<p align="center" style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:24px"><b><span style="font-size:13pt"><span style="line-height:26px">Exhiber et oublier son corps sur le sable de l&rsquo;ar&egrave;ne. Le cas du torero dans son habit de lumi&egrave;re</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:24px">Justine Guitard</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:24px">Universit&eacute; de Perpignan, CRESEM</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:24px">S&rsquo;il est &laquo;&nbsp;<i>a priori</i>inutile de justifier une r&eacute;flexion sur le corps&nbsp;: la vie apparemment nous l&rsquo;impose quotidiennement, puisque c&rsquo;est en lui et par lui que nous sentons, d&eacute;sirons, agissons, exprimons et cr&eacute;ons&nbsp;&raquo; (Bernard, 1995, p. 4), il semble plus l&eacute;gitime de consid&eacute;rer l&rsquo;opinion selon laquelle le corps n&rsquo;est pas libre. Cette affirmation, susceptible de heurter les consciences, pose d&rsquo;embl&eacute;e les jalons d&rsquo;une suppos&eacute;e r&eacute;ification du corps, consid&eacute;r&eacute; uniquement en qualit&eacute; de partie mat&eacute;rielle de l&rsquo;&ecirc;tre anim&eacute;. En effet, le corps subit des contraintes multiples et se veut emp&ecirc;ch&eacute; dans son action &agrave; des degr&eacute;s divers. Et pour cause, des obstacles communautaires se dressent contre lui ainsi que nous le pr&eacute;cise David Le Breton.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt">&nbsp;</p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt; margin-right:19px; margin-left:19px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><i>Fa&ccedil;onn&eacute; par le contexte social et culturel qui baigne l&rsquo;acteur, le corps est ce vecteur s&eacute;mantique par l&rsquo;interm&eacute;diaire duquel se construit l&rsquo;&eacute;vidence de la relation au monde&nbsp;: activit&eacute;s perceptives, mais aussi expression des sentiments, &eacute;tiquettes des rites d&rsquo;interaction, gestuelles et mimiques, mise en sc&egrave;ne de l&rsquo;apparence, jeux subtils de la s&eacute;duction, techniques du corps, entretien physique, relation &agrave; la souffrance, &agrave; la douleur, etc. L&rsquo;existence est d&rsquo;abord corporelle</i>. (Le Breton, 2016, p. 3)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:24px">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ces quelques lignes t&eacute;moignent d&rsquo;une construction sociale du corps qui, marqu&eacute; par des r&egrave;gles et des normes, est vou&eacute; &agrave; se standardiser. Le corps du torero n&rsquo;y fait &eacute;videmment pas exception, puisqu&rsquo;il marque l&rsquo;identit&eacute; de ce personnage et en assure l&rsquo;existence<a name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>. La tauromachie &eacute;tant en outre tr&egrave;s codifi&eacute;e depuis la deuxi&egrave;me moiti&eacute; du XVIII<sup>e</sup>si&egrave;cle (Hillo, 1979), le torero r&eacute;pond &agrave; des attentes pr&eacute;cises qui rendent sa gestuelle relativement pr&eacute;visible. L&rsquo;attitude corporelle du torero au cours du pas&eacute;o<a name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>en est sans doute le parangon&nbsp;: les alguazils<a name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>sur leur monture pr&eacute;c&egrave;dent l&rsquo;entr&eacute;e des toreros au son des paso-doble. Les hommes v&ecirc;tus de l&rsquo;habit de lumi&egrave;re entrent alors en sc&egrave;ne, avan&ccedil;ant &agrave; pas r&eacute;guliers avant de s&rsquo;arr&ecirc;ter pour saluer de fa&ccedil;on presque m&eacute;canique le public. La montera<a name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>est provisoirement et respectueusement retir&eacute;e. Puis, reprenant leur marche solennelle, ils vont saluer la Pr&eacute;sidence<a name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>avant de sortir leur cape rose et jaune pour effectuer quelques mouvements lents et r&eacute;guliers, des passes &agrave; vide. D&rsquo;ores et d&eacute;j&agrave;, le corps permet d&rsquo;&ecirc;tre torero, de communiquer avec les diff&eacute;rents publics et de se mettre en sc&egrave;ne.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:24px"><img style="width:202px; height:239px" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:24px">&Agrave; bien des &eacute;gards, le torero exhibe ainsi son corps sur le sable de l&rsquo;ar&egrave;ne. Il s&rsquo;agit de son outil de travail privil&eacute;gi&eacute;, m&eacute;ritant respect, superbe, et ce, m&ecirc;me s&rsquo;il est mis &agrave; rude &eacute;preuve. L&rsquo;ar&egrave;ne est, de fait, un lieu de combat singulier<a name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>o&ugrave; le corps-&agrave;-corps avec le taureau a toute sa place. Dans ce sens, la corrida accueille volontiers les jeux de corpor&eacute;it&eacute;, qui constituent par ailleurs l&rsquo;essence du spectacle. Le corps bouge, danse et virevolte. &Agrave; ce titre, l&rsquo;expression corporelle du torero face &agrave; l&rsquo;animal rel&egrave;ve de la chor&eacute;graphie&nbsp;: les gestes, les pas et les oscillations sont nets et pr&eacute;cis. Chaque action de la part de l&rsquo;artiste de l&rsquo;ar&egrave;ne semble millim&eacute;tr&eacute;e pour &eacute;viter les charges de l&rsquo;animal. Aussi le torero oublie-t-il son corps &agrave; ses d&eacute;pens pendant le combat, effa&ccedil;ant de sa m&eacute;moire les souffrances physiques pass&eacute;es et &agrave; venir. La chair devient alors un symbole d&rsquo;abn&eacute;gation.