<h1 style="text-indent:-18pt; margin-top:16px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:16pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span calibri="" light="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#2f5496"><span style="font-weight:normal"><b>Introduction </b></span></span></span></span></span></span></h1> <p style="text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span calibri="" light="" style="font-family:">1.1. </span></b><b><span calibri="" light="" style="font-family:">Contexte</span></b></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">L&rsquo;abb&eacute; Th&eacute;obald Lalanne [1880-1962] est cr&eacute;dit&eacute; par nombre d&rsquo;auteurs, dont Jean S&eacute;guy [1914-1973], fondateur de la dialectom&eacute;trie (S&eacute;guy 1971, 1973a-b), d&rsquo;avoir &eacute;t&eacute; pr&eacute;curseur en dialectologie quantitative, &agrave; travers un rapport de recherches in&eacute;dit en deux volumes (Lalanne 1949, 1952), qui relatait les conclusions de son terrain pour l&rsquo;ALG (<i>Atlas linguistique de Gascogne</i>) &ndash; atlas pionnier, sur le plan m&eacute;thodologique et th&eacute;orique, &agrave; bien des &eacute;gards, outre la somme de donn&eacute;es empiriques nouvelles, produites dans le cadre du projet NALF du <i>Nouvel Atlas Linguistique de France</i>, initi&eacute; par Albert Dauzat. Lalanne avait mis&eacute; sur l&rsquo;application de principes math&eacute;matiques simples pour aboutir &agrave; une computation de la variation dialectale<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a> dans le domaine du gascon maritime qui est majoritairement usit&eacute; dans l&rsquo;aire chor&eacute;matique landaise<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a> Alors qu&rsquo;il recherchait une confirmation quantitative des bourrelets d&rsquo;isoglosses de la dialectologie classique (ou &laquo;&nbsp;n&eacute;ogrammairienne&nbsp;&raquo;), il concluait, non sans &eacute;tonnement, &agrave; l&rsquo;ind&eacute;pendance des aires&nbsp;dans l&rsquo;espace du sous-dialecte qu&rsquo;il avait retenu, et qu&rsquo;il avait arpent&eacute; en tant qu&rsquo;enqu&ecirc;teur de l&rsquo;ALG. Si <i>computer</i> et <i>cogiter</i> constituent une boucle fondamentale dans la <i>production de connaissances</i>, selon Edgar Morin (1986&nbsp;: 105-125), alors ce rapport relevant de la litt&eacute;rature grise, r&eacute;dig&eacute; dans un esprit &agrave; la fois empirique (collecte des donn&eacute;es et observations sur les r&eacute;alit&eacute;s du terrain, en termes de sociologie et g&eacute;ographie humaine) et exp&eacute;rimental (cat&eacute;gorisations et quantification des variables, vicariance des param&egrave;tres, entre phonologie et lexique), constitue une somme exemplaire de travail sur la M&eacute;thode et sur la connaissance de la connaissance &ndash; une gnose &ndash; de tout premier ordre. Car dans l&rsquo;aporie &agrave; laquelle aboutit l&rsquo;auteur en r&eacute;alisant une premi&egrave;re tentative de quantification de la variation interponctuelle, &agrave; la recherche des fronti&egrave;res dialectales au sein d&rsquo;un sous-domaine interne &agrave; un dialecte occitan tel que le gascon, se cristallisent les doubles jeux de la connaissance, dans la relation dialogique qui se trame entre <i>compr&eacute;hension</i> de la complexit&eacute; des micro-fronti&egrave;res (<i>explicandum</i>) et <i>explication</i> (<i>explicans</i>) &ndash; cf. Morin, <i>op. cit.</i> 142-155).</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span calibri="" class="CorpsdetexteCar" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;Lalanne fait un usage des plus inventifs d&rsquo;analogies et de m&eacute;taphores emprunt&eacute;es aux sciences et techniques de son &eacute;poque&nbsp;: g&eacute;ologie, strat&eacute;gie militaire (&laquo;&nbsp;fronts&nbsp; invasifs&nbsp;&raquo;, &laquo;&nbsp;replis&nbsp;&raquo;, &laquo;&nbsp;avanc&eacute;es&nbsp;&raquo;, &laquo;&nbsp;d&eacute;routes&nbsp;&raquo;), tout comme en avait us&eacute; avant lui l&rsquo;un des fondateurs de la dialectologie, Jules Gilli&eacute;ron [1854-1926], quoique de mani&egrave;re tr&egrave;s diff&eacute;rente, puisque par bien des aspects, l&rsquo;approche de Lalanne est (pr&eacute;)structuraliste (avec une grande attention port&eacute;e par exemple &agrave; la distribution compl&eacute;mentaire des changements sociophon&eacute;tiques, dans son analyse et computation des donn&eacute;es). Lalanne sent bien que la nature des donn&eacute;es de son terrain r&eacute;siste &agrave; toute classification. L&rsquo;intrication, la trame domine partout &ndash; ce qui fait de lui davantage un partisan d&rsquo;un mod&egrave;le de cha&icirc;nes que d&rsquo;un mod&egrave;le arborescent&nbsp;; logique qu&rsquo;il appliquera &agrave; plus grande &eacute;chelle peu apr&egrave;s, sur un axe de versant alpes-oc&eacute;an (Lalanne 1951, et voir Fossat 2016 pour une r&eacute;flexion sur le &laquo;&nbsp;parcours&nbsp;&raquo; &eacute;pist&eacute;mologique de Lalanne)</span></span><span style="line-height:150%">. </span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Dans un premier temps, nous rendrons compte de l&rsquo;attitude de recherche de Lalanne et de sa gnose, en relation avec les sciences de son &eacute;poque. Dans un deuxi&egrave;me temps, nous r&eacute;futerons le pessimisme atomiste de Lalanne, qui &eacute;chouait &agrave; d&eacute;limiter des aires coh&eacute;rentes dans le vaste espace de plaines et de for&ecirc;ts de la Gascogne maritime, gr&acirc;ce aux outils r&eacute;cents issus de sa tentative pionni&egrave;re de computation de la variation g&eacute;olinguistique, en soumettant ses donn&eacute;es, aujourd&rsquo;hui compil&eacute;es dans le THESOC (aimablement fournies par Guylaine Brun-Trigaud, <span style="line-height:150%"><span style="color:black">CNRS-Universit&eacute; C&ocirc;te d&#39;Azur</span></span>) et celles de Philippe Lartigue (2016), &agrave; l&rsquo;application en ligne <em>Gabmap</em><a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a>.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Les donn&eacute;es de l&rsquo;atlas linguistique constitu&eacute;es par Philippe Lartigue (1992) sont bien plus abondantes en densit&eacute; g&eacute;ographique (56 points<a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a> au lieu de 11), mais ne repr&eacute;sentent qu&rsquo;un secteur r&eacute;duit, situ&eacute; au nord de l&rsquo;aire &eacute;tudi&eacute;e par Lalanne. La comparaison des deux s&eacute;ries de donn&eacute;es, recueillies &agrave; un demi-si&egrave;cle de distance, est &eacute;difiante<a href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a>. </span></span></span></p> <ol start="2"> <li style="margin-top:3px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:13pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span calibri="" light="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#2f5496"><span style="font-weight:normal">Complexit&eacute; vs r&eacute;duction dans la saisie des Objets de connaissance dialectologiques</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> </ol> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Nous reprenons &agrave; Sylvain Auroux une tripartition &eacute;l&eacute;mentaire des dimensions de l&rsquo;activit&eacute; savante&nbsp;: 1) le composant <i>cognitif</i>, ou CC, 2) le composant <i>social</i> (CS) et le <i>composant</i> <i>pratique</i> (CP). Une m&ecirc;me activit&eacute; peut rev&ecirc;tir tour &agrave; tour ou selon le regard qu&rsquo;on jette sur ses produits l&rsquo;un ou l&rsquo;autre ou chacun de ces trois composants&nbsp;: la classification des dialectes d&rsquo;un domaine linguistique est un <i>geste</i> ou une <i>saisie</i> cens&eacute;e relever du composant cognitif (contribuer &agrave; l&rsquo;avancement des connaissances). Mais on sait combien elle est socialement induite par le c<i>omposant social</i>, ne serait-ce que par les &eacute;tiquettes g&eacute;ohistoriques, de terroirs et aires culturelles dans lesquelles le classificateur va puiser, <i>volens nolens</i>. Le recrutement des chercheurs affect&eacute;s aux enqu&ecirc;tes et &agrave; la conception cartographique (lemmatisation, commentaires, trac&eacute;s d&rsquo;isoglosses) a &eacute;t&eacute; fortement d&eacute;termin&eacute; par leurs origines sociales, qui en faisait sinon des locuteurs de dialectes gallo-romans, du moins des personnes connaissant les milieux ruraux dialectophones depuis leur enfance. Par ailleurs, le<i> composant pratique </i>intervient &agrave; tous les niveaux et diverses &eacute;tapes&nbsp;: depuis le choix des domaines linguistiques &agrave; couvrir pour un projet comme le NALF<a href="#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a>, afin de proposer une liste coh&eacute;rente et cr&eacute;dible de r&eacute;gions &agrave; couvrir par les volumes d&rsquo;atlas linguistiques &agrave; &eacute;diter dans la programmation de la recherche, jusqu&rsquo;aux usages que la soci&eacute;t&eacute; civile va pouvoir faire ensuite des r&eacute;sultats de la recherche, en en tirant des cartes de synth&egrave;se lisibles par tous, comme le montre dans la figure 1a <i>infra</i> la juxtaposition de cartes d&eacute;limitant les fronti&egrave;res dialectales internes du gascon par Jean S&eacute;guy (vol. VI de l&rsquo;ALG) <i>vs</i> la synth&egrave;se et l&rsquo;&eacute;dition en couleur et bien plus lisible qu&rsquo;en ont donn&eacute; r&eacute;cemment le linguiste ind&eacute;pendant Philippe Lartigue&nbsp;et le graphiste Hugo Charles-Chauvet &ndash; figure 1b. </span></span></span></p> <table align="center" class="MsoTableGrid" style="width:709px; border-collapse:collapse; border:none" width="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:425px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Fig. 1a. Fronti&egrave;res dialectales du gascon selon l&rsquo;ALG 6</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:283px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Fig. 1b. Philippe Lartigue&nbsp;et Hugo Charles-Chauvet</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:425px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="635" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_885_26_image-20230328101014-1.png" width="853" /></p> </td> <td style="width:283px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="580" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_885_26_image-20230328101014-2.png" width="438" /></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="line-height:150%">Ces trois objets de connaissance (OdC) sont intrins&egrave;quement tr&egrave;s diff&eacute;rents, en termes de </span><span calibri="" class="CorpsdetexteCar" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">complexit&eacute;&nbsp;: la carte &laquo;&nbsp;fronti&egrave;res dialectales du gascon&nbsp;&raquo;, &agrave; gauche, int&egrave;gre la notion de syst&egrave;mes ouverts et une s&eacute;rie de gradients (les premiers sont indiqu&eacute;s par des fronti&egrave;res en pointill&eacute;s pouvant d&eacute;boucher sur du vide, &agrave; la mani&egrave;re d&rsquo;un labyrinthe, comme dans la cartographie d&rsquo;Henri Guiter, les seconds, par l&rsquo;&eacute;paisseur des traits et des pointill&eacute;s constituant les d&eacute;limitations) , en revanche, la carte Lartigue-Chauvet se pr&eacute;sente comme une synth&egrave;se r&eacute;ductionniste &agrave; fronti&egrave;res &eacute;paisses, mais int&eacute;grant &eacute;galement un gradient par le jeu des densit&eacute;s chromatiques (cf. les teintes qui diff&eacute;rencient le gascon central et les diverses vari&eacute;t&eacute;s de gascon m&eacute;ridional, etc.).