<h1 style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Introduction</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></h1> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Le monde arabo-m&eacute;diterran&eacute;en connait depuis d&eacute;cembre 2010 un vaste mouvement de protestation, d&eacute;clench&eacute; en Tunisie contre le pr&eacute;sident Zine Abidine Benali. Lors de cette r&eacute;volte qui donna lieu &agrave; ce que les m&eacute;dias qualifient de&nbsp;<i>Printemps arabe</i>, le sentiment de ras-le-bol du peuple tunisien, envers la politique de r&eacute;pression men&eacute;e par le r&eacute;gime, s&rsquo;exprimait principalement par l&rsquo;injonction <i>d&eacute;gage.</i> Cette vague de protestations engendra une nouvelle majorit&eacute; parlementaire au Maroc, un pouvoir disput&eacute; en Lybie, un remplacement de dirigeants en Tunisie et en Egypte ; et 8 ans plus tard une vacance du pouvoir en Alg&eacute;rie. Les nouveaux leaders de cette r&eacute;gion du monde tentent de se maintenir au pouvoir, en adoptant des strat&eacute;gies discursives &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;chelle nationale et internationale dont nous verrons quelques exemples &agrave; travers le cas de l&#39;Egypte. Les enjeux g&eacute;ostrat&eacute;giques que refl&egrave;te la position g&eacute;ographique de ce dernier, entre le Machrek et le Maghreb, entre l&rsquo;Afrique et l&rsquo;Asie, n&eacute;cessite une politique d&rsquo;&eacute;quilibriste entre les attentes des populations arabes, notamment vis-&agrave;-vis de la cause palestinienne, les esp&eacute;rances des populations africaines en mati&egrave;re de soutien dans la lutte contre la pauvret&eacute; et les int&eacute;r&ecirc;ts des puissances mondiales au Moyen-Orient. C&rsquo;est dans ce sens qu&rsquo;il importe de rendre compte comment le pr&eacute;sident Abdelfattah al-Sissi fait toujours face &agrave; une campagne de <i>d&eacute;gagisme</i> en provenance de l&rsquo;int&eacute;rieur et de l&rsquo;ext&eacute;rieur, apr&egrave;s la d&eacute;ch&eacute;ance de deux dirigeants successifs. Il convient de s&rsquo;interroger aussi comment la rue n&rsquo;a pas encore emp&ecirc;ch&eacute; al-Sissi d&rsquo;&ecirc;tre r&eacute;&eacute;lu et maintenu &agrave; la t&ecirc;te du pays. C&rsquo;est pourquoi l&rsquo;Egypte constitue un cas qu&rsquo;il conviendrait d&rsquo;&eacute;tudier de pr&egrave;s. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><span style="color:#000000;">Apr&egrave;s un bref aper&ccedil;u sur le concept du <i>d&eacute;gagisme</i> et sur le r&ocirc;le du web social dans la diffusion des slogans renvoyant &agrave; cette notion, une analyse textom&eacute;trique nous permettra de relever des strat&eacute;gies de silenciement</span><a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"> adopt&eacute;es dans un nombre d&rsquo;allocutions d&rsquo;Abdelfattah al-Sissi, prononc&eacute;es lors d&rsquo;&eacute;v&eacute;nements majeurs &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;chelle nationale et internationale, avant et apr&egrave;s sa r&eacute;&eacute;lection en avril 2018. Les r&eacute;sultats obtenus pourront refl&eacute;ter la politique men&eacute;e par l&rsquo;Egypte sur la sc&egrave;ne nationale et internationale et permettront de rendre compte de la capacit&eacute; de persuasion d&rsquo;Abdelfattah al-Sissi, pour gagner le soutien des acteurs importants dans un monde interconnect&eacute;.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <h1 style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Le <i>d&eacute;gagisme</i> : d&eacute;finitions, concepts et typologie</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></h1> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Inspir&eacute; par la r&eacute;volution tunisienne, le collectif artistico-politique et philosophique belge&nbsp; <i>Manifestement</i> (2011)<i> </i>th&eacute;orise le <i>d&eacute;gagisme </i>et le d&eacute;finit<i> </i>comme &laquo; th&eacute;orie et pratique politique nouvelle &raquo;.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><span style="color:#000000;">Le 29 janvier 2017, suite &agrave; la victoire de Benoit Hamon aux primaires socialistes en France, face &agrave; l&rsquo;ancien premier ministre Manuel Valls, Jean-Luc M&eacute;lenchon &eacute;voque dans une publication sur Facebook (figure1) &laquo; un moment particuli&egrave;rement fort dans la maturation du ph&eacute;nom&egrave;ne <i>qu&#39;ils s&#39;en aillent tous </i>&raquo;</span><a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color:#000000;">, qu&rsquo;il avait choisi comme argument de campagne</span><a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color:#000000;">. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><img height="446" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_602_3_IMAGE YACINE FIG.1.jpg" width="527" /></span></span></p> <p align="center" class="MsoCaption" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><strong><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times="">Figure </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times="">1</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times="">. Post de Jean-Luc M&eacute;lenchon sur Facebook suite &agrave; la victoire de Benoit Hamon aux primaires socialistes 2017, face &agrave; Manuel Valls</span></span></span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Dans ce m&ecirc;me post, M&eacute;lenchon constate une analogie entre la d&eacute;faite de Manuel Valls et la destitution de Benali, en soulignant que la d&eacute;mocratie jouit parfois autant dans le sacre que dans la destitution.&nbsp; C&rsquo;est dans un sens similaire que l&rsquo;on trouve la d&eacute;finition du mot <i>d&eacute;gagisme</i> dans le dictionnaire de la langue fran&ccedil;aise. Ce n&eacute;ologisme a &eacute;t&eacute; int&eacute;gr&eacute; d&egrave;s 2018, dans la base de donn&eacute;es du <i>Petit Robert</i> en ligne, d&eacute;fini comme &laquo; rejet de la classe politique en place, notamment lors d&#39;une &eacute;lection. Du verbe d&eacute;gager dans le sens de d&eacute;barrasser (qqch., un espace) de ce qui encombre&nbsp;&raquo; (s.d.).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Nous constatons &agrave; ce stade que le <i>d&eacute;gagisme</i> d&eacute;signe &agrave; la fois une th&eacute;orie, une pratique ou une cat&eacute;gorie. Ce ph&eacute;nom&egrave;ne se manifeste souvent par le ras-le-bol des &eacute;lecteurs qui ont non seulement envie de changer le syst&egrave;me actuel, mais aussi le d&eacute;sir de sortir les hommes politiques que l&#39;on avait jusqu&#39;&agrave; maintenant. Il peut s&rsquo;agir &eacute;galement d&rsquo;une &eacute;lection ou d&rsquo;une destitution pouvant provoquer une vacance du pouvoir.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">En France, le mouvement des Gilets jaunes, qui souhaite le d&eacute;part d&rsquo;Emmanuel Macron, nous laisse constater une diff&eacute;rence d&rsquo;interpr&eacute;tation du <i>d&eacute;gagisme</i>. En ce sens, les deux publications de Tweeter ci-apr&egrave;s (figure 2) illustrent deux lectures distinctes de cette notion par deux instances &eacute;nonciatives&nbsp;: politique et citoyenne. La premi&egrave;re tente de r&eacute;cup&eacute;rer politiquement le mouvement des Gilets jaunes, alors que la seconde pr&eacute;cise qu&rsquo;il s&rsquo;agit d&rsquo;un mouvement <i>apolitique</i>. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><img height="247" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_602_3_IMAGE YACINE FIG.2.1.jpg" width="846" /><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><img height="267" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_602_3_IMAGE YACINE FIG.2.2.jpg" width="844" /></span></span></p> <p align="center" class="MsoCaption" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Figure2. Tweet de Jean-Luc M&eacute;lenchon et la r&eacute;ponse d&rsquo;un utilisateur lui rappelant que le mouvement des gilets jaunes est apolitique</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">De ce fait, les mouvements de protestation dans le monde contemporain peuvent donner naissance &agrave; de nouvelles interpr&eacute;tations du <i>d&eacute;gagisme, </i>donnant lieu &agrave; une typologie. Celle-ci peut d&eacute;pendre de la r&eacute;ponse des dirigeants concern&eacute;s aux revendications des populations dirig&eacute;es.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><span style="color:#000000;">Pour ce qui est des pays arabes du pourtour m&eacute;diterran&eacute;en, le dirigeant libyen d&eacute;chu Mouammar al-Kadhafi a &eacute;t&eacute; assassin&eacute; dans des conditions qui restent floues, apr&egrave;s l&#39;intervention des forces de l&#39;OTAN</span><a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color:#000000;">, suite &agrave; son refus de quitter le pouvoir. En Tunisie, Zine Abidine Benali a r&eacute;pondu &agrave; ce mouvement par l&rsquo;exil en Arabie Saoudite, apr&egrave;s des affrontements entre policiers et manifestants et une tentative d&rsquo;apaisement par le biais d&rsquo;une allocutions t&eacute;l&eacute;vis&eacute;e. Quant &agrave; Hosni Moubarak, il avait tent&eacute; de calmer la col&egrave;re de la rue &eacute;gyptienne par la force, puis par une promesse de quitter le pouvoir apr&egrave;s la fin de son mandat. Mais celui-ci a fini par c&eacute;der le pouvoir au commandement des forces arm&eacute;es. Le d&eacute;part de Moubarak a d&eacute;bouch&eacute; sur une &eacute;lection pr&eacute;sidentielle anticip&eacute;e, remport&eacute;e par Mohamed Morsi, candidat soutenu par l&#39;Association des Fr&egrave;res musulmans, opposant historique de tous les dirigeants successifs de la r&eacute;publique arabe d&#39;Egypte. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><span style="color:#000000;">Moins d&rsquo;un an apr&egrave;s</span><a href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color:#000000;">, la t&eacute;l&eacute;vision &eacute;gyptienne ainsi que plusieurs chaines panarabes et occidentales diffusent un communiqu&eacute; du commandement des forces arm&eacute;es, qui marqua la fin de l&rsquo;&egrave;re Mohamed Morsi. Cette destitution propulsa le mar&eacute;chal Abdelfattah al-Sissi &agrave; la t&ecirc;te du pays, apr&egrave;s une p&eacute;riode de transition suivie d&rsquo;une &eacute;lection pr&eacute;sidentielle. Il importe de pr&eacute;ciser ici que ce changement avait &eacute;t&eacute; d&eacute;clench&eacute; par la rue &eacute;gyptienne, qui r&eacute;clamait le d&eacute;part de Morsi. Il devient donc difficile de distinguer ici une r&eacute;volution d&rsquo;un coup d&rsquo;&Eacute;tat.