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:24px">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Le corps rev&ecirc;t un caract&egrave;re essentiel chez l&rsquo;artiste de l&rsquo;ar&egrave;ne. S&rsquo;int&eacute;resser au corps du torero permet, d&rsquo;une part, de voir la tauromachie sous un autre angle et, d&rsquo;autre part, de p&eacute;n&eacute;trer dans l&rsquo;intimit&eacute; de ces personnages embl&eacute;matiques des ar&egrave;nes. &Agrave; partir de photographies et de t&eacute;moignages de personnalit&eacute;s du mundillo<a name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>, nous nous proposons d&rsquo;appr&eacute;hender le rapport au corps du torero et son &eacute;volution dans l&rsquo;espace et dans le temps. Il s&rsquo;agira ici de questionner la mise &agrave; distance du corps, permise d&rsquo;abord par l&rsquo;habit de lumi&egrave;re, v&eacute;ritable seconde peau protectrice (premi&egrave;re partie), et rendue possible par la passion des taureaux, rel&eacute;guant le corps au second plan (deuxi&egrave;me partie).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:24px"><b>L&rsquo;habit de lumi&egrave;re&nbsp;: une seconde peau&nbsp;?</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:24px">Le costume est un &eacute;l&eacute;ment essentiel du spectacle pour le public, d&rsquo;une part, et pour le torero, d&rsquo;autre part. En effet, les spectateurs appr&eacute;hendent l&rsquo;artiste de l&rsquo;ar&egrave;ne dans sa corpor&eacute;it&eacute; gr&acirc;ce &agrave; cette tenue scintillante, qui attire le regard autant qu&rsquo;elle fascine. Car, le torero porte sur ses &eacute;paules un habit dont les repr&eacute;sentations sont aussi symboliques qu&rsquo;historiques. Le costume date du XVIII<sup>e</sup>si&egrave;cle, marquant d&egrave;s lors un besoin de dignit&eacute; &agrave; travers le port d&rsquo;un habit noble, pr&eacute;cis&eacute;ment pour &eacute;galer les nobles<a name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>ainsi que le sugg&egrave;re le dicton populaire &laquo;&nbsp;en cada espa&ntilde;ol, un rey&nbsp;&raquo;<a name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>. Recouvert de l&rsquo;habit de lumi&egrave;re, empreint de courage sur le sable de l&rsquo;ar&egrave;ne, le plus humble des Espagnols peut recevoir tous les honneurs. En outre, ce costume qui &eacute;tait initialement assez sommaire &ndash; une &eacute;charpe rouge, une culotte de cuir et des ceinturons &ndash; s&rsquo;urbanise et s&rsquo;apparente &agrave; la mode des&nbsp;<i>Majos&nbsp;</i>&ndash; culottes courtes, gu&ecirc;tres de cuir brod&eacute;es, veste de velours orn&eacute;es de petites touffes de soie et d&rsquo;aiguillettes d&rsquo;or (Leira S&aacute;nchez, 2007, pp. 217-228). Cette tenue, qui peut aujourd&rsquo;hui para&icirc;tre d&eacute;su&egrave;te, a trait aux diff&eacute;rentes cultures qui se sont crois&eacute;es sur le territoire hispanique. Certains aspects proviennent du Moyen-&Acirc;ge, d&rsquo;autres renvoient aux influences arabes (broderies, arabesques) ainsi que fran&ccedil;aises (soie, pierreries, culottes brod&eacute;es, bas de couleur) et, enfin, d&rsquo;autres encore s&rsquo;apparentent aux traditions ornementales des sculptures religieuses (broderies des capotes de pas&eacute;o) (Carbonel, 2004, p. 9). En ce sens, le torero porte sur ses &eacute;paules le poids de ces rencontres pass&eacute;es (fructueuses et violentes &agrave; la fois<a name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a>) et incarne symboliquement, pour quelques heures seulement, ce m&eacute;tissage. Le matador rev&ecirc;t donc toutes ces &laquo;&nbsp;peaux&nbsp;&raquo;<a name="_ftnref11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a>, et ce, probablement &agrave; son insu. Le personnage est alors d&eacute;guis&eacute;, son corps devenant un artefact.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:24px"><img style="width:132px; height:205px" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:24px">&Agrave; la fin du XVIII<sup>e</sup>si&egrave;cle, sous le pinceau de Francisco de Goya, la veste courte noire (<i>chaquetilla</i>), la chemise blanche &agrave; volants (<i>camisa</i>), le gilet argent paillet&eacute; (<i>chaleco</i>) et la ceinture en soie rouge (<i>faja</i>) subliment un Pedro Romero serein. L&rsquo;heure &eacute;tant &agrave; la professionnalisation du matador, &laquo;&nbsp;l&rsquo;on passe du&nbsp;<i>majo</i>au matador, du dandy &agrave; l&rsquo;idole. De l&rsquo;&eacute;l&eacute;gance profane &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;l&eacute;gance sacr&eacute;e&nbsp;&raquo; (Carbonel, 2004, p. 9). De fait, dans sa posture, Pedro Romero semble &ecirc;tre un monarque. Les diff&eacute;rentes pi&egrave;ces du costume soulignent la gr&acirc;ce de ce grand torero, dont la taille est mise en exergue. Aussi la tenue exhibe-t-elle le corps gain&eacute; et accentue-t-elle les formes de l&rsquo;acteur si&egrave;cle apr&egrave;s si&egrave;cle. Les parties les plus intimes sont ostensiblement moul&eacute;es, de sorte que l&rsquo;homme semble mis &agrave; nu<a name="_ftnref12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt">&nbsp;</p> <table