</span></span></span></span></span></p> <ol start="2"> <li style="margin-top:16px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:16pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span calibri="" light="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#2f5496"><span style="font-weight:normal">La gnose de Th&eacute;obald Lalanne</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> </ol> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Voyons en quoi consiste le point de vue de Th. Lalanne sur l&rsquo;ontologie des <i>dialectes</i> &ndash; &agrave; laquelle, de mani&egrave;re dialectique, il oppose l&rsquo;ontologie des <i>aires dialectales</i>&nbsp;au sens popp&eacute;rien du terme : </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoListNumberCxSpFirst" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-17.85pt; margin-left:24px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:125%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">a) Le continuum dialectal prime sur toute trame permettant de tracer des limites dialectales&nbsp;: le <i>dialecte</i> ne peut &ecirc;tre ni vu ni reconnu dans une relation de proximit&eacute; g&eacute;ographique&nbsp;: c&rsquo;est la distance spatiale qui permet,<i> a posteriori</i>, de comparer des vari&eacute;t&eacute;s dialectales d&rsquo;un diasyst&egrave;me complexe (cf. Weinreixh 1954 au sujet de la notion de diasyst&egrave;me, en tant que m&eacute;tasyst&egrave;me de syst&egrave;mes dialectaux constituant un domaine dialectal, d&rsquo;un point de vue structuraliste). Sinon, la seule entit&eacute; que l&rsquo;on puisse voir, saisir, est l&rsquo;<i>aire dialectale </i>&ndash; la seule entit&eacute; &agrave; voir son ontologie justifi&eacute;e sur les cartes g&eacute;olinguistiques qu&rsquo;utilise le dialectologue.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoListNumberCxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-17.85pt; margin-left:24px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:125%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">b) Aucune fronti&egrave;re n&rsquo;est imperm&eacute;able &agrave; une multitude d&rsquo;innovations et de tendances qui parcourent l&rsquo;espace dialectal de proche en proche&nbsp;: il en r&eacute;sulte un brassage constant, d&ucirc; &agrave; la mobilit&eacute; des populations humaines, par les &eacute;changes sociaux (march&eacute;s, intermariages, etc.).</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoListNumberCxSpLast" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-17.85pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:24px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:125%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">c) Dans les Landes de Gascogne, le brassage des aires est probablement tr&egrave;s ancien. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span calibri="" class="CorpsdetexteCar" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Au sujet de ce dernier point, Lalanne &eacute;carte r&eacute;solument la n&eacute;cessit&eacute; de consulter des sources &eacute;crites, qu&rsquo;il juge trop disparates et peu repr&eacute;sentatives des usages r&eacute;els &ndash; de simples usages, souvent dialectalement mixtes, de scribes, d&rsquo;ordre idiolectal. La d&eacute;marche de Th. Lalanne diff&egrave;re sur ce point de celle de Georges Millardet qui, dans la tradition de son ma&icirc;tre bordelais E. Bourciez, a &eacute;dit&eacute; et exploit&eacute; dans ses analyses dialectologiques un corpus important de textes anciens landais (Millardet 1910c). De fait, son approche se veut r&eacute;solument synchronique&nbsp;: il expose une &agrave; une les aires phonologiques et lexicales, comme dans la Fig. 2b, pour saisir la variable du &laquo;&nbsp;juintement&nbsp;&raquo; (z &gt; ʒ), et reporter les sous-syst&egrave;mes de s&eacute;ries structurales comme dans la Fig. 2a&nbsp;: dans le syst&egrave;me de notation de Lalanne I = attaque Initiale de mot, T = attaque inTervocalique &amp; contexte postconsonantique, si bien que la carte de synth&egrave;se saisit pour un <i>J</i> latin (approximante palatale) les contextes C &rarr; <i>j, z, ʒ</i> / #_, V_V, C_.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <table align="center" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:253px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px" valign="top"> <p align="center" class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Fig. 2a&nbsp;Aire phonologique (<i>j</i> &gt;) <i>z &gt; z, ʒ</i> (1952, II&nbsp;: 72</span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:232px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px" valign="top"> <p align="center" class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Fig. 2b. Fragment d&rsquo;inventaire d&rsquo;ind&eacute;pendance des aires (id.&nbsp;: 74)</span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:253px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px" valign="top"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:8px"><img height="591" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_885_26_image-20230328101014-3.png" width="546" /></p> </td> <td style="width:232px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px" valign="top"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:8px"><img height="589" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_885_26_image-20230328101014-4.png" width="499" /></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:8px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span calibri="" class="CorpsdetexteCar" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;C&rsquo;est du strict point de vue de l&rsquo;analyse distributionnelle que </span></span>Lalanne s&rsquo;astreint &agrave; compter ces occurrences ind&eacute;pendantes dans le r&eacute;seau dialectal, et il parvient &agrave; des mesures non plus seulement intuitives, mais quantifi&eacute;es. Il &eacute;crit</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:8px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&laquo;&nbsp;Ces chiffres, cet &eacute;miettement impitoyable, not&eacute; tout au long de notre patient itin&eacute;raire de 230kms, nous donne (...) une id&eacute;e plus exacte de notre parler qu&rsquo;un cloisonnement fantaisiste, fuyant et inv&eacute;rifiable, en dialectes et sous-dialectes. Mais on entrevoit d&eacute;j&agrave; l&rsquo;utilisation que pourront faire f&eacute;libres et linguistes de cette distribution des aires pour d&eacute;limiter des parlers, vrais ou imaginaires, pour d&eacute;cerner &agrave; chaque r&eacute;gion &laquo; un dialecte de complaisance &raquo;. Avez-vous besoin de 500 oppositions ? Sautez ce ruisseau. - en voulez-vous 1000 ? Traversez ce petit village !&raquo; (Lalanne, 1952 : 131 &eacute;d. de l&rsquo;Atelier d&rsquo;Histoire Trait d&rsquo;Union Labatut 2018 : 135). </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Il d&eacute;crit en ces termes le &laquo;&nbsp;parler noir&nbsp;&raquo; qui est au centre de son enqu&ecirc;te&nbsp;: </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&laquo; Cet <i>&euml; </i>tonique, tr&egrave;s choquant pour les &eacute;trangers, fait scandale aux environs, et comme il s&rsquo;ajoute aux &euml; initiaux et int&eacute;rieurs, il se trouve que plus de 30% des syllabes sont d&eacute;color&eacute;es.<i> l&euml; p&euml;ly&euml; d&euml; l&euml; h&euml;mn&euml; k&rsquo;&euml;s n&euml;g&euml;<a href="#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[7]</span></span></span></b></span></span></a> </i>est une phrase courante qui n&rsquo;&eacute;tonne aucun indig&egrave;ne, malgr&eacute; ses dix<i> &euml; </i>cons&eacute;cutifs, mais qui ahurit le linguiste et d&eacute;courage le po&egrave;te. Les voisins raillent tant de noirceur, et les f&eacute;libres ne sont pas loin de regarder le littoral comme la honte du gascon. Les usagers eux-m&ecirc;mes, en d&eacute;placement, reprennent conscience de la trivialit&eacute; de leur phon&eacute;tique &raquo; (Lalanne, 1952, l&rsquo;IALGM, I : 23). </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Le d&eacute;cor et les principaux axes de l&rsquo;exercice t&eacute;l&eacute;ologique de Th. Lalanne visant &agrave; d&eacute;montrer une proposition telle que <i>les dialectes n&rsquo;existent pas&nbsp;; seules les aires dialectales existent</i>, nous proposons de reprendre les donn&eacute;es dialectales gascon maritime, en puisant &agrave; diverses sources (ALG, atlas linguistique en ligne de Ph. Lartigue<a href="#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a>). </span></span></span></p> <ol start="3"> <li style="text-align:justify; margin-top:16px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:16pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span calibri="" light="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#2f5496"><span style="font-weight:normal">Au-del&agrave; de Lalanne, mais en continuit&eacute; de la dialectom&eacute;trie de Lalanne</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> </ol> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Commen&ccedil;ons par <i>tester</i> une partie des donn&eacute;es recueillies par l&rsquo;abb&eacute; Lalanne, qui ont servi de base empirique &agrave; son essai de 1949-52, avant d&rsquo;&ecirc;tre vers&eacute;es au patrimoine commun, par leur publication dans les volumes de l&rsquo;ALG, puis saisies dans le THESOC. Les figures 3 et 4 rendent compte de la structure statistique des donn&eacute;es (Fig. 3a) et de leur structure topologique dans la Fig. 3b (le r&eacute;seau des localit&eacute;s sur la carte <em>MyMap</em> appliqu&eacute;e &agrave; <em>Gabmap</em>). Le tableau de la Fig. 4 donne &agrave; voir un aper&ccedil;u de la diff&eacute;rence interponctuelle, pour la r&eacute;gion couverte.