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Une r&eacute;volution est &laquo;&nbsp;un renversement des institutions politiques sous la pression du peuple [alors qu&rsquo;un coup d&rsquo;&Eacute;tat est une]&nbsp;lutte violente entre les organes de l&rsquo;&Eacute;tat, aboutissant &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;crasement de l&rsquo;un par l&rsquo;autre&nbsp;&raquo; (Bastid, 1945, p.493). Le coup d&rsquo;&Eacute;tat est aussi &laquo;&nbsp;un acte d&rsquo;une autorit&eacute; constitu&eacute;e portant une atteinte ill&eacute;gale et brutale &agrave; l&rsquo;ordre qui la constitue, pour s&rsquo;emparer du pouvoir ou s&rsquo;y maintenir &raquo; (Avril &amp; Gicquel, 2016 [1945], p.34). Nous constatons en ce sens qu&rsquo;une r&eacute;volution est d&eacute;clench&eacute;e par &laquo;&nbsp;d&rsquo;&eacute;l&eacute;ments &eacute;trangers &agrave; la machine &eacute;tatique [alors qu&rsquo;un coup d&rsquo;&Eacute;tat provient des arcanes du pouvoir. Mais que ce soit une r&eacute;volution ou un coup d&rsquo;&Eacute;tat, les deux actes m&egrave;nent &agrave;] la disparition du r&eacute;gime politique ant&eacute;rieur&hellip; &raquo;. (Bastid,1945, p.493)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Compte tenu de ces d&eacute;finitions, nous consid&eacute;rons que le mouvement de protestations contre le pr&eacute;sident Morsi, suivi de sa d&eacute;ch&eacute;ance par les forces arm&eacute;es, constitue &agrave; la fois une r&eacute;volution populaire et un coup d&rsquo;&Eacute;tat. Cela laisse supposer un <i>d&eacute;gagisme</i> hybride, chose qui fait de l&rsquo;Egypte un cas unique pour le moment.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <h1 style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Le <i>d&eacute;gagisme</i> et le web social</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></h1> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Le <i>d&eacute;gagisme</i> peut &ecirc;tre exprim&eacute; en plusieurs langues sous plusieurs slogans et formules. En arabe, l&#39;on r&eacute;f&egrave;re &agrave; ce mouvement par&nbsp;<i>żāhirat fiʻl ʼamr ʼirḥal</i>&nbsp;(le ph&eacute;nom&egrave;ne du verbe &laquo;&nbsp;partir&nbsp;&raquo; &agrave; l&rsquo;imp&eacute;ratif) </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">et aux slogans qui renvoient &agrave; cette injonction par&nbsp;<i>ʼaṣṣīġa al&rsquo;āmira bi ʼarraḥīl</i>&nbsp;(la formule ordonnant le d&eacute;part) ou&nbsp;<i>ṣīġa ʼattarḥīl</i>&nbsp;(Sraj, 2014), qui peut &ecirc;tre traduite par &laquo;&nbsp;la formule de renvoi</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">/d&rsquo;expulsion</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&nbsp;&raquo;. Il convient de pr&eacute;ciser ici que l&rsquo;injonction&nbsp;<i>ʼirḥal</i>&nbsp;(pars/</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">partez) avait d&eacute;j&agrave; &eacute;t&eacute; scand&eacute;e en Egypte en 2004, en m&ecirc;me temps que le slogan&nbsp;<i>kifāya</i>&nbsp;qui veut dire &laquo; &ccedil;a suffit &raquo; pour r&eacute;clamer le d&eacute;part du r&eacute;gime de Hosni Moubarak. Mais cet &eacute;v&eacute;nement discursif n&rsquo;avait pas eu le m&ecirc;me impact &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;chelle internationale que la formule &laquo;&nbsp;d&eacute;gage&nbsp;!&nbsp;&raquo; dans la rue tunisienne &agrave; partir de d&eacute;cembre 2010, 5 ans apr&egrave;s le d&eacute;veloppement du web 2.0, favorisant l&rsquo;interactivit&eacute; et la sociabilit&eacute; entre les utilisateurs.&nbsp; Le web social est ainsi consid&eacute;r&eacute; comme un facteur tr&egrave;s important de cette &eacute;volution. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">C&rsquo;est dans ce sens que la diffusion des formes renvoyant au <i>d&eacute;gagisme</i> doit beaucoup aux r&eacute;seaux sociaux num&eacute;riques, en l&#39;occurrence Facebook et Twitter. D&rsquo;ailleurs, nous avons bien vu plus haut le r&ocirc;le qu&rsquo;a jou&eacute; la publication de Jean-Luc M&eacute;lenchon sur Facebook dans l&rsquo;&eacute;mergence du mot <i>d&eacute;gagisme</i>, avant d&rsquo;&ecirc;tre int&eacute;gr&eacute; dans le dictionnaire de la langue fran&ccedil;aise. Par ailleurs, le <i>hashtag</i> illustre bien cette tendance et joue un r&ocirc;le pr&eacute;pond&eacute;rant dans la diffusion des formules et des concepts dans cet environnement techno-discursif (Paveau, 2013) qui repr&eacute;sente un monde en tout petit (Cardon &amp; P&eacute;lissier, 2013). C&rsquo;est pour cette raison que le <i>d&eacute;gagisme</i> peut avoir un impact sur les enjeux g&eacute;opolitiques d&rsquo;un pays. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Il devient donc indispensable pour les politiques de contenir les mouvements de protestation d&eacute;clench&eacute;s de nos jours par le biais du web social, &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;chelle nationale et internationale. Pour ce faire, il faut &ecirc;tre reconnu par la communaut&eacute; techno-discursive en utilisant un langage adapt&eacute;, favorisant la proximit&eacute; avec les interlocuteurs. Ceci entre dans le cadre des strat&eacute;gies discursives adopt&eacute;es dans la communication politique que nous allons tenter d&rsquo;illustrer ci-apr&egrave;s par le cas du pr&eacute;sident &eacute;gyptien Abdelfattah al-Sissi.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <h1 style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Strat&eacute;gies discursives de silenciement comme enjeu g&eacute;opolitique</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></h1> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Depuis son &eacute;lection, le pr&eacute;sident d&rsquo;Abdelfattah al-Sissi fait face &agrave; un mouvement de <i>d&eacute;gagisme</i>, qui perdure m&ecirc;me apr&egrave;s sa r&eacute;&eacute;lection en avril 2018. Le maintien d&rsquo;al-Sissi au pouvoir d&eacute;pend de nombreux facteurs, mais nous tentons de souligner ici ceux ayant trait aux strat&eacute;gies discursives lui permettant de p&eacute;renniser le r&eacute;gime politique en place. Dans cette perspective, nous nous int&eacute;ressons &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;thos (le caract&egrave;re) de l&rsquo;&eacute;nonciateur collectif inscrit juridiquement dans l&rsquo;appareil de l&rsquo;&Eacute;tat en tant que pr&eacute;sident de la r&eacute;publique arabe d&rsquo;Egypte. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">L&rsquo;&eacute;thos d&eacute;signe chez Aristote des propri&eacute;t&eacute;s attach&eacute;es &agrave; l&rsquo;orateur lorsqu&rsquo;il &eacute;nonce. Il s&rsquo;agit donc d&rsquo;&nbsp;&laquo;&nbsp;<span style="background:white">une notion discursive car il se construit &agrave; travers le discours [et d&rsquo;une] &nbsp;image du locuteur construite par la parole (Maingueneau, 2002, p.4). Parall&egrave;lement, le discours institutionnel &laquo; s&rsquo;int&eacute;resse aux formes langagi&egrave;res par lesquelles l&rsquo;autorit&eacute; s&rsquo;institue, se l&eacute;gitime et se p&eacute;rennise, en insistant sur les contraintes formelles qui conditionnent la source &eacute;nonciative. &raquo; (Maingueneau, 1991 ; Oger &amp; Ollivier-Yaniv, 2003 ; Duch&ecirc;ne, 2004). Dans la m&ecirc;me veine, </span>le discours institutionnel r&eacute;pond &agrave; deux principes conjoints de formation. Le premier concerne la de stabilisation du dit par le biais de r&eacute;p&eacute;titions, de formules et d&rsquo;autres formes de figement, d&rsquo;implicites et d&rsquo;effets d&rsquo;&eacute;vidence. Quant au second, il consiste &agrave; neutraliser toute opposition sociale conflictuelle, par la construction d&rsquo;un discours technocratique ou par l&rsquo;adoption de formulations consensuelles et de strat&eacute;gies de &laquo; silenciement &raquo;<span style="background:white"> (K</span>rieg-Planque &amp; Oger, 2010). C&rsquo;est dans cette optique qu&rsquo;il convient de relever la r&eacute;currence de certaines formes dans le discours d&rsquo;Abdelfattah al-Sissi, permettant &agrave; celui-ci de forger son &eacute;thos aupr&egrave;s de son audience &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;chelle nationale et internationale.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">A travers une analyse pr&eacute;liminaire du discours d&rsquo;al-Sissi &agrave; diff&eacute;rentes &eacute;chelles, nous avons constat&eacute; que la situation des droits humains en Egypte est souvent abord&eacute;e avec des interlocuteurs occidentaux. Nous pouvons citer &agrave; cet &eacute;gard la visite d&rsquo;Emmanuel Macron en Egypte en janvier 2019, le sommet UE-Ligue des &Eacute;tats arabes et la conf&eacute;rence de Munich sur la s&eacute;curit&eacute;, en f&eacute;vrier 2019. En r&eacute;ponse aux critiques concernant la situation des d&eacute;tenus dans les prisons &eacute;gyptiennes, le pr&eacute;sident al-Sissi insiste sur le fait que l&rsquo;Egypte m&egrave;ne une lutte anti-terroriste &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;chelle nationale et r&eacute;gionale, tout en pr&eacute;cisant que les personnes emprisonn&eacute;es repr&eacute;sentent une menace pour la s&eacute;curit&eacute; de l&rsquo;&Eacute;tat. Ces &eacute;v&eacute;nements nous ont permis aussi d&rsquo;identifier des notions ayant trait &agrave; la politique interne, mais qui sont souvent expos&eacute;es &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;chelle internationale. La situation des droits humains pourrait justifier une ing&eacute;rence dans les affaires internes d&rsquo;un pays, chose qui peut d&eacute;stabiliser le r&eacute;gime politique en place. En m&ecirc;me temps, la lutte anti-terroriste peut justifier les mesures de r&eacute;pression prises par les autorit&eacute;s pour garantir la s&eacute;curit&eacute; des citoyens.