align="left" style="caret-color:#000000; color:#000000; font-family:-webkit-standard; font-style:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:normal; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:auto; text-align:start; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:auto; word-spacing:0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust:auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-decoration:none"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:215px; height:0px">&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><img style="width:157px; height:220px" /></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:24px">En ce sens, le torero est un personnage fantasm&eacute;, exposant son corps &agrave; son adversaire de fa&ccedil;on palpable et, par ricochet, &agrave; son public &ndash; l&rsquo;ar&egrave;ne &eacute;tant un panoptique. L&rsquo;habit de lumi&egrave;re sugg&egrave;re plus qu&rsquo;il ne montre en r&eacute;alit&eacute;. C&rsquo;est, en effet, la dupe du torero qui tout &agrave; la fois leurre le taureau en agitant une cape et trompe les spectateurs par une mise &agrave; nu habill&eacute;e. Et bien habill&eacute;e, puisqu&rsquo;il superpose plusieurs couches de v&ecirc;tements aux teintes &eacute;clatantes et aux broderies artisanales exceptionnelles. Le corps est exhib&eacute;, mais (re)couvert. Le corps apparent dans sa parure sert de vitrine au spectacle&nbsp;: tous &laquo;&nbsp;les regards se focalisent sur le corps du torero&nbsp;&raquo; (Wolff, 2011, p. 169), sans ne jamais pouvoir l&rsquo;atteindre<a name="_ftnref13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a>. Ainsi, ce corps fa&ccedil;onn&eacute; par un costume chatoyant semble inaccessible pour les diff&eacute;rents publics et doit l&rsquo;&ecirc;tre pour les taureaux. De fait, l&rsquo;habit de lumi&egrave;re est la carapace &eacute;motionnelle de l&rsquo;artiste du&nbsp;<i>ruedo</i>. Luis Miguel&nbsp;Domingu&iacute;n, grand torero des ann&eacute;es 1950, en souligne d&rsquo;ailleurs l&rsquo;importance au cours de sa propre carri&egrave;re.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt">&nbsp;</p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-right:19px; margin-left:19px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><i>Lorsque je le vis pos&eacute; sur une chaise, j&rsquo;eus la sensation que l&rsquo;on me pr&eacute;sentait un compagnon pour la vie. Avant m&ecirc;me de le rev&ecirc;tir pour aller aux ar&egrave;nes, je lui parlais&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;Tu vois, ici nous sommes seuls toi et moi, et dehors il y a le monde que nous allons conqu&eacute;rir&nbsp;!&nbsp;&raquo; Cette sensation a &eacute;t&eacute; une constante durant toute ma vie professionnelle.</i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.35pt; margin-right:19px; margin-left:19px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><i>Quelqu&rsquo;un m&rsquo;a un jour demand&eacute;&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;Que repr&eacute;sente pour toi l&rsquo;habit de lumi&egrave;re&nbsp;?&nbsp;&raquo; &laquo;&nbsp;Ma seconde peau&nbsp;&raquo;, lui ai-je r&eacute;pondu spontan&eacute;ment. Il me semble parfois que cet habit &eacute;prouve avec moi les sensations les plus intenses&nbsp;: peurs, &eacute;checs et triomphes. De tout ce qui est ext&eacute;rieur, c&rsquo;est ce qui m&rsquo;est le plus proche</i>. (Carbonel, 2004, p. 4)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:24px">La personnification de l&rsquo;habit de lumi&egrave;re sert aussi &agrave; appr&eacute;hender la solitude du matador qui, pourtant tr&egrave;s entour&eacute;, se per&ccedil;oit isol&eacute;, esseul&eacute; dans sa corpor&eacute;it&eacute;. Sur le sable de l&rsquo;ar&egrave;ne, le torero est seul avec son costume. C&rsquo;est pourquoi ce dernier est son alli&eacute; le plus pr&eacute;cieux, pr&eacute;cis&eacute;ment dans la mesure o&ugrave; ils s&rsquo;exposeront ensemble aux charges du taureau. Pendant le combat, un habit ab&icirc;m&eacute; ou d&eacute;chir&eacute; pose toujours question&nbsp;: le corps est reli&eacute; &agrave; ce qu&rsquo;il porte au sens propre comme au figur&eacute;. Alors, le costume devient une protection, un abri auquel se raccrocher. L&rsquo;affrontement est anticip&eacute; d&egrave;s la s&eacute;ance d&rsquo;habillage, laquelle donne naissance au torero. &laquo;&nbsp;Le<i>traje de luces</i>rev&ecirc;t le torero mais le mod&egrave;le &eacute;galement&nbsp;; il le sculpte, le redresse, le met au monde une seconde fois&nbsp;&raquo; d&eacute;clare &agrave; juste titre Dani&egrave;le Carbonel (2004, p. 15). C&rsquo;est au cours de ce rituel que l&rsquo;homme devient torero et, en effet, on peut le voir se transformer lorsqu&rsquo;il enfile ce costume. Son corps s&rsquo;&eacute;tire, se cambre. Son port de t&ecirc;te change &eacute;galement. Son visage est alors diff&eacute;rent. Il est torero<a name="_ftnref14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a>. Bien que les proches du torero puissent assister &agrave; la c&eacute;r&eacute;monie, la solennit&eacute; de l&rsquo;instant ainsi que les longs silences qui l&rsquo;accompagnent permettent au matador de se connecter &agrave; son corps, de l&rsquo;exp&eacute;rimenter &agrave; travers les diff&eacute;rentes couches de l&rsquo;habit de lumi&egrave;re. Dans la difficult&eacute; d&rsquo;enfiler chaque &eacute;l&eacute;ment, excessivement &eacute;triqu&eacute;, l&rsquo;habit devient une nouvelle peau pour le torero. &laquo;&nbsp;Lorsqu&rsquo;il adh&egrave;re au corps du torero, comprimant ses muscles et soulignant ses veines, il acc&egrave;de &agrave; une r&eacute;alit&eacute; latente, presque vivante, et acquiert l&rsquo;importance de l&rsquo;indispensable&nbsp;&raquo; (Carbonel, 2004, p. 4). Ce corps que l&rsquo;on montre est aussi celui qui travaille, avec l&rsquo;id&eacute;e que le costume ne fait pas que rev&ecirc;tir. Le costume occupe, rassure, vit avec chaque mouvement du torero. Symboliquement, l&rsquo;habit de lumi&egrave;re rend le corps plus fort, corps qui, paradoxalement, doit s&rsquo;oublier au profit du spectacle.