</span></span></span></p> <h2 style="text-indent:-18pt; margin-top:3px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:13pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span calibri="" light="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#2f5496"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span calibri="" class="Sous-titreCar" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#595959"><span style="letter-spacing:0.75pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%">3.1 La s&eacute;rie A de donn&eacute;es&nbsp;: traitement par Gabmap</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h2> <p class="MsoBodyText2" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:110%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Une premi&egrave;re s&eacute;rie de donn&eacute;es rassemble 71 items ou entr&eacute;es lexicales comparables terme &agrave; terme en tant que cognats, choisis pour une &eacute;tude phonologique, tous issus de l&rsquo;ALG<a href="#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a>. Il s&rsquo;agit des donn&eacute;es recueillies par Th. Lalanne et sur lesquelles il a fond&eacute; ses deux &eacute;tudes de 1949 et 1952. Ce corpus nous fournira une certaine ampleur de vue avant de nous focaliser sur le c&oelig;ur du &laquo;&nbsp;gascon noir&nbsp;&raquo;, &agrave; l&rsquo;aide du plus r&eacute;cent atlas linguistique des Landes gasconnes dont nous disposons &agrave; ce jour (Lartigue 1992). </span></span></span></p> <table align="center" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:254px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:32px" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Fig. 3a. Distribution des donn&eacute;es THESOC (ALG)&nbsp;: spectre de la variation, phonologie</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:218px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:32px" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Fig. 3b. R&eacute;seau de points d&rsquo;enqu&ecirc;tes de l&rsquo;ALG retenu pour ce test</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:254px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:230px" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="500" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_885_26_image-20230328101014-5.png" width="600" /></p> </td> <td style="width:218px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:230px" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="788" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_885_26_image-20230328101014-6.png" width="573" /></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:8px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span calibri="" class="CorpsdetexteCar" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Voici un &eacute;chantillon de donn&eacute;es constituant la base trait&eacute;e par Gabmap, par distance d&rsquo;&eacute;dition sur cha&icirc;nes segmentales (Fig. 4)</span></span><span style="line-height:150%">&nbsp;: </span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Fig. 4. Extrait de la base de donn&eacute;es THESOC</span></span></span></span></span></p> <table class="Table" style="width:594px; border-collapse:collapse" width="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px; background-color:#dbdbdb" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px; background-color:#dbdbdb" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">abeille</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px; background-color:#dbdbdb" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">chapeau</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px; background-color:#dbdbdb" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">oeil</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px; background-color:#dbdbdb" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">oeuf</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px; background-color:#dbdbdb" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">chemin&eacute;e</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Bia</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">a&beta;ˈ&oelig;ʎə</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">ʃapˈɛw</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">wˈ&oelig;ʎ</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">ˈɛw</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">ʃəminˈe</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Bisca</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">a&beta;ˈ&oelig;ʎə</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">kapˈɛt</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">ˈyʎ</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">ˈyw</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">tʲjaminˈɛjə</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Cas</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#343a40">a&beta;ˈ&oelig;ʎə</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#343a40">kapˈɛw</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#343a40">ɡwˈ&oelig;ʎ</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">wˈyw / wˈ&oelig;w</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#343a40">ʃəminˈe</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Hos</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">a&beta;ˈ&oelig;ʎə</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">kapˈɛt</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">ˈyʎ</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">ˈyw</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">tʲjaminˈɛjə</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Lue</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">a&beta;ˈ&oelig;ʎə</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">kapˈɛt</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">wˈ&oelig;ʎ / ɡwˈ&oelig;ʎ</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">wˈyw</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">tʲjaminˈɛjə</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Lux</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">a&beta;ˈ&oelig;ʎə</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">kapˈɛt</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">ˈyʎ</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">ˈyw</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">tʃaminˈɛjə</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Mim</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">a&beta;ˈ&oelig;ʎə</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">kapˈɛt</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">wˈ&oelig;ʎ</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">wˈyw</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">tʲjaminˈɛjə</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">M&eacute;z</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">a&beta;ˈ&oelig;ʎə</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">ʃapˈɛw</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">wˈ&oelig;ʎ</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">wˈyw</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">ʃeminˈe</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Par</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">a&beta;ˈ&oelig;ʎə</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">kapˈɛt</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">ˈyʎ / wˈ&oelig;ʎ</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">wˈyw</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">tʲjaminˈɛjə</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Sab</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">a&beta;ˈ&oelig;ʎə</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">kapˈɛt</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">wˈ&oelig;ʎ</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">wˈ&oelig;w</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">tʲjaminˈɛjə</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:21px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Sal</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:21px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">a&beta;ˈ&oelig;ʎə</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:21px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">kapˈɛt</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:21px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">ˈyʎ</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:21px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">ˈyw</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:21px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">tʃaminˈɛjə</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Smdh</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">a&beta;ˈ&oelig;ʎə</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">ʃapˈɛw</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">wˈ&oelig;ʎ</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">ˈɛw</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">ʃ&oslash;minˈɛjə</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Sous</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">a&beta;ˈ&oelig;ʎə</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">ʃapˈɛw</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">wˈ&oelig;ʎ</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">wˈ&oelig;w</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">ʃəminˈɛ</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">SS</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">a&beta;ˈ&oelig;ʎə</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">kapˈɛt</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">ˈyʎ</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">ˈyw</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">tʲjaminˈɛjə</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Svdp</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">a&beta;ˈ&oelig;ʎə</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">ʃapˈɛw</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">ɡwˈ&oelig;ʎ</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">ɡwˈ&oelig;w</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">tʲjaminˈɛjə</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Tar</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">a&beta;ˈ&oelig;ʎə</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">ʃapˈɛw</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">ˈ&oelig;ʎ</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">ˈew</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">ʃ&oslash;minˈɛjə</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Urt</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">a&beta;ˈ&oelig;ʎə</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">ʃapˈɛw</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">wˈ&oelig;ʎ</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">ˈew</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">ʃ&oslash;minˈɛjə</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Vsg</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">a&beta;ˈ&oelig;ʎə</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">ʃapˈɛw</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">wˈ&oelig;ʎ</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">wˈɔw / wˈyw</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">ʃəminˈe</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Yss</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">a&beta;ˈ&oelig;ʎə</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">ʃapˈɛw</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">wˈ&oelig;ʎ</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">wˈ&oelig;w</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">tʲjaminˈɛjə</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">LTdB</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">a&beta;ˈeʎə</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">kapˈɛt</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">ˈyʎ</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">ˈew</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">tʲjaminˈɛjə</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Sau</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">a&beta;ˈeʎə</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">kapˈɛt</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">ˈyʎ</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">ˈew</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">ʃəminˈɛjə</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#222222">Cap</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">a&beta;ˈeʎə</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">kapˈɛt</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">ˈyʎ</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">ˈɛw</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">tʲjaminˈɛjə</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#222222">Labrit</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">a&beta;ˈeʎə</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">ʃapˈɛw</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">ɡwˈḛɲ</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">wˈew</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:99px; padding:0cm 5px 0cm 5px; height:19px" valign="bottom"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">tʲjaminˈɛjə</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">C&rsquo;est sur ces caract&egrave;res que vont &ecirc;tre calcul&eacute;s <i>absences</i>, <i>ajouts</i> ou <i>substitutions</i> de segments dans les grilles d&rsquo;appariement de <em>Gabmap</em>, qui &eacute;tablissent un score de distance d&rsquo;&eacute;dition pour chaque localit&eacute;, en relation avec l&rsquo;ensemble du r&eacute;seau. Le logiciel analyse sur ce protocole de lecture, qui n&rsquo;est jamais que celui d&rsquo;un correcteur orthographique (cf. Levenshtein 1966), scores de distance interponctuelle, comme ci-dessous pour l&rsquo;entr&eacute;e &lsquo;&oelig;ufs&rsquo; de la base de donn&eacute;es&nbsp;:&nbsp; les points<em> Sal </em>et <em>Lgl</em> pour cet item cumulent 2 diff&eacute;rences&nbsp;: un point par ajout &agrave; l&rsquo;initiale (proth&egrave;se <i>w-</i>), un autre point pour la variation d&rsquo;aperture et de position de la voyelle&nbsp;: haute labiopalatale /y/ vs mi-basse v&eacute;laire /ɔ/. Le bin&ocirc;me Lou-Sol en revanche ne conna&icirc;t que la premi&egrave;re r&egrave;gle (la proth&egrave;se <i>w-</i> en contexte pr&eacute;vocalique labiale), mais pas la variation &agrave; la fois libre (car diatopique) et contextuelle (incidence du contexte labial dans la cha&icirc;ne segmentale) de la voyelle.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Sal &mdash; Lgl </span></span></span></span></span></p> <table class="Table"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="padding:.100px .100px .100px .100px"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="padding:.100px .100px .100px .100px"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;ˈ&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="padding:.100px .100px .100px .100px"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;y&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="padding:.100px .100px .100px .100px"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;w&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="padding:.100px .100px .100px .100px"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;s&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="padding:.100px .100px .100px .100px"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:">&nbsp; </span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:.100px .100px .100px .100px"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;w&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="padding:.100px .100px .100px .100px"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;ˈ&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="padding:.100px .100px .100px .100px"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;ɔ&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="padding:.100px .100px .100px .100px"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;w&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="padding:.100px .100px .100px .100px"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;s&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="padding:.100px .100px .100px .100px"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:">&nbsp; </span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:.100px .100px .100px .100px"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;1&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="padding:.100px .100px .100px .100px"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="padding:.100px .100px .100px .100px"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;1&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="padding:.100px .100px .100px .100px"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="padding:.100px .100px .100px .100px"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="padding:.100px .100px .100px .100px"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;2&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Lou &mdash; Sol </span></span></span></span></span></p> <table class="Table"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="padding:.100px .100px .100px .100px"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="padding:.100px .100px .100px .100px"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;ˈ&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="padding:.100px .100px .100px .100px"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;y&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="padding:.100px .100px .100px .100px"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;w&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="padding:.100px .100px .100px .100px"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;s&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="padding:.100px .100px .100px .100px"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:">&nbsp; </span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:.100px .100px .100px .100px"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;w&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="padding:.100px .100px .100px .100px"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;ˈ&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="padding:.100px .100px .100px .100px"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;y&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="padding:.100px .100px .100px .100px"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;w&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="padding:.100px .100px .100px .100px"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;s&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="padding:.100px .100px .100px .100px"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:">&nbsp; </span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:.100px .100px .100px .100px"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;1&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="padding:.100px .100px .100px .100px"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="padding:.100px .100px .100px .100px"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="padding:.100px .100px .100px .100px"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="padding:.100px .100px .100px .100px"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="padding:.100px .100px .100px .100px"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;1&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">SS &mdash; OL </span></span></span></span></span></p> <table class="Table"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="padding:.100px .100px .100px .100px"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="padding:.100px .100px .100px .100px"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;ˈ&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="padding:.100px .100px .100px .100px"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;y&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="padding:.100px .100px .100px .100px"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;w&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="padding:.100px .100px .100px .100px"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;s&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="padding:.100px .100px .100px .100px"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:">&nbsp; </span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:.100px .100px .100px .100px"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;w&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="padding:.100px .100px .100px .100px"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;ˈ&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="padding:.100px .100px .100px .100px"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;y&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="padding:.100px .100px .100px .100px"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;w&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="padding:.100px .100px .100px .100px"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;s&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="padding:.100px .100px .100px .100px"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:">&nbsp; </span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:.100px .100px .100px .100px"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;1&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="padding:.100px .100px .100px .100px"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="padding:.100px .100px .100px .100px"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="padding:.100px .100px .100px .100px"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="padding:.100px .100px .100px .100px"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="padding:.100px .100px .100px .100px"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;1&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">SLB &mdash; Lux </span></span></span></span></span></p> <table class="Table"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="padding:.100px .100px .100px .100px"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;ˈ&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="padding:.100px .100px .100px .100px"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;y&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="padding:.100px .100px .100px .100px"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;w&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="padding:.100px .100px .100px .100px"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;s&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="padding:.100px .100px .100px .100px"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:">&nbsp; </span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:.100px .100px .100px .100px"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;ˈ&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="padding:.100px .100px .100px .100px"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;y&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="padding:.100px .100px .100px .100px"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;w&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="padding:.100px .100px .100px .100px"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;s&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="padding:.100px .100px .100px .100px"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:">&nbsp; </span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:.100px .100px .100px .100px"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="padding:.100px .100px .100px .100px"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="padding:.100px .100px .100px .100px"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="padding:.100px .100px .100px .100px"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="padding:.100px .100px .100px .100px"> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;0&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:8px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Une premi&egrave;re s&eacute;rie de r&eacute;sultats de calcul de la distance interponctuelle par distance d&rsquo;&eacute;dition en gascon maritime fait d&rsquo;embl&eacute;e appara&icirc;tre, &agrave; l&rsquo;aide de l&rsquo;algorithme de la m&eacute;thode dite &laquo;&nbsp;de Joe Ward&nbsp;&raquo;, ou Classification Ascendante Hi&eacute;rarchique (CAH), l&rsquo;objet de connaissance (et donc, <i>objet de valeur </i>s&eacute;miotique, pour le dialectologue&hellip;) tant recherch&eacute; jadis par Th. Lalanne&nbsp;: une bipartition harmonieuse entre un domaine septentrional (en vert clair et bleu clair en haut dans la carte <em>Gabmap</em> de la Fig. 5a) et un domaine m&eacute;ridional (en bleu et vert fonc&eacute;s). Le dendrogramme de la Fig. 5b rend compte de la hi&eacute;rarchisation de cet agencement taxinomique, obtenu &agrave; l&rsquo;aide de 71 cognats du THESOC, pour l&rsquo;ALG (ce sont l&agrave; les donn&eacute;es recueillies et analys&eacute;es d&rsquo;ailleurs dans ses deux essais de 1949 et 1952, par Lalanne lui-m&ecirc;me). </span></span></span></p> <table class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:201px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Fig. 5a. S&eacute;rie A (phonologie)&nbsp;: M&eacute;thode de Ward&nbsp;: carte</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:271px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Fig. 5b. S&eacute;rie A (suite)&nbsp;: M&eacute;thode de Ward&nbsp;: dendrogramme</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(4 intervalles)</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:201px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="437" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_885_26_image-20230328101014-7.png" width="400" /></p> </td> <td style="width:271px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="197" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_885_26_image-20230328101014-8.png" width="429" /></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">L<span calibri="" class="Corpsdetexte2Car" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">a comparaison avec la carte des aires culturelles et g&eacute;ohistoriques de la Gascogne maritime, en Fig. 6a r&eacute;tablit de mani&egrave;re quasiment rousseauiste la carte dont aurait r&ecirc;v&eacute; Lalanne, par l&rsquo;analogie des motifs&nbsp;: notre aire dialectom&eacute;trique septentrionale n&rsquo;est autre que la conjonction non plus seulement <i>id&eacute;elle</i>, mais ancr&eacute;e dans la <i>mat&eacute;rialit&eacute;</i> de territoires comme les Landes girondines (dont le bazadais) (en vert clair, dans la Fig. 5a) et le Pays de Buch, faisant pression au nord, avec une norme de type m&eacute;docain-girondin-p&eacute;rigourdin, qui s&rsquo;oppose ici &agrave; deux pays des Landes basses&nbsp;: le complexe du Pays de Born / Grandes Landes (en bleu fonc&eacute; sur la carte), entour&eacute;e &agrave; l&rsquo;est par un liser&eacute; marensin/petit landais. Au confluent entre les sous-dialectes du marensin-petit-landais et du grand-landais se trouve bien cal&eacute;e, comme engonc&eacute;e dans une chape protectrice, une aire compacte&nbsp;: celle du gascon noir du pays de Born et du sud de la Grande Lande, qui est le c&oelig;ur de cette aire. Les cartes en Fig. 6a-b sont explicites, de l&rsquo;ontologie, en termes de <i>composant social</i>, mais aussi tout simplement <i>cognitif </i>(histoire, g&eacute;ographie, dialectologie), des sous-dialectes du gascon noir, comme dans la figure 6b ici-m&ecirc;me : </span></span></span></span></span></p> <table align="left" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none; margin-left:7px; margin-right:7px"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:216px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:49px" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Fig. 6a. Les Pays des Landes de Gascogne (source&nbsp;: Wikip&eacute;dia)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:256px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:49px" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Fig. 6b. Les subdivisions du &laquo;&nbsp;gascon noir&nbsp;&raquo; selon Philippe Lartigue (1992)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:216px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:218px" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="485" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_885_26_image-20230328101014-9.png" width="375" /></p> </td> <td style="width:256px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:218px" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="300" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_885_26_image-20230328101014-10.png" width="323" /></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:8px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:8px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:8px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Les techniques de computation modernes permettent des repr&eacute;sentations et des visualisations qui &eacute;taient hors de port&eacute;e du dialectologue, &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;poque de Lalanne&nbsp;: <em>Gabmap</em> permet de calculer les embo&icirc;tements hi&eacute;rarchiques en cascade (m&eacute;thode de Joe Ward, ou CAH) &ndash; algorithme optimal pour s&rsquo;approcher d&rsquo;une congruence avec la m&eacute;thode classique, celle des bourrelets d&rsquo;isoglosses) &ndash; aussi bien que, par la m&eacute;thode du &laquo;&nbsp;voisin le plus distant&nbsp;&raquo;, les grand aggr&eacute;gats r&eacute;ductionnistes, faisant appara&icirc;tre des regroupements plus en profondeur. Il appara&icirc;t des propres donn&eacute;es de Lalanne (la s&eacute;rie A) que l&rsquo;espace g&eacute;olectal que Lalanne &eacute;tudiait &eacute;tait compos&eacute;, en surface, de deux sous-dialectes fortement contrast&eacute;s&nbsp;: l&rsquo;un au sud (Maremne, Marensin, Landes de Dax, Petites landes) l&rsquo;autre au nord (Grandes-Landes au centre, Pays de Buch, Landes bordelaises et garonnaise au nord/nord-est). Cependant, un test de regroupements alternatifs possibles en fonction d&rsquo;une autre m&eacute;thode de calcul (Complete linkage ou M&eacute;thode du voisin le plus &eacute;loign&eacute;) sugg&egrave;re une structure interne du gascon maritime sensiblement diff&eacute;rente. Cet algorithme permet de