<h1 class="MsoTitle" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Du g&eacute;nome aux individus&nbsp;: repr&eacute;sentations phonologiques et variations dans le diasyst&egrave;me occitan</span></span></span></span></h1> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Quentin Garnier</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">ReSO &ndash; Universit&eacute; Paul Val&eacute;ry</span></span></span></p> <h2 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-weight:bold">Introduction</span></span></span></span></span></h2> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">La fr&eacute;quente confusion des termes <i>langue </i>et <i>dialecte</i> alimente la perception d&rsquo;une &laquo;&nbsp;hyper-dialectisation&nbsp;&raquo; de l&rsquo;occitan et brouille le d&eacute;bat li&eacute; aux questions de normativisation de la langue. Cette confusion est due, selon Hendschel (2001) aux deux types de crit&egrave;res retenus dans la d&eacute;finition de ces notions&nbsp;: d&#39;une part des crit&egrave;res qu&#39;il nomme &laquo;&nbsp;internes &raquo; c&#39;est &agrave; dire m&eacute;talinguistiques (phon&eacute;tiques, syntaxiques, morphologiques...) et d&#39;autre part des crit&egrave;res &laquo;&nbsp;externes&nbsp;&raquo;<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a> que sont les consid&eacute;rations id&eacute;ologiques, le poids des &nbsp;politiques linguistiques, etc. Kloss (1967) propose deux concepts, qui se r&eacute;pondent (et s&#39;entretiennent l&#39;un l&#39;autre) :&nbsp; celui de <i>langue par distance</i> &eacute;quivalent &agrave; la notion de &laquo;&nbsp;diasyst&egrave;me&nbsp;&raquo; qui d&eacute;signe un syst&egrave;me linguistique d&eacute;fini par des usages oraux mutuellement intelligibles et&nbsp; celui de <i>langue par &eacute;laboration</i> &eacute;quivalent &agrave; ce que Hendshel (ib.) nomme &laquo;&nbsp;langue-koin&egrave;&nbsp;&raquo; qui d&eacute;signe une vari&eacute;t&eacute; (au sein d&rsquo;un diasyst&egrave;me) choisie, promue et d&eacute;velopp&eacute;e en r&eacute;ponse aux besoins de certaines exigences sociales (notamment politiques et culturelles). D&egrave;s lors, l&rsquo;&eacute;tude et la caract&eacute;risation des dialectes oraux, constitutif d&rsquo;un diasyst&egrave;me, ne peuvent en &ecirc;tre qu&rsquo;affect&eacute;es puisque soit se superposent deux structures linguistiques distinctes si la confusion identifi&eacute;e plus haut n&rsquo;est pas &eacute;cart&eacute;e, soit, si elle l&rsquo;est, elle entra&icirc;ne bien souvent une vision tr&egrave;s <i>localiste</i>, enfermant l&rsquo;occitan dans un &eacute;tat de fragmentation dialectal sur&eacute;valu&eacute;.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Nous montrerons dans ce qui suit que la phonologie plurilin&eacute;aire propose une approche int&eacute;ressante de la r&eacute;alit&eacute; dialectale, compl&eacute;mentaire aux descriptions issues de la dialectologie traditionnelle. D&eacute;passant les limites de cette derni&egrave;re, qui &eacute;choue parfois &agrave; inscrire une vari&eacute;t&eacute; dans l&rsquo;articulation globale de la langue occitane, ces propositions permettent de d&eacute;gager les fonctionnement diatopiques sp&eacute;cifiques depuis une structure phonologique sous-jacente commune, ou du moins, largement partag&eacute;e (Lieutard, 2016) d&eacute;passant ainsi &agrave; la dualit&eacute; <i>chairs</i>~<i>ossature </i>(propos&eacute;e par exemple par Bec (1973)) comme repr&eacute;sentation classique du diasyst&egrave;me.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:35.4pt; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <h2 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-weight:bold">G&eacute;nome, syllabes et mutations</span></span></span></span></span></h2> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">La langue d&rsquo;oc est traditionnellement divis&eacute;e en 6 dialectes, regroup&eacute;s en 3 ensembles : au sud-ouest, <i>le gascon </i>(entit&eacute; originale, &agrave; plus d&rsquo;un &eacute;gard, au sein du diasyst&egrave;me), au sud-est <i>l&rsquo;occitan m&eacute;ridional</i> ou <i>moyen</i> (form&eacute; du <i>languedocien </i>et du <i>proven&ccedil;al</i>) et dans une large frange septentrionale le <i>nord-occitan </i>(avec d&rsquo;ouest en est, le <i>limousin</i>, l&#39;<i>auvergnat</i> et le <i>vivaro-alpin</i>). Cette structuration diatopique de l&rsquo;espace occitan a &eacute;t&eacute; b&acirc;tie au cours du d&eacute;veloppement des &eacute;tudes romanes, sur le r&eacute;f&eacute;rencement de traits linguistiques distinctifs, parler par parler. Mais d&rsquo;autres consid&eacute;rations (notamment g&eacute;ographiques et historiques) ont influenc&eacute; la d&eacute;finition des entit&eacute;s dialectales dont les d&eacute;signations&nbsp; portent les traces, et ce d&egrave;s le d&eacute;but de la dialectologie comme le souligne Sumien (2009) avec Mistral et sa proposition de dialectes dans <i>Lou Tresor d&oacute;u Felibrige</i>. Reprise et document&eacute;e exhaustivement par Ronjat (1930-1941) puis fix&eacute;e par Bec (1968), cette classification s&rsquo;est aujourd&rsquo;hui impos&eacute;e tant dans les milieux universitaires que militants, et a &eacute;t&eacute; prise en compte dans le processus de normalisation graphique dit <i>pluricentrique</i>. Dans cette optique,&nbsp;le diasyst&egrave;me occitan est un <i>corps occitan</i> c&rsquo;est-&agrave;-dire un domaine linguistique naturel dont les <i>chairs</i>, les diff&eacute;rents parlers, connaissent de fortes variations (phon&eacute;tique, morphologique, lexicales) mais partagent une <i>ossature</i> commune, d&eacute;finissable comme l&rsquo;ensemble minimal des traits linguistiques partag&eacute;s, s&rsquo;il en est un, distinguant cet espace des autres diasyst&egrave;mes romans. Mais le poids de ces chairs fragment&eacute;es, efface, parfois, la r&eacute;alit&eacute; de cette ossature et questionne aussi dans les pratiques didactiques et les initiatives normatives, leur pertinence. Le <i>vivaro</i>-<i>alpin</i> (Garnier, 2020)&nbsp; est un exemple parlant&nbsp;: il s&rsquo;agit d&rsquo;un espace dialectal fortement morcel&eacute;, dont les quelques caract&eacute;ristiques communes, &eacute;chouent globalement, selon nous, &agrave; rendre compte de cette identit&eacute; dialectale postul&eacute;e.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Conscient de cette limite, Bec (1968) esquisse parall&egrave;lement une organisation compl&eacute;mentaire du diasyst&egrave;me &ndash; reprise puis d&eacute;velopp&eacute;e ult&eacute;rieurement (Bec, 1972, 1973) &ndash; qualifi&eacute;e de supra-dialectale qui r&eacute;&eacute;value les ensembles dialectaux au prisme des acquis de la phonologie. Dans cette logique, Lieutard (2016) propose une conception int&eacute;ressante de la langue occitane&nbsp;: il la d&eacute;finit comme une structure phonologique abstraite (&laquo;&nbsp;non directement perceptible&nbsp;&raquo;) dont les diff&eacute;rentes expressions actualis&eacute;es en surface, refl&egrave;tent les contraintes environnementales particuli&egrave;res s&rsquo;appliquant sur chaque vari&eacute;t&eacute;. Cette structure profonde peut &ecirc;tre compar&eacute;e, trivialement, &agrave; un<i> g&eacute;nome</i> pr&eacute;sentant quelques variations dont chacune repr&eacute;sente un <i>g&eacute;notype </i>(dialecte) qui s&rsquo;exprime, en fonctions des contraintes, par un <i>ph&eacute;notype</i> c&rsquo;est-&agrave;-dire par la somme des caract&egrave;res observables de chaque <i>individu </i>(parler). La langue n&rsquo;est plus un corps articul&eacute; autour d&rsquo;une ossature, mais une <i>esp&egrave;ce biologique </i>dont la diversit&eacute; des individus est due, premi&egrave;rement, aux diff&eacute;rents agencements du g&eacute;nome et, deuxi&egrave;mement, &agrave; ses possibilit&eacute;s d&rsquo;expression. Pour la premi&egrave;re source, nous consid&eacute;rons les &eacute;l&eacute;ments de divergences anciens c&rsquo;est-&agrave;-dire les &eacute;volutions diachroniques qui se sont inscrites irr&eacute;versiblement et qui ont men&eacute; &agrave; l&rsquo;apparition de diff&eacute;rents g&eacute;notypes. C&rsquo;est le cas, par exemple, de certaines mutations consonantiques qui se sont lexicalis&eacute;es, comme la l&eacute;nition des dentales intervocaliques romanes en vivaro-alpin ou encore le passage de la labiodentale [f] &agrave; la glottale [h] en gascon. Quant aux possibilit&eacute;s d&rsquo;expression, nous allons le voir, elles correspondent aux diverses modalit&eacute;s de r&eacute;alisations, environnementales, li&eacute;es aux formats syllabiques et aux contraintes de sonorit&eacute; pesant sur les segments. Cette conception &laquo;&nbsp;biologique&nbsp;&raquo; permet ainsi de penser le diasyst&egrave;me comme une r&eacute;alit&eacute; physique, c&rsquo;est-&agrave;-dire l&rsquo;ensemble des individus dont les caract&egrave;res apparents peuvent &ecirc;tre tr&egrave;s dissemblant, mais unis par la m&ecirc;me structure profonde, cette &laquo;&nbsp;forme de langue phonologique&nbsp;&raquo; &ndash; constitutive de &laquo;&nbsp;l&rsquo;esp&egrave;ce occitane &raquo; &ndash; dont nous proposons d&rsquo;en fixer quelques contours dans ce qui suit. Pour d&eacute;velopper nos propos et les illustrer, nous avons utilis&eacute; les donn&eacute;es disponibles dans les <i>Atlas linguistiques et ethnologique par r&eacute;gion</i> ainsi que celle obtenues lors d&rsquo;enqu&ecirc;tes personnelles men&eacute;es entre 2018 et 2020. Quatre vari&eacute;t&eacute;s dialectales ont &eacute;t&eacute; s&eacute;lectionn&eacute;es&nbsp;: le <i>languedocien occidental </i>D<sub>1</sub> (autour de Belcastel, Tarn), le <i>proven&ccedil;al rhodanien </i>D<sub>3 </sub>(autour de Boulbon, Bouches-du-Rh&ocirc;ne), et deux parlers vivaro-alpins : l&rsquo;<i>alpin</i> D<sub>2</sub><a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a> (autour de Risoul, Hautes-Alpes) et le <i>vivaro-vellave</i> (autour de Colombier-le-Vieux, en Ard&egrave;che)<a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a>.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&Agrave; la suite des travaux de Sauzet (1993, 1999, 2001) et Lieutard (2004, 2016) la syllabe, &eacute;l&eacute;ment central de l&rsquo;analyse, est organis&eacute;e hi&eacute;rarchiquement&nbsp;: ses diff&eacute;rents constituants n&#39;ont pas le m&ecirc;me <i>poids</i>, dans le sens o&ugrave; les diff&eacute;rents ph&eacute;nom&egrave;nes qui affectent les segments sont conditionn&eacute;s par la position qu&#39;ils occupent (organisation de type syntaxique). L&#39;organisation de la syllabe en constituants organis&eacute;s se fait par un algorithme de syllabation&nbsp;: celui-ci interpr&egrave;te le mat&eacute;riau phonologique amorphe, de droite &agrave; gauche, assignant &agrave; chaque segment une position sur le patron syllabique, le rendant ainsi interpr&eacute;table phon&eacute;tiquement. Le r&eacute;sultat <i>observable </i>de l&#39;algorithme (<i>i.e.