5" name="_ednref5" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a> (Baumard, 2012 : 16) cette derni&egrave;re fait d&eacute;faut aux acteurs &eacute;conomiques publics ou priv&eacute;s. Par cons&eacute;quent il nous incombe la responsabilit&eacute; de raviver ce d&eacute;bat ontologique. Au vide strat&eacute;gique et &agrave; la guerre cognitive<a href="#_edn6" name="_ednref6" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a> (Baumard, 2012 : 16) que nous nous livrons &agrave; nous-m&ecirc;mes, il nous faut opposer un plein strat&eacute;gique qui ne peut se faire que par la pr&eacute;sence d&rsquo;une doctrine, d&rsquo;une vision strat&eacute;gique et d&rsquo;un mod&egrave;le. Cela va nous permettre d&rsquo;outrepasser nos certitudes et notre vision barricad&eacute;e dans un pr&eacute;sent&eacute;isme, qui par son carcan r&eacute;duisent les d&eacute;cideurs &agrave; ne g&eacute;rer que les probl&egrave;mes quotidiens.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Toutefois, le XXIe si&egrave;cle ne semble devenir qu&rsquo;une inlassable r&eacute;p&eacute;tition et accumulation d&rsquo;une m&ecirc;me crise &eacute;conomique globale. Il semble que nous sommes &agrave; l&rsquo;&egrave;re qu&rsquo;appr&eacute;hendait le philosophe Kolakowski, une &egrave;re qui fait l&rsquo;&eacute;loge de l&rsquo;incons&eacute;quence o&ugrave; nous sommes alors ass&eacute;n&eacute;s par &laquo;&nbsp;le sentiment permanent de notre erreur possible&nbsp;&raquo;<a href="#_edn7" name="_ednref7" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">(Joanna NOWICKI, 2017: 16). Une &eacute;poque d&rsquo;incertitude o&ugrave; les &eacute;v&eacute;nements se jouent des gouvernements, des politiciens et des experts qui se trouvent impuissants devant l&rsquo;in&eacute;luctabilit&eacute; de ces crises, et se r&eacute;signent &agrave; l&rsquo;impossibilit&eacute; d&rsquo;un retour en arri&egrave;re ou de la possibilit&eacute; d&rsquo;un changement<a href="#_edn8" name="_ednref8" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a> (Baumard, 2012 : 15). Une &egrave;re des permacrises et des polycrises. La crise pand&eacute;mique et la crise climatique que nous vivons sont le pr&eacute;lude &agrave; une remise en cause de la mondialisation &eacute;conomique et commerciale. Ainsi, le raccourcissement des cha&icirc;nes de valeur et une crise &eacute;nerg&eacute;tique r&eacute;sultant d&rsquo;une augmentation des prix de l&rsquo;&eacute;nergie et un passage n&eacute;cessaire vers les &eacute;nergies d&eacute;carbon&eacute;es condition sine qua non pour la diminution du changement climatique exige des acteurs &eacute;conomiques africains une adaptabilit&eacute; de leur tissu &eacute;conomique, industriel et commercial pour parer &agrave; ces crises.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Pourquoi ce vide strat&eacute;gique&nbsp;? Car nous sommes dans l&rsquo;&egrave;re o&ugrave; la menace, qu&rsquo;elle soit de nature &eacute;conomique, s&eacute;curitaire ou autre, &laquo;&nbsp; entre dans l&rsquo;&eacute;chelle de la d&eacute;raison, elle devient paralysante et abrutissante&nbsp;&raquo;. Ceci fait qu&rsquo;il n&rsquo;est plus besoin pour les gouvernements et les dirigeants d&rsquo;entreprises &laquo; d&egrave;s lors d&rsquo;&ecirc;tre plus habile&nbsp;&raquo;<a href="#_edn9" name="_ednref9" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><sup><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[9]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a> (Baumard, 2012 : 16). Ce qui implique que d&eacute;sormais, selon Philippe Baumard, la v&eacute;ritable menace c&rsquo;est la <i>guerre cognitive</i> qu&rsquo;on se livre &agrave; nous-m&ecirc;mes<a href="#_edn10" name="_ednref10" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><sup><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[10]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a> (Baumard, 2012 : 14). Ainsi, malgr&eacute; le fait que l&rsquo;&eacute;poque contemporaine se caract&eacute;rise par une abondance et une facilit&eacute; &agrave; recueillir des renseignements qu&rsquo;ils soient d&rsquo;ordre militaire, politique ou &eacute;conomique<a href="#_edn11" name="_ednref11" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><sup><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[11]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a> (Baumard, 2012 : 13), les acteurs &eacute;conomiques, &agrave; d&eacute;faut d&rsquo;une pr&eacute;paration et d&rsquo;une profondeur strat&eacute;gique, sont incapables d&rsquo;en tirer parti. La crise de la penser strat&eacute;gique questionne aussi notre rapport au temps strat&eacute;gique puisque dans un capitalisme de la vitesse les dirige &eacute;conomiques ne parviennent &agrave; saisir la nature et la porter des actions qu&rsquo;ils ont entreprises que lorsque ces derniers sont achev&eacute;s<a href="#_edn12" name="_ednref12" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a> (Baumard, 2012 : 59). Toute action de pr&eacute;vision devient ainsi hasardeuse, ce qui fait que les responsables d&rsquo;entreprises, en majorit&eacute;s, n&rsquo;ont qu&rsquo;une vision approximative de leur propre industrie<a href="#_edn13" name="_ednref13" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a> (Baumard, 2012 : 59). Les responsables d&rsquo;entreprises administrent de ce fait des organisations imaginaires avec des donn&eacute;es imaginaires<a href="#_edn14" name="_ednref14" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a> (Baumard, 2012 : 59).</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Les &Eacute;tats et les entreprises sont d&eacute;pass&eacute;s par le ph&eacute;nom&egrave;ne de la globalisation qui a r&eacute;duit le co&ucirc;t et le temps des &eacute;changes commerciaux et puisqu&rsquo;aucune barri&egrave;re ne peut s&rsquo;opposer &agrave; cette circulation vertigineuse des marchandises, il ne reste pour les &Eacute;tats et les entreprises que d&rsquo;adopter deux stratag&egrave;mes : la pr&eacute;emption et la domination<a href="#_edn15" name="_ednref15" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></a> (Baumard, 2012 : 60). La pr&eacute;emption implique que l&rsquo;acteur &eacute;conomique, qu&rsquo;il soit public ou priv&eacute;, doit pr&eacute;server constamment son avance sur ses concurrents<a href="#_edn16" name="_ednref16" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></a> (Baumard, 2012 : 60). Une avanc&eacute;e qui peut &ecirc;tre technologique, mais surtout informationnelle puisque ce sont les acteurs &eacute;conomiques qui parviennent &agrave; obtenir les informations strat&eacute;giques le plus rapidement qui garantissent leur sup&eacute;riorit&eacute; au sein du march&eacute;, d&rsquo;o&ugrave; l&rsquo;importance qu&rsquo;accorde les acteurs &eacute;conomiques publics et priv&eacute;s &agrave; l&rsquo;intelligence &eacute;conomique. Le stratag&egrave;me de la domination mise en &oelig;uvre par la coercition ou la dissuasion vise &agrave; garantir &agrave; l&rsquo;acteur &eacute;conomique &laquo;&nbsp;une position de march&eacute;&nbsp;&raquo;<a href="#_edn17" name="_ednref17" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></a> (Baumard, 2012 : 60). </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">L&rsquo;intelligence &eacute;conomique aux prises d&rsquo;une mondialisation &eacute;conomique hyperconcurrentielle et pr&eacute;datrice</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">L&rsquo;ordre de la sc&egrave;ne &eacute;conomique mondiale est, &eacute;galement, boulevers&eacute; par la r&eacute;volution dans les technologies de l&rsquo;information. D&eacute;sormais, l&rsquo;information devient l&rsquo;arme la plus efficace dans la guerre &eacute;conomique que se livrent les acteurs &eacute;conomiques &eacute;tatiques et priv&eacute;s, une arme dont l&rsquo;importance s&rsquo;accentue avec le d&eacute;voiement et la radicalisation de la concurrence &eacute;conomique. Une concurrence dont le sens n&rsquo;est plus celui de contribuer avec d&rsquo;autres acteurs &eacute;conomiques au d&eacute;veloppement, mais &agrave; &laquo;&nbsp;capter le plus de march&eacute;s possible pour neutraliser, voire tuer son concurrent&nbsp;&raquo;<a href="#_edn18" name="_ednref18" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></a> (Ali Laidi, 2014: 12). Dans ce sens l&rsquo;information devient la cl&eacute; de vo&ucirc;te de la guerre &eacute;conomique dont les vainqueurs sont ceux qui ma&icirc;trisent la collecte et l&rsquo;analyse des informations strat&eacute;giques sur leur environnement &eacute;conomique et concurrentiel. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">La strat&eacute;gie de la guerre de basse intensit&eacute; qui est une strat&eacute;gie de confrontation entre pays, mais qui se d&eacute;roule sous le seuil d&rsquo;une confrontation militaire, marque un tournant dans les strat&eacute;gies de d&eacute;fenses des &Eacute;tats et r&eacute;sulte d&rsquo;un refus du co&ucirc;t humain, mat&eacute;riel et &eacute;conomique d&rsquo;une confrontation militaire de haute intensit&eacute;. Cette le&ccedil;on des guerres d&rsquo;aujourd&rsquo;hui s&rsquo;ajoute aux le&ccedil;ons des crises de nos jours. Ces le&ccedil;ons sont celles des rel&eacute;gu&eacute;s de la mondialisation&nbsp;: les fronti&egrave;res, la souverainet&eacute; et l&rsquo;&Eacute;tat. Avec la mondialisation &eacute;conomique et marchande, les fronti&egrave;res, la souverainet&eacute; nationale et l&rsquo;&Eacute;tat ont &eacute;t&eacute; rel&eacute;gu&eacute;s au rang des notions en sursis et des entit&eacute;s surann&eacute;es et obsol&egrave;tes condamn&eacute;es &agrave; une disparition in&eacute;vitable et remplac&eacute;es par la gouvernance des flux et des r&eacute;seaux. Avec la crise pand&eacute;mique du la Covid-19 et la crise s&eacute;curitaire de la guerre en Ukraine on assiste au r&eacute;veille des fronti&egrave;res, au retour de la souverainet&eacute; nationale et le sursaut de l&rsquo;&Eacute;tat, et des notions telles que le protectionnisme &eacute;conomique, la souverainet&eacute; &eacute;conomique et la pr&eacute;f&eacute;rence nationale ont le vent en poupe. Ces crises nous rappel renvoi &agrave; notre d&eacute;pendance &agrave; la mondialisation des &eacute;changes. Ne plus avoir de stock strat&eacute;gique, la concentration et la monopolisation de la production d&rsquo;un &eacute;l&eacute;ment que se soit par exemple dans le domaine m&eacute;dical (la monopolisation de la production mondiale de parac&eacute;tamol par la Chine) ou dans le domaine technologique (la concentration de la production des semi-conducteurs dans des pays comme le Taiwan, le Japon et la Cor&eacute; du sud) sont les r&eacute;sultats d&rsquo;une perte de la souverainet&eacute; &eacute;conomique et industrielle des pays. Les pays africains sont en outre sujets &agrave; une crise de leurs souverainet&eacute;s alimentaires r&eacute;sultant d&rsquo;une forte d&eacute;pendance pour les importations de produit agricole et d&rsquo;une grande diminution de leur capacit&eacute; de production agricole caus&eacute;e par les m&eacute;faits du r&eacute;chauffement climatique.