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:24px"><b>Le corps au service de la passion</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:24px"><img style="width:287px; height:236px" /><br clear="ALL" /> Le torero est un athl&egrave;te qui, en qualit&eacute; de sportif, sculpte son corps au gr&eacute; des efforts. De longues pr&eacute;parations sportives et techniques ainsi que des repas &eacute;quilibr&eacute;s et di&eacute;t&eacute;tiques, entre autres, permettent au corps du torero d&rsquo;&ecirc;tre &agrave; la hauteur des exigences de l&rsquo;ar&egrave;ne. Une vie de sacrifice, en somme. D&rsquo;ailleurs, les matadors sont graciles, parfois m&ecirc;me fluets au demeurant, dot&eacute;s de muscles saillants, ainsi qu&rsquo;en t&eacute;moigne ce clich&eacute; assez repr&eacute;sentatif de l&rsquo;&ecirc;tre torero<a name="_ftnref15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">[15]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:24px">Face &agrave; l&rsquo;animal, le torero doit &ecirc;tre particuli&egrave;rement affut&eacute; pour esquiver les charges avec autant de gr&acirc;ce que d&rsquo;imp&eacute;tuosit&eacute;. C&rsquo;est pourquoi le corps se met au service de la passion, et ce, pour maintenir le sujet en vie. Un corps n&eacute;glig&eacute; serait-il capable de dominer un taureau de plus de 600 kilos, d&rsquo;&eacute;viter avec agilit&eacute; une corne perdue&nbsp;? Un corps insuffisamment pr&eacute;par&eacute; pourrait-il survivre au combat de l&rsquo;ar&egrave;ne&nbsp;? Le moindre faux pas peut &ecirc;tre fatal&nbsp;: dans le spectacle qu&rsquo;est la corrida, la deuxi&egrave;me chance n&rsquo;existe pas. Orson Welles le formulait par ailleurs en ces termes&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;le torero est un acteur auquel il arrive de vraies choses&nbsp;&raquo; (Payot, 2010), la dangerosit&eacute; du taureau n&rsquo;&eacute;tant plus &agrave; d&eacute;montrer<a name="_ftnref16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a>. Le corps est, en ce sens, le dernier rempart susceptible de prot&eacute;ger le torero de la mort. Le corps travaille donc sans rel&acirc;che, s&rsquo;entra&icirc;ne, se b&acirc;t pour devenir, enfin, le corps du torero. Unique chor&eacute;graphe de sa faena<a name="_ftnref17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">[17]</span></span></span></span></a>, le torero-danseur s&rsquo;exprime par des jeux corporels qui n&rsquo;appartiennent qu&rsquo;&agrave; lui. L&rsquo;intensit&eacute; et l&rsquo;engagement du corps sont totaux. Dans le style tremendisme, cet engagement corporel atteint sans doute son paroxysme, dans la mesure o&ugrave; le matador expose son corps en s&rsquo;approchant au plus pr&egrave;s de l&rsquo;animal. Cette mise en danger excessive entend susciter la peur et l&rsquo;angoisse du public (Durand, 2005).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:24px">Pourtant, le corps est, avant tout, un outil, voire un objet. &laquo;&nbsp;Pendant le combat, le torero doit rester impeccable, &laquo;&nbsp;sin despeinarse, ni mancharse&nbsp;&raquo; (sans se d&eacute;coiffer, ni se tacher), dit la tradition&nbsp;&raquo; (Carbonel, 2004, p. 11). Car, le torero est en repr&eacute;sentation&nbsp;: il doit ainsi combattre avec la plus grande &eacute;l&eacute;gance et se montrer &agrave; la sortie de l&rsquo;ar&egrave;ne aussi impeccable qu&rsquo;&agrave; son entr&eacute;e. Pas de boue, ni de sang. Il ne doit &ecirc;tre ni &eacute;chevel&eacute;, ni empreint de sueur. Le corps doit rester intact et impeccable dans son bel habit de lumi&egrave;re. Toutefois, subsiste une ambivalence&nbsp;: le corps, entra&icirc;n&eacute; et pr&eacute;par&eacute; pour combattre, que l&rsquo;on exhibe, doit finalement &ecirc;tre oubli&eacute; pendant le combat. Aussi le torero Patrick Olivier d&eacute;clare-t-il que &laquo;&nbsp;le torero ne doit pas donner trop d&rsquo;importance au corps&nbsp;&raquo; (Oliver, 2011). Mais, dans quelle mesure et dans quel sens est-il possible de d&eacute;centrer son attention du corps qui permet de bouger, de combattre, d&rsquo;exister et, au-del&agrave;, de survivre&nbsp;? Le m&ecirc;me torero ajoute alors que &laquo;&nbsp;la tauromachie est un art qui exige, au-del&agrave; de la technique, de parvenir &agrave; l&rsquo;oubli de soi, de son propre corps&nbsp;&raquo;. L&rsquo;id&eacute;e de sacrifice, de dompter la peur pour se d&eacute;passer et pouvoir vivre de sa passion, transpara&icirc;t volontiers ici. La passion, sur laquelle il convient d&rsquo;insister, est une condition&nbsp;<i>sine qua non</i>dans cette tentative plus ou moins aboutie d&rsquo;oubli du corps. Elle en est m&ecirc;me responsable, contrairement aux enjeux des si&egrave;cles pass&eacute;s. Effectivement, si, au si&egrave;cle dernier, les jeunes hommes fam&eacute;liques pouvaient mettre leur vie en jeu pour se donner une once d&rsquo;espoir, aujourd&rsquo;hui il n&rsquo;en est rien. Ainsi l&rsquo;explique Francis