</i> la r&eacute;alisation phon&eacute;tique ou forme de surface) d&eacute;pend donc du patron canonique de la syllabe occitane mais aussi des contraintes pesant sur les sonorit&eacute;s respectives de chaque segment en fonction de leur position comme nous le verrons plus loin.</span></span></span></p> <p class="Textbody" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:10px">&nbsp;</p> <p align="left" class="Textbody" style="text-indent:35.4pt; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:10px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(1) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; p-a-I-r-e-<b><i>Nom</i></b></span><a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="OC-FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><b> </b><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&laquo; paire &raquo;<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; R&eacute;solution : &nbsp;&nbsp; (r(e&deg;))<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (p(a&deg;j))(r(e&deg;)) <i>d&eacute;syllabation de /I/ par gouvernement de /a/</i></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Cette approche s&#39;&eacute;carte donc la th&eacute;orie CV <i>stricte</i> dans laquelle la syllabe n&#39;est plus un objet hi&eacute;rarchis&eacute;, mais elle admet n&eacute;anmoins l&#39;existence de noyaux nuls capables de l&eacute;gitimer la formation d&#39;une syllabe. Comme souvent la syllabe est constitu&eacute;e d&#39;un <i>noyau</i>, la t&ecirc;te syllabique<i> </i>N (constituant minimal n&eacute;cessaire pour b&acirc;tir une syllabe correctement form&eacute;e (non-d&eacute;g&eacute;n&eacute;r&eacute;e)), suivi d&#39;une <i>coda </i>C et pr&eacute;c&eacute;d&eacute; par une <i>attaque </i>A. Au sein de la <i>rime </i>R, le noyau entretien avec la coda une relation de gouvernement alors que l&#39;attaque n&#39;est qu&#39;une simple adjonction&nbsp;: l&#39;asym&eacute;trie des relations entre les diff&eacute;rents constituants est r&eacute;v&eacute;l&eacute;e par l&#39;&eacute;tude des formes phon&eacute;tiques diatopiques, qui indiquent que les processus affectant les segments en position de coda sont plus importants (et plus nombreux) que ceux affectant les segments en position d&#39;attaque. Pour &eacute;tablir la structure g&eacute;n&eacute;rique d&rsquo;organisation de la syllabe, il est n&eacute;cessaire de s&rsquo;interroger sur le nombre de points squelettaux qui peuvent &ecirc;tre associ&eacute;es &agrave; chaque constituant.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:35.4pt; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <table align="center" class="Table" style="border-collapse:collapse;" title="Tableau 1 : consonnes finales " width="511"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:86px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; background-color:white"> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: center;">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; background-color:white"> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">D1</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; background-color:white"> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">D2</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; background-color:white"> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">D3</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; background-color:white"> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">D4</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:86px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; background-color:white"> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: center;">&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:86px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; background-color:#bdd6ee"> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><i><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">rat</span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; background-color:#bdd6ee"> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">rːˈat</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; background-color:#bdd6ee"> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">ʀˈat</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; background-color:#bdd6ee"> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">ʀˈa</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; background-color:#bdd6ee"> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">rˈa</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:86px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; background-color:#bdd6ee"> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><i><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">&lt; ratt-</span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:86px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; background-color:white"> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><i><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">lop</span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; background-color:white"> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">lˈup</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; background-color:white"> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">lˈup</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; background-color:white"> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">lu</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; background-color:white"> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">lu</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:86px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; background-color:white"> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><i><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">&lt; lŭpus</span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:86px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; background-color:#bdd6ee"> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><i><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">verd</span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; background-color:#bdd6ee"> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">bˈert</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; background-color:#bdd6ee"> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">vˈɛʀt</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; background-color:#bdd6ee"> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">vˈɛʀ</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; background-color:#bdd6ee"> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">vˈɛː</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:86px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; background-color:#bdd6ee"> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><i><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">&lt; vĭrĭdis</span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:86px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; background-color:white"> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><i><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">mes</span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; background-color:white"> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">mˈes</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; background-color:white"> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">mˈes</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; background-color:white"> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">mˈɛs</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; background-color:white"> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">mˈe</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:86px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; background-color:white"> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><i><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">&lt; mensis</span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:86px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; background-color:#bdd6ee"> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><i><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">ur&oacute;s</span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; background-color:#bdd6ee"> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">erˈus</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; background-color:#bdd6ee"> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">eʀˈus</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; background-color:#bdd6ee"> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">eʀˈus</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; background-color:#bdd6ee"> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">e(j)rˈu</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:86px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; background-color:#bdd6ee"> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><i><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">&lt; -ōsus</span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:86px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; background-color:white"> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><i><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">b&ograve;sc</span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; background-color:white"> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">bˈɔsk</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; background-color:white"> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">bˈɔsk</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; background-color:white"> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">bwˈɔs</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; background-color:white"> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">bˈɔː</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:86px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; background-color:white"> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><i><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">&lt; *bosk</span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:86px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; background-color:#bdd6ee"> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><i><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">peis</span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; background-color:#bdd6ee"> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">pˈejs</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; background-color:#bdd6ee"> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">-</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; background-color:#bdd6ee"> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">pˈɛj</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; background-color:#bdd6ee"> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">-</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:86px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; background-color:#bdd6ee"> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><i><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">&lt; pĭscis</span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:86px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; background-color:white"> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><i><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">(di)j&ograve;us</span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; background-color:white"> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">diʦˈɔws</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; background-color:white"> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">(di)ʤjˈos</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; background-color:white"> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">diʤˈɔw</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; background-color:white"> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">(di)ʣˈoː</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:86px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; background-color:white"> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:150%"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><i><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">&lt; jŏvis</span></span></i></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:86px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; background-color:#bdd6ee"> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><i><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">prat<a href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="vertical-align:super"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="color:black">[5]</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></a></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; background-color:#bdd6ee"> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">prˈat</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; background-color:#bdd6ee"> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">pʀˈa</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; background-color:#bdd6ee"> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">pʀˈa</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; background-color:#bdd6ee"> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">prˈa</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:86px; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; background-color:#bdd6ee"> <p class="TableContents" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:150%"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><i><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">&lt; prātum</span></span></i></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b>[Tableau </b><b>1</b><b>]</b> <i>Segments finaux r&eacute;alis&eacute;s en occitan</i></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Le comportement de certaines </span><span lang="OC-FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">constrictives</span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> pousse &agrave; les consid&eacute;rer comme n&#39;&eacute;tant pas des codas</span><span lang="OC-FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> puisqu&rsquo;elles sont syst&eacute;matiquement absentes dans une syllabe interne, et ce, quel que soit le parler consid&eacute;r&eacute;&nbsp;: il s&rsquo;agit des occlusives [p k t] et de l&rsquo;affriqu&eacute;e [ʧ]. </span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">D<sub>1</sub></span><span lang="OC-FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> et </span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">D<sub>2</sub></span><span lang="OC-FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> leur offrent une r&eacute;alit&eacute; phon&eacute;tique en final de mot&nbsp;puisqu&rsquo;ils reconnaissent un statut l&eacute;gitime &agrave; un noyau nul (une voyelle vide) qui est ainsi pris en compte dans la syllabation. Ces consonnes finales,</span> <span lang="OC-FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">extrasyllabiques, </span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">sont alors interpr&eacute;t&eacute;es comme les attaques</span><span lang="OC-FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> d&rsquo;une syllabe vide de contenu vocalique et ainsi lin&eacute;aris&eacute;es alors qu&rsquo;elles demeurent latentes en D<sub>3</sub> et D<sub>4</sub>. </span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Il faut noter que le cas de /s/ est particulier&nbsp;: comme nous le verrons plus loin, celui-ci peut &ecirc;tre associ&eacute; en position de coda mais en comparant D<sub>1</sub> et D<sub>3</sub>, nous pouvons supposer qu&#39;il peut aussi prendre la place du segment extrasyllabique puisque maintenu en D<sub>3</sub> dans &laquo;&nbsp;mes&nbsp;&raquo;<i> </i>ou &laquo;&nbsp;b&ograve;sc<i>&nbsp;&raquo;, </i>il s&#39;efface dans les formes pr&eacute;sentant des diphtongues fermantes (&laquo;&nbsp;dij&ograve;us, peis&nbsp;&raquo;). S&rsquo;il est associ&eacute; &agrave; une position extrasyllabique, c&#39;est qu&#39;il lui est impossible de s&#39;associer &agrave; la position de coda puisque celle-ci est d&eacute;j&agrave; occup&eacute;e (en l&#39;occurrence par un glide). La rime ne peut donc contenir que deux positions&nbsp;: soit c&rsquo;est une configuration de type diphtongue, majoritaire, dans laquelle le second &eacute;l&eacute;ment est associ&eacute; &agrave; la coda (2a), soit c&rsquo;est un noyau long (2b)</span><a href="#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="OC-FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">. Le <i>patron</i> syllabique de la syllabe occitane (maximal) est constitu&eacute; d&#39;une attaque et d&#39;une rime, chacun de ces deux constituants pouvant au maximum s&rsquo;associer &agrave; deux, et seulement deux positions</span><a href="#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="OC-FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">. Les modalit&eacute;s d&#39;association possibles avec le contenu m&eacute;lodique sont discut&eacute;es plus loin.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p class="Standard" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 80px;"><img alt="(2) Patrons maximaux de la syllabe " src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_87_3_Capture d’écran 2022-03-23 à 17.10.26.png" style="width: 700px; height: 192px;" /></p> <p class="Standard" style="text-align:left"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&Agrave; propos du maintien &ndash; ou non &ndash; des consonnes extrasyllabiques finales, revenons bri&egrave;vement sur ce que nous avons nomm&eacute; pr&eacute;c&eacute;demment une <i>variation de g&eacute;notype</i>, une mutation. En comparant D<sub>1</sub> et D<sub>2</sub>, nous pouvons constater une forme similaire pour &laquo;&nbsp;rat&nbsp;&raquo; mais diff&eacute;rente pour &laquo;&nbsp;prat&nbsp;&raquo; car l&rsquo;alpin ne pr&eacute;sente pas l&rsquo;occlusive finale&nbsp;:&nbsp; l&rsquo;amu&iuml;ssement complet du segment &agrave; une date ancienne s&rsquo;est lexicalis&eacute;, celui-ci ne fait plus partie du mat&eacute;riau phonologique disponible pour la syllabation.</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Standard" style="text-align:left">&nbsp;</p> <p class="Standard" style="text-indent: 35.4pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(3) Comparaison du mat&eacute;riau phonologique avant syllabation en D<sub>1</sub> et D<sub>2</sub></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Standard" style="text-indent: 35.4pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [kantˈat] &laquo;&nbsp;cantat&nbsp;&raquo; (languedocien)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [ʧantˈa] &laquo;&nbsp;chantat &raquo; (alpin)</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Standard" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><b><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></b><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> &gt;<b><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> </span></b>k-a-n-t-a-t-<i>V</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &gt; ʧ-a-n-t-a-<i>V</i></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Standard" style="text-align: left;">&nbsp;</p> <h2 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-weight:bold">La coda&nbsp;: contraintes et expressions</span></span></span></span></span></h2> <p class="Textbody" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:10px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Si la capacit&eacute; de syllaber des segments en position extrasyllabique permet d&eacute;j&agrave; d&#39;identifier deux fonctionnements (languedocien et alpin d&rsquo;un c&ocirc;t&eacute;, proven&ccedil;al et vivaro-vellave de l&rsquo;autre) c&#39;est l&rsquo;&eacute;tude de la coda qui permet de mettre en lumi&egrave;re un nombre importants de ph&eacute;nom&egrave;nes variationnels diatopiques constat&eacute;s dans le domaine occitan. Deux cas de figure doivent &ecirc;tre pris en compte : la coda en position interne (tableau 2) c&rsquo;est-&agrave;-dire co&iuml;ndic&eacute;e par une syllabe (ou du moins une attaque) &agrave; leur gauche et la position en fin de morph&egrave;me (tableau 3). &nbsp;L&rsquo;occitan pr&eacute;sente en position de coda interne la fricative /s/ (c&rsquo;est une exception puisque les occlusives et les fricatives sont toutes exclues de cette position</span><a href="#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="OC-FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">), les