regrouper les grands ensembles, pourvu qu&rsquo;ils ne gravitent pas trop loin des autres groupes naturels, en termes de nuage statistique (comme en 7c <i>infra</i>). Le r&eacute;sultat du test aurait sans doute (secr&egrave;tement) plu &agrave; Lalanne&nbsp;: il sugg&egrave;re que, loin d&rsquo;un quelconque chaos ou d&rsquo;une dichotomie nord-sud en bloc, c&rsquo;est plut&ocirc;t le nord &ndash; l&rsquo;aire girondine, ou macrogirondine) &ndash; qui s&rsquo;oppose &agrave; un sud plus compact et solidaire qu&rsquo;il ne semblait &agrave; premi&egrave;re vue&nbsp;: &agrave; cette &eacute;chelle de saisie quantitative des nuages de diff&eacute;rences interponctuelles, c&rsquo;est le sc&eacute;nario d&rsquo;un nord girondin qui fait pression sur un sud pan-landais, incluant g&eacute;n&eacute;reusement, quoique de mani&egrave;re cloisonn&eacute;e, organis&eacute;e, le sous-bloc du Pays de Born et du sud des Grandes Landes, ainsi que le tr&egrave;s m&eacute;ridional sous-bloc Maremne-Marensin-Petites Landes&nbsp;: 3 contre un cette fois, au lieu de 2 contre 2 selon la CAH (fig. 5a-b). </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span calibri="" class="CorpsdetexteCar" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Plus en profondeur donc, l&rsquo;aire centre-m&eacute;ridionale se distingue du cluster de l&rsquo;aire septentrionale, plus unitaire, qui sans doute a d&ucirc; faire rayonner des traits m&eacute;docains et p&eacute;ribordelais. La constellation multiscalaire (Multidimensional Scaling : MDS) r&eacute;v&egrave;le un continuum harmonieusement &eacute;tag&eacute;, qui sugg&egrave;re qu&rsquo;en effet, les localit&eacute;s sont en relation d&rsquo;interaction relativement intense&nbsp;: les points sont &eacute;quidistants, et r&eacute;partis harmonieusement autour des quatre cadrants, dans la partie gauche du diagramme. L&agrave; encore, Lalanne aurait vu se confirmer le caract&egrave;re diffus des groupes de vari&eacute;t&eacute;s dans l&rsquo;espace du gascon maritime&nbsp;: les nuages sont peu denses, tr&egrave;s r&eacute;partis sur une topologie plane, lisse en quelque sorte, qui ne creuse pas les &eacute;carts entre cadrans. Tout au plus discerne-t-on qu&rsquo;un potentiel rassemblement en quatre sous-ensembles (ou dialectes, sous-dialectes du dialecte landais) est en effet possible (ce qui est rendu plus lisible et discret dans les chor&egrave;mes et dendr&egrave;mes des Fig. 5a-b</span></span><span style="line-height:150%">). </span></span></span></span></p> <table class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:308px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Fig. 7a. M&eacute;thode du <i>voisin le plus &eacute;loign&eacute;</i> (Complete Link)</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:310px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Fig. 7b. Complete link: dendrogramme</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(4 intervalles)</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:308px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="535" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_885_26_image-20230328101014-11.png" width="433" /></p> </td> <td style="width:310px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="197" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_885_26_image-20230328101014-12.png" width="430" /></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:308px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Fig. 7c. Positionnement multiscalaire&nbsp;: </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">ALG, donn&eacute;es phonologiques</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:310px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Fig. 7d. Carte du gascon maritime ou gascon noir selon Ph. Lartigue</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:308px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="611" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_885_26_image-20230328101014-13.png" width="780" /></p> </td> <td style="width:310px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="694" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_885_26_image-20230328101014-14.png" width="577" /></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#595959"><span style="letter-spacing:0.75pt">3.2 Donn&eacute;es de la s&eacute;rie B&nbsp;: donn&eacute;es de Lartigue (1992)</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Les donn&eacute;es plus r&eacute;centes, de la s&eacute;rie B, permettent de varier non plus seulement les modes de <i>computation</i>, mais d&rsquo;alterner les param&egrave;tres, comme du reste tentait de le faire Lalanne, entre phonologie et lexique. Le r&eacute;seau est bien plus dense que celui de l&rsquo;ALG (56 points d&rsquo;enqu&ecirc;te), mais on perd en grande partie le segment g&eacute;olectal m&eacute;ridional de la s&eacute;rie pr&eacute;c&eacute;dente (Maremne, Marensin, Petites landes et Landes de Dax), et on obtient une granularit&eacute; beaucoup plus fine des divisions du centre et du nord<a href="#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a>. </span></span></span></p> <table align="center" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:301px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Fig. 8a. Localit&eacute;s (Lartigue 1992)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:171px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Fig. 8b. Localit&eacute;s, abr&eacute;viations (Lartigue 1992)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:301px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="583" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_885_26_image-20230328101014-15.png" width="573" /></p> </td> <td style="width:171px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="776" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_885_26_image-20230328101014-16.png" width="139" /><img height="742" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_885_26_image-20230328101014-17.png" width="175" /></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Il faut garder pr&eacute;sent &agrave; l&rsquo;esprit que, comme le montre d&rsquo;ailleurs de mani&egrave;re assez explicite le tableau <i>supra</i>, la variation dialectale au sein du gascon maritime n&rsquo;est pas de haute intensit&eacute;, comme le montre cet extrait de la matrice de distances interponctuelles, calcul&eacute; sur 1.0. Les valeurs sont tr&egrave;s basses (0,037 &agrave; 0,1395), caract&eacute;ristiques de la variation interne &agrave; un dialecte constitu&eacute; de sous-dialectes ou de vari&eacute;t&eacute;s<a href="#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a>, comme on peut en juger par cet extrait de la matrice de r&eacute;sultats pour le corpus Lartigue (1992)&nbsp;:</span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="466" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_885_26_image-20230328101014-18.png" width="1880" /></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="line-height:150%">Un premier ordre de structuration (ou d&rsquo;<i>auto-organisation</i> rendue visible par le </span><span calibri="" class="CorpsdetexteCar" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">traitement Gabmap) fait appara&icirc;tre dans la Fig. 9a un c&oelig;ur ou foyer, oppos&eacute; &agrave; une p&eacute;riph&eacute;rie&nbsp;: grand-marais et marensin au centre et au sud (bleu fonc&eacute; et vert clair) d&rsquo;une part, buchois et girondin dans les marges au nord et &agrave; l&rsquo;est, respectivement, pour une saisie hi&eacute;rarchique &agrave; quatre clusters, ou quatre intervalles, ou classes diasyst&eacute;miques</span></span><span style="line-height:150%">. </span></span></span></span></p> <table align="center" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:249px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Fig. 9a. Localit&eacute;s (Lartigue 1992), 4 classes chor&eacute;miques</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:223px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Fig. 9b. CAH, 4 classes diasyst&eacute;miques (Lartigue 1992)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:249px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="583" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_885_26_image-20230328101014-19.png" width="573" /></p> </td> <td style="width:223px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="550" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_885_26_image-20230328101014-20.png" width="437" /></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:8px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">En augmentant de deux intervalles la finesse de grain, on voit &eacute;merger selon la CAH, pour 6 classes chor&eacute;miques et dendrographiques, les sous-dialectes ou entit&eacute;s g&eacute;olectales dans la Fig. 10a-b. La structure interne du noyau central &ndash; qui n&rsquo;est autre que le centre ou le c&oelig;ur du gascon noir &ndash; appara&icirc;t&nbsp;: elle rassemble le girondin (G), le grand landais (GL) et le bazadais (B), groupe associ&eacute; au Marensin (M). Elle s&rsquo;oppose en bloc au groupe p&eacute;riph&eacute;rique par d&eacute;faut du buchois (Bu) et du garonnais (Gar), qui rel&egrave;vent de deux sous-dialectes diff&eacute;rents (le premier est de type m&eacute;docain, le second, de type gascon-languedocien). </span></span></span></p> <table class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:264px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Fig. 10a. Sous-dialectes, par CAH, 6 intervalles : chor&egrave;mes</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:220px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Fig. 10b. Sous-dialectes, par CAH, 6 intervalles&nbsp;: dendr&egrave;mes</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:264px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="379" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_885_26_image-20230328101014-21.png" width="361" /></p> </td> <td style="width:220px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="541" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_885_26_image-20230328101014-22.png" width="381" /></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Ainsi, la structure ar&eacute;ologique du &laquo;&nbsp;gascon noir&nbsp;&raquo; appara&icirc;t bien plus unitaire et compacte que ne le supposait Lalanne, du moins sur le plan phonologique : cette <i>modalit&eacute; phonologique</i>, selon un terme inspir&eacute; du dialectologue galicien <span style="line-height:150%">Ricardo Carvalho Calero</span>, alias don Ricardo (cf. Dubert-Garcia 2021), est donc un dialecte massif, au niveau des classes diasyst&eacute;miques (ou intervalles taxinomiques) 2 et 4, dont les subdivisions internes n&rsquo;apparaissent qu&rsquo;en activant la trame taxinomique interne (intervalles 6 et 8). Ce bloc massif est encapsul&eacute; dans un halo p&eacute;riph&eacute;rique, de structure h&eacute;t&eacute;rog&egrave;ne (tropisme bordelais-m&eacute;docain au nord, garonnais-languedocien &agrave; l&rsquo;est).