&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Nous sommes ainsi dans une &egrave;re strat&eacute;gique o&ugrave; la guerre investit tous les espaces d&rsquo;existence humaine notamment les domaines travers&eacute;s par des consid&eacute;rations de comp&eacute;titivit&eacute; et de puissance &agrave; l&rsquo;image de l&rsquo;&eacute;conomie. En d&rsquo;autres termes, l&rsquo;&eacute;conomie est d&eacute;sormais l&rsquo;espace et l&rsquo;enjeu d&rsquo;une troisi&egrave;me guerre mondiale o&ugrave; les pays africains doivent en premier lieu identifier les adversaires les plus redoutables et les pays les plus pr&eacute;curseurs dans le domaine de l&rsquo;usage de l&rsquo;intelligence &eacute;conomique dans cette guerre &eacute;conomique. Dans ce domaine les &Eacute;tats-Unis, le Japon et l&rsquo;Allemagne sont des leaders en mati&egrave;re d&rsquo;intelligence &eacute;conomique gr&acirc;ce &agrave; la force du collective qui permet une forte coop&eacute;ration, notamment dans l&rsquo;&eacute;change d&rsquo;information, entre le public et le priv&eacute; afin par exemple de mettre en &oelig;uvre une strat&eacute;gie nationale de s&eacute;curit&eacute; &eacute;conomique efficace afin de prot&eacute;ger ses secteurs strat&eacute;giques contre de la concurrence &eacute;trang&egrave;re d&eacute;loyale (les pratiques du dumping) et emp&ecirc;cher l&rsquo;acquisition d&rsquo;entreprises nationales par des fonds &eacute;trangers<a href="#_edn19" name="_ednref19" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[19]</span></span></span></span></span></a>. Contrairement &agrave; une approche plus feutr&eacute;e de la guerre &eacute;conomique adopt&eacute;e par le Japon et l&rsquo;Allemagne, les &Eacute;tats-Unis mettent en &oelig;uvre depuis plus de 20 ans une strat&eacute;gie de guerre &eacute;conomique plus agressive avec l&rsquo;arme juridique de l&rsquo;extraterritorialit&eacute; du droit am&eacute;ricain pour sanctionner les entreprises &eacute;trang&egrave;res pour fait de corruption dans l&rsquo;optique de les d&eacute;stabiliser et faciliter ainsi leurs acquisitions<a href="#_edn20" name="_ednref20" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[20]</span></span></span></span></span></a>. Outre ces voies l&eacute;gales, le dispositif de guerre &eacute;conomique am&eacute;ricain inclut &eacute;galement des m&eacute;canismes relevant du soft Power am&eacute;ricain (universit&eacute;s am&eacute;ricaines, think tanks, le cin&eacute;ma, la production culturelle, les m&eacute;dias d&rsquo;information, etc.), mais aussi des m&eacute;canismes &agrave; la limite de l&rsquo;ill&eacute;galit&eacute; avec le recours &agrave; l&rsquo;espionnage &eacute;conomique pratiqu&eacute; par les services de renseignement am&eacute;ricain<a href="#_edn21" name="_ednref21" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[21]</span></span></span></span></span></a>.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">L&rsquo;intelligence &eacute;conomique qui par essence est une activit&eacute; collective, qui ne peut se faire sont une forte synergie public-priv&eacute;, dont l&rsquo;objectif est de gagner en dynamisme et en agilit&eacute; gr&acirc;ce, comme le terme intelligence le sous-entend, un usage strat&eacute;gique de l&rsquo;information. Le terme intelligence correspond &agrave; son sens premier qui est celui de renseignement et renvoi aussi &agrave; sa signification originelle &agrave; savoir lire entre les lignes (en latin inter-legere)<a href="#_edn22" name="_ednref22" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><sup><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[22]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a>. Les notions cl&eacute;s de l&rsquo;intelligence &eacute;conomique sont donc&nbsp;: la s&eacute;curit&eacute; &eacute;conomique et le renseignement ouvert qui se base sur une veille informationnelle et un management des connaissances qui vise, outre faire circuler les informations, &agrave; assembler, trait&eacute;, analyser, produire et fournir aux d&eacute;cideurs un renseignement donc une information strat&eacute;gique et des connaissances op&eacute;rationnelles<a href="#_edn23" name="_ednref23" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><sup><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[23]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a>. L&rsquo;intelligence &eacute;conomique rel&egrave;ve ainsi d&rsquo;une culture du renseignement ouvert est donc des m&eacute;thodes de recueille d&rsquo;information l&eacute;gale. La culture de l&rsquo;intelligence &eacute;conomique permet ainsi aux acteurs &eacute;conomiques de s&rsquo;armer des outils n&eacute;cessaires &agrave; la comp&eacute;titivit&eacute; &eacute;conomique qui r&eacute;side en particulier dans la capacit&eacute; de captation des informations avant les autres concurrents, la capacit&eacute; d&rsquo;innover, de verrouiller un march&eacute;, de dicter la norme<a href="#_edn24" name="_ednref24" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[24]</span></span></span></span></span></a>&hellip; Cette agilit&eacute; est ce qui a permis au&nbsp; GAFAM et les BATX de dominer le march&eacute; des technologies d&rsquo;information. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">L&rsquo;intelligence &eacute;conomique peut &ecirc;tre ainsi consid&eacute;r&eacute;e comme la r&eacute;ponse organisationnelle &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;mergence d&rsquo;une soci&eacute;t&eacute; du savoir<a href="#_edn25" name="_ednref25" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[25]</span></span></span></span></span></a> (Alice Guilhon et Nicolas Moinet, 2016: 10). Une soci&eacute;t&eacute; fond&eacute;e sur sa capacit&eacute; &agrave; ma&icirc;triser et &agrave; analyser les milliards de donn&eacute;es personnelles et professionnelles g&eacute;n&eacute;r&eacute;es par les millions des utilisateurs des nouveaux moyens de communication<a href="#_edn26" name="_ednref26" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[26]</span></span></span></span></span></a> (Alice Guilhon et Nicolas Moinet, 2016: 10). Ce march&eacute; des donn&eacute;es personnelles, domin&eacute; par les GAFA (Google, Apple, Facebook, Amazon), puise dans les nouvelles mines du XXIe si&egrave;cle&nbsp;: les Big data. Ces centres de stockage permettent le traitement, la diffusion et la vente des donn&eacute;es personnelles<a href="#_edn27" name="_ednref27" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[27]</span></span></span></span></span></a> (Alice Guilhon et Nicolas Moinet, 2016: 10). </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">L&rsquo;objectif de l&rsquo;intelligence &eacute;conomique est d&rsquo;&ecirc;tre une pratique syst&eacute;matique adopt&eacute;e par les acteurs &eacute;conomiques afin de pouvoir organiser la collecte et l&rsquo;exploitation des gisements d&rsquo;information num&eacute;rique, dans le dessein d&rsquo;en tirer un avantage concurrentiel et un moyen d&rsquo;anticipation des actions et des d&eacute;cisions dans le domaine social, &eacute;conomique et politique<a href="#_edn28" name="_ednref28" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[28]</span></span></span></span></span></a> (Alice Guilhon et Nicolas Moinet, 2016: 10). Ceci fait de l&rsquo;intelligence &eacute;conomique un m&eacute;canisme de traitement de l&rsquo;information dans l&rsquo;optique de g&eacute;n&eacute;rer de nouveaux savoirs<a href="#_edn29" name="_ednref29" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[29]</span></span></span></span></span></a> (Alice Guilhon et Nicolas Moinet, 2016: 10). Le processus de l&rsquo;intelligence &eacute;conomique se r&eacute;alise selon trois grandes &eacute;tapes&nbsp;: la vielle qui consiste dans la collecte et le traitement des informations pertinentes pour l&rsquo;acteur &eacute;conomique&nbsp;; la protection et la diffusion de ce savoir strat&eacute;gique&nbsp;; l&rsquo;influence par la diplomatie &eacute;conomique, le soft Power, les masses m&eacute;dias et les r&eacute;seaux sociaux<a href="#_edn30" name="_ednref30" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[30]</span></span></span></span></span></a> (Alice Guilhon et Nicolas Moinet, 2016: 17).</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Au sein des entreprises la mise en &oelig;uvre d&rsquo;un processus d&rsquo;intelligence &eacute;conomique est partag&eacute;e entre l&rsquo;ing&eacute;nieur qui traite l&rsquo;information, l&rsquo;analyste qui la transforme en savoir strat&eacute;gique, le manager qui la diffuse au sein de l&rsquo;entreprise et la prot&egrave;ge contre les tentatives d&rsquo;espionnage &eacute;conomique, et le dirigeant de l&rsquo;entreprise qui la d&eacute;tienne<a href="#_edn31" name="_ednref31" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[31]</span></span></span></span></span></a> (Alice Guilhon et Nicolas Moinet, 2016: 12). Toutefois, une pratique de l&rsquo;intelligence &eacute;conomique demeure l&rsquo;apanage des &Eacute;tats et des grandes entreprises pour relever le d&eacute;fi de la globalisation et de <i>l&rsquo;hyperconcurrence</i> mondiale<a href="#_edn32" name="_ednref32" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[32]</span></span></span></span></span></a>(Alice Guilhon et Nicolas Moinet, 2016: 16). &nbsp;Une notion dont l&rsquo;existence fut longtemps limit&eacute;e aux travaux du monde universitaire, la guerre &eacute;conomique se trouve &ecirc;tre une r&eacute;alit&eacute; incontestable de la sc&egrave;ne internationale. Une &eacute;volution d&eacute;concertante des relations internationales, puisque la croyance qui dominait les &eacute;tudes &eacute;conomiques &eacute;tait que le commerce avait une vertu pacificatrice. Une &eacute;volution qui a conduit, en paraphrasant l&rsquo;affirmation de Clausewitz, &agrave; ce que l&rsquo;&eacute;conomie devient la poursuite de la guerre par d&rsquo;autres moyens. En ce sens, la confrontation &eacute;conomique n&rsquo;est plus uniquement un appui &agrave; la guerre, mais une instrumentalisation de la force en tant que telle<a href="#_edn33" name="_ednref33" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[33]</span></span></span></span></span></a> (Baumard et Christian Harbulot, 2017&nbsp;: 439). </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">La confrontation &eacute;conomique se distingue de la confrontation militaire puisqu&rsquo;elle se manifeste &agrave; travers une domination &eacute;conomique permanente qui peut conduire &agrave; la pauvret&eacute;, &agrave; l&rsquo;incapacit&eacute; d&rsquo;investissements nationaux ou &eacute;trangers et l&rsquo;impossibilit&eacute; d&rsquo;un d&eacute;veloppement &eacute;conomique du pays ou sa stagnation dans un &eacute;tat continu de pr&eacute;carit&eacute; et d&rsquo;instabilit&eacute; &eacute;conomique<a href="#_edn34" name="_ednref34" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[34]</span></span></span></span></span></a> (Baumard et Christian Harbulot, 2017&nbsp;: 440). Certes, l&rsquo;objectif de la guerre &eacute;conomique n&rsquo;est pas identique &agrave; celui de la confrontation militaire, puisque la soumission &eacute;conomique ne se traduit pas, comme dans le cas d&rsquo;une soumission militaire, par une remise en cause de l&rsquo;int&eacute;grit&eacute; territoriale ou de l&rsquo;organisation politique<a href="#_edn35" name="_ednref35" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[35]</span></span></span></span></span></a> (Baumard et Christian Harbulot, 2017&nbsp;: 440). Toutefois, les cons&eacute;quences humaines et mat&eacute;rielles de la guerre &eacute;conomique peuvent &ecirc;tre aussi lourdes que celles de la confrontation militaire. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Les moyens de la guerre &eacute;conomique sont multiples on peut citer entre autres&nbsp;: les embargos &eacute;conomiques, les sanctions &eacute;conomiques et financi&egrave;res, les confiscations d&rsquo;actifs et le gel des avoirs d&rsquo;un pays ou de ses dirigeants, les d&eacute;valuations forc&eacute;es de monnaie nationale, le d&eacute;tournement de savoirs techniques et &eacute;conomiques via le renseignement industriel et technologique ou le transf&egrave;re de technologie, le monopole dans l&rsquo;exploitation d&rsquo;une ressource, la r&eacute;gulation unilat&eacute;rales du commerce via des politiques protectionnistes et de s&eacute;curit&eacute; &eacute;conomique. Ces moyens avec toutes les privations mat&eacute;rielles et financi&egrave;res ainsi que les obstacles qu&rsquo;ils dressent contre la libert&eacute; inh&eacute;rente &agrave; toute activit&eacute; &eacute;conomique, engendrent des m&eacute;faits qui peuvent &ecirc;tre aussi destructeurs que les armes lors d&rsquo;une confrontation militaire<a href="#_edn36" name="_ednref36" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[36]</span></span></span></span></span></a> (Baumard et Christian Harbulot, 2017&nbsp;: 445-446).