nasales (sauf palatale), la lat&eacute;rale /l/, la vibrante /r/ et les semi-consonnes /j/ et /w/ que nous pouvons consid&eacute;rer comme les codas <i>l&eacute;gitimes </i>de l&rsquo;occitan </span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(Lieutard, 2016)</span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">. </span></span></span></span></p> <table align="center" class="Table" style="width:511px" width="510"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width: 85px; padding: 2px 3px; height: 21px; background-color: white; text-align: center;" valign="bottom">&nbsp;</td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:white" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">D1</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:white" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">D2</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:white" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">D3</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:white" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">D4</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 85px; padding: 2px 3px; height: 21px; background-color: white; text-align: center;" valign="bottom">&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="color:black">ur&oacute;s</span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">erˈus</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">eʀˈus</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">eʀˈus</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">e(j)rˈu</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="color:black">&lt; -ōsus</span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:white" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="color:black">rast&egrave;l</span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:white" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">rːastˈɛl</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:white" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">ʀastˈɛw</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:white" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">ʀastˈɛw</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:white" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">raːtˈɛ</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:white" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="color:black">&lt; rastellus</span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="color:black">c(h)anson</span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">k&atilde;nsˈu</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">k&atilde;nsˈũ(n)</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">ʧ&atilde;nsˈũŋ</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">ts&atilde;sˈu</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="color:black">&lt; cantio</span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:white" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="color:black">fum</span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:white" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">fˈỹn</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:white" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">fỹm</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:white" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">f&oelig;̃ŋ</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:white" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">fỹn</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:white" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="color:black">&lt; fūmus</span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="color:black">c(h)alor</span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">kalˈu</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">ʧalˈuʀ</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">kalˈu</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">tsalˈu</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="color:black">&lt; calor</span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:white" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="color:black">mai</span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:white" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">mˈaj</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:white" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">mˈaj</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:white" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">mˈaj</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:white" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">mˈaj</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:white" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="color:black">&lt; maius</span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="color:black">clau<a href="#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="color:black">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">klˈaw</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">klˈaw</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">klˈaw</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">kʎˈaw</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="color:black">&lt; clavis</span></i></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p class="Textbody" style="margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[Tableau 2]</span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> <i>Codas internes</i></span></span></span></p> <p class="Textbody" style="margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Les codas co&iuml;ndic&eacute;es par une attaque lin&eacute;aris&eacute;e sont mieux maintenues que celles plac&eacute;es en fin de morph&egrave;me. </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">La n&eacute;cessaire</span></span><span style="line-height:120%"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;coindexation de la coda pour qu&rsquo;elle puisse entrer l&eacute;gitimement dans le processus de syllabation est depuis longtemps connue en vertu du coda licencing principle (Kaye, 1990) dans lequel une attaque &laquo;&nbsp;autorise&nbsp;&raquo; l&rsquo;association de coda (&agrave; laquelle elle est adjointe &agrave; droite) sur une position squelettale</span><a href="#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="OC-FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">. Mais les modalit&eacute;s de ce licenciement ne sont pas identiques dans les 4 parlers et impactent la syllabation de la coda. Le languedocien et l&rsquo;alpin (D<sub>1</sub> et D<sub>2</sub>), qui reconnaissent une l&eacute;gitimit&eacute; &agrave; un noyau nul, peuvent syllaber un segment extrasyllabique&nbsp;qui est alors consid&eacute;r&eacute; comme une syllabe correctement form&eacute;e qui exerce son licenciement comme une syllabe pleine. Mais le rhodanien (D<sub>3</sub>), qui ne lin&eacute;arise pas les segments extrasyllabiques, pr&eacute;sente n&eacute;anmoins des codas dont les formes de surface correspondent majoritairement aux formes abstraites sous-jacentes&nbsp;: la pr&eacute;sence d&rsquo;une attaque, m&ecirc;me si elle n&rsquo;est pas lin&eacute;aris&eacute;e, permet le licenciement de la coda, c&rsquo;est-&agrave;-dire l&rsquo;association non-alt&eacute;r&eacute;e de la m&eacute;lodie &agrave; la position. Ce n&rsquo;est pas enti&egrave;rement le cas du vivaro-vellave (D<sub>4</sub>) pour qui le licenciement op&eacute;r&eacute; par une attaque non-syllab&eacute;e est effectif mais ne permet pas l&rsquo;expression de tous les &eacute;l&eacute;ments intra-segmentaux&nbsp;: cette sous-sp&eacute;cification de la coda entraine g&eacute;n&eacute;ralement la formation de diphtongues ou de noyaux lourds &agrave; la rime (voir les exemples &laquo;&nbsp;b&ograve;sc&nbsp;&raquo;, et &laquo;&nbsp;verd&nbsp;&raquo; du tableau1) et nous y reviendrons plus loin.</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Textbody" style="margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Lorsque la syllabe suivante pr&eacute;sente un noyau l&eacute;gitime, la r&eacute;alisation en surface de la coda correspond peu ou prou &agrave; la forme abstraite postul&eacute;e et ce dans la majorit&eacute; des parlers. Dans le cas des nasales, Sauzet (1988) a montr&eacute; que lors de l&rsquo;association &agrave; la coda, le segment assimile l&rsquo;&eacute;l&eacute;ment d&rsquo;articulation principal<a href="#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a> de l&rsquo;attaque lin&eacute;aris&eacute;e &agrave; sa gauche. La nasale, dans le mat&eacute;riau phonologique disponible avant lin&eacute;arisation est sous-sp&eacute;cifi&eacute;e&nbsp;: c&rsquo;est au moment de la construction de la syllabe, en fonction de la syllabe qui lui est adjointe &agrave; sa gauche, qu&rsquo;elle sera actualis&eacute;e comme segment labial, coronal ou v&eacute;laire. C&rsquo;est ce qu&rsquo;illustrent les exemples du tableau 3. L&rsquo;absence en surface d&rsquo;une consonne nasale dans le cas de D<sub>4</sub> n&rsquo;est pas une exception, mais un cas particulier de nasalisation compl&egrave;te disponible dans ce parler pour /e/ et /a/</span><a href="#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="OC-FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;: l&rsquo;&eacute;l&eacute;ment N sous l&rsquo;effet branche sur la t&ecirc;te syllabique et se dissocie du segment en coda. Ce dernier, d&eacute;pourvu de contenu m&eacute;lodique, se dissocie &agrave; son tour de sa position et se trouve d&egrave;s lors dans l&rsquo;incapacit&eacute; de fournir un support d&rsquo;accueil matriciel pour l&rsquo;assimilation de l&rsquo;&eacute;l&eacute;ment articulatoire principal de l&rsquo;attaque qui lui est co&iuml;ndic&eacute;e. </span></span></span></span></p> <table align="center" class="Table" style="width:539px" title="Tableau 3" width="539"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width: 85px; padding: 2px 3px; height: 21px; background-color: white; text-align: center;" valign="bottom">&nbsp;</td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:white" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">D1</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:white" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">D2</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:white" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">D3</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:white" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">D4</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 