Wolff&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt">&nbsp;</p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt; margin-right:19px; margin-left:19px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><i>Des coups de corne, des nuits de voiture, des articles d&eacute;daigneux de la critique taurine, des injures de la part des anti-taurins, des blessures de corps ou d&rsquo;amour-propre, tel est souvent leur lot. Et pourtant, il s&rsquo;en trouve tous les jours qui prennent la cape et l&rsquo;&eacute;p&eacute;e et se hasardent &agrave; se v&ecirc;tir de vertus h&eacute;ro&iuml;ques pour affronter des animaux dans une ar&egrave;ne. La raison vacille devant leur &eacute;trange d&eacute;fi. Ce myst&egrave;re a un nom&nbsp;: l&rsquo;</i><i>afici&oacute;n, autrement dit la passion du taureau. Il n&rsquo;en est pas moins un myst&egrave;re</i>. (Wolff, 2007, p. 120)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:24px">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;L&rsquo;ensemble des difficult&eacute;s qui jonchent cette profession t&eacute;moigne de la force mentale des toreros. Le psychisme doit prendre le dessus, surtout lorsque le corps est meurtri, et il l&rsquo;est tr&egrave;s souvent. Les personnages de l&rsquo;ar&egrave;ne ont, en effet, des corps couverts de cicatrices, d&rsquo;ecchymoses, et reprennent malgr&eacute; tout le chemin du combat, faisant fi de leur enveloppe corporelle. C&rsquo;est le mental qui dicte le retour au combat, lorsque notamment le corps du torero est bless&eacute;, ensanglant&eacute; et probablement fort douloureux. Un torero frapp&eacute; peut rester en piste,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt; margin-right:19px; margin-left:19px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><i>debout, livide, pour terminer sa faena et s&rsquo;&eacute;vanouit au moment pr&eacute;cis o&ugrave; le taureau s&rsquo;&eacute;croule&nbsp;: comme si son corps, en d&eacute;faillant, s&rsquo;&eacute;tait enfin impos&eacute; &agrave; sa force d&rsquo;&acirc;me, comme si son &ecirc;tre de torero s&rsquo;&eacute;chappait de lui pour lui signifier la fin de son office. On songe aussi &agrave; certains corps &agrave; corps &eacute;piques, Domingo Valderrama face &agrave; des Miuras qui le d&eacute;passaient d&rsquo;une t&ecirc;te, c&rsquo;est lui qui &eacute;tait grand. Ou les combats, de puissance &agrave; puissance, de C&eacute;sar Rinc</i><i>&oacute;n&agrave; Madrid, au d&eacute;but des ann&eacute;es 1990&nbsp;: a-t-on d&eacute;j&agrave; vu un corps si vuln&eacute;rable au service d&rsquo;une &acirc;me si g&eacute;n&eacute;reusement r&eacute;sistance&nbsp;? Ou encore Nime</i><i>&ntilde;oII, dans les ar&egrave;nes de N&icirc;mes, le 14 mai 1989, rest&eacute; seul face &agrave; cinq Guardiola terribles, dont l&rsquo;un a d&eacute;j&agrave; envoy&eacute; son compagnon Victor Mendes &agrave; l&rsquo;infirmerie&nbsp;: et voici Nime</i><i>&ntilde;o, face &agrave; ce taureau criminel qui manque de le tuer, puis aux quatre autres, capes, banderilles, muleta, &eacute;p&eacute;e, et lui toujours aussi fr&ecirc;le et toujours plus grand de taureau en taureau</i>. (Wolff, 2007, p. 120)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt">&nbsp;</p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:24px">L&rsquo;apparence physique n&rsquo;est, en ce sens, pas r&eacute;v&eacute;latrice du courage. L&rsquo;engagement du torero l&rsquo;est bien davantage. &Agrave; des &eacute;poques diff&eacute;rentes, les corps meurtris des toreros sont m&eacute;pris&eacute;s. Dans les ann&eacute;es 1950, Luis Miguel pr&eacute;cisait&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;mon corps porte les marques de seize coups de corne&nbsp;&raquo; (Carbonel, 2004, p. 5). Une d&eacute;cennie plus tard, El Cordob&eacute;s portait 16 m&egrave;tres de cicatrices sur tout le corps, inflig&eacute;es par des coups de corne. Il s&rsquo;est vu, en outre, transfuser 18 litres de sang au cours de sa carri&egrave;re de torero, ce qui est tout &agrave; fait extraordinaire. Padilla, qui tor&eacute;e jusqu&rsquo;en 2018, a re&ccedil;u au cours de sa carri&egrave;re 39 coups de corne, soit plus de deux fois plus que Luis Miguel. De surcro&icirc;t, il a &eacute;t&eacute; &eacute;nucl&eacute;&eacute;, ce qui lui a valu le surnom de&nbsp;<i>Pirata</i>&ndash; son &oelig;il &eacute;tant d&eacute;sormais recouvert par une coque brune, associ&eacute;e symboliquement &agrave; la piraterie. Ce personnage oublie totalement son corps pour poursuivre sa passion. En 2018, le corps en lambeaux, Padilla revient sur les devants de la sc&egrave;ne avant d&rsquo;&ecirc;tre encore bless&eacute;, toujours &agrave; la t&ecirc;te. Il effectue sa derni&egrave;re saison taurine &agrave; moiti&eacute; ras&eacute;, le cr&acirc;ne couvert de points de suture, sous les yeux terrifi&eacute;s du public des ar&egrave;nes. Il y a un kamikaze dans la r&eacute;alit&eacute; de Padilla, son corps et les souffrances qui lui sont associ&eacute;es semblent lui &ecirc;tre &eacute;trangers. Apr&egrave;s son retrait du monde taurin, il d&eacute;clare &agrave; un journaliste&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;je me suis rendu compte que le courage n&rsquo;est pas de se jeter devant un taureau, le vrai courage c&rsquo;est d&rsquo;affronter la vie comme elle vient&nbsp;&raquo;<a name="_ftnref18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a>. La philosophie de Padilla r&eacute;side, on le voit, dans l&rsquo;oubli du corps et dans l&rsquo;acceptation des al&eacute;as de la vie et du m&eacute;tier. Ainsi, le corps ab&icirc;m&eacute; sert la conscience de l&rsquo;artiste, qui entrevoit aussi ses propres limites.