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <h1 style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Analyse texto-m&eacute;trique et r&eacute;sultats</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></h1> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">En retenant la notion des droits humains et celle de la lutte anti-terroriste,<span style="background:white"> nous avons trait&eacute; avec le concordancier Antconc, la transcription d&rsquo;</span>un nombre d&rsquo;allocutions d&rsquo;al-Sissi prononc&eacute;es &agrave; l&rsquo;occasion d&rsquo;&eacute;v&eacute;nements p&eacute;riodiques durant l&rsquo;ann&eacute;e pr&eacute;c&eacute;dant et celle suivant sa r&eacute;&eacute;lection &agrave; <span style="background:white">la magistrature supr&ecirc;me. </span>Notre outil de travail fait partie des quelques logiciels d&rsquo;analyse texto-m&eacute;trique pouvant traiter des corpus en caract&egrave;res arabes.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%">&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Le tableau 1 ci-apr&egrave;s pr&eacute;sente le corpus de notre analyse qui consiste &agrave;</span></span></span><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""> relever des<span style="background:white"> segments r&eacute;p&eacute;t&eacute;s compos&eacute;s des mots <i>al-</i></span><i>insān, </i>qui veut dire &laquo; l&rsquo;&ecirc;tre humain &raquo; et <i>al-irhāb</i> traduit par &laquo; le terrorisme &raquo;<i> </i>ou de leurs synonymes et d&eacute;riv&eacute;s<span style="background:white">. Nous consid&eacute;rons que certains figements peuvent renvoyer &agrave; des leitmotive de la politique men&eacute;e par l&rsquo;Egypte &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;chelle nationale et internationale. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;">&nbsp;</p> <table class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:619px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">Allocutions d&rsquo;Abdelfattah Al-Sissi </span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">(avant et apr&egrave;s sa r&eacute;&eacute;lection le 02.04.2018)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:310px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><b><span lang="ES" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">Al-Mawlid al-nabawi (AZHAR)</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:132px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">29.11.2017</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:177px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">19.11.2018</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:310px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">Congr&egrave;s National de la Jeunesse (CNJ)</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:132px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">27.04.2017</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:177px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">29.07.2018</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:310px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">Sommet de Ligue arabe (LA)</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:132px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">29.03.2017</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:177px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">15.04.2018</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:310px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">Sommet de l&rsquo;Union Africaine (UA)</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:132px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">28.01.2018</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:177px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">11.02.2019</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:310px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">Forum Mondial de la Jeunesse (FMJ)</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:132px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">09.11.2017</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:177px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">03.11.2018</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:310px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">Assembl&eacute;e G&eacute;n&eacute;rale ONU (ONU)</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:132px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">19.09.2017</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:177px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">25.09.2018</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p align="center" class="MsoCaption" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Tableau</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">1</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">. Allocutions d&rsquo;Abdelfattah Al-Sissi (avant et apr&egrave;s sa r&eacute;&eacute;lection le 02.04.2018)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">La th&eacute;matique de chaque &eacute;v&eacute;nement facilite la classification de chaque allocution dans un contexte national et international, voire r&eacute;gional.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><span style="color:#000000;">Les allocutions &agrave; l&rsquo;occasion de </span><i><span style="color:#000000;">al-mawlid al-nabawi</span><a href="#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[6]</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></a></i><span style="color:#000000;"> &agrave; <i>al-Azhar</i> et celle du congr&egrave;s national de la jeunesse (CNJ) sont destin&eacute;es principalement au peuple &eacute;gyptien. Celles pr&eacute;sent&eacute;es respectivement aux sommets de la ligue arabe (LA) et de l&rsquo;Union africaine (UA) &nbsp;s&rsquo;adressent initialement aux populations arabes et africaines. Et enfin, l&rsquo;allocution de cl&ocirc;ture du forum de la jeunesse mondiale (FMJ) et celle prononc&eacute;e devant l&rsquo;Assembl&eacute;e G&eacute;n&eacute;rale de l&rsquo;Organisation des Nations Unies (ONU) visent &agrave; impacter l&rsquo;opinion publique &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;chelle mondiale.&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Afin de relever des segments r&eacute;p&eacute;t&eacute;s, nous avons param&eacute;tr&eacute; le concordancier de sorte qu&rsquo;il d&eacute;tecte des cooccurrences entre deux mots au minimum, qui paraissent au moins deux fois, m&ecirc;me dans une seule allocution. Nous avons trait&eacute; par la suite les allocutions pr&eacute;c&eacute;dant la r&eacute;&eacute;lection d&rsquo;Abdelfattah al-Sissi (Tableau2) puis celles prononc&eacute;es apr&egrave;s sa r&eacute;&eacute;lection (Tableau3). En recherchant les formes <i>insān </i>et <i>irhāb</i>, nous avons relev&eacute; les r&eacute;currences inventori&eacute;es par nombre d&rsquo;allocutions dans lesquelles ils apparaissent et le nombre total de leur fr&eacute;quence. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <h1 style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Avant la r&eacute;&eacute;lection d&rsquo;Abdelfattah al-Sissi</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></h1> <table align="center" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none" width="567"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:284px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">Segment</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:189px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">Nombre d&rsquo;allocutions (/6) contenant le segment</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:95px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">Fr&eacute;quence totale</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:284px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><i><span new="" roman="" times="">binā&rsquo; al-insān</span></i></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span arial="">(la construction de l&rsquo;&ecirc;tre humain)</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:189px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="right" style="text-align:right; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">AZHAR (1)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:95px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="right" style="text-align:right; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:284px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><i><span new="" roman="" times="">muwājahat al-irhāb</span></i></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span arial="">(affrontement du terrorisme)</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:189px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="right" style="text-align:right; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">ONU, LA, FMJ, UA (4)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:95px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="right" style="text-align:right; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">4</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:284px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><i><span new="" roman="" times="">mukāfa</span><span lang="EN-GB" new="" roman="" times="">ḥ</span><span new="" roman="" times="">at al-irhāb</span></i></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span arial="">(combattre le terrorisme)</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:189px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="right" style="text-align:right; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">UA, CNJ (</span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span arial="">2</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:95px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="right" style="text-align:right; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span arial="">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:284px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><i><span new="" roman="" times="">al-irhāb wa al-ta</span><span lang="EN-GB" new="" roman="" times="">ṭarruf</span></i></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span arial="" lang="EN-GB">(le terrorisme et </span><span