113px; padding: 2px 3px; height: 21px; background-color: white; text-align: center;" valign="bottom">&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="color:black">montar</span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">mũntˈa</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">mũntˈa</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">mũntˈa</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">mũntˈa</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:113px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="color:black">&lt; *montāre</span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:white" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="color:black">vendre</span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:white" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">bẽndre</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:white" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">vˈẽndre</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:white" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">vˈẽndre</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:white" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">vˈɛ̃dre</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:113px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:white" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="color:black">&lt; vēndĕre</span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="color:black">encara</span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">eŋkˈarɔ</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">ãŋkˈarɔ</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">ẽŋkˈarɔ</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">ɛ̃kˈarɔ</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:113px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="color:black">&lt; hinc +horam</span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i>camba</i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">kˈambɔ</span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">ʤˈãmbɔ</span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">kˈãmbɔ</span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">ʦˈɑ̃bɔ</span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:113px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i>&lt; camba</i></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="color:black">font, f&ograve;nt</span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">fˈũn </span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">fˈwɔ̃t </span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">fwɒ̃</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">fũn</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:113px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="color:black">&lt; fons</span></i></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p class="MsoCaption" style="margin-bottom: 14px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-style:italic"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-style:normal">[</span></span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-style:normal">Tableau </span></span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-style:normal">3</span></span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-style:normal">]</span></span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Nasales en coda</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Textbody" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:10px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Cette capacit&eacute; d&rsquo;assimilation semble &ecirc;tre une caract&eacute;ristique sp&eacute;cifique des nasales, puisqu&rsquo;elles sont les seules &agrave; pr&eacute;senter aussi clairement une corr&eacute;lation entre leur articulation et les caract&eacute;ristiques de l&rsquo;attaque suivante. Il est n&eacute;anmoins possible que ce soit aussi le cas pour la vibrante, oscillant entre une articulation coronale (dans &laquo;&nbsp;p&ograve;rta&nbsp;&raquo; [pˈɔrtɔ]) et une articulation dorsale (qu&rsquo;il conviendrait d&rsquo;&eacute;tudier avec plus de pr&eacute;cisions dans une forme comme &laquo;&nbsp;perqu&eacute;&nbsp;&raquo;). Une consonne roul&eacute;e labiale pr&eacute;c&eacute;dent une consonne de m&ecirc;me articulation n&rsquo;est, &agrave; notre connaissance, pas attest&eacute;e en occitan : si nous suivons les propositions de </span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Backley (2011 : 109)</span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> le mouvement de |U| (&eacute;l&eacute;ment labial assimil&eacute; puisque &eacute;l&eacute;ment articulatoire unique des consonne /p b/) au sein de la vibrante permet le passage d&rsquo;une articulation labiale impossible en occitan */ʙ/ &agrave; une articulation uvulaire /ʀ/ l&eacute;gitime en occitan (du moins dans certains dialectes). Il faut noter que certains parlers orientaux (dont D<sub>2</sub> et D<sub>3</sub>) ont dans leurs formes abstraites la vibrante uvulaire en place de la coronale puisqu&rsquo;elle est pr&eacute;sente en position d&rsquo;attaque de mani&egrave;re syst&eacute;matique</span><a href="#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="OC-FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">. Partout, la lat&eacute;rale /l/ se vocalise en [w] quelle que soit l&rsquo;attaque &agrave; sa droite&nbsp;: cette tendance &agrave; la v&eacute;larisation est expliqu&eacute;e par </span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Lieutard (2004 : 126)</span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> dans le cas du languedocien de Graulhet comme l&rsquo;interpr&eacute;tation d&rsquo;une forme abstraite de lat&eacute;rale v&eacute;laris&eacute;e /ɫ/. Ce d&eacute;calage est probablement commun &agrave; toutes les vari&eacute;t&eacute;s d&rsquo;occitan consid&eacute;r&eacute;es puisque la vocalisation est partag&eacute;e par tous les dialectes&nbsp;; </span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Martel (1983 : 20)</span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> &eacute;voque le cas de parlers nord-alpins (Oisans, Val Cluson) dont [ɫ] est attest&eacute;e en attaque (intervocalique). N&eacute;anmoins certains parlers languedociens (g&eacute;vaudanais, rouergat) et alpins peuvent maintenir en coda une r&eacute;alisation coronale [l] notamment quand l&rsquo;attaque suivante pr&eacute;sente aussi cette articulation. Quant &agrave; la fricative /s/ elle se r&eacute;alise sans alt&eacute;ration en D<sub>1</sub>, D<sub>2</sub> et D<sub>3 </sub>o&ugrave; sa constitution particuli&egrave;re emp&ecirc;che toute alt&eacute;ration&nbsp;: tout porte &agrave; croire que la pr&eacute;sence de l&rsquo;&eacute;l&eacute;ment consonantique li&eacute; &agrave; l&rsquo;aspiration (|H|) bloque toute possibilit&eacute; de substitution de ses &eacute;l&eacute;ments. Seule l&rsquo;assimilation du voisement (&eacute;l&eacute;ment |L|, positionn&eacute; en t&ecirc;te) est accept&eacute;e puisqu&rsquo;il ne change pas fondamentalement ni l&rsquo;articulation ni le mode : une forme abstraite telle que /desbarkar/ (&laquo;&nbsp;desbarcar&nbsp;&raquo;) sera souvent diatopiquement r&eacute;alis&eacute;e en [dezbarkˈa]. De plus en, vivaro-vellave, la constitution du segment (par cons&eacute;quent l&rsquo;&eacute;l&eacute;ment |H|) emp&ecirc;che une lin&eacute;arisation acceptable, d&rsquo;un point de vue sonore, de la coda. Lors du processus de syllabation, la pr&eacute;sence d&rsquo;une attaque &agrave; droite licencie la position de coda (association constituant-position-m&eacute;lodie) mais la t&ecirc;te syllabique est dans l&rsquo;incapacit&eacute; de gouverner le segment qui a &eacute;t&eacute; licenci&eacute;. Le contenu m&eacute;lodique &ndash; par sa composition intrins&egrave;que - est dissoci&eacute; de la position qui se voit alors colonis&eacute;e par celle du noyau comme l&rsquo;illustre l&rsquo;exemple 4).</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Textbody" style="text-indent: 35.4pt; text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 10px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(4)</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Textbody" style="text-indent: 35.4pt; text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 10px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">a) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; D<sub>4</sub>&nbsp;: Syllabation de f</span><span lang="OC-FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">-</span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">e</span><span lang="OC-FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">-</span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">n</span><span lang="OC-FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">-</span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">ɛ-s-t</span><span lang="OC-FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">-</span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">r</span><span lang="OC-FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">-</span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">ɔ</span><span lang="OC-FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">-<i>Nom </i></span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[fenˈɛːtrɔ] &laquo;&nbsp;fen&egrave;stra&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Textbody" style="text-indent: 35.4pt; text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 10px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span lang="OC-FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">R&eacute;solution : &nbsp;&nbsp; (trɔ&deg;) syllabation de la derni&egrave;re syllabe</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Textbody" style="text-indent: 35.4pt; text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 10px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span lang="OC-FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">*(</span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">n(ɛ&deg;s))(trɔ&deg;) la sonorit&eacute; de /s/ bloque&nbsp; la syllabation</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Textbody" style="text-indent: 35.4pt; text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 10px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(n(ɛ&deg;ː))(trɔ&deg;) branchement de la m&eacute;lodie de t&ecirc;te sur la position de coda</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Textbody" style="text-indent: 35.4pt; text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 