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt">&nbsp;</p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt; margin-right:19px; margin-left:19px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><i>Vivre son corps, ce n&rsquo;est pas seulement s&rsquo;assurer une ma&icirc;trise ou affirmer sa puissance, mais aussi d&eacute;couvrir sa servitude, reconna&icirc;tre sa faiblesse. Si notre peau conna&icirc;t et donne le plaisir de la caresse, elle subit aussi la douleur de la br&ucirc;lure du feu ou la morsure du froid&nbsp;; si nos muscles nous font go&ucirc;ter la jouissance de leurs jeux rythm&eacute;s et de leur puissance dans l&rsquo;acte accompli de la danse ou de la course, ils nous soumettent aux atroces tortures des crampes brutales et inopportunes. Bref, si notre corps magnifie la vie et ses possibilit&eacute;s infinies, il proclame en m&ecirc;me temps et avec la m&ecirc;me intensit&eacute;, notre mort future et notre finitude essentielle</i>. (Bernard, 1995, p. 4)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt">&nbsp;</p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:24px">Ces vicissitudes repr&eacute;sentent autant de maux physiques que psychologiques. Si le torero exhibe et oublie son corps sous son habit de lumi&egrave;re, il expose aussi ses cicatrices, symboles de son courage et de son abn&eacute;gation.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt">&nbsp;</p> <table align="left" style="caret-color:#000000; color:#000000; font-family:-webkit-standard; font-style:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:normal; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:auto; text-align:start; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:auto; word-spacing:0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust:auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-decoration:none"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:215px; height:0px">&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><img style="width:165px; height:282px" /></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:24px">Ainsi, une campagne publicitaire pour la feria de Saragosse pr&eacute;sente une s&eacute;rie de cartels sur lesquels les toreros sont largement d&eacute;nud&eacute;s, faisant montre de leurs multiples l&eacute;sions. Le corps, m&ecirc;me s&rsquo;il est temporairement oubli&eacute;, est mis en avant, parce que le corps du torero est mystique. D&rsquo;abord, il est l&rsquo;artefact vers lequel tous les regards sont focalis&eacute;s d&egrave;s le pas&eacute;o et jusqu&rsquo;&agrave; sa sortie de l&rsquo;ar&egrave;ne&nbsp;: il est toujours en repr&eacute;sentation. Ensuite, il a tous les attributs du guerrier h&eacute;ro&iuml;que, muscl&eacute; et couvert de cicatrices. Enfin, il est l&rsquo;enjeu du spectacle m&ecirc;me, mat&eacute;rialisant &laquo;&nbsp;l&rsquo;intelligence&nbsp;&raquo;, la ruse et la raison humaine face &agrave; la bestialit&eacute;, &agrave; la force brute animale.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:24px">En fin de compte, dans sa seconde peau protectrice, le torero exhibe son corps devant les spectateurs. L&rsquo;habit de lumi&egrave;re sublime ainsi la corpor&eacute;it&eacute; de l&rsquo;artiste, dont les parties les plus intimes sont largement ostensibles. C&rsquo;est ainsi que le corps du matador devient un objet de fantasme, tous les regards se posant sur lui. Ce corps, au service d&rsquo;une profession h&eacute;ro&iuml;que, est un moyen d&rsquo;expression et de cr&eacute;ativit&eacute;, qui peut fasciner comme r&eacute;vulser. Le langage corporel du matador s&rsquo;illustre par des passes, susceptibles d&rsquo;enchanter les aficionados. L&rsquo;habit de lumi&egrave;re, ayant trait &agrave; l&rsquo;histoire hispanique, scintille et rend aussi possible cet envo&ucirc;tement. Si le costume peut para&icirc;tre suggestif, il occulte &eacute;galement les multiples blessures et cicatrices recouvrant le corps mutil&eacute; de l&rsquo;homme qui se pr&eacute;sente seul face aux taureaux braves. Le corps, mis &agrave; rude &eacute;preuve au cours du combat, se doit d&rsquo;&ecirc;tre oubli&eacute; afin de faire face &agrave; la r&eacute;alit&eacute; de l&rsquo;affrontement, et ce, au nom d&rsquo;une passion, l&rsquo;<i>afici&oacute;n</i>. Faire fi des souffrances physiques pass&eacute;es et &agrave; venir au profit d&rsquo;un mental d&rsquo;acier permet de jouir d&rsquo;une forme de libert&eacute; et de t&eacute;m&eacute;rit&eacute; neuve dans l&rsquo;ar&egrave;ne. La chair devient, en ce sens, un symbole de courage, dont l&rsquo;homme torero peut tirer fiert&eacute;.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <div style="page-break-after: always"><span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></div> <p style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:24px"><b>Bibliographie</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:24px">Afanador, R. (2001).&nbsp;<i>Torero</i>. Zurich&nbsp;: Stemmle.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:24px">Aymes, J.-R. et Sala&uuml;n, S. (2001).&nbsp;<i>Le m&eacute;tissage culturel en Espagne</i>. Paris&nbsp;: Presses de la Sorbonne Nouvelle.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:24px">Barahona, P. et Ruso, F. (2018).