</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">La notion d&rsquo;hyperconcurrence a &eacute;t&eacute; d&eacute;velopp&eacute;e par Richard A. D&rsquo;Aveni pour d&eacute;crire la rapidit&eacute; et l&rsquo;agressivit&eacute; qui sont &agrave; l&rsquo;&oelig;uvre dans les dynamiques concurrentielles de l&rsquo;ensemble des secteurs d&rsquo;activit&eacute;<a href="#_edn37" name="_ednref37" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[37]</span></span></span></span></span></a> (Alice Guilhon et Nicolas Moinet, 2016: 32).</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> L&rsquo;</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">hyperconcurrence qui caract&eacute;rise d&eacute;sormais les relations &eacute;conomiques au niveau national et mondial est le r&eacute;sultat de la mondialisation des &eacute;changes &eacute;conomiques, de la r&eacute;volution dans les technologies de communication et les pratiques du dumping social avec une main-d&#39;&oelig;uvre &eacute;trang&egrave;re &agrave; faible co&ucirc;t<a href="#_edn38" name="_ednref38" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[38]</span></span></span></span></span></a> (Alice Guilhon et Nicolas Moinet, 2016: 32). L&rsquo;environnement &eacute;conomique de l&rsquo;&egrave;re de l&rsquo;hyperconcurrence se caract&eacute;rise par la flexibilit&eacute;, le bouleversement et le changement intense dans les r&egrave;gles de la concurrence o&ugrave; l&rsquo;agressivit&eacute; et l&rsquo;innovation permettent &agrave; de nouveaux acteurs &eacute;conomiques sur le march&eacute; d&rsquo;&eacute;roder rapidement les avantages des grands acteurs &eacute;tablis<a href="#_edn39" name="_ednref39" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[39]</span></span></span></span></span></a> (Alice Guilhon et Nicolas Moinet, 2016: 32).</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">L&rsquo;&eacute;conomie contemporaine est une &eacute;conomie de flux (exportations, rentes, croissances, d&eacute;veloppements&hellip;) et de reflux (importations, crises&hellip;)&nbsp;; une <i>guerre sans strat&eacute;gie,</i> puisque d&eacute;pourvue d&rsquo;id&eacute;ologie et d&rsquo;homog&eacute;n&eacute;it&eacute; d&rsquo;opinion&nbsp;; une &eacute;conomie dont le dogme est d&eacute;sormais celui de la <i>somatisation personnelle</i> via l&rsquo;&eacute;cran plat, les r&eacute;seaux sociaux et les diff&eacute;rentes formes d&rsquo;existence num&eacute;rique<a href="#_edn40" name="_ednref40" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[40]</span></span></span></span></span></a> (Baumard, 2012 : 61). Dans une &eacute;conomie de l&rsquo;attention, dont l&rsquo;exemple saillant est le r&eacute;seau social qui est fond&eacute; sur un mod&egrave;le &eacute;conomique o&ugrave; c&rsquo;est gr&acirc;ce &agrave; notre temps de navigation, en d&rsquo;autres termes, notre dur&eacute; d&rsquo;attention qu&rsquo;il g&eacute;n&egrave;re ses revenus publicitaires et collecte nos donn&eacute;es personnelles pour ensuite rendre la publicit&eacute; plus personnalis&eacute;e et faire durer encore notre attention, et dans se syst&egrave;me chaque individu est devenu une petite manufacture &agrave; publicit&eacute; dont les artisans de l&rsquo;ombre sont les nouveaux <i>chiffonniers num&eacute;riques<a href="#_edn41" name="_ednref41" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[41]</span></span></span></b></span></span></a> </i>(Baumard, 2012 : 61)<i> . </i></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Au dam des<i> </i>grandes marques l&rsquo;hyperconcurence jette dans un march&eacute; &eacute;conomique hyst&eacute;rique, ces nouveaux acteurs du num&eacute;rique qui &eacute;rodent les avantages des grands acteurs via leur qu&ecirc;te &laquo;&nbsp;du clic, des visiteurs uniques, des pages vues, mesurent au milli&egrave;me de seconde la soumission volontaire au r&eacute;seau social&nbsp;&raquo;<a href="#_edn42" name="_ednref42" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[42]</span></span></span></span></span></a> (Baumard, 2012 : 62). Dans une telle &eacute;conomique, un acteur &eacute;conomique, qu&rsquo;il soit un &Eacute;tat ou une entreprise, ne peut garantir ses avantages dans le march&eacute; gr&acirc;ce &agrave; une vision ou un plan strat&eacute;gique, d&egrave;s lors que la pertinence des pr&eacute;mices et des sc&eacute;narii prisent lors de l&rsquo;&eacute;laboration de la strat&eacute;gie est remise en cause lors de l&rsquo;&eacute;tape de la r&eacute;alisation des proc&eacute;d&eacute;s imagin&eacute;e<a href="#_edn43" name="_ednref43" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[43]</span></span></span></span></span></a> (Baumard, 2012 : 62).&nbsp; En outre, les sciences de gestion sont incapables d&rsquo;apporter la validit&eacute; de leur propre existence, puisqu&rsquo;il n&rsquo;y a aucune preuve scientifique qu&rsquo;une organisation poss&eacute;dant une strat&eacute;gie &eacute;conomique est plus profitable qu&rsquo;une organisation n&rsquo;ayant aucune strat&eacute;gie<a href="#_edn44" name="_ednref44" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[44]</span></span></span></span></span></a> (Baumard, 2012 : 62). En d&rsquo;autres termes, dans un environnement instable la vertu performative fait d&eacute;sormais d&eacute;faut aux plans strat&eacute;giques.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">L&rsquo;Afrique, march&eacute; de plus de 1 milliard d&rsquo;habitants, est ainsi le th&eacute;&acirc;tre d&#39;une guerre d&#39;influence &eacute;conomique entre grandes puissances (Chine, &Eacute;tats-Unis, France, Russie, Inde, Turquie) avec l&#39;instauration du nouveau montra de la coop&eacute;ration &eacute;conomique avec les pays africains bas&eacute;e sur la coop&eacute;ration &laquo; d&#39;&eacute;gal &agrave; &eacute;gal &raquo;<a href="#_edn45" name="_ednref45" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[45]</span></span></span></span></span></a>. Pour asseoir son influence sur le march&eacute; africain, la Chine, premier partenaire &eacute;conomique du continent, renonce aux 23 pr&ecirc;ts sans int&eacute;r&ecirc;t pour 17 pays africains qui &eacute;taient arriv&eacute;s &agrave; &eacute;ch&eacute;ance &agrave; la fin de 2021<a href="#_edn46" name="_ednref46" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[46]</span></span></span></span></span></a>. Par cet acte la Chine s&#39;efforce d&#39;&eacute;carter cette accusation selon laquelle, P&eacute;kin fait de la dette un pi&egrave;ge pour l&#39;Afrique<a href="#_edn47" name="_ednref47" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[47]</span></span></span></span></span></a>. En effet, la dette a &eacute;t&eacute; le moyen le plus efficace des puissances occidentales afin de contr&ocirc;ler les &eacute;conomies africaines via les programmes d&#39;ajustements structurels des institutions de Bretton Woods. L&rsquo;endettement donne lieu &agrave; un cercle vicieux o&ugrave; les pays sont dans la capacit&eacute; que de payer leurs fonctionnaires et le pi&egrave;ge de la dette consiste &agrave; ce que les cr&eacute;anciers font des pr&ecirc;ts de subsistance et non dans l&#39;optique de cr&eacute;er le d&eacute;veloppement &eacute;conomique. Un endettement qui a conduit &agrave; la perte de contr&ocirc;le de leur politique &eacute;conomique des pays africains soumis aux programmes d&#39;ajustements structurels<a href="#_edn48" name="_ednref48" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[48]</span></span></span></span></span></a>. Le conditionnement des pr&ecirc;ts par des politiques &eacute;conomiques de lib&eacute;ralisation et de privatisation est le Cheval de Troie pour permettre aux soci&eacute;t&eacute;s &eacute;trang&egrave;res de contr&ocirc;ler les services et les secteurs &eacute;conomiques strat&eacute;giques : mines, transport, banque, &eacute;nergie, port... </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Sous de multiples formes, les guerres et les conflits foisonnent en Afrique : groupe arm&eacute;, trouble, banditisme, terrorisme... Une ins&eacute;curit&eacute; ayant en commun d&#39;&ecirc;tre une violence de nature politique dont l&#39;instabilit&eacute; politique et la faiblesse &eacute;tatique en sont les principales causes. La guerre &eacute;conomique qui s&#39;apparente &agrave; une forme de concurrence &eacute;conomique exacerb&eacute;e, o&ugrave; m&ecirc;me les moyens &agrave; la limite de l&eacute;galit&eacute; sont permis<a href="#_edn49" name="_ednref49" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[49]</span></span></span></span></span></a> est &eacute;galement l&rsquo;une des formes de violence qui traverse le continent africain et se greffe aussi aux autres formes de violence. De ce fait, souvent le d&eacute;terminant des affrontements politiques c&rsquo;est le contr&ocirc;le des mati&egrave;res premi&egrave;res<a href="#_edn50" name="_ednref50" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[50]</span></span></span></span></span></a>. En outre, la difficult&eacute; de l&#39;Afrique dans l&#39;ar&egrave;ne de la guerre &eacute;conomique c&#39;est que &laquo;&nbsp;l&rsquo;Afrique ne transforme pas, ou peu, elle extrait, produite, elle n&rsquo;a pas son ind&eacute;pendance &eacute;nerg&eacute;tique et agricole. Elle est prisonni&egrave;re de ses vieux d&eacute;mons issus de son histoire : corruption, mono-industrie, &eacute;lites immuables, incapacit&eacute; &agrave; choisir son mod&egrave;le &eacute;conomique&nbsp;&raquo;<a href="#_edn51" name="_ednref51" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[51]</span></span></span></span></span></a>.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Dans cette guerre &eacute;conomique internationale, les grandes puissances s&rsquo;int&eacute;ressent aux ressources naturelles, mini&egrave;res et &eacute;nerg&eacute;tiques, relativement rares en dehors de l&rsquo;Afrique et au march&eacute; africain avec son milliard de consommateurs. Une attention qui suscite de nombreuses interrogations notamment sur l&rsquo;instauration en Afrique d&rsquo;&eacute;conomie essentiellement de rente, encourag&eacute;e par la croissance des importations des mati&egrave;res premi&egrave;res de la part de pays comme la Chine ou l&rsquo;Inde<a href="#_edn52" name="_ednref52" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[52]</span></span></span></span></span></a> (Fran&ccedil;ois Lafargue, 2016: 68). Une situation qui conduit &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;mergence de <i>mineroconflits</i> d&rsquo;une part et d&rsquo;autre part &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;mergence d&rsquo;&Eacute;tat pr&eacute;dateur dont les dirigeants confisquent les profits de la rente issue de l&rsquo;exportation des mati&egrave;res premi&egrave;res afin de maintenir leur r&eacute;gime<a href="#_edn53" name="_ednref53" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[53]</span></span></span></span></span></a> (Apoli Bertrand Kameni, 2016: 16). </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Dans cet environnement &eacute;conomique conflictuel, les acteurs &eacute;conomiques doivent mettre en &oelig;uvre les moyens dont ils disposent afin de se d&eacute;fendre contre la guerre &eacute;conomique. Au pr&eacute;alable il faudrait que les acteurs &eacute;conomiques prennent conscience de la r&eacute;alit&eacute; de la g&eacute;opolitique des relations &eacute;conomiques mondiales et que cette guerre n&rsquo;&eacute;pargne personne, les &Eacute;tats, les multinationales et m&ecirc;me les TPE et PME<a href="#_edn54" name="_ednref54" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[54]</span></span></span></span></span></a> (Jean-Baptiste No&eacute;; 2019: 41). Contrairement &agrave; la