arial="">l&rsquo;extr&eacute;misme)</span> </span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:189px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="right" style="text-align:right; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">FMJ, UA, LA (3)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:95px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="right" style="text-align:right; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">3</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:284px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><i><span new="" roman="" times="">ḫa</span><span lang="EN-GB" new="" roman="" times="">ṭar</span></i> <i><span new="" roman="" times="">al-irhāb</span></i></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span arial="">(le danger du terrorisme)</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:189px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="right" style="text-align:right; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">LA, ONU (2)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:95px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="right" style="text-align:right; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:284px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><i><span lang="EN-GB" new="" roman="" times="">ḍ</span><span new="" roman="" times="">idd al-irhāb</span></i></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span arial="">(contre le terrorisme)</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:189px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="right" style="text-align:right; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">LA, CNJ (2)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:95px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="right" style="text-align:right; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:284px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><i><span new="" roman="" times="">al-munaẓamāt al-irhābiyya</span></i></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span arial="">(les organisations terroristes)</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:189px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="right" style="text-align:right; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">LA, UA (2)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:95px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="right" style="text-align:right; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:284px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><i><span new="" roman="" times="">al-tanẓīmāt al-irhābiyya</span></i></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span arial="">(les organisations terroristes)</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:189px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="right" style="text-align:right; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">ONU, UA (2)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:95px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="right" style="text-align:right; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">3</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:284px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><i><span new="" roman="" times="">al-`unf wa al-irhāb</span></i></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span arial="">(la violence et le terrorisme)</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:189px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="right" style="text-align:right; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">UA (1)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:95px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="right" style="text-align:right; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:284px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><i><span new="" roman="" times="">al-afkār al-muta</span><span lang="EN-GB" new="" roman="" times="">ṭ</span><span new="" roman="" times="">arrifa </span></i></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span arial="">(les pens&eacute;es extr&eacute;mistes)</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:189px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="right" style="text-align:right; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">LA, UA, AZHAR (</span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span arial="">3</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:95px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="right" style="text-align:right; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span arial="">4</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p align="center" class="MsoCaption" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Tableau</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">2</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">. Segments r&eacute;p&eacute;t&eacute;s, fr&eacute;quence et nombre de textes, avant la r&eacute;&eacute;lection d&rsquo;Abdelfattah al-Sissi</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Dans le corpus pr&eacute;c&eacute;dant la r&eacute;&eacute;lection du pr&eacute;sident al-Sissi, nous enregistrons un nombre plus important de formules compos&eacute;es de la forme <i>irhāb </i>que celle compos&eacute;es de la forme <i>insān.</i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">La formule <i>muwājahat al-irhāb </i>qui veut dire &laquo; affrontement du terrorisme &raquo; est pr&eacute;sente par exemple dans quatre textes sur les six analys&eacute;s pour cette p&eacute;riode. Nous avons &eacute;galement d&eacute;tect&eacute; d&rsquo;autres formules compos&eacute;es de <i>irhāb</i> r&eacute;p&eacute;t&eacute;es dans un, deux ou trois textes. Dans un souci de clart&eacute;, il importe de contextualiser ces occurrences pour tenter de justifier leur emploi par le locuteur. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Dans cette optique, nous constatons que le mot <i>irhāb </i>est pr&eacute;sent dans toutes les allocutions, sauf celle prononc&eacute;e &agrave; al-Azhar &agrave; l&rsquo;occasion du <i>al-mawlid al-nabawi</i>. Dans cette derni&egrave;re, nous rep&eacute;rons le syntagme <i>al-afkār al-muta</i></span></span></span><i><span lang="EN-GB" new="" roman="" times="">ṭ</span></i><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">arrifa </span></span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">traduit en fran&ccedil;ais par &laquo;&nbsp;les id&eacute;es extr&ecirc;</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">mes&nbsp;&raquo; ou &laquo;&nbsp;l&rsquo;extr&eacute;misme&nbsp;&raquo;, qui peut &ecirc;tre interpr&eacute;t&eacute; comme &laquo;&nbsp;extr&eacute;misme religieux&nbsp;&raquo;, si l&rsquo;on se r&eacute;f&egrave;re au contexte de l&rsquo;&eacute;nonciation. Ce segment renvoie au terrorisme, sachant que le pr&eacute;sident &eacute;gyptien propose &agrave; cette occasion une r&eacute;forme du discours religieux, &agrave; cause des groupes d&rsquo;individus ayant terni l&rsquo;image de la religion musulmane, en justifiant leurs crimes par une interpr&eacute;tation erron&eacute;e des textes fondateurs de l&rsquo;islam. Dans cet esprit, nous constatons qu&rsquo;une analyse quantitative permet de d&eacute;finir une tendance. Et afin de donner une meilleure interpr&eacute;tation des observables, une analyse qualitative sera n&eacute;cessaire pour </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">identifier des mots </span></span></span><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">entre lesquels il existe une valeur s&eacute;mantique commune. Celle-ci peut &ecirc;tre d&eacute;crite par d&#39;autres signes renvoyant &agrave; une m&ecirc;me r&eacute;alit&eacute; extralinguistique li&eacute;e &agrave; une culture donn&eacute;e. Comme le fait remarquer Tournier &laquo; la fr&eacute;quence d&rsquo;un terme ne signifie rien ; une liste commence &agrave; parler ; une grappe r&eacute;v&egrave;le des valeurs sous-jacentes. Comparaison fait raison. Ces listes tiennent de la grappe, c&rsquo;est-&agrave;-dire d&rsquo;un ensemble de signes fonctionnant en d&eacute;pendance &raquo; (2002, p.30).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Cela peut expliquer la pr&eacute;sence du segment <i>al-afkār al-muta</i></span></span></span><i><span lang="EN-GB" new="" roman="" times="">ṭ</span></i><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">arrifa </span></span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">dans les allocutions prononc&eacute;es respectivement &agrave; al-Azhar, lors du sommet de la Ligue arabe et celui de l&rsquo;Union africaine. L&rsquo;allocutaire principale de ces trois discours comprendrait plus facilement le sens de cette expression, puisque l&rsquo;Egypte, le monde arabe et l&rsquo;Afrique repr&eacute;sentent le lieu d&rsquo;&eacute;volution de soci&eacute;t&eacute;s dont les valeurs et les principes sont souvent fond&eacute;es sur les pr&eacute;ceptes de l&rsquo;islam. Par cons&eacute;quent, le destinataire principal voit le terrorisme comme une menace pour la religion musulmane et estime n&eacute;cessaire la r&eacute;forme du discours religieux propos&eacute; par al-Sissi, qui &eacute;viterait l&rsquo;amalgame entre <i>terrorisme</i> et <i>islam</i>. Cette r&eacute;forme entre dans le cadre du projet intitul&eacute; <i>&lsquo;i`ādat binā&rsquo; al-insān al-miṣrī</i>, qui veut dire litt&eacute;ralement &laquo;&nbsp;la reconstruction de l&rsquo;&ecirc;tre humain &eacute;gyptien&nbsp;&raquo;, l&rsquo;un des projets phares du programme politique du pr&eacute;sident al-Sissi, candidat &agrave; sa propre succession.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">C&rsquo;est justement dans l&rsquo;allocution prononc&eacute;e &agrave; <i>al&rsquo;azhar</i> que nous relevons la formule <i>binā&rsquo; al-insān</i>, chose qui montre son importance &agrave; l&#39;&eacute;chelle nationale. A travers l&rsquo;expression <i>al-afkār al-mutatarrifa, </i>al-Sissi tente d&rsquo;identifier la source du terrorisme et de pr&eacute;senter ce ph&eacute;nom&egrave;ne comme une menace sur l&rsquo;identit&eacute; nationale. Le pr&eacute;sident sortant propose ensuite la solution <i>&lsquo;i`ādat binā&rsquo; al-insān al-miṣrī </i>pour combattre ce ph&eacute;nom&egrave;ne en amont, sachant qu&rsquo;il m&egrave;ne d&eacute;j&agrave; un combat en aval contre les groupes terroristes au Sina&iuml;, dans le cadre de l&rsquo;op&eacute;ration Sina&iuml; 2018. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Dans la partie suivante, nous verrons quelles formules emploiera al-Sissi en majorit&eacute; apr&egrave;s sa r&eacute;&eacute;lection, entre celles situ&eacute;es dans le m&ecirc;me champ s&eacute;mantique du mot <i>insān </i>(&ecirc;tre humain) et celles dans celui de <i>irhāb</i> (terrorisme). &nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <h1 style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Apr&egrave;s la r&eacute;&eacute;lection d&rsquo;Abdelfattah al-Sissi</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></h1> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Le tableau3 pr&eacute;sente l&rsquo;inventaire des r&eacute;currences relev&eacute;es dans un nombre d&rsquo;allocutions d&rsquo;al-Sissi apr&egrave;s sa r&eacute;&eacute;lection en avril 2018. Les donn&eacute;es recueillies r&eacute;v&egrave;lent la pr&eacute;sence de la formule <i>binā&rsquo; al-insān,</i> &laquo;&nbsp;la construction de l&rsquo;&ecirc;tre humain&nbsp;&raquo; dans les deux allocutions ayant comme destinataire principal le peuple &eacute;gyptien, &agrave; savoir celles prononc&eacute;es respectivement &agrave; l&rsquo;universit&eacute; du Caire &agrave; l&rsquo;occasion du congr&egrave;s national de la jeunesse et &agrave; <i>al-azhar</i> &agrave; l&rsquo;occasion de <i>al-mawlid al-nabawi</i> en novembre 2018.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <table align="center" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none" width="548"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:255px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">Segment</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:189px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">Nombre d&rsquo;allocutions (/6) contenant le segment</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:104px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">Fr&eacute;quence totale</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:255px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">binā&rsquo; al-insān</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span arial="">(la construction de l&rsquo;&ecirc;tre humain)</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:189px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="right" style="text-align:right; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">AZHAR, CNJ (2)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:104px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="right" style="text-align:right; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">3</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:255px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">ḥuqūq al-insān</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span arial="">(les droits humains)</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:189px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="right" style="text-align:right; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">ONU, FMJ (2)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:104px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="right" style="text-align:right; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">7</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:255px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">al-insān</span></span></span></i> <i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">al-misr</span></span></span><span new="" roman="" times="">ī</span></i></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">(l&rsquo;&ecirc;tre humain &eacute;gyptien)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:189px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="right" style="text-align:right; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">CNJ (1)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:104px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="right" style="text-align:right; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">3</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:255px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">al-insān al-muslim</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">(l&rsquo;&ecirc;tre humain musulman)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:189px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="right" style="text-align:right; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">AZHAR (1)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:104px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="right" style="text-align:right; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:255px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">al-qiyem</span></span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""> <i>al-insāniyya</i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">(les valeurs humaines)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:189px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="right" style="text-align:right; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">AZHAR, AL (2)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:104px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="right" style="text-align:right; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:255px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><i><span new="" roman="" times="">mukāfa</span><span lang="EN-GB" new="" roman="" times="">ḥ</span><span new="" roman="" times="">at al-irhāb</span></i></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span arial="">(combattre le terrorisme)</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:189px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="right" style="text-align:right; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">ONU, LA (2)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:104px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="right" style="text-align:right; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">6</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:255px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><i><span new="" roman="" times="">al-tanẓīmāt al-irhābiyya</span></i></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span arial="">(les organisation terroriste)</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:189px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="right" style="text-align:right; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">LA (1)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:104px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="right" style="text-align:right; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">4</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:255px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">al-niz</span></span></span><span new="" roman="" times="">ā`āt al-musallaḥa</span></i></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">(les conflits arm&eacute;s)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:189px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="right" style="text-align:right; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">ONU (1)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:104px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="right" style="text-align:right; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:255px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">binā&rsquo; al-salā</span></span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"> m</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">(construire la paix)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:189px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="right" style="text-align:right; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">UA (1)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:104px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="right" style="text-align:right; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p align="center" class="MsoCaption" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Tableau</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">3</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">. Segments r&eacute;p&eacute;t&eacute;s, fr&eacute;quence et nombre de textes, apr&egrave;s la r&eacute;&eacute;lection d&rsquo;Abdelfattah al-Sissi</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Nous constatons aussi trois occurrences de la formule <i>al-insān al-miṣrī </i>(l&rsquo;&ecirc;tre humain &eacute;gyptien) dans l&rsquo;allocution prononc&eacute;e &agrave; l&rsquo;universit&eacute; du Caire et destin&eacute;e &agrave; la jeunesse &eacute;gyptienne (extrait 1). Cette formule est souvent employ&eacute;e lorsque le pr&eacute;sident al-Sissi explicite son projet de reconstruction de <i>l&rsquo;&ecirc;tre humain &eacute;gyptien</i>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <h2 style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Extrait 1</span></span></span></i></b></span></span></span></span></h2> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&laquo;&nbsp;inna al-marḥala al-qādima min masīrat al-ʿamal al-waṭanī tafriḍ ʿalaynā waḍʿ al-insān al-miṣrī [l&rsquo;&ecirc;tre humain &eacute;gyptien] fī muqaddimat awlawiyāt al-dawla wa sa takūn ṣiyāġat wa bināʾ al-insān al-miṣrī [l&rsquo;&ecirc;tre humain &eacute;gyptien] hiya aḥad aham maḥāwir al-ʿamal fī al-dawla. wa sa yakūn ma&scaron;rūʿunā al-qawmī al-ʾaham huwa ʾistiʿādat al-hawiyya al-miṣriyya [l&rsquo;identit&eacute; &eacute;gyptienne] ʾilā ṭabīʿatihā al-ʾaṣīla baʿd ʾan kādat baʿḍ al-muḥāwalāt al-ẖabīṯa ta&scaron;wīhihā wa al-nayli minhā min aǧl aǧandāt wa ʾaydyūlūǧiyyāt tuʿādīhā wa turīd ṭamsahā. wa huwa mā rafaḍahu al-miṣriyyūn bi &scaron;aklin qāṭiʿ. wa sa takūn ʿamaliyyat ṣiyaāġat bināʾ al-insān al-miṣrī [l&rsquo;&ecirc;tre humain &eacute;gyptien ] ʿamaliyya &scaron;āmila fī al-&scaron;akli wa al-maḍmūn</span></span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">.