&nbsp;Padilla, el torero que salv&oacute; al hombre llamado Juan Jos&eacute;. In&nbsp;<i>El Espa&ntilde;ol</i>. 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(2014).&nbsp;<i>La tauromachie</i>. Paris&nbsp;: Robert Laffont.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:24px">Bernard, M. (1995).&nbsp;<i>Le corps</i>. 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(1879).&nbsp;<i>La Tauromaquia o Arte de torear</i>, Madrid&nbsp;:&nbsp;Eduardo Mart&iacute;nez.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:24px">Le Breton, D. (2016).&nbsp;<i>La sociologie du corps</i>. Paris&nbsp;: Presses Universitaires de France, &laquo;&nbsp;Que sais-je&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:24px">Leira&nbsp;S&aacute;nchez, A.(2007).&nbsp;La moda espa&ntilde;ola en 1808. In&nbsp;<i>Revista del Museo del Traje</i>, n&deg;0.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:24px">L&oacute;pez, G. A. (2009).&nbsp;<i>El vestido de torear o traje de luces.</i>Madrid: Egartorre Libris.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:24px">Oliver, P. (2011). Le torero ne doit pas donner trop d&rsquo;importance au corps. In&nbsp;<i>Midi libre</i>. URL&nbsp;:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.midilibre.fr/2011/06/06/patrick-oliver-le-torero-ne-doit-pas-donner-trop-d-importance-au-corps,330864.php" style="color:purple; text-decoration:underline">https://www.midilibre.fr/2011/06/06/patrick-oliver-le-torero-ne-doit-pas-donner-trop-d-importance-au-corps,330864.php</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:24px">Payot, M. (2010). Quand la litt&eacute;rature s&rsquo;&eacute;prend de la corrida. In&nbsp;<i>L&rsquo;Express</i>. URL&nbsp;:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.lexpress.fr/culture/livre/quand-la-litterature-s-eprend-de-la-corrida_899558.html" style="color:purple; text-decoration:underline">https://www.lexpress.fr/culture/livre/quand-la-litterature-s-eprend-de-la-corrida_899558.html</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="line-height:24px">Wolff, F. (2007).&nbsp;<i>Philosophie de la corrida</i>. Paris&nbsp;: Fayard.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <div style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp; <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-family:-webkit-standard"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="line-height:24px"><a name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>Des standards physiques aux normes vestimentaires, le torero doit se conformer &agrave; toute une s&eacute;rie de r&egrave;gles relatives &agrave; la corpor&eacute;it&eacute;. S&rsquo;affranchir de ces codes rel&egrave;ve de l&rsquo;exceptionnel. (Guitard, 2017, pp. 19-38)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn2"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-family:-webkit-standard"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="line-height:24px"><a name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>Le pas&eacute;o est le d&eacute;fil&eacute; des toreros, pr&eacute;c&eacute;d&eacute;s par les alguazils et suivis par les hommes de piste et les trains d&rsquo;arrastre.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn3"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-family:-webkit-standard"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="line-height:24px"><a name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>Les alguazils, charg&eacute;s de faire respecter le r&egrave;glement taurin, sont des &laquo;&nbsp;cavaliers en costume noir portant une coiffure emplum&eacute;e, inspir&eacute;e de la tenue des officiers de police de l&rsquo;&eacute;poque de Philippe IV, qui, au nombre de deux, ouvrent le d&eacute;fil&eacute; de chaque corrida ou novillada&nbsp;&raquo;. (B&eacute;rard, 2014, p. 297)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn4"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-family:-webkit-standard"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="line-height:24px"><a name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>Il s&rsquo;agit du chapeau confectionn&eacute; en astrakan ou en laine noire boucl&eacute;e que portent les toreros &agrave; pied depuis le milieu du XIX<sup>e</sup>si&egrave;cle.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn5"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-family:-webkit-standard"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="line-height:24px"><a name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>&laquo;&nbsp;La pr&eacute;sidence d&rsquo;une corrida est assur&eacute;e par un pr&eacute;sident, repr&eacute;sentant de l&rsquo;autorit&eacute; civile de la ville, et de deux assesseurs, personnalit&eacute;s reconnues pour leurs comp&eacute;tences et parfois m&ecirc;me anciens toreros professionnels. Le r&ocirc;le de la pr&eacute;sidence est de veiller &agrave; ce que le d&eacute;roulement de la corrida soit conforme aux textes du r&egrave;glement taurin&nbsp;&raquo;. (B&eacute;rard, 2014, p. 800)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn6"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-family:-webkit-standard"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="line-height:24px"><a name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>&Agrave; nuancer cependant, car les deux premiers tiers du spectacle entra&icirc;nent la pr&eacute;sence d&rsquo;autres protagonistes (picadors et banderilleros).