croyance d&rsquo;une sc&egrave;ne &eacute;conomique sans ennemi et lib&eacute;r&eacute;e des fronti&egrave;res il faudrait que les acteurs &eacute;conomiques voient le monde &eacute;conomique tel qu&rsquo;il soit, &agrave; savoir, un monde o&ugrave; les r&egrave;gles ne sont pas neutres et o&ugrave; un ordinateur, un t&eacute;l&eacute;phone portable, une cl&eacute; USB, une messagerie &eacute;lectronique, un moteur de recherche ou des donn&eacute;es stock&eacute;es sur le Cloud sont des armes qui peuvent &ecirc;tre utilis&eacute;es contre eux<a href="#_edn55" name="_ednref55" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[55]</span></span></span></span></span></a></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">(Jean-Baptiste No&eacute;; 2019: 41). Dans la guerre &eacute;conomique, les moyens de lutte des acteurs &eacute;conomiques peuvent &ecirc;tre simples et de l&rsquo;ordre m&ecirc;me du bon sens. L&rsquo;usage de messageries crypt&eacute;es et des moteurs de recherche qui ne recourt pas &agrave; la collecte de donn&eacute;es personnelles, la s&eacute;curisation informatique, via des logiciels antivirus, et la s&eacute;curisation physique (protection contre le vol des ordinateurs, des t&eacute;l&eacute;phones portables, des cl&eacute;s USB&hellip;) des outils informatiques de l&rsquo;entreprise, font partie des gestes &eacute;l&eacute;mentaires de lutte contre les impactes de la guerre &eacute;conomique<a href="#_edn56" name="_ednref56" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[56]</span></span></span></span></span></a></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">(Jean-Baptiste No&eacute;; 2019: 41). </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">L&rsquo;une des r&eacute;ponses face &agrave; cette guerre &eacute;conomique est de renforcer la coop&eacute;ration et l&rsquo;int&eacute;gration &eacute;conomique en Afrique ce qui permet aux acteurs &eacute;conomiques de r&eacute;aliser ensemble ce qu&#39;ils ne peuvent faire seuls. Une int&eacute;gration qui permet d&rsquo;outrepasser les contraintes au d&eacute;veloppement &eacute;conomique en Afrique: manque dans les facteurs de production comme les mati&egrave;res premi&egrave;res, les ressources humaines qualifi&eacute;es et la technologie de pointe<a href="#_edn57" name="_ednref57" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><sup><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[57]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a>. S&#39;ajoute &agrave; cela un march&eacute; int&eacute;rieur de taille modeste incapable d&#39;absorber l&#39;int&eacute;gralit&eacute; de la production ainsi que le poids faible des &Eacute;tats africains dans les n&eacute;gociations mon&eacute;taires et commerciales internationales<a href="#_edn58" name="_ednref58" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><sup><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[58]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a>. Ainsi, au niveau des &Eacute;tats africains, l&rsquo;une des approches adopt&eacute;es pour r&eacute;sister aux effets de la guerre &eacute;conomique et au climat hyperconcurrentiel qu&rsquo;elle g&eacute;n&egrave;re est de mettre en place des organisations d&rsquo;int&eacute;gration &eacute;conomique.</span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Le d&eacute;veloppement des organisations d&#39;int&eacute;gration &eacute;conomique en Afrique r&eacute;sulte d&#39;un constat : l&#39;&eacute;chec du nationalisme &eacute;conomique qui a sonn&eacute; le glas de l&#39;&egrave;re de l&#39;&Eacute;tat providence<a href="#_edn59" name="_ednref59" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><sup><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[59]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a>. Cet &eacute;chec du nationalisme &eacute;conomique r&eacute;sulte de deux &eacute;v&eacute;nements : l&#39;&eacute;chec pr&eacute;c&eacute;demment des politiques de d&eacute;veloppement entreprit par les &Eacute;tats africains dans les ann&eacute;es 1970 ainsi que la survenue de la crise de l&#39;endettement des ann&eacute;es 1980<a href="#_edn60" name="_ednref60" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><sup><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[60]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a>. Afin que l&#39;&Eacute;tat puisse poursuivre son r&ocirc;le de promoteur du d&eacute;veloppement &eacute;conomique du pays, les &Eacute;tats africains on consentait &agrave; mettre en place des strat&eacute;gies de coop&eacute;ration et puis d&#39;int&eacute;gration &eacute;conomique<a href="#_edn61" name="_ednref61" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><sup><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[61]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a>. L&rsquo;int&eacute;gration &eacute;conomique permet aux &Eacute;tats de r&eacute;aliser ensemble ce qu&#39;ils ne peuvent faire seuls. Les &Eacute;tats africains ont constat&eacute; que de nombreuses contraintes se dressent sur le chemin de leurs d&eacute;veloppements &eacute;conomiques: manque dans les facteurs de production comme les mati&egrave;res premi&egrave;res, les ressources humaines qualifi&eacute;es et la technologie de pointe<a href="#_edn62" name="_ednref62" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><sup><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[62]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a>. S&#39;ajoute &agrave; cela un march&eacute; int&eacute;rieur de taille modeste incapable d&#39;absorber l&#39;int&eacute;gralit&eacute; de la production ainsi que leurs poids d&eacute;risoires dans les n&eacute;gociations mon&eacute;taires et commerciales internationales<a href="#_edn63" name="_ednref63" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><sup><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[63]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a>. La concentration &eacute;conomique entre les &Eacute;tats peut rev&ecirc;tir deux formes : la coop&eacute;ration &eacute;conomique, avec des &nbsp;les organisations &eacute;conomiques de coop&eacute;ration permettent aux &Eacute;tats membres de conserver leurs souverainet&eacute;s en mati&egrave;re de politique &eacute;conomique et les objectifs de l&#39;organisation sont limit&eacute;s et pr&eacute;cis, et l&#39;int&eacute;gration &eacute;conomique<a href="#_edn64" name="_ednref64" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[64]</span></span></span></span></span></a>, avec une organisation d&rsquo;int&eacute;gration &eacute;conomique qui exige la mise en place par ses membres d&#39;une politique commune en mati&egrave;re &eacute;conomique, commerciale et financi&egrave;re et conduit &agrave; la cr&eacute;ation de communaut&eacute;s &eacute;conomiques par laquelle les &Eacute;tats membres abandonnent une partie de leurs souverainet&eacute;s.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">L&rsquo;intelligence &eacute;conomique et la criminalit&eacute; transnationale organis&eacute;e</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Dans le monde post-guerre froide, faute d&rsquo;un nouvel ordre mondial, le monde est dans un entre-deux et dans ce clair obscur surgit le Chaos. Ce monde marqu&eacute; par la perte de sens o&ugrave; la confusion s&rsquo;impose, la pr&eacute;dation est devenue la norme. Un monde fluide, complexe et multidimensionnel o&ugrave; les labels n&rsquo;ont plus de sens<a href="#_edn65" name="_ednref65" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[65]</span></span></span></span></span></a> (Jean-Fran&ccedil;ois Gayraud,&nbsp; 2017: 25). Le monde n&rsquo;est pas plus violent, le chaos ne se manifeste pas &agrave; travers d&rsquo;avantage de guerre, de violence terroriste ou sociale, mais via un bouleversement <i>qualificatif</i><a href="#_edn66" name="_ednref66" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[66]</span></span></span></span></span></a><i> </i>(Jean-Fran&ccedil;ois Gayraud,&nbsp; 2017: 25). Les d&eacute;finitions et les distinctions sont devenues impr&eacute;cises, il n&rsquo;y a plus d&rsquo;accord sur les caract&eacute;ristiques de la guerre ou de la paix ni sur la nature de l&rsquo;ennemi<a href="#_edn67" name="_ednref67" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[67]</span></span></span></span></span></a></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">(Jean-Fran&ccedil;ois Gayraud,&nbsp; 2017: 25).</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Ce qui implique que d&eacute;sormais les distinctions dans le monde de la criminalit&eacute; organis&eacute;e ne sont plus op&eacute;rantes. Les acteurs de la violence politique (le terrorisme, les gu&eacute;rillas) et ceux de la violence de droit commun se sont rejoints pour donner lieu &agrave; de nouveaux acteurs &laquo;&nbsp;pour part politique, pour part criminelle&nbsp;&raquo;<a href="#_edn68" name="_ednref68" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[68]</span></span></span></span></span></a> (Jean-Fran&ccedil;ois Gayraud,&nbsp; 2017: 25). Des interactions au sein du monde de la criminalit&eacute; qui se poursuivent, comme le souligne Tamara Makarenko, jusqu&rsquo;&agrave; ce que la ligne de s&eacute;paration devienne un <i>continuum&nbsp;</i>: &laquo;&nbsp;&agrave; un bout du spectre de pures entit&eacute;s politiques&nbsp;; &agrave; l&rsquo;autre, de pures entit&eacute;s criminelles&nbsp;; entre les deux une zone grise incluant un kal&eacute;idoscope d&rsquo;acteurs hybride&nbsp;&raquo;<a href="#_edn69" name="_ednref69" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[69]</span></span></span></span></span></a> (Jean-Fran&ccedil;ois Gayraud,&nbsp; 2017: 43), avec des circonstances o&ugrave; crime organis&eacute;, entit&eacute;s politiques et acteurs &eacute;conomiques sont impossibles &agrave; distinguer<a href="#_edn70" name="_ednref70" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[70]</span></span></span></span></span></a></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">(Tamara Makarenko, 2004: 129-145). </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">&Agrave; la mort des grandes id&eacute;ologies, il ne demeure qu&rsquo;une &eacute;conomie globale aliment&eacute;e par la prolif&eacute;ration rapide d&rsquo;information incompl&egrave;te<a href="#_edn71" name="_ednref71" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[71]</span></span></span></span></span></a></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">(Olivier Chopin et Benjamin Oudet, 2016: 60). Une &eacute;conomie o&ugrave; la violence et la pr&eacute;dation sont plus efficaces que les plans &eacute;conomiques et les strat&eacute;gies. Dans le jeu de la v&eacute;locit&eacute;, de la violence, de la pr&eacute;dation et de la pr&eacute;emption la criminalit&eacute; transnationale organis&eacute;e<a href="#_edn72" name="_ednref72" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[72]</span></span></span></span></span></a> &agrave; une exp&eacute;rience plurimill&eacute;naire<a href="#_edn73" name="_ednref73" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[73]</span></span></span></span></span></a>. En ce sens, la globalisation la plus aboutie et la plus performante est celle de la criminalit&eacute;<a href="#_edn74" name="_ednref74" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[74]</span></span></span></span></span></a> (Jean-Fran&ccedil;ois Gayraud,&nbsp; 2017: 43). En d&rsquo;autres termes, le d&eacute;veloppement de la criminalit&eacute; organis&eacute;e n&rsquo;est pas repr&eacute;sentation d&rsquo;une face sombre de la mondialisation, mais l&rsquo;un de ses rouages les plus actifs<a href="#_edn75" name="_ednref75" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[75]</span></span></span></span></span></a>.