10px;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(fe&deg;)(n(ɛ&deg;ː))(trɔ&deg;) fin du processus</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Textbody" style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 80px;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-left: 80px;"><img alt="Forme non acceptable en D4" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_87_3_Capture d’écran 2022-03-23 à 17.10.51.png" style="width: 700px; height: 192px;" /></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">C&rsquo;est dans les conditions de syllabation o&ugrave; s&rsquo;exerce un licenciement (une coindexation) qu&rsquo;un segment consonantique peut s&rsquo;associer &agrave; la rime pour &ecirc;tre gouvern&eacute; par le noyau si leurs sonorit&eacute;s respectives le permettent. Comme nous l&rsquo;avons dit pr&eacute;c&eacute;demment, le licenciement ne se met pas en place sur les m&ecirc;mes conditions suivant le parler consid&eacute;r&eacute;&nbsp;: quel que soit le statut du segment suivant (attaque d&rsquo;une syllabe pleine, segment extrasyllabique lin&eacute;aris&eacute; ou non) il se d&eacute;roule normalement en D<sub>1</sub>, D<sub>2</sub> et D<sub>3</sub> ce qui n&rsquo;est pas le cas en D<sub>4</sub>. En effet, seuls les segments lin&eacute;aris&eacute;s peuvent d&eacute;velopper un licenciement dans les conditions d&eacute;crites plus haut&nbsp;; lorsqu&rsquo;ils restent sous-jacent le licenciement qu&rsquo;ils &eacute;tablissent avec la coda &agrave; leur gauche est restreint. Si les nasales, de par leur constitution intrins&egrave;que lorsqu&rsquo;elles sont en coda, et la lat&eacute;rale qui se vocalise toujours sont licenci&eacute;es, ce n&rsquo;est pas le cas de la vibrante /r/. En effet le licenciement du constituant en coda n&rsquo;est pas suffisant pour permettre &agrave; son contenu m&eacute;lodique une association &agrave; sa position&nbsp;: ainsi, comme dans le cas de /s/ c&rsquo;est le noyau qui branche sur la position de la coda (exemples&nbsp;: [vˈɛː] &laquo;&nbsp;vert&nbsp;&raquo; et [bˈɔː] &laquo;&nbsp;b&ograve;sc&nbsp;&raquo;). Plus le licenciement est <i>faible</i>, plus le segment en coda doit avoir une sonorit&eacute; &eacute;lev&eacute;e pouvoir &ecirc;tre syllab&eacute;.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Un dernier point reste &agrave; &eacute;claircir, celui de la coda finale qui ne contient aucune structure syllabique &agrave; sa droite (du moins, lorsque le morph&egrave;me est pris ind&eacute;pendamment ou en fin d&rsquo;&eacute;nonc&eacute;). </span></span></span></p> <table align="center" class="Table" style="width:15cm;" title="Tableau 4" width="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width: 85px; padding: 2px 3px; height: 21px; background-color: white; text-align: center;" valign="bottom">&nbsp;</td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:white" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">D1</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:white" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">D2</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:white" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">D3</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:white" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">D4</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 85px; padding: 2px 3px; height: 21px; background-color: white; text-align: center;" valign="bottom">&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="color:black">ur&oacute;s</span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">erˈus</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">eʀˈus</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">eʀˈus</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">e(j)rˈu</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="color:black">&lt; -ōsus</span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:white" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="color:black">rast&egrave;l</span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:white" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">rːastˈɛl</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:white" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">ʀastˈɛw</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:white" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">ʀastˈɛw</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:white" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">raːtˈɛ</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:white" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="color:black">&lt; rastellus</span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="color:black">c(h)anson</span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">k&atilde;nsˈu</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">k&atilde;nsˈũ(n)</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">ʧ&atilde;nsˈũŋ</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">ts&atilde;sˈu</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="color:black">&lt; cantio</span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:white" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="color:black">fum</span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:white" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">fˈỹn</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:white" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">fỹm</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:white" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">f&oelig;̃ŋ</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:white" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">fỹn</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:white" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="color:black">&lt; fūmus</span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="color:black">c(h)alor</span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">kalˈu</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">ʧalˈuʀ</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">kalˈu</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">tsalˈu</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="color:black">&lt; calor</span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:white" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="color:black">mai</span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:white" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">mˈaj</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:white" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">mˈaj</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:white" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">mˈaj</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:white" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">mˈaj</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:white" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="color:black">&lt; maius</span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="color:black">clau<a href="#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="color:black">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">klˈaw</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">klˈaw</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">klˈaw</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">kʎˈaw</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="bottom"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="color:black">&lt; clavis</span></i></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b>[Tableau 4]</b> <i>Codas finales</i></span></span></span></p> <p class="Textbody" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:10px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Le tableau 4 offre un aper&ccedil;u des formes relev&eacute;es et met en &eacute;vidence un paradoxe&nbsp;: si le licenciement est responsable de la syllabation de la coda, alors pourquoi toutes les vari&eacute;t&eacute;s pr&eacute;sentent au moins un segment r&eacute;alis&eacute; en coda finale&nbsp;? La possibilit&eacute; d&rsquo;un contenu extram&eacute;trique (qui ne peut pas &ecirc;tre syllab&eacute;) situ&eacute;e &agrave; gauche du mat&eacute;riel phonologique avant syllabation (et qui pourrait correspondre soit &agrave; l&rsquo;information de fin de morph&egrave;me soit &agrave; celle de l&rsquo;indexation &agrave; la cat&eacute;gorie syntaxique) pouvant l&eacute;gitimer &ndash; ou non &ndash; une coda finale est propos&eacute;e par </span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Sauzet (1988)</span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">. Lat&eacute;rales, vibrantes et nasales ont besoin d&rsquo;&ecirc;tre neutralis&eacute;es c&rsquo;est-&agrave;-dire substituer &agrave; leur &eacute;l&eacute;ment d&rsquo;articulation principal par celui de l&rsquo;&eacute;l&eacute;ment extram&eacute;trique pour pouvoir entrer dans le processus de lin&eacute;arisation. Ainsi si le languedocien de D<sub>1</sub> dispose d&rsquo;un &eacute;l&eacute;ment par d&eacute;faut extram&eacute;trique coronal, cela explique l&rsquo;absence de lin&eacute;arisation des formes abstraite /r/ et /n/ et la lin&eacute;arisation de /ɲ/, /m/ et /ʎ/ en respectivement [n], [n] et [l] sur ce point voir </span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(Lieutard, 2004)</span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">). Ce fonctionnement est adopt&eacute; par le languedocien et par le proven&ccedil;al qui pr&eacute;sente un &eacute;l&eacute;ment extram&eacute;trique v&eacute;laire (ce qui explique la r&eacute;alisation v&eacute;laire de /n/ et l&rsquo;absence de /ʀ/). Au vu des r&eacute;sultats, nous pouvons faire l&rsquo;hypoth&egrave;se que l&rsquo;alpin dispose aussi d&rsquo;un &eacute;l&eacute;ment &nbsp;et que celui-ci ne correspond pas &agrave; &eacute;l&eacute;ment articulatoire mais &agrave; un &eacute;l&eacute;ment consonantique&nbsp;: celui de l&rsquo;occlusion |?| qui ouvre les possibilit&eacute; de licenciement &agrave; tous les segments (priv&eacute;es d&rsquo;information articulatoire, les nasales se r&eacute;alisent donc avec l&rsquo;articulation qui leur est assign&eacute;e abstraitement). Quant &agrave; D<sub>4, </sub>cet &eacute;l&eacute;ment est, comme en languedocien coronal</span><a href="#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="OC-FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> mais il n&rsquo;ouvre pas le licenciement &agrave; d&rsquo;autres segment que les nasales. Le vivaro-vellave est donc la vari&eacute;t&eacute; la plus contrainte vis-&agrave;-vis de la sonorit&eacute; et des possibilit&eacute;s de licenciement, &agrave; l&rsquo;inverse de l&rsquo;alpin.