&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&laquo;&nbsp;&hellip;La prochaine &eacute;tape de la marche d&#39;action nationale nous oblige &agrave; placer l&rsquo;&ecirc;tre humain &eacute;gyptien [al-insān al-miṣrī] au premier plan des priorit&eacute;s de l&#39;&Eacute;tat. La formulation et la construction de l&rsquo;&ecirc;tre humain &eacute;gyptien [al-insān al-miṣrī] seront l&#39;un des axes de travail les plus importants dans le pays. Notre projet national le plus important sera de restaurer l&#39;identit&eacute; &eacute;gyptienne [al-hawiyya al-miṣriyya] dans sa nature originale apr&egrave;s que certaines tentatives malveillantes l&#39;ont presque d&eacute;form&eacute;e et sap&eacute;e, au service d&rsquo;agendas et d&rsquo;id&eacute;ologies hostiles voulant l&rsquo;an&eacute;antir, chose que les &Eacute;gyptiens ont cat&eacute;goriquement rejet&eacute;. Le processus de la formulation de la construction de l&rsquo;&ecirc;tre humain &eacute;gyptien [al-insān al-miṣrī]sera un processus complet dans la forme et le contenu&hellip;&nbsp;&raquo;. </span></span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">(Abdelfattah al-Sissi, Le Caire, le 28 juillet 2018)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Le concordancier rel&egrave;ve &eacute;galement 7 occurrences de &nbsp;<i>ḥuqūq al-insān</i> &laquo;&nbsp;droits humains&nbsp;&raquo;. Mais celles-ci n&rsquo;apparaissent que dans deux allocutions de Abdelfattah al-Sissi&nbsp;(devant l&rsquo;Assembl&eacute;e G&eacute;n&eacute;rale de l&rsquo;ONU et au Forum Mondial de la Jeunesse). </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">En vue de mieux illustrer l&rsquo;emploi de quelques formules comportant les formes <i>insān </i>et <i>irhāb</i>, nous pr&eacute;sentons ci-apr&egrave;s quelques passages de l&rsquo;intervention d&rsquo;al-Sissi &agrave; la 73<sup>&egrave;me</sup> session de l&rsquo;Assembl&eacute;e G&eacute;n&eacute;rale de l&rsquo;ONU. Ces extraits ont &eacute;t&eacute; transcrits &agrave; partir de leur traduction fran&ccedil;aise disponible sur la Web TV de l&rsquo;Organisation des Nations Unies. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <h2 style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Extrait 2</span></span></span></i></b></span></span></span></span></h2> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&laquo; &hellip;&nbsp;Comment bl&acirc;me-t-on un Arabe qui remet en question la cr&eacute;dibilit&eacute; des Nations Unies et les valeurs qu&rsquo;elles repr&eacute;sentent, alors que sa r&eacute;gion encourt des risques de d&eacute;mant&egrave;lement et d&rsquo;effondrement de l&rsquo;&Eacute;tat-nation au b&eacute;n&eacute;fice d&rsquo;une vague de terrorisme [irhāb] et de tensions sectaires et confessionnelles usant les valeurs des peuples arabes ?&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <h2 style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Extrait 3&nbsp;</span></span></span></i></b></span></span></span></span></h2> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&laquo;&nbsp;&hellip;Combler les lacunes qui existent dans le syst&egrave;me des droits humains [ḥuqūq al-insān] &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;chelle internationale. La cr&eacute;dibilit&eacute; des Nations Unies ne peut &ecirc;tre &eacute;tablie tant que des millions de personnes continueront de souffrir de la pauvret&eacute; extr&ecirc;me ou vivront sous occupation &eacute;trang&egrave;re, tant qu&rsquo;il y aura des victimes du terrorisme [irhāb] et des conflits arm&eacute;s&hellip;&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span></p> <h2 style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Extrait 4</span></span></span></i></b></span></span></span></span></h2> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&laquo;&nbsp;&hellip;Ce n&rsquo;est pas en parlant de politiques de diffamation dans les m&eacute;dias ou en politisant les m&eacute;canismes des droits humains &nbsp;[ḥuqūq al-insān] que ces droits sont prot&eacute;g&eacute;s, il faut le faire de mani&egrave;re globale et &eacute;quitable, en int&eacute;grant les droits &eacute;conomiques sociaux et culturels &hellip;&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span></span></i> </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Nous constatons dans ces extraits deux champs s&eacute;mantiques autour des formules &laquo;&nbsp;droits humains&nbsp;&raquo; et &laquo;&nbsp;terrorisme&nbsp;&raquo;. La premi&egrave;re apparait en cooccurrence avec &laquo;&nbsp;pauvret&eacute;&nbsp;&raquo;, &laquo;&nbsp;victime&nbsp;&raquo;, &laquo;&nbsp;occupation&nbsp;&raquo;, &laquo;&nbsp;protection&nbsp;&raquo;, &laquo;&nbsp;sociale&nbsp;&raquo;, &laquo;&nbsp;culturelle&nbsp;&raquo; et &laquo;&nbsp;&eacute;conomique&nbsp;&raquo;. Quant &agrave; la seconde, elle est souvent employ&eacute;e dans les m&ecirc;mes extraits avec des mots et expressions comme &laquo;&nbsp;affrontement&nbsp;&raquo;, &laquo;&nbsp;combat&nbsp;&raquo;, &laquo;&nbsp;lutte&nbsp;&raquo;, &laquo;&nbsp;victimes&nbsp;&raquo;, &laquo;&nbsp;sectarisme&nbsp;&raquo;, &laquo;&nbsp;conflits arm&eacute;s&nbsp;&raquo;, &laquo;&nbsp;conflits confessionnels&nbsp;&raquo;. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">En plus de ces deux champs s&eacute;mantiques dont la liste des mots n&rsquo;est pas exhaustive, le pr&eacute;sident &eacute;gyptien &eacute;voque conjointement le terrorisme et les droits humains, en soulignant par exemple que le fait de rendre justice aux victimes du terrorisme repr&eacute;sente un aspect des droits humains. Ces deux figements sont employ&eacute;s par Abdelfattah al-Sissi pour r&eacute;pondre aux critiques envers la politique de l&rsquo;Egypte vis-&agrave;-vis des droits humains. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><span style="color:#000000;">L&rsquo;allocution d&rsquo;al-Sissi devant l&rsquo;assembl&eacute;e g&eacute;n&eacute;rale de l&rsquo;ONU co&iuml;ncide avec son interview accord&eacute;e &agrave; la chaine t&eacute;l&eacute;vis&eacute;e nord-am&eacute;ricaine CBS</span><a href="#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color:#000000;">. Les extraits publi&eacute;s de cette rencontre illustrent la port&eacute;e internationale des critiques visant le r&eacute;gime &eacute;gyptien concernant la situation des droits humains. Il convient de noter ici que les interpr&eacute;tations de ces extraits, par diff&eacute;rents acteurs &agrave; diff&eacute;rentes &eacute;chelles, peuvent manquer de neutralit&eacute;. De ce fait, celles-ci ne feront pas l&rsquo;objet de notre &eacute;tude. Nous nous int&eacute;ressons plut&ocirc;t &agrave; rechercher dans ces s&eacute;quences les notions que nous avons pu relever lors de l&rsquo;analyse texto-m&eacute;trique des allocutions d&rsquo;al-Sissi cit&eacute;es auparavant. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">En r&eacute;ponse aux critiques relay&eacute;es par le journaliste de la CBS, le pr&eacute;sident &eacute;gyptien souligne que les individus d&eacute;tenus dans les prisons &eacute;gyptiennes repr&eacute;sentent une menace sur la stabilit&eacute; du pays. A cette m&ecirc;me occasion, il affirme que l&rsquo;Egypte entretient une coop&eacute;ration &agrave; grande &eacute;chelle avec les Isra&eacute;liens dans la lutte anti-terroriste au nord du Sina&iuml;. Ce discours peut attribuer &agrave; al-Sissi le caract&egrave;re de l&rsquo;homme indispensable pour le maintien de la paix en Egypte et pour le respect des accords de Camp David conclus avec Isra&euml;l en 1978. Mais pour &eacute;viter la col&egrave;re des populations arabes, une photo d&rsquo;al-Sissi (figure3) en compagnie du pr&eacute;sident palestinien Mahmoud Abbas a &eacute;t&eacute; publi&eacute;e sur la page officielle du pr&eacute;sident &eacute;gyptien sur Facebook, et ce apr&egrave;s l&rsquo;annonce de la diffusion des extraits de son interview sur la chaine CBS. Cette publication vise &agrave; afficher le maintien de la position historique de l&rsquo;Egypte vis-&agrave;-vis de la cause palestinienne, malgr&eacute; sa coop&eacute;ration militaire avec le Tsahal.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><img height="441" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_602_3_IMAGE YACINE FIG.3.jpg" width="502" /></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Figure3. Post publi&eacute; sur la page Facebook d&rsquo;Abdelfattah al-Sissi, suite &agrave; sa rencontre avec le Pr&eacute;sident palestinien Mahmoud Abbas, le 05.01.2019</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">A travers cette analyse texto-m&eacute;trique, nous constatons dans le discours d&rsquo;al-Sissi avant sa r&eacute;&eacute;lection, une pr&eacute;dominance de formules avec <i>irhāb</i> compar&eacute;es &agrave; celles compos&eacute;es de <i>insān</i>. Cela est peut-&ecirc;tre d&ucirc; &agrave; la pr&eacute;paration de l&#39;opinion pour mener l&rsquo;op&eacute;ration Sinai 2018 &agrave; partir de f&eacute;vrier de la m&ecirc;me ann&eacute;e contre des groupes terroristes arm&eacute;s. Cette pr&eacute;dominance sur le plan discursif peut aussi positionner al-Sissi comme l&rsquo;homme de la situation et le protecteur de la nation. D&rsquo;ailleurs, son pass&eacute; sous les drapeaux avant d&rsquo;&ecirc;tre &eacute;lu pr&eacute;sident de la r&eacute;publique peut renforcer cette image aupr&egrave;s des &eacute;lecteurs. Tous ces &eacute;l&eacute;ments peuvent lui &ecirc;tre b&eacute;n&eacute;fiques pour renouveler son mandat pr&eacute;sidentiel.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <h1 style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Sens et significations du mot <i>insān </i>et de la formule<i> ḥuqūq al-insān</i> dans le discours d&#39;Abdelfattah al-Sissi</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></h1> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Nous relevons dans les allocutions d&rsquo;al-Sissi apr&egrave;s sa r&eacute;&eacute;lection une pr&eacute;dominance de formules associ&eacute;es au mots <i>insān</i> par rapport &agrave; celles situ&eacute;es dans le champ s&eacute;mantique du mot <i>irhāb</i> . Cela refl&egrave;te l&rsquo;enjeu que peut repr&eacute;senter l&rsquo;&eacute;l&eacute;ment humain dans la politique men&eacute;e par l&rsquo;Egypte sur le plan interne et externe. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Compte tenu du contexte des allocutions d&#39;al-Sissi &agrave; l&rsquo;occasion de <i>al-mawlid al-nabawi </i>&agrave; al-Azhar et celle du congr&egrave;s national de la jeunesse, le mot <i>insān</i>, dans les formules <i>al-insān al-miṣrī</i> et <i>binā&rsquo; al-insān</i>, peut &ecirc;tre interpr&eacute;t&eacute; dans le sens de &laquo; citoyen &raquo;, &laquo; identit&eacute; &raquo; ou &laquo; esprit &raquo;. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Dans un cadre spirituel comme celui d&#39;al-Azhar, les deux formules peuvent &ecirc;tre respectivement traduites vers le fran&ccedil;ais par &laquo; l&#39;esprit &eacute;gyptien &raquo; et &laquo; construire l&#39;esprit &raquo;. En plus du contexte spatio-temporel, nous constatons l&rsquo;emploi de cette formule en cooccurrence avec la formule <i>natwīr al-&lsquo;uq</i></span></span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">ū</span></span></i><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">l</span></span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""> traduite par (&eacute;clairer les esprits), comme dans l&rsquo;extrait suivant que nous avons traduit&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <h2 style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Extrait 5</span></span></span></i></b></span></span></span></span></h2> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&laquo;&hellip;&nbsp;lā yuẖfa ʿalaykum anna bināʾ al-insān [construire l&rsquo;&ecirc;tre humain] wa tanwīr al-ʿuqūl [&eacute;clairer les esprits] wa taḥṣīnuhā min al-ʾafkār al-ẓalāmiyya al-haddāma lā yaqil ahamiyya ʿan al-miḥwarayn al-sābiq ḏikruhumā.. ʾin lam yakūn al-ʾaham ʿalā al-iṭlāq wa min hunā ǧāʾat daʿwatī litaǧdīd al-ẖiṭāb al-dīnī.. saʿyan litanqiyatihi min al-ʾafkār al-maġlūṭa ʾallatī yastaġilluhā al-baʿḍ litaḍlīl abnāʾinā wāǧtiḏābihim ila ṭarīq al-ẓalām wā al-tadmīr&hellip;&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&laquo;&nbsp;&hellip;Ce n&rsquo;est un secret pour vous que construire des &ecirc;tres humains [bināʾ al-insān], &eacute;clairer les esprits [tanwīr al-ʿuqūl] et les prot&eacute;ger des id&eacute;es sombres et destructrices est aussi important que les deux axes mentionn&eacute;s ci-dessus&hellip; si ce n&rsquo;est pas le plus important de tou&hellip;, d&rsquo;o&ugrave; mon appel &agrave; renouveler le discours religieux. Pour le purifier des fausses perceptions que certains utilisent pour tromper nos enfants et les attirer sur le chemin de l&rsquo;obscurit&eacute; et de la destruction&hellip;&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span></span></i> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">(Abdelfattah al-Sissi, Le Caire, le 29 novembre 2017)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Et lorsque ces deux formules en arabe sont employ&eacute;es lors du congr&egrave;s national de la jeunesse, elles peuvent &ecirc;tre traduite par &laquo; citoyen/identit&eacute; &eacute;gyptien.ne &raquo; et &laquo; construire le citoyen/l&#39;identit&eacute; &raquo;. D&rsquo;ailleurs, le pr&eacute;sident &eacute;gyptien souligne bien &agrave; la m&ecirc;me occasion que son &laquo;&nbsp;<i>projet national le plus important sera &ecirc;tre de restaurer l&#39;identit&eacute; &eacute;gyptienne [al-hawiyya al-miṣriyya] dans sa nature originale&nbsp;&raquo; </i>(voir l&rsquo;extrait 1).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Au-del&agrave; de ces interpr&eacute;tations du mot <i>insān</i> dans un contexte national, nous constatons &agrave; travers l&rsquo;extrait 4 de l&rsquo;allocution d&rsquo;al-Sissi devant l&rsquo;assembl&eacute;e g&eacute;n&eacute;rale de l&rsquo;ONU, une tentative d&rsquo;appropriation de la notion des droits humains. Le pr&eacute;sident &eacute;gyptien d&eacute;nonce l&rsquo;instrumentalisation de cette notion par les politiques et les m&eacute;dias &agrave; des fins diffamatoires, et propose ainsi d&rsquo;int&eacute;grer les droits &eacute;conomiques, sociaux et culturels dans sa d&eacute;finition. Al-Sissi s&rsquo;ins&egrave;re ainsi dans une communication avec les auditoires aux fins de conqu&eacute;rir ou maintenir le droit de g&eacute;rer la communaut&eacute; concern&eacute;e par d&#39;&eacute;ventuels conflits sur le plan communicationnel, gr&acirc;ce &agrave; &laquo; un triple acte d&rsquo;appropriation. Celle de la parole, de la langue et du langage &raquo; (Tournier 2002, &sect;3).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Dans la m&ecirc;me veine, al-Sissi fait allusion aux in&eacute;galit&eacute;s que subissent des populations dans le monde ainsi que la difficult&eacute; d&rsquo;acc&egrave;s aux soins. En ce sens, il pointe du doigt la responsabilit&eacute; de l&rsquo;ONU et son incapacit&eacute; &agrave; prendre des mesures n&eacute;cessaires contre la pauvret&eacute; et &agrave; faire respecter les r&eacute;solutions internationales, notamment celles qui pr&eacute;voient l&rsquo;&eacute;tablissement d&rsquo;un &Eacute;tat palestinien ayant comme capitale J&eacute;rusalem-Est.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <h1 style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Conclusion</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></h1> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><span style="color:#000000;">A la lumi&egrave;re de cette recherche, le discours officiel &eacute;gyptien semble mettre en avant la lutte anti-terroriste pour gagner le soutien de l&rsquo;Occident dans le maintien de sa souverainet&eacute; juridique &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;chelle nationale. En m&ecirc;me temps, le web social peut &ecirc;tre un moyen d&rsquo;exposer des situations cr&eacute;&eacute;es par des &Eacute;tats et qui peuvent &ecirc;tre intol&eacute;rables aux yeux de la communaut&eacute; internationale (</span><a name="_Hlk57664607"><span style="color:#000000;">Schwarzenberger, 1949</span></a><span style="color:#000000;">, p.129). Sauf que dans des questions aussi vitales pour la paix dans le monde, chaque &Eacute;tat est ma&icirc;tre de faire la loi dans les parties du monde que le droit international place sous son enti&egrave;re responsabilit&eacute; (Schwarzenberger,<i> </i>1949, p.128). Ce qui permet d&rsquo;exercer la violence &eacute;tatique l&eacute;gitim&eacute;e par la force juridique en quoi consisterait la souverainet&eacute; (Barraud 2017, &sect;18). Mais cette notion prend souvent un aspect n&eacute;buleux et ind&eacute;termin&eacute;, car elle est employ&eacute;e pour d&eacute;signer de nombreuses situations politiques ou juridiques relatives &agrave; la l&eacute;gitimit&eacute; du pouvoir, &agrave; l&rsquo;exercice de certaines pr&eacute;rogatives ou &agrave; la d&eacute;finition de l&rsquo;&Eacute;tat.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Pour ce qui est de l&#39;Egypte sous la pr&eacute;sidence d&#39;Abdelfattah al-Sissi, son discours officiel affiche une souverainet&eacute; qui peut &ecirc;tre d&eacute;crite comme op&eacute;rationnelle, puisqu&rsquo;elle met en avant la capacit&eacute; de l&rsquo;&Eacute;tat souverain &agrave; participer &agrave; des institutions internationales, &agrave; &eacute;laborer des normes permettant pr&eacute;cis&eacute;ment la r&eacute;gulation de ces interactions (Delcourt, 2005, p.6) avec des puissances r&eacute;gionales et mondiales. Cette description est diff&eacute;rente de celle de la souverainet&eacute; absolue et indivisible qu&rsquo;affichait l&#39;ancien pr&eacute;sident Gamal Abdel Nasser, notamment lors de la nationalisation du canal de Suez. Ce changement peut &ecirc;tre d&ucirc; &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;volution de la politique internationale &agrave; laquelle les dirigeants doivent s&rsquo;adapter, en se construisant un &eacute;thos par lequel ils pourraient convaincre dans les nouveaux espaces, et ce en simulant une d&eacute;mocratie participative. Ces espaces que repr&eacute;sente le web social constituent &agrave; la fois une menace pour les syst&egrave;mes politiques repr&eacute;sentatifs et une tribune transnationale, au sein de laquelle il est possible de s&#39;approprier le langage d&rsquo;une communaut&eacute; dont les membres se construisent des repr&eacute;sentations par convention, sur le plan s&eacute;miotique et politique.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <h2 style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 13px;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Bibliographie</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></h2> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">AVRIL, P. &amp; GICQUEL, J. (2016). <i>Lexique de droit constitutionnel</i>. Chap. C. (c p. 34 Coup d&rsquo;&Eacute;tat). Presse Universitaire de France.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">BASTID, P. (1945). <i>Doctrines et institutions politiques de la Seconde R&eacute;publique (2)</i>. Hachette (r&eacute;&eacute;dition num&eacute;rique FeniXX). Consult&eacute; le 01.03.2019. R&eacute;cup&eacute;r&eacute; &agrave;&nbsp; </span></span></span></span><a href="https://urlz.fr/9iGY" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">https://urlz.fr/9iGY</span></span></span></span></a></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">BARRAUD, B. (2017). Souverainet&eacute; de l&rsquo;&Eacute;tat et puissance de l&rsquo;&Eacute;tat. </span></span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Revue de la Recherche Juridique &ndash; Droit Prospectif</span></span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""> 2017-1, n&deg; 165. Consult&eacute; le 15.01.2019. 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Consult&eacute; le 01.04.2019. R&eacute;cup&eacute;r&eacute; &agrave; https://urlz.fr/aBjw</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">DELCOURT, B. (2005). Le principe de souverainet&eacute; &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;preuve des nouvelles formes d&rsquo;administration internationale de territoires. <i>Pyramides</i>, n&deg;9 [En ligne]. Publi&eacute; le 22.09.2011. Consult&eacute; le 03.03.2019. 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R&eacute;cup&eacute;r&eacute; &agrave; </span></span></span></span><a href="https://urlz.fr/9iHH" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">https://urlz.fr/9iHH</span></span></span></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">MOUTON, O. (2011).