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn7"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-family:-webkit-standard"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="line-height:24px"><a name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>Le mundillo s&rsquo;applique &agrave; l&rsquo;ensemble des protagonistes de la corrida &ndash; apoderados, &eacute;leveurs de taureaux, impresarios, journalistes et critiques taurins, toreros, etc. Il s&rsquo;agit d&rsquo;un milieu secret, jug&eacute; imp&eacute;n&eacute;trable. (B&eacute;rard, 2014, p. 715)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn8"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-family:-webkit-standard"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="line-height:24px"><a name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>Historiquement, les nobles tor&eacute;aient &agrave; cheval lors des grandes c&eacute;r&eacute;monies pour attester de leur courage. &Agrave; compter du XVI<sup>e</sup>si&egrave;cle, les sources quant au&nbsp;<i>toreo</i>chevaleresque sont abondantes. (Guillaume-Alonso, 1994)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn9"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-family:-webkit-standard"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="line-height:24px"><a name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>Traduction&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;en chaque Espagnol, un roi&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn10"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-family:-webkit-standard"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="line-height:24px"><a name="_ftn10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a>En terres ib&egrave;res, les passages successifs de peuples d&rsquo;origines diverses ont parfois pu &ecirc;tre sanglants. Toutefois, les apports culturels qui en ont d&eacute;coul&eacute;s restent &agrave; ce jour non n&eacute;gligeables. (Aymes et Sala&uuml;n, 2001)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn11"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-family:-webkit-standard"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="line-height:24px"><a name="_ftn11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a>Outre ses multiples origines, l&rsquo;habit de lumi&egrave;re est compos&eacute; de plusieurs &eacute;l&eacute;ments brod&eacute;s et festonn&eacute;s. (L&oacute;pez, 2009)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn12"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-family:-webkit-standard"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="line-height:24px"><a name="_ftn12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a>Le travail du photographe colombien Ruven Afanador est &agrave; ce sujet explicite. (Afanador, 2001)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn13"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-family:-webkit-standard"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="line-height:24px"><a name="_ftn13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a>Seule une erreur ou un faux pas de la part du torero peut amener le taureau &agrave; heurter son corps.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn14"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-family:-webkit-standard"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><a name="_ftn14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a>Voir &agrave; ce sujet la d&eacute;finition de l&rsquo;&eacute;thique torera. (Wolff, 2007)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn15"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-family:-webkit-standard"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="line-height:24px"><a name="_ftn15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">[15]</span></span></span></span></a>M&ecirc;me si la s&eacute;lection n&rsquo;est &eacute;videmment pas exhaustive, cette photographie se veut repr&eacute;sentative de l&rsquo;allure du torero.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn16"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-family:-webkit-standard"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="line-height:24px"><a name="_ftn16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a>Au cours de chaque si&egrave;cle, des toreros ont trouv&eacute; la mort dans l&rsquo;ar&egrave;ne. Les trois derniers cas recens&eacute;s datent de 2016 et 2017 (El Pana, Victor Barrio et&nbsp;Ivan Fandi&ntilde;o).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn17"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-family:-webkit-standard"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="line-height:24px"><a name="_ftn17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">[17]</span></span></span></span></a>La faena est le troisi&egrave;me tiers de la corrida, au cours duquel le matador pr&eacute;pare l&rsquo;estocade.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn18"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-family:-webkit-standard"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><a name="_ftn18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a>Traduction&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;me di cuenta que el principal valor no estaba en ponerse delante del toro, el verdadero valor es afrontar la vida como viene&nbsp;&raquo;. (Barahona et Ruso, 2018)&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> </div>