</span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">(Jean-Fran&ccedil;ois Gayraud,&nbsp; 2017: 55) Un d&eacute;veloppement qui a pour source en premier lieu la mondialisation &agrave; partir des ann&eacute;es 1980, puis la r&eacute;volution dans les technologies de communication et d&rsquo;information ainsi que la r&eacute;duction drastique des barri&egrave;res &eacute;tatiques aux &eacute;changes commerciaux<a href="#_edn76" name="_ednref76" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[76]</span></span></span></span></span></a></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">(Jean-Fran&ccedil;ois Gayraud,&nbsp; 2017: 55).</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">La convergence de ces facteurs &agrave; conduit &agrave; un d&eacute;veloppement consid&eacute;rable, de l&rsquo;ordre du macro&eacute;conomique, de la capitale &eacute;conomique et financier des entit&eacute;s criminelles transnationales<a href="#_edn77" name="_ednref77" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[77]</span></span></span></span></span></a></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">(Jean-Fran&ccedil;ois Gayraud,&nbsp; 2017: 60). La diffusion de ce flux financier, via le blanchiment d&rsquo;argent, dans l&rsquo;&eacute;conomie et la finance d&rsquo;un pays permet aux entit&eacute;s criminelles d&rsquo;avoir une plus grande position de pouvoir et de parasit&eacute; ainsi la classe politique ce qui leur permet par exemple de l&eacute;galiser des produits criminels<a href="#_edn78" name="_ednref78" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[78]</span></span></span></span></span></a></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">(Jean-Fran&ccedil;ois Gayraud,&nbsp; 2017: 56). D&rsquo;acteurs criminels, le crime organis&eacute; devient gr&acirc;ce &agrave; la lib&eacute;ralisation de l&rsquo;&eacute;conomie un puissant acteur &eacute;conomique pour enfin devenir par son capital corrupteur un acteur politique. La corruption est en effet un puissant agent de transformation des institutions d&rsquo;un pays, d&rsquo;institution int&egrave;gre en entit&eacute; mi-honn&ecirc;te, mi-malhonn&ecirc;te, donc hybride<a href="#_edn79" name="_ednref79" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[79]</span></span></span></span></span></a> (Jean-Fran&ccedil;ois Gayraud,&nbsp; 2017: 56). En sapant la l&eacute;gitimit&eacute; et l&rsquo;efficacit&eacute; des institutions d&rsquo;un pays, le crime organis&eacute; vise &agrave; neutraliser le pouvoir politique pour ainsi faire d&eacute;velopper davantage ses activit&eacute;s<a href="#_edn80" name="_ednref80" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[80]</span></span></span></span></span></a></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">(Jean-Fran&ccedil;ois Gayraud,&nbsp; 2017: 56).</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Face &agrave; cette d&eacute;liquescence de l&rsquo;&eacute;conomie, l&rsquo;intelligence &eacute;conomique n&rsquo;a de sens que dans la mesure o&ugrave; elle est le croisement entre l&rsquo;information et la strat&eacute;gie, en d&rsquo;autres termes d&rsquo;un usage strat&eacute;gique de l&rsquo;information. Une information qualifi&eacute;e de renseignement, car elle d&eacute;signe sp&eacute;cifiquement une information particuli&egrave;re qui r&eacute;pond &agrave; des besoins sp&eacute;cifiques en lien avec les consid&eacute;rations des acteurs &eacute;conomiques et ceci dans l&rsquo;objectif de fournir &laquo;&nbsp;une anticipation des menaces (&hellip;) selon des modalit&eacute;s permettant l&rsquo;introduction de strat&eacute;gies ou de politiques pr&eacute;ventives &raquo;<a href="#_edn81" name="_ednref81" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><sup><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[81]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a> (Olivier Chopin et Benjamin Oudet, 2016: 43). La criminalit&eacute; organis&eacute;e par son capital de violence, son capital financier et son capital corruptible parvient &agrave; parasiter l&rsquo;ensemble des secteurs &eacute;conomiques d&rsquo;un pays. En d&rsquo;autres termes, le crime organis&eacute; &agrave; l&rsquo;instar des &Eacute;tats et des entreprises devient un acteur de la guerre &eacute;conomique nocif, puisqu&rsquo;il s&rsquo;affranchit de tous les r&egrave;gles notamment celle de la libre concurrence pour mettre en &oelig;uvre, se que nomme jacques de saint Victor, la main invisible du crime<a href="#_edn82" name="_ednref82" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[82]</span></span></span></span></span></a> (Jacques de saint Victor, 2019: 9). Ceci instaure une &eacute;conomie pr&eacute;datrice et mine le d&eacute;veloppement &eacute;conomique d&rsquo;un pays puisque les activit&eacute;s de commerce ou d&rsquo;investissement sont parasit&eacute;es par le crime organis&eacute; et doivent se soumettre au diktat de ces entit&eacute;s<a href="#_edn83" name="_ednref83" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[83]</span></span></span></span></span></a> (Jacques de saint Victor, 2019: 10).&nbsp; Du fait que la stabilit&eacute; et la s&eacute;curit&eacute; d&rsquo;un pays sont l&rsquo;une des conditions pour tout d&eacute;veloppement &eacute;conomique, la lutte contre la criminalit&eacute; transnationale organis&eacute;e par les &Eacute;tats et la prise de conscience des entreprises de l&rsquo;ampleur de cette menace doit faire partie des composantes de la strat&eacute;gie d&rsquo;intelligence &eacute;conomique et de s&eacute;curit&eacute; &eacute;conomique des &Eacute;tats et des entreprises. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Les menaces auxquelles font face les entreprises, dans le sillage de la survenue de la guerre &eacute;conomique men&eacute;e par la criminalit&eacute; transnationale organis&eacute;e contre les &Eacute;tats et les entreprises, sont de natures polymorphes et correspondent &agrave; &laquo;&nbsp;tout acte malveillant commis &agrave; l&rsquo;encontre d&rsquo;une entreprise avec la ferme intention de mettre en danger son organisation, ses salari&eacute;s, sa r&eacute;putation ou de s&rsquo;approprier de mani&egrave;re ill&eacute;gale une partie de ses biens ou de ses droits de propri&eacute;t&eacute;&nbsp;&raquo;<a href="#_edn84" name="_ednref84" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[84]</span></span></span></span></span></a> (Alice Guilhon et Nicolas Moinet, 2016: 167). De ce fait, face &agrave; la menace de la criminalit&eacute; transnationale organis&eacute;e la s&eacute;curit&eacute; &eacute;conomique doit prendre en consid&eacute;ration l&rsquo;ensemble des fonctions de l&rsquo;entreprise qui sont sujette au risque d&rsquo;une attaque contre leur int&eacute;grit&eacute;&nbsp;: le risque contre le savoir-faire de l&rsquo;entreprise&nbsp;via la pratique d&rsquo;espionnage industriel visant les projets de recherche et d&eacute;veloppement, le vol de brevets, les contrefa&ccedil;ons, etc.&nbsp;; le risque physique&nbsp;contre les locaux de l&rsquo;entreprise&nbsp;; le risque humain : un risque dont la source peut &ecirc;tre interne notamment sur le bien-&ecirc;tre des employ&eacute;s, ou externe r&eacute;sultant des acc&egrave;s accord&eacute;s aux sous-traitants, aux stagiaires, etc. ; le risque num&eacute;rique : les attaques d&rsquo;ordre cybern&eacute;tiques, etc.<a href="#_edn85" name="_ednref85" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[85]</span></span></span></span></span></a></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">(Alice Guilhon et Nicolas Moinet, 2016: 186) .</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">La pratique de la s&eacute;curit&eacute; &eacute;conomique par les &Eacute;tats et les entreprises se confronte &agrave; des situations d&rsquo;incertitude et des sources de menace ou ce qu&rsquo;on nomme d&eacute;sormais, dans un sens g&eacute;n&eacute;rique&nbsp;: une crise.&nbsp; Cet avatar de la guerre &eacute;conomique est d&eacute;sormais l&rsquo;horizon ind&eacute;passable de la r&eacute;alit&eacute; humaine&nbsp;dans tous ses domaines : le capitalisme, le droit, la civilisation, l&rsquo;humanit&eacute;... La g&eacute;n&eacute;ralisation du recours &agrave; cette notion l&rsquo;a priv&eacute; de tout sens pour que finalement le mot crise soit ce qui &laquo;&nbsp;sert &agrave; nommer l&rsquo;innommable ; il renvoie &agrave; une double b&eacute;ance ; b&eacute;ance dans notre savoir, b&eacute;ance dans la r&eacute;alit&eacute; sociale o&ugrave; appara&icirc;t la crise. &raquo;<a href="#_edn86" name="_ednref86" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[86]</span></span></span></span></span></a></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">(Alice Guilhon et Nicolas Moinet, 2016: 290)</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Retrouver le sens de ce terme est au pr&eacute;lude de toute tentative de compr&eacute;hension de la dynamique du d&eacute;veloppement de la crise et de la possibilit&eacute; de sa pr&eacute;vention et du renforcement de notre r&eacute;silience face &agrave; sa survenue. Une crise peut ainsi &ecirc;tre d&eacute;finie comme &laquo;&nbsp;une situation dynamique, d&eacute;clench&eacute;e soit par un &eacute;v&eacute;nement soudain et surprenant qui provoque un &eacute;tat de crise pour les communaut&eacute;s ou les organisations, soit &agrave; la suite d&rsquo;une accumulation de d&eacute;faillances organisationnelles et/ou techniques qui sont mises en &eacute;veil par un &eacute;v&eacute;nement d&eacute;clencheur&nbsp;&raquo;<a href="#_edn87" name="_ednref87" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[87]</span></span></span></span></span></a></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">(Alice Guilhon et Nicolas Moinet, 2016: 291). Pour d&eacute;terminer la survenue d&rsquo;une crise, seul un regard objectif et distant sur les faits peut permettre de cerner les trois facteurs qui la d&eacute;clenchent&nbsp;: le degr&eacute; d&rsquo;incertitude et l&rsquo;absence d&rsquo;information sur un &eacute;v&eacute;nement, la complexit&eacute; de l&rsquo;&eacute;v&eacute;nement et l&rsquo;urgence de la situation<a href="#_edn88" name="_ednref88" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[88]</span></span></span></span></span></a></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">(Alice Guilhon et Nicolas Moinet, 2016: 293).</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">&nbsp;&laquo; Penser l&rsquo;impensable &raquo; nous invitait d&eacute;j&agrave; dans les ann&eacute;es 1960 Herman Kahn<a href="#_edn89" name="_ednref89" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[89]</span></span></span></span></span></a></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">(Alice Guilhon et Nicolas Moinet, 2016: 299). Une invitation qui nous pousse &agrave; transcender l&rsquo;horizon du possible et de cesser d&rsquo;&ecirc;tre les spectateurs impuissants des &eacute;v&eacute;nements futurs. Pour ce faire, selon Herman Kahn, ils nous incombent de d&eacute;terminer les causes et les cons&eacute;quences &eacute;ventuelles des &eacute;v&eacute;nements &agrave;-venir, de mettre ainsi fin au r&egrave;gne de la navigation &agrave; vue et de l&rsquo;absence d&rsquo;une vision strat&eacute;gique on se servant des sc&eacute;narios, avec leur vertu prospective, pour nous permettre d&rsquo;anticiper les changements possibles<a href="#_edn90" name="_ednref90" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[90]</span></span></span></span></span></a></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">(Alice Guilhon et Nicolas Moinet, 2016: 299). </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Cette n&eacute;cessit&eacute;e de voir au-del&agrave; du brouillard du futur est &agrave; l&rsquo;origine, &agrave; la fin des ann&eacute;es 1950, de la cr&eacute;ation par Gaston Berger de la pratique prospective<a href="#_edn91" name="_ednref91" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[91]</span></span></span></span></span></a> (Alice Guilhon et Nicolas Moinet, 2016: 300). Une attitude qui exige selon son fondateur de &laquo; voir loin, voire large, analyser en profondeur, prendre des risques, penser &agrave; l&rsquo;homme &raquo;<a href="#_edn92" name="_ednref92" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[92]</span></span></span></span></span></a></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">(Alice Guilhon et Nicolas Moinet, 2016: 300). Dans un monde o&ugrave; l&rsquo;absence d&rsquo;une vision strat&eacute;gique devient la norme, au pr&eacute;lude de toute vision prospective, il y a la recherche de voir au-del&agrave; de l&rsquo;horizon des d&eacute;cisions : &laquo;&nbsp;d&eacute;cisions d&rsquo;investissement, adoption d&rsquo;une nouvelle technique, mise en place d&rsquo;une nouvelle r&eacute;glementation, fin d&rsquo;un contrat, r&eacute;ponse &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;puisement d&rsquo;une ressource&nbsp;&raquo;<a href="#_edn93" name="_ednref93" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[93]</span></span></span></span></span></a> (Alice Guilhon et Nicolas Moinet, 2016: 300). </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Dans un monde d&rsquo;interaction instantan&eacute;e et mondialis&eacute;e, d&eacute;terminer les cons&eacute;quences &eacute;ventuelles de nos d&eacute;cisions exige aussi de voir large et d&rsquo;analyser en profondeur, puisque &laquo;&nbsp;le changement vient souvent d&rsquo;ailleurs, d&rsquo;un autre secteur, de l&rsquo;&eacute;mergence d&rsquo;un nouvel acteur, au-del&agrave; de l&rsquo;espace habituel du plausible&nbsp;&raquo;<a href="#_edn94" name="_ednref94" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[94]</span></span></span></span></span></a> (Alice Guilhon et Nicolas Moinet, 2016: 300).