</span></span></span></span></p> <table align="center" class="Table" style="width:14.0cm" width="529"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width: 85px; padding: 2px 3px; height: 21px; background-color: white; text-align: center;" valign="top">&nbsp;</td> <td style="width:86px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:white" valign="top"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">D1</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:white" valign="top"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">D2</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:white" valign="top"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">D3</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:white" valign="top"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">D4</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 104px; padding: 2px 3px; height: 21px; background-color: white; text-align: center;" valign="top">&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="top"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="color:black">paire</span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:86px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="top"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">pˈajre</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="top"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">pˈajʀe</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="top"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">pˈajʀe</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="top"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">pˈajre</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:104px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="top"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="color:black">&lt; pater</span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:white" valign="top"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="color:black">maid, fais</span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:86px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:white" valign="top"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">fajs</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:white" valign="top"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">majt</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:white" valign="top"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">faj</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:white" valign="top"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">maj</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:104px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:white" valign="top"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="color:black">&lt; magis, fascis</span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="top"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="color:black">grapaud</span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:86px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="top"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">(k/g)rapˈawt</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="top"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">kʀˈapawt</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="top"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">gʀapˈaw</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="top"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">krapˈaw</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:104px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="top"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="color:black">&lt; *krappa</span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:white" valign="top"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="color:black">bu&ograve;u</span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:86px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:white" valign="top"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">bjˈɔw</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:white" valign="top"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">bˈuw</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:white" valign="top"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">bjˈɔw</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:white" valign="top"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">bˈew</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:104px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:white" valign="top"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="color:black">&lt; bovis</span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="top"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="color:black">mai</span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:86px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="top"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">mˈaj</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="top"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">mˈaj</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="top"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">mˈaj</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="top"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">mˈaj</span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:104px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px; background-color:#bdd6ee" valign="top"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="color:black">&lt; maius</span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px" valign="top"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i>clau<a href="#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:86px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px" valign="top"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">klˈaw</span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px" valign="top"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">klˈaw</span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px" valign="top"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">klˈaw</span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:85px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px" valign="top"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">kʎˈaw</span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:104px; padding:2px 3px 2px 3px; height:21px" valign="top"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i>&lt; clavis</i></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p class="Textbody" style="margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><b><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;[Tableau 5]</span></b><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> <i>Glides en coda</i></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Textbody" style="margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Un mot pour finir sur les glides&nbsp;: d&rsquo;un point de vue intra-segmental ils sont d&eacute;pourvus de tout &eacute;l&eacute;ment consonantique (|&nbsp;? H L|). Ainsi leur licenciement est toujours possible quelle que soit l&rsquo;information &agrave; leur droite et ce, dans les 4 vari&eacute;t&eacute;s. Au cours de la syllabation ils perdent leur potentiel statut de t&ecirc;te syllabique en devenant second &eacute;l&eacute;ment d&rsquo;une diphtongue dont le maintien est par la suite d&eacute;pendant du gouvernement du noyau (certains parlers occitans, notamment les plus septentrionaux pr&eacute;sentent une tendance marqu&eacute;e &agrave; la monophtongaison).</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Textbody" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:10px">&nbsp;</p> <h2 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-weight:bold">Conclusion</span></span></span></span></span></h2> <p class="Textbody" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:10px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span liberation="" serif="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Appr&eacute;hender la variation diatopiques &agrave; travers les formats de syllabe et les possibilit&eacute;s de lin&eacute;arisation de ses diff&eacute;rents constituants d&eacute;gage des m&eacute;canismes communs &agrave; l&rsquo;occitan mais dont les modalit&eacute;s de mise en &oelig;uvre diff&egrave;rent diatopiquement. Une telle approche par la phonologie autosegmentale permet donc de compl&eacute;ter les descriptions traditionnelles de la dialectologie et de dessiner de nouveaux espaces dialectaux&nbsp;: si le vivaro-vellave et l&rsquo;alpin sont deux sous-ensembles du dialecte vivaro-alpin, ils ne sont pas moins, parmi nos exemples, les deux parlers les plus &eacute;loign&eacute;s. Le diasyst&egrave;me devient <i>un g&eacute;nome occitan</i>, constitu&eacute; d&rsquo;un mat&eacute;riel phonologique abstrait commun, dot&eacute; d&rsquo;un m&ecirc;me patron syllabique et du m&ecirc;me m&eacute;canisme de syllabation mais dont l&rsquo;actualisation vers les formes des surfaces est d&eacute;pendante du contexte syllabique et des sonorit&eacute;s des diff&eacute;rents segments. Ces contraintes, qui constituent une <i>pression</i> <i>environnementale</i> portant sur l&rsquo;expression du g&eacute;nome offrent &agrave; l&rsquo;occitan l&rsquo;une des sources de sa diversit&eacute; ph&eacute;notypique. Consid&eacute;rer l&rsquo;occitan non plus comme un corps mais comme un ensemble d&rsquo;individu de la m&ecirc;me esp&egrave;ce partageant une structure profonde commune, imperceptible en surface nous parait une conception prometteuse &agrave; d&eacute;velopper pour mieux d&eacute;crire et repr&eacute;senter ce diasyst&egrave;me roman.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <h2 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-weight:bold">Bibliographie</span></span></span></span></span></h2> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-variant:small-caps">Backley P.</span>, 2011, <i>An Introduction to Element Theory</i>, Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-variant:small-caps">Baggioni D.</span>, 1995, &laquo;&nbsp;Normalisation/standardisation des langues nationales dans l&rsquo;espace europ&eacute;en&nbsp;&raquo;, <i>La gen&egrave;se de la norme, Colloque de SHESL</i>, <i>11</i>, p.&nbsp;73-86.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-variant:small-caps">Bec P.