&nbsp;Ces Belges qui ont invent&eacute; le &laquo; d&eacute;gagisme &raquo;. <i>Le soir.be</i>. Publi&eacute; le 04.03.2011. Consult&eacute; le 02.01.2019.<i> </i>R&eacute;cup&eacute;r&eacute; &agrave; </span></span></span></span></span><a href="https://urlz.fr/9iHT" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">https://urlz.fr/9iHT</span></span></span></span></span></a></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">OGER, C. &amp;&nbsp;OLLIVIER-YANIV, C. (2003). Analyse du discours institutionnel et sociologie compr&eacute;hensive : vers une anthropologie des discours institutionnels. <i>Mots. Les langages du politique</i>, n&deg;71, 125-144.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">PAVEAU, M.A. (2013) Technodiscursivit&eacute;s natives sur Twitter. Une &eacute;cologie du discours num&eacute;rique. <i>&Eacute;pist&eacute;m&eacute;</i> <i>(Revue internationale de sciences humaines et sociales appliqu&eacute;es)</i>, n&deg; 9, p.139-176. S&eacute;oul. ffhal-00859064f</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">SCHWARZENBERGER, G. (1949). La souverainet&eacute; nationale : id&eacute;ologie et r&eacute;alit&eacute;. <i>Politique &eacute;trang&egrave;re </i>n&deg;2, p.127-138. </span></span></span><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">DOI : https://doi.org/10.3406/polit.1949.2814</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">SRAJ, N. (2014). <i>L&rsquo;&Eacute;gypte de la r&eacute;volution et les slogans de la jeunesse : &eacute;tude linguistique d&rsquo;une expression spontan&eacute;e</i>. Orient Institute of Beyrouth / Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">TOURNIER, M. (2002). Discours politique et strat&eacute;gies d&rsquo;appropriation. Le cas Chirac. <i>Propos d&rsquo;&eacute;tymologie sociale</i>. <i>Tome 3 : Des sources du sens</i>. ENS &Eacute;ditions. doi :10.4000/books.enseditions.2222</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px; margin-left:48px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Sitographie</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><em>Elwatan</em>. (2011). <i>L&rsquo;universel d&eacute;mocratique face au &laquo;d&eacute;gagisme&raquo;</i>. El Watan. Publi&eacute; le 18.04.2011.Consult&eacute; le 12.01.209 sur </span></span></span></span><a href="https://urlz.fr/9iI5" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">https://urlz.fr/9iI5</span></span></span></span></span></a></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><em>Le Point.fr</em>. (2017). Victoire de Beno&icirc;t Hamon : M&eacute;lenchon adoucit son discours. Le Point. Publi&eacute;e le 29.01.2017. Consult&eacute; le 15.01.2019 sur </span></span></span></span><a href="https://urlz.fr/9iHQ" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">https://urlz.fr/9iHQ</span></span></span></span></a></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">QASS&Acirc;S (al), A. (2011) حركة كفاية.. الأب الروحي للثورة الجمعة. <i>Youm7.com</i>. Publi&eacute; le 25.02.2011. Consult&eacute; le 02.02.2019. sur </span></span></span></span><a href="https://urlz.fr/9pH9" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">https://urlz.fr/9pH9</span></span></span></span></a></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px; margin-left:48px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">UN Live United Nations Web TV - Search Results for &quot;al-sisi&quot; - &Eacute;gypte - D&eacute;bat g&eacute;n&eacute;ral, 73e session (2018). [Vid&eacute;o]. United Nations Web TV. Publi&eacute; le 25.09.2018. Consult&eacute; le 02.03.2019 sur https://urlz.fr/f6Ic</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px; margin-left:48px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">ZARAA, M. (2019).&nbsp; كيف تمكّن السيسي من استعادة علاقات النظام المصري مع الدول الغربية؟ . <i>Raseef22.com</i>. Publi&eacute; le 25.03.2019. Consult&eacute; le 30.03.2019. R&eacute;cup&eacute;r&eacute; &agrave; https://urlz.fr/9kYW</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px; margin-left:48px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Liste des figures</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px; margin-left:48px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Figure1. </span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Post de Jean-Luc M&eacute;lenchon sur Facebook suite &agrave; la victoire de Benoit Hamon aux primaires socialistes 2017, face &agrave; Manuel Valls</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px; margin-left:48px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Figure2. </span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Tweet de Jean-Luc M&eacute;lenchon et la r&eacute;ponse d&rsquo;un utilisateur lui rappelant que le mouvement des gilets jaunes est apolitique</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px; margin-left:48px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Figure3.</span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""> Post publi&eacute; sur la page Facebook d&rsquo;Abdelfattah al-Sissi, suite &agrave; sa rencontre avec le Pr&eacute;sident palestinien Mahmoud Abbas, le 05.01.2019</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px; margin-left:48px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Liste des tableaux</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoCaption" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Tableau</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">1</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">. </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><span style="font-weight:normal">Allocutions d&rsquo;Abdelfattah Al-Sissi (avant et apr&egrave;s sa r&eacute;&eacute;lection le 02.04.2018)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoCaption" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Tableau</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">2</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">. </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><span style="font-weight:normal">Segments r&eacute;p&eacute;t&eacute;s, fr&eacute;quence et nombre de textes, avant la r&eacute;&eacute;lection d&rsquo;Abdelfattah al-Sissi</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoCaption" style="margin-bottom:13px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Tableau</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">3</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">. </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><span style="font-weight:normal">Segments r&eacute;p&eacute;t&eacute;s, fr&eacute;quence et nombre de textes, apr&egrave;s la r&eacute;&eacute;lection d&rsquo;Abdelfattah al-Sissi</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px">&nbsp;</p> <h2 style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 13px; margin-left: 48px;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Normes de transcription</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></h2> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px; margin-left:48px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><img height="495" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_602_3_IMAGE RAJA FIG.4.JPG" width="292" /></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px; margin-left:48px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><img height="434" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_602_3_IMAGE RAJA FIG.5.JPG" width="291" /></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px; margin-left:48px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><img height="279" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_602_3_IMAGE RAJA FIG.6.JPG" width="291" /></span></span></p> <div> <h1><br /> <span style="font-size:16px;">Notes</span></h1> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:10pt"><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""> Le silenciement consiste ici &agrave; adopter un discours consensuel afin de limiter, voire d&#39;&eacute;viter d&#39;&eacute;ventuels discours contestataires.</span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn2"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:10pt"><a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span calibri="">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""> Le slogan &laquo;&nbsp;Que se vayan todos&nbsp;&raquo; a &eacute;t&eacute; scand&eacute; pour la premi&egrave;re fois dans l&rsquo;histoire contemporaine en Argentine, lors de la r&eacute;volte de d&eacute;cembre 2001, contre des mesures &eacute;conomiques prises par le gouvernement en place.</span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn3"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:10pt"><a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""> <i>&laquo;&nbsp;Qu&rsquo;ils s&rsquo;en aillent tous &raquo; - vite la r&eacute;volution citoyenne</i>&nbsp; est le titre d&rsquo;un livre publi&eacute; par M&eacute;lenchon en 2011, Flammarion.</span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn4"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:10pt"><a href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""> Organisation du Trait&eacute; de l&#39;Atlantique Nord</span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn5"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:10pt"><a href="#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""> Le 3 juillet 2013</span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn6"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:10pt"><a href="#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""> Jour de comm&eacute;moration de la naissance du proph&egrave;te Mahomet</span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn7"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><a href="#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span style="color:#000000;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""> Ch&eacute;mali. A. (2019). Egypte : le pr&eacute;sident Sissi &eacute;choue &agrave; censurer sa propre interview sur CBS. Francetvinfo.fr. Publi&eacute; le 08.01.2019. Consult&eacute; le 01.04.2019. R&eacute;cup&eacute;r&eacute; &agrave; https://urlz.fr/aBjw</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText">&nbsp;</p> </div> </div>