</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <div style="page-break-after: always"><span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></div> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">R&eacute;f&eacute;rences bibliographiques</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Apoli Bertrand Kameni, &laquo; les ressources min&eacute;rales, atout ou mal&eacute;diction ? 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&raquo;,&nbsp; Conflits, hors-s&eacute;ries num&eacute;ro 3, printemps 2016.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Laidi Ali, &laquo; la guerre &eacute;conomique : une r&eacute;alit&eacute;&hellip; malgr&eacute; le d&eacute;ni ! L&rsquo;&eacute;ternel drame des grandes puissances &raquo;, Diplomatie, les grands dossiers num&eacute;ro 24, d&eacute;cembre 2014-janvier 2015.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">LEFEBVRE Augustin et MA&Aacute;R Judit, Fronti&egrave;res et transferts culturels dans l&rsquo;espace euro-m&eacute;diterran&eacute;en Dynamiques transfrontali&egrave;res des pratiques culturelles &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;poque contemporaine, l&#39;Harmattan, Paris, 2017, 250p.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Makarenko Tamara, The Crime&ndash;Terror Continuum: Tracing the Interplay between Transnational Organised Crime and Terrorism, Global Crime, Vol. 6, No. 1, f&eacute;vrier 2004, pp. 129&ndash;145.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Moinet Nicolas, &laquo;&nbsp;L&rsquo;intelligence &eacute;conomique, nerf de la guerre &eacute;conomique&nbsp;&raquo;, Les grands dossiers de Diplomatie, en Ligne le 15 f&eacute;vrier 2019, consult&eacute; le 2/4/2023, Url : </span></span><a href="https://www.areion24.news/2019/02/15/lintelligence-economique-nerf-de-la-guerre-economique/" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">https://www.areion24.news/2019/02/15/lintelligence-economique-nerf-de-la-guerre-economique/</span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Moutouh Hugues et Poirot J&eacute;r&ocirc;me, Dictionnaire du renseignement, Perrin, Paris, mars 2018, 864p.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Tchounand Ristel, &laquo;&nbsp;Guerre &eacute;conomique en Afrique : France, Russie, Chine, Etats-Unis&hellip; La loi du plus soft ?&nbsp;&raquo;, Afrique la Tribune, en ligne le 25 Ao&ucirc;t 2022, consult&eacute; le 3/4/2023, Url : </span></span><a href="https://afrique.latribune.fr/economie/strategies/2022-08-25/guerre-economique-en-afrique-france-russie-chine-etats-unis-la-loi-du-plus-soft-928605.html" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">https://afrique.latribune.fr/economie/strategies/2022-08-25/guerre-economique-en-afrique-france-russie-chine-etats-unis-la-loi-du-plus-soft-928605.html</span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Zogbelemou Togba, Droit des organisations d&#39;int&eacute;gration &eacute;conomique en Afrique - (CEDEAO - CEMAC - UEMOA - ZMAO),&nbsp; L&#39;Harmattan, Paris, 2014, 374p.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <div>&nbsp; <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="edn1"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref1" name="_edn1" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Jean Mafart, &laquo;&nbsp;intelligence&nbsp;&raquo;, in Hugues Moutouh et J&eacute;r&ocirc;me Poirot, Dictionnaire du renseignement, Perrin, Paris, mars 2018, p.472.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn2"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref2" name="_edn2" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Ibid., p.473.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn3"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref3" name="_edn3" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Idem.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn4"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref4" name="_edn4" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> La strat&eacute;gie dans son sens traditionnel s&rsquo;attache &agrave; l&rsquo;organisation et la conduite des op&eacute;rations militaires. Elle est d&eacute;finie ainsi par Andr&eacute; Beaufre, dans son Introduction &agrave; la strat&eacute;gie,&nbsp; comme &laquo; l&rsquo;art de la dialectique des volont&eacute;s employant la force pour r&eacute;soudre leurs conflits &raquo;. (Andr&eacute; Beaufre, Introduction &agrave; la strat&eacute;gie, Paris, Hachette, 2003, p.34.) La conception de la strat&eacute;gie en tant que r&eacute;flexion uniquement militaire est d&eacute;sormais inadapt&eacute;e. De ce fait, selon Fran&ccedil;ois G&eacute;r&eacute;, dans son Dictionnaire de la pens&eacute;e strat&eacute;gique, on a substitu&eacute; la conception militaire de la strat&eacute;gie&nbsp; par une vision &eacute;largie qui transcende les seules orientations militaires pour appr&eacute;hender la strat&eacute;gie comme la &laquo; conception et l&rsquo;ex&eacute;cution d&rsquo;une action collective au milieu conflictuel &raquo; (Fran&ccedil;ois G&eacute;r&eacute;, Dictionnaire de la pens&eacute;e strat&eacute;gique, Paris, Larousse, p.252.).</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn5"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref5" name="_edn5" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Philippe Baumard, le vide strat&eacute;gique, CNRS &eacute;ditions, Paris, 2012, p.16.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn6"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref6" name="_edn6" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Ibid., p.16.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn7"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref7" name="_edn7" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Joanna NOWICKI, &laquo;&nbsp;Penser les fronti&egrave;res (id&eacute;ologiques, identitaires, esth&eacute;tiques, morales, g&eacute;opolitiques) dans un monde qui se dit ouvert (Skarga, Kolakowski, Matt&eacute;i, Anders, Bauman, Karpinski, Zagajewski, Weil &hellip;)&nbsp;&raquo;, in Augustin Lefebvre et Judit Ma&aacute;r, Fronti&egrave;res et transferts culturels dans l&rsquo;espace euro-m&eacute;diterran&eacute;en Dynamiques transfrontali&egrave;res des pratiques culturelles &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;poque contemporaine, l&#39;Harmattan, Paris, 2017, p.16.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn8"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref8" name="_edn8" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Philippe Baumard, op. cit. , p.15.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn9"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref9" name="_edn9" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Ibid., p.16.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn10"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref10" name="_edn10" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Ibid., p.14.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn11"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref11" name="_edn11" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Ibid., p.13.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn12"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref12" name="_edn12" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Ibid., p.59.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn13"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref13" name="_edn13" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Idem.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn14"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref14" name="_edn14" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Idem.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn15"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref15" name="_edn15" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Ibid., p.60.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn16"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref16" name="_edn16" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Idem.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn17"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref17" name="_edn17" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Idem.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn18"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref18" name="_edn18" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Ali Laidi, &laquo;&nbsp;la guerre &eacute;conomique&nbsp;: une r&eacute;alit&eacute;&hellip; malgr&eacute; le d&eacute;ni&nbsp;! L&rsquo;&eacute;ternel drame des grandes puissances&nbsp;&raquo;, Diplomatie, les grands dossiers num&eacute;ro 24, d&eacute;cembre 2014-janvier 2015, p.12.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn19"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref19" name="_edn19" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[19]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Nicolas Moinet, &laquo;&nbsp;L&rsquo;intelligence &eacute;conomique, nerf de la guerre &eacute;conomique&nbsp;&raquo;, les grands dossiers de Diplomatie, en ligne le 15 f&eacute;vrier 2019, consult&eacute; le 2/4/2023, URL : <a href="https://www.areion24.news/2019/02/15/lintelligence-economique-nerf-de-la-guerre-economique/" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline">https://www.areion24.news/2019/02/15/lintelligence-economique-nerf-de-la-guerre-economique/</a>. </span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn20"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref20" name="_edn20" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[20]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Idem.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn21"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref21" name="_edn21" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[21]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Idem.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn22"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref22" name="_edn22" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[22]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Idem.