</span>, 1968, <i>La langue occitane</i>, Paris, Presses Universitaires de France (Que-sais-je ?).</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="ES" style="font-variant:small-caps">Bec P.</span>, 1972, &laquo;&nbsp;Per una dinamica nov&egrave;la de la lenga de refer&eacute;ncia : Dialectalitat de basa e diasist&egrave;ma occitan&nbsp;&raquo;, <i>Annnales de l&rsquo;institut d&rsquo;&eacute;tudes ocitanes,</i> <i>6</i>, 2, p.&nbsp;39-62.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-variant:small-caps">Bec P.</span>, 1973, <i>Manuel pratique d&rsquo;occitan moderne</i>, Paris, Picard (Connaissance des langues).</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-variant:small-caps">Calvet M.</span>, 1969, <i>Le syst&egrave;me phon&eacute;tique et phonologique du parler proven&ccedil;al de Saint-Victor en Vivarais.</i>, Grenoble, Facult&eacute; des lettres et sciences humaines de Grenoble, 253&nbsp;p.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-variant:small-caps">Garnier Q.</span>, 2020, &laquo;&nbsp;Le vivaro-alpin : progr&egrave;s d&rsquo;une d&eacute;finition&nbsp;&raquo;, <i>G&eacute;olinguistique</i>, 20.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-variant:small-caps">Hendschel L.</span>, 2001, &laquo;&nbsp;Langue, dialecte, idiome : la terminologie et le fond&nbsp;&raquo;, <i>La revue toudi</i>.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-variant:small-caps">Kaye J.</span>, 1990, &laquo;&nbsp;&lsquo;Coda&rsquo; licensing&nbsp;&raquo;, <i>Phonology Yearbook</i>, <i>7</i>, 1, p.&nbsp;301-330.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-variant:small-caps">Kloss H.</span>, 1967, &laquo;&nbsp;Abstand Languages and Ausbau Languages&nbsp;&raquo;, <i>Anthropological Linguistics</i>, <i>35</i>, 1/4, p.&nbsp;158-170.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-variant:small-caps">Lieutard H.</span>, 2004, <i>Phonologie et morphologie du parler occitan de Graulhet (Tarn) : structure, contenu et r&ocirc;le de la syllabe</i>, Th&egrave;se de doctorat, Montpellier 3.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-variant:small-caps">Lieutard H.</span>, 2016, <i>Du dialecte &agrave; la langue, de la langue &agrave; l&rsquo;histoire de la langue</i>, HDR, Montpellier, Universit&eacute; Paul Val&eacute;ry.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-variant:small-caps">Martel P.</span>, 1983, &laquo;&nbsp;L&rsquo;espandi dialectau occitan alpenc : assag de descripcion&nbsp;&raquo;, <i>Novel Temps</i>, 21, p.&nbsp;4-36.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-variant:small-caps">Ronjat J.</span>, 1930&ndash;1941, <i>Grammaire istorique [sic] des parlers proven&ccedil;aux modernes</i>, Montpellier, Soci&eacute;t&eacute; des Langues Romanes.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-variant:small-caps">Sauzet P.</span>, 1988, &laquo;&nbsp;Geminates and constituency&nbsp;&raquo;, <i>Rivista della facolt&agrave; di lingue e letterature straniere dell&rsquo;universit&agrave; de Venezia</i>, <i>XXVII</i>, 4, p.&nbsp;287-330.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-variant:small-caps">Sauzet P.</span>, 1993, <i>Attenance, gouvernement et mouvement en phonologie : les constituants dans la phonologie et la morphologie de l&rsquo;occitan</i>, These de doctorat, Paris 8.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-variant:small-caps">Sauzet P.</span>, 1999, &laquo;&nbsp;Lin&eacute;arit&eacute; et consonnes latentes&nbsp;&raquo;, <i>Recherches linguistiques de Vincennes</i>, 28, p.&nbsp;59-86.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-variant:small-caps">Sauzet P.</span>, 2001, &laquo;&nbsp;Variation des finales occitanes et format de la syllabe&nbsp;&raquo;, dans <i>Nouveaux d&eacute;parts en phonologie : les conceptions sub- et suprasegmentale</i>, T&uuml;bingen, Gunter Narr Verlag, p.&nbsp;33-48.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-variant:small-caps">Sheer T.</span>, 2015, <i>Pr&eacute;cis de structure syllabique, Accompagn&eacute; d&rsquo;un apparat critique</i>, ENs &Eacute;ditions, Lyon (Languages), 320&nbsp;p.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-variant:small-caps">Sumien D.</span>, 2009, &laquo;&nbsp;Classificacion dei dial&egrave;ctes occitans&nbsp;&raquo;, <i>Linguistica occitana</i>, <i>7</i>, p.&nbsp;56.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <div>&nbsp; <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a> Baggioni (1995) parle aussi de crit&egrave;res <i>m&eacute;talinguistiques </i>(internes) et<i> &eacute;pilinguistiques </i>(externes).</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn2"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a> <i>Intra-alpin</i> selon la terminologie employ&eacute; par Martel (1983).</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn3"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a> Cette vari&eacute;t&eacute; est l&rsquo;objet de nos enqu&ecirc;tes personnelles. Toutes les formes relev&eacute;es sont identiques (au lexique et gallicismes pr&egrave;s) &agrave; celles relev&eacute;es &agrave; Saint-Victor par Calvet (1969) : Colombier-le-Vieux et Saint-Victor &eacute;tant limitrophes, nous admettrons ici que les effets diachroniques sont n&eacute;gligeables entre la langue des ann&eacute;es 70 et la langue actuelle.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn4"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><a href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a> L&rsquo;indexation &agrave; la cat&eacute;gorie nominale permet de proposer l&rsquo;effet morphologique comme le r&eacute;sultat &laquo;&nbsp;de l&rsquo;interpr&eacute;tation phonologique de configurations syntaxiques&nbsp;&raquo; (Sauzet, 1999).</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn5"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><a href="#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a> De haut en bas&nbsp;: <i>rat, loup, vert, mois, heureux, bois, poisson, jeudi, pr&eacute;.</i></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn6"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><a href="#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a> Les patrons syllabiques admettant des noyaux longs sont beaucoup plus fr&eacute;quents dans les parlers les plus septentrionaux.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn7"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><a href="#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a> Les attaques complexes sont attest&eacute;es dans tous les dialectes occitans (Ronjat, 1930&ndash;1941). </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;La possibilit&eacute; d&rsquo;une troisi&egrave;me configuration dans laquelle l&rsquo;attaque n&rsquo;est associ&eacute;e qu&rsquo;&agrave; une seule position, laissant trois positions disponibles pour la rime doit &ecirc;tre discut&eacute;e. Minoritaire si elle existe, elle serait th&eacute;oriquement form&eacute;e d&rsquo;un noyau double contenant deux segments syllabiques distincts (&laquo;&nbsp;vraie diphtongue &raquo;).</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn9"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><a href="#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a> Outre les ph&eacute;nom&egrave;nes de g&eacute;mination, observ&eacute;s principalement en languedocien, qui doivent faire l&rsquo;objet d&rsquo;un traitement diff&eacute;rent.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn10"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><a href="#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a>&nbsp;De haut en bas&nbsp;: <i>heureux, r&acirc;teau, chanson, fum&eacute;e, chaleur, mai, clef.</i></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn11"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><a href="#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a> Les grandes lignes de ce principe se retrouvent, reformul&eacute;es, dans la th&eacute;orie CV dans laquelle un noyau vide (et donc son attaque) est licenci&eacute; par la syllabe directement &agrave; sa droite uniquement si celle-ci est pourvue d&rsquo;un noyau plein (Sheer, 2015).</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn12"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><a href="#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a>&nbsp; Initialement ce sont les traits articulatoires qui sont assimilables&nbsp;; le passage aux &eacute;l&eacute;ments ne change en rien la pertinence de la proposition. Dans ce qui suit nous parlerons d&rsquo;<i>&eacute;l&eacute;ments </i>articulatoires pour d&eacute;signer les &eacute;l&eacute;ments vocaliques (|A I U|) impliqu&eacute;s dans la constitution des consonnes et d&rsquo;<i>&eacute;l&eacute;ments consonantiques </i>(|H L&nbsp;?| qui portent l&rsquo;information de mode) ceux qui sont propres aux consonnes.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn13"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><a href="#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a> Ce sont les voyelles contenant l&rsquo;&eacute;l&eacute;ment |A| qui sont syst&eacute;matiquement nasalis&eacute;es en vivaro-vellave.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn14"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><a href="#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a> Comme second &eacute;l&eacute;ment d&rsquo;une attaque complexe la vibrante assimile le trait du premier &eacute;l&eacute;ment (voir &laquo;&nbsp;grapaud&nbsp;&raquo; et &laquo;&nbsp;fen&egrave;stra&nbsp;&raquo;)&nbsp;: ainsi ce segment est sensible, d&rsquo;un point de vue articulatoire, &agrave; la fois au licenciement d&ucirc; &agrave; sa position de coda qu&rsquo;&agrave; sa relation &agrave; la premi&egrave;re consonne d&rsquo;une attaque complexe.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn15"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><a href="#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a>&nbsp; De haut en bas&nbsp;: <i>heureux, r&acirc;teau, chanson, fum&eacute;e, chaleur, mai, clef.</i></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn16"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><a href="#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a> Comme le montre le comportement des nasales.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn17"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><a href="#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a> De haut en bas&nbsp;: <i>paire, maie, fagot/fardeau, crapaud, b&oelig;uf mai, clef.</i></span></span></span></p> </div> </div>