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn23"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref23" name="_edn23" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[23]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Idem.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn24"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref24" name="_edn24" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[24]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Idem.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn25"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref25" name="_edn25" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[25]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Alice Guilhon et Nicolas Moinet, l&#39;intelligence &eacute;conomique s&#39;informer, se prot&eacute;ger, influencer, &eacute;ditons Pearson, 2016, p.10.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn26"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref26" name="_edn26" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[26]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Idem.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn27"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref27" name="_edn27" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[27]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Idem.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn28"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref28" name="_edn28" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[28]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Idem.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn29"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref29" name="_edn29" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[29]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Idem.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn30"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref30" name="_edn30" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[30]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Ibid., p.17.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn31"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref31" name="_edn31" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[31]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Ibid., p.12.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn32"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref32" name="_edn32" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[32]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Ibid., p.16.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn33"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref33" name="_edn33" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[33]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Philipe Baumard et Christian Harbulot, &laquo;&nbsp;&eacute;conomiques (guerre)&nbsp;&raquo;, Dans Fr&eacute;d&eacute;ric Ramel, Jean-Baptiste Jeang&egrave;ne Vilmer et Beno&icirc;t Durieux (dir.), Dictionnaire de la guerre et de la paix,&nbsp;Presses universitaires de France, Paris, octobre 2017, p.439.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn34"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref34" name="_edn34" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[34]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Ibid., p.440.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn35"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref35" name="_edn35" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[35]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Idem.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn36"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref36" name="_edn36" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[36]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Ibid., p.445-446.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn37"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref37" name="_edn37" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[37]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Alice Guilhon et Nicolas Moinet, op. cit., p.32.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn38"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref38" name="_edn38" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[38]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Idem.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn39"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref39" name="_edn39" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[39]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Idem.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn40"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref40" name="_edn40" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[40]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Philippe Baumard, op. cit. , p.61.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn41"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref41" name="_edn41" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[41]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Idem.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn42"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref42" name="_edn42" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[42]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Ibid., p.62.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn43"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref43" name="_edn43" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[43]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Idem.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn44"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref44" name="_edn44" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[44]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Idem.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn45"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref45" name="_edn45" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[45]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Ristel Tchounand, &laquo;&nbsp;Guerre &eacute;conomique en Afrique : France, Russie, Chine, &Eacute;tats-Unis&hellip; La loi du plus soft ?&nbsp;&raquo;, Afrique la Tribune, en ligne le 25 ao&ucirc;t 2022, consult&eacute;e le 3/4/2023, URL : <a href="https://afrique.latribune.fr/economie/strategies/2022-08-25/guerre-economique-en-afrique-france-russie-chine-etats-unis-la-loi-du-plus-soft-928605.html" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline">https://afrique.latribune.fr/economie/strategies/2022-08-25/guerre-economique-en-afrique-france-russie-chine-etats-unis-la-loi-du-plus-soft-928605.html</a>. </span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn46"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref46" name="_edn46" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[46]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Idem.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn47"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref47" name="_edn47" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[47]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Idem.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn48"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref48" name="_edn48" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[48]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Idem.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn49"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref49" name="_edn49" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[49]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> R&eacute;gis Loussou Kiki, &laquo;&nbsp;La Guerre &Eacute;conomique fait rage en Afrique&nbsp;&raquo;, Revue de la Diplomatie &Eacute;conomique, janvier 2021, p.32.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn50"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref50" name="_edn50" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[50]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Idem.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn51"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref51" name="_edn51" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[51]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Ibid., p.33.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn52"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref52" name="_edn52" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[52]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Fran&ccedil;ois Lafargue, &laquo;&nbsp;les grandes puissances pr&eacute;datrices de l&rsquo;Afrique noire&nbsp;?&nbsp;&raquo;,&nbsp; Conflits, hors-s&eacute;ries num&eacute;ro 3, printemps 2016, p.68. </span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn53"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref53" name="_edn53" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[53]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Apoli Bertrand Kameni, &laquo;&nbsp;les ressources min&eacute;rales, atout ou mal&eacute;diction&nbsp;?&nbsp;&raquo;, Conflits, hors-s&eacute;ries num&eacute;ro 3, printemps 2016, p.16. </span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn54"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref54" name="_edn54" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[54]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Jean-Baptiste No&eacute;, &laquo;&nbsp;les entreprises doivent se former &agrave; la guerre &eacute;conomique&nbsp;&raquo;, Conflits, num&eacute;ro 23, septembre-octobre 2019, p.41.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn55"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref55" name="_edn55" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[55]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Idem.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn56"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref56" name="_edn56" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[56]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Idem.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn57"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref57" name="_edn57" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[57]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Togba Zogbelemou, Droit des organisations d&#39;int&eacute;gration &eacute;conomique en Afrique - (CEDEAO - CEMAC - UEMOA - ZMAO),&nbsp; L&#39;Harmattan, Paris, 2014, p.23.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn58"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref58" name="_edn58" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[58]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> <i>Idem.</i></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn59"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref59" name="_edn59" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[59]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Idem.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn60"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref60" name="_edn60" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[60]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> <i>Idem.</i></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn61"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref61" name="_edn61" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[61]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> <i>Idem.</i></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn62"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref62" name="_edn62" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[62]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> <i>Idem.</i></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn63"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref63" name="_edn63" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[63]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> <i>Idem.</i></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn64"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref64" name="_edn64" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[64]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Pierre Fran&ccedil;ois Gonidec d&eacute;finit la coop&eacute;ration au niveau international comme &laquo; un mode des relations internationales qui implique la mise en ouvre d&#39;une politique poursuivie pendent une certaine dur&eacute;e de temps et destin&eacute;e &agrave; rendre plus intimes, gr&acirc;ce &agrave; des m&eacute;canismes permanents, les relations internationales dans un ou plusieurs domaines d&eacute;termin&eacute;s, sans mettre en cause l&#39;ind&eacute;pendance des unit&eacute;s concern&eacute;es &raquo; (cit&eacute; in Pierre Fran&ccedil;ois Gonidec, les organisations internationales africaines. &Eacute;tude comparative, L&#39;Harmattan, Paris, 2014, p.53, cit&eacute; par : Togba Zogbelemou, op. cit. , p.24.) En revanche l&#39;int&eacute;gration au niveau international est d&eacute;finie par Pierre Fran&ccedil;ois Gonidec comme &laquo; un processus (...) qui, &agrave; partir d&#39;une soci&eacute;t&eacute; internationale morcel&eacute;e en unit&eacute;s ind&eacute;pendantes les unes des autres, tendent &agrave; leur substituer de nouvelles unit&eacute;s plus (...) vastes, dot&eacute;es au minimum de pouvoir de d&eacute;cision, soit dans un ou plusieurs domaines d&eacute;termin&eacute;s, soit dans l&#39;ensemble des domaines relevant de la comp&eacute;tence des unit&eacute;s int&eacute;gr&eacute;es &raquo; (cit&eacute; in Pierre Fran&ccedil;ois Gonidec, les organisations internationales africaines. &Eacute;tude comparative, L&#39;Harmattan, Paris, 2014, p.54, cit&eacute; par : Togba Zogbelemou, op. cit. , p.24.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn65"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref65" name="_edn65" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[65]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Jean-Fran&ccedil;ois Gayraud, Th&eacute;orie des hybrides terrorismes et crime organis&eacute;, CNRS &Eacute;dition, Paris, 2017, p.25.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn66"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref66" name="_edn66" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[66]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Xavier Raufer, les nouveaux dangers plan&eacute;taires : Chaos mondial, d&eacute;c&egrave;lement pr&eacute;coce, &eacute;dition Biblis, Paris, 2012. Cit&eacute; par, Jean-Fran&ccedil;ois Gayraud, op. cit., p.25.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn67"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref67" name="_edn67" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[67]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Jean-Fran&ccedil;ois Gayraud, op. cit., p.25.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn68"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref68" name="_edn68" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[68]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Idem.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn69"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref69" name="_edn69" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[69]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Ibid., p.43.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn70"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref70" name="_edn70" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[70]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Tamara Makarenko, The Crime&ndash;Terror Continuum: Tracing the Interplay between Transnational Organised Crime and Terrorism, Global Crime, Vol. 6, No. 1, f&eacute;vrier 2004, pp. 129&ndash;145.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn71"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref71" name="_edn71" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[71]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Olivier Chopin et Benjamin Oudet, Renseignement et s&eacute;curit&eacute;, Armand Colin, Paris, 2016, p.60.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn72"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref72" name="_edn72" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[72]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> La Convention des Nations unies contre la criminalit&eacute; transnationale organis&eacute;e, dite Convention de Palerme, sign&eacute;e en d&eacute;cembre 2000, est entr&eacute;e en vigueur le 29 septembre 2003, d&eacute;finit la criminalit&eacute; transnationale organis&eacute;e dans son Article 2&nbsp;: &laquo; l&rsquo;expression &ldquo;groupe criminel organis&eacute;&rdquo; d&eacute;signe un groupe structur&eacute; de trois personnes ou plus existant depuis un certain temps et agissant de concert dans le but de commettre une ou plusieurs infractions graves ou infractions &eacute;tablies conform&eacute;ment &agrave; la pr&eacute;sente Convention, pour en tirer, directement ou indirectement, un avantage financier ou un autre avantage mat&eacute;riel; &raquo;. Selon l&rsquo;article 3&nbsp;: &laquo; Une infraction est de nature transnationale si: a) elle est commise dans plus d&rsquo;un &Eacute;tat; b) Elle est commise dans un &Eacute;tat, mais qu&rsquo;une partie substantielle de sa pr&eacute;paration, de sa planification, de sa conduite ou de son contr&ocirc;le a lieu dans un autre &Eacute;tat; c) Elle est commise dans un &Eacute;tat, mais implique un groupe criminel organis&eacute; qui se livre &agrave; des activit&eacute;s criminelles dans plus d&rsquo;un &Eacute;tat; ou d) elle est commise dans un &Eacute;tat, mais a des effets substantiels dans un autre &Eacute;tat. &raquo; </span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn73"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref73" name="_edn73" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[73]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Jean-Fran&ccedil;ois Gayraud, op. cit., p.43.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn74"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref74" name="_edn74" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[74]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Ibid., p.21.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn75"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref75" name="_edn75" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[75]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Ibid., p.55.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn76"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref76" name="_edn76" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[76]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Idem.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn77"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref77" name="_edn77" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[77]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Ibid., p.60.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn78"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref78" name="_edn78" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[78]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Idem.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn79"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref79" name="_edn79" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[79]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Idem.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn80"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref80" name="_edn80" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[80]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Ibid., p.56.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn81"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref81" name="_edn81" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[81]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Peter Gill et Mark Phythian, Intelligence in an Insecure World, Polity Press, 2012, cit&eacute; par Olivier Chopin et Benjamin Oudet, op. cit., p.43.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn82"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref82" name="_edn82" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[82]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Jacques de saint Victor, &laquo;&nbsp;collusion &Eacute;tat/mafia&nbsp;: comment la d&eacute;mocratie, le capitalisme et la corruption favorisent-ils les liens politico-criminels&nbsp;?&nbsp;&raquo; Diplomatie, les grands dossiers num&eacute;ro 52, aout-septembre 2019, p.9.&nbsp; </span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn83"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref83" name="_edn83" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[83]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Ibid., p.10.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn84"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref84" name="_edn84" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[84]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Alice Guilhon et Nicolas Moinet, op. cit., p..167</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn85"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref85" name="_edn85" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[85]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Ibid., p.186.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn86"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref86" name="_edn86" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[86]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Ibid., p.290.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn87"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref87" name="_edn87" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[87]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Ibid., p.291.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn88"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref88" name="_edn88" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[88]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Ibid., p.293.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn89"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref89" name="_edn89" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[89]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Ibid., p.299.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn90"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref90" name="_edn90" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[90]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Idem.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn91"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref91" name="_edn91" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[91]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Ibid., p.300.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn92"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref92" name="_edn92" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[92]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Idem.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn93"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref93" name="_edn93" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[93]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Idem.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn94"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri, &quot;sans-serif&quot;"><a href="#_ednref94" name="_edn94" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">[94]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Idem.</span></span></span></p> </div> </div>