</span></span></span></p> <table align="left" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none; margin-left:7px; margin-right:7px"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:none; width:252px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:46px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Fig. 11a. Sous-dialectes, par CAH, 8 intervalles : chor&egrave;mes</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:none; width:220px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:46px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Fig. 11b. Sous-dialectes, par CAH, 8 intervalles&nbsp;: dendr&egrave;mes</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:none; width:252px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:269px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="583" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_885_26_image-20230328101014-23.png" width="573" /></p> </td> <td style="border-bottom:none; width:220px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:269px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="602" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_885_26_image-20230328101014-24.png" width="437" /></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:8px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&Agrave; un niveau plus profond de divisions (de 6 &agrave; 8 intervalles), le Marensin au sud entre en intrication avec le sud du parler noir central, &eacute;clat&eacute; en trois singletons, qui correspondent sans doute &agrave; des centres de peuplement plus denses, ou centres directeurs, comme Sabres. A ce m&ecirc;me niveau, le liser&eacute; oriental manifeste une structure relativement composite (v. Fig. 11a-b).</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Ce que montre surtout de degr&eacute; de r&eacute;solution diasyst&eacute;mique et ar&eacute;ologique, c&rsquo;est qu&rsquo;une aire interm&eacute;diaire entre le sous-dialecte M (le Marensin) et le sous-dialecte GL (grand landais) appara&icirc;t sous forme d&rsquo;une cha&icirc;ne d&rsquo;enclaves (en vert clair, Fig. 11a), au nombre de trois, ce qui fait &eacute;merger de cette saisie de l&rsquo;auto-organisation des donn&eacute;es, un motif rappelant celui des centres directeurs de la dialectologie classique&nbsp;: bourgs importants, &agrave; cette &eacute;chelle comme Labouheyre et Sabres. </span></span></span></p> <table align="center" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:472px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Fig. 12. Regroupement des aires ou des sous-dialectes par CAH vs Moyenne pond&eacute;r&eacute;e, 6 intervalles, </span></span></span><em><span calibri="" style="font-family:">Gabmap</span></em><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">, donn&eacute;es Lartigue (1992)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:472px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="625" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_885_26_image-20230328101014-25.png" width="801" /></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Les deux s&eacute;ries de r&eacute;sultats, par CAH et par Moyenne pond&eacute;r&eacute;e (Weighted average), &agrave; 6 intervalles, permettent de mieux &eacute;valuer la position du dialecte ou sous-dialecte B (bazadais)&nbsp;: &agrave; la p&eacute;riph&eacute;rie d&rsquo;un grand cluster rassemblant les trois pays du gascon maritime centre-m&eacute;ridional G, GL et M &ndash; le trio central. Toutes les autres vari&eacute;t&eacute;s sont p&eacute;riph&eacute;riques, lat&eacute;rales, et s&rsquo;agencent par d&eacute;faut dans les clades externes de l&rsquo;arborescence la plus f&eacute;d&eacute;rative &ndash; celle de la Moyenne pond&eacute;r&eacute;e. Elles sont plus ou moins al&eacute;atoires, par d&eacute;faut, en relation au syst&egrave;me central, qui consiste en un cluster ou aggr&eacute;gat [G+GL+M], et qui a B (bazadais) pour bastion sur le flanc oriental, pour faire barrage aux intrants garonnais (Gar). </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Ces interrelations fines, riches en indices historiques, sur le plan de la recherche des facteurs externes en g&eacute;ohistoire, se mat&eacute;rialisent par des repr&eacute;sentations stochastiques et probabilistes, en Fig. 13a-b. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:8px">&nbsp;</p> <table class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:251px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px" valign="top"> <p align="right" style="text-align:right; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Fig. 13a. Regroupements stochastiques associ&eacute;s au positionnement multidimensionnel : chor&egrave;mes.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:242px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Fig. 13b.Regroupements par la m&eacute;thode des probabilit&eacute;s.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:251px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:242px" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="583" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_885_26_image-20230328101014-26.png" width="573" /></p> </td> <td style="width:242px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; height:242px" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="768" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_885_26_image-20230328101015-27.png" width="618" /></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:8px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Qu&rsquo;en dirait aujourd&rsquo;hui, ou qu&rsquo;en aurait dit en son temps l&rsquo;abb&eacute; Lalanne&nbsp;? Aurait-il accept&eacute; un compromis entre dialectes comme <i>modalit&eacute;s</i> g&eacute;olectales &agrave; la fois autonomes (ou ind&eacute;pendantes), mais aussi intriqu&eacute;es, emm&ecirc;l&eacute;es, &agrave; certains points de leur g&eacute;om&eacute;trie dans la constellation des aires observables sur le terrain&nbsp;? </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Ainsi, certes, le &laquo;&nbsp;gascon noir&nbsp;&raquo; s&rsquo;identifie avant tout par &laquo;&nbsp;l&rsquo;assombrissement&nbsp;&raquo; de son syst&egrave;me vocalique &ndash; une simple neutralisation de la sp&eacute;cification de timbre vocalique &ndash;, mais il est bel et bien compos&eacute; de parties constitutives, qui sont en relation d&rsquo;&eacute;change dans l&rsquo;espace aquitain, par des conf&eacute;d&eacute;rations de terroirs dialectaux. Nous avons identifi&eacute; une grande division nord vs sud de l&rsquo;ensemble du gascon maritime, et c&rsquo;est &agrave; la jonction de ces deux blocs de sous-dialectes que se trouve le c&oelig;ur du gascon noir &ndash; le &laquo;&nbsp;grand landais&nbsp;&raquo;. La diversit&eacute; des focales que produisent les algorithmes (Ward, Complete Linkage, Weighted Average) permet de visualiser les jeux d&rsquo;agencement et r&eacute;agencement des divers modules sous-dialectaux que sont l&rsquo;aire girondine, l&rsquo;aire du pays buchois, ou, de mani&egrave;re plus organique, le bazadais ou le marensin. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:8px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" light="" style="font-family:">3.3. </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" light="" style="font-family:">Revisiter les intuitions de Lalanne par une dialectom&eacute;trie outill&eacute;e</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="line-height:150%">Th</span><span calibri="" class="CorpsdetexteCar" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">. Lalanne pressentait que l&rsquo;histoire des interactions (&eacute;changes) entre villages et hameaux devait d&eacute;terminer le foisonnement des isoglosses dans les Landes gasconnes. Mais ce foisonnement ne trouvait pas d&rsquo;autre explication que la g&eacute;n&eacute;ration spontan&eacute;e, incontr&ocirc;lable, de traits sp&eacute;cifiques &agrave; chaque village par rapport &agrave; tel autre, dans un chatoiement de s&eacute;ries inabouties, dans le temps comme dans l&rsquo;espace. &laquo;&nbsp;Le chaos&nbsp;! Le chaos, vous dis-je&nbsp;!&nbsp;&raquo; Aurait volontiers comment&eacute; Th&eacute;obald Lalanne&hellip;</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">L&rsquo;application d&rsquo;outils triviaux de g&eacute;olinguistique computationnelle comme <em>Gabmap</em> montre, moins de 100 ans plus tard, &agrave; l&rsquo;aide des intuitions pratiques de Lalanne (quantifier les isoglosses et les appliquer &agrave; des graphes de localit&eacute;s dot&eacute;es d&rsquo;attributs isoglottiques cumul&eacute;s), le contrepoint des conclusions de l&rsquo;inventeur de la dialectom&eacute;trie, &agrave; savoir&nbsp;: </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoListNumber2CxSpFirst" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-17.85pt; margin-left:43px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">1. Le continuum dialectal constitue en soi une trame complexe&nbsp;: un diasyst&egrave;me. De ce m&eacute;tasyst&egrave;me, le linguiste &agrave; l&rsquo;aide de ses artefacts (dont la dialectom&eacute;trie) peut g&eacute;n&eacute;rer des mod&egrave;les et mod&eacute;lisations de diversification dialectale &ndash; ou <i>structure interne des diasyst&egrave;mes</i>, sur le plan taxinomique.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoListNumber2CxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-17.85pt; margin-left:43px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">2. La multiplicit&eacute; des fronti&egrave;res et des imbrications de fronti&egrave;res connait des condensations et des r&egrave;gles de d&eacute;ploiement dans le temps et dans l&rsquo;espace des variables phonologiques. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoListNumber2CxSpLast" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-17.85pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:43px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">3. Dans les Landes de Gascogne, la question est moins de savoir si le brassage des aires est tr&egrave;s ancien, ou s&rsquo;il est d&eacute;termin&eacute; par des flux d&rsquo;interf&eacute;rence entre dialectes et langues en contact (avec quelle historicit&eacute;, p&eacute;riodicit&eacute; et plausibilit&eacute;&nbsp;; quelles relations de centre &agrave; p&eacute;riph&eacute;rie, et &agrave; quelles &eacute;chelles&nbsp;?). </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span calibri="" class="CorpsdetexteCar" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Ces trois contrepoints au syst&egrave;me de Lalanne tel que nous l&rsquo;avions r&eacute;sum&eacute; plus haut permettent de transcender le pessimisme foncier, sur le plan &eacute;pist&eacute;mologique, mais aussi glottopolitique, des d&eacute;fenseurs de la primaut&eacute; du continuum dialectal &ndash; sur le plan social, conform&eacute;ment &agrave; l&rsquo;id&eacute;ologie jacobine r&eacute;publicaine, dont Lalanne reprenait implicitement les pr&eacute;misses, afin d&rsquo;&eacute;tayer une id&eacute;e bien plus complexe et f&eacute;conde qu&rsquo;il d&eacute;veloppait dans un m&ecirc;me temps &agrave; l&rsquo;aide de r&egrave;gles arithm&eacute;tiques &eacute;l&eacute;mentaires</span></span><span style="line-height:150%">. </span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Ce n&rsquo;est qu&rsquo;au terme de son rapport en deux tomes sur ses efforts de classement des aires dialectales en gascon maritime, que Th. Lalanne consent &agrave; jeter un regard sur les &laquo;&nbsp;divisions traditionnelles&nbsp;&raquo; des sous-dialectes (<i>sic</i>) en Gascogne maritime (1952&nbsp;: 134). L&rsquo;auteur se r&eacute;clame alors de la &laquo;&nbsp;voix populaire&nbsp;&raquo;&nbsp;: </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&laquo;&nbsp;Pour classer nos sous-dialectes, nous pouvons provisoirement nous en reporter &agrave; la voix populaire. Dans l&rsquo;Est de mon secteur, on entend parler du patois m&eacute;docain, du girondin, du bazadais, du gabardan, de l&rsquo;armagnacais, du marensin, du tursan, du chalossais, et enfin du b&eacute;arnais (que notre enqu&ecirc;te &eacute;corne &agrave; peine&nbsp;&raquo;) (<i>op. cit.</i>&nbsp;: 134). </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">En r&eacute;alit&eacute;, le d&eacute;tail des analyses diffusionnistes que Th. Lalanne fournit tout au long de son patient argumentaire se fonde constamment sur de telles divisions, que l&rsquo;auteur repr&eacute;sente sous forme de &laquo;&nbsp;combat des aires&nbsp;&raquo; pour s&rsquo;&eacute;tendre ou r&eacute;sister aux pressions des aires concurrentes, par une dynamique de &laquo;&nbsp;modes&nbsp;&raquo;, ce qui suppose un mod&egrave;le implicite de <i>circulation des variable</i>s, dans l&rsquo;esprit de Th. Lalanne. Il y a donc un second niveau de lecture de l&rsquo;&eacute;merveillement du dialectologue face &agrave; la complexit&eacute; de la diversit&eacute; dialectale interne &agrave; un domaine linguistique, exprim&eacute; conform&eacute;ment &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;pist&eacute;m&eacute; de Lalanne et de son &eacute;poque, sur le registre du chaos &ndash; voire sur le motif scientiste du chaos source de complexit&eacute;. Les r&eacute;sultats de la dialectom&eacute;trie par distance d&rsquo;&eacute;dition, malgr&eacute; son mode op&eacute;ratoire trivial, car fond&eacute; sur la triade d&rsquo;op&eacute;rations <i>ajout, suppressions, substitutions</i>, permet de restituer ces cat&eacute;gories &laquo;&nbsp;traditionnelles&nbsp;&raquo;, issues du <i>composant social </i>des savoirs/connaissances, que sont les &laquo;&nbsp;sous-dialectes&nbsp;&raquo; connus du <i>sens commun</i> &ndash; et trouvant, d&rsquo;ailleurs, maintes applications dans la sph&egrave;re du <i>composant pratiqu</i>e, en termes d&rsquo;am&eacute;nagement du territoire.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Explorant ce qu&rsquo;il per&ccedil;oit et d&eacute;crit comme un chaos, Th. Lalanne tente de constituer des &laquo;&nbsp;lois de dispersion dialectale&nbsp;&raquo;&nbsp;: </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&laquo;&nbsp;1) Chaque aire linguistique est ind&eacute;pendante de ses voisines et ne r&eacute;pond que de son antagoniste.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">2) les aires se chevauchent et se distribuent en fonction de la loi des grands nombres, en un syst&egrave;me uniform&eacute;ment dispers&eacute;, tel que la masse de leurs limites garde une densit&eacute; &agrave; peu pr&egrave;s homog&egrave;ne sans bourrelets appr&eacute;ciables.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">3) L&rsquo;absence de bourrelet sur les fronti&egrave;res dialectales traditionnelles montre l&rsquo;ind&eacute;pendance des aires et des sous-dialectes. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">4) Le nombre des limites d&rsquo;aires est sensiblement fonction du kilom&eacute;trage.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">5) Ce coefficient augmente progressivement avec la densit&eacute; de la population.&nbsp;&raquo; (<i>op. cit.</i>&nbsp;: 131-132)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">La focale du point de r&eacute;f&eacute;rence r&eacute;pond &agrave; ces questions de Lalanne, qui constituent un ensemble d&rsquo;interrogations heuristiques afin d&rsquo;appr&eacute;hender l&rsquo;ontologie des dialectes, des sous-dialectes ou des aires dialectales, et d&rsquo;autres dimensions de ces objets, comme la <i>r&eacute;sonance</i> <i>structurale</i> du point d&rsquo;un r&eacute;seau par rapport &agrave; la totalit&eacute; du r&eacute;seau (relation m&eacute;tonymique, entre la partie et le tout d&rsquo;un <i>syst&egrave;me complexe</i>, en l&rsquo;occurrence, d&rsquo;un <i>diasyst&egrave;me</i>). </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Dans la Fig. 4a-b la centralit&eacute; du point de r&eacute;f&eacute;rence retenu (Labouheyre) rend tr&egrave;s visibles un plateau campaniliste (ou &laquo;&nbsp;esprit de clocher&nbsp;&raquo;, d&eacute;marcation, dans les termes de Jean S&eacute;guy 1973b)<a href="#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a> ou d&rsquo;&eacute;changes de proximit&eacute;, d&rsquo;une port&eacute;e de 20-30 kms&nbsp;: ce point de r&eacute;f&eacute;rence re&ccedil;oit un fort &eacute;cho dans tout le gascon noir, et c&rsquo;est dans la poche du bazadais au nord et au sud-est que cette r&eacute;sonance s&rsquo;&eacute;tiole, faisant bien appara&icirc;tre les p&eacute;riph&eacute;ries que la CAH avait initialement r&eacute;v&eacute;l&eacute;es. &Agrave; 40 km seulement d&rsquo;&eacute;loignement par rapport au point de r&eacute;f&eacute;rence retenu, la distance prend sa vitesse ascendante de croisi&egrave;re, en rencontrant les sous-dialectes orientaux du gascon. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:8px">&nbsp;</p> <table align="center" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:271px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Fig. 14a. Gradient chromatique de similarit&eacute; entre </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Labouheyre et les points environnants du r&eacute;seau dialectal gascon landais (distance lin&eacute;aire).</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:307px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Fig. 14b. Courbe de distance lin&eacute;aire kms/linguistique pour le point de r&eacute;f&eacute;rence </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Labouheyre (donn&eacute;es de Lalanne 1992)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:271px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="583" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_885_26_image-20230328101015-28.png" width="573" /></p> </td> <td style="width:307px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="500" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_885_26_image-20230328101015-29.png" width="600" /></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:">&nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Pour ces m&ecirc;mes donn&eacute;es, la moyenne de la relation entre distance kilom&eacute;trique et distance r&eacute;elle, comme le souhaitait voir Th. Lalanne en son temps, est rendue visible dans l&rsquo;OdC<a href="#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a> de la figure 15 <i>infra</i>&nbsp;: </span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Fig. 15. Relation entre distance kilom&eacute;trique et distance r&eacute;elle, phonologie </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(D&rsquo;apr&egrave;s donn&eacute;es de Lartigue 1992)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="500" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_885_26_image-20230328101015-30.png" width="600" /></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">La courbe qui se plie vers le haut &agrave; la limite de 30 kms dans la Fig. 14b conna&icirc;t cette incurvation en raison de la transition &agrave; d&rsquo;autres sous-dialectes. De telles microdistorsions ne seraient pas visibles &agrave; l&rsquo;&oelig;il nu du philologue. Mais avec les outils des interfaces g&eacute;od&eacute;siques, sur lesquelles se fondent les cartes de<em> Gabmap</em>, les souhaits de Lalanne sont exauc&eacute;s, et on peut voir l&rsquo;incidence du bourrelet d&rsquo;isoglosses que visualisait Lalanne dans son esprit en &eacute;crivant les lignes que nous venons de citer. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Voyons ce qu&rsquo;il en est avec un autre point en forte relation organique avec le noyau GL (grand landais) du gascon noir, quoique situ&eacute; sur sa frange orientale&nbsp;: Sabres. On note 3 pics sur le plateau de d&eacute;marcation progressive (ou<i> rayon de campanilisme</i>), avant une mont&eacute;e &agrave; partir de 50km. Ce n&rsquo;est pourtant pas une vari&eacute;t&eacute; de transition, mais plut&ocirc;t une solide t&ecirc;te de pont du sous-dialecte (en r&eacute;alit&eacute;, de la <i>norme</i>) bornais/grand-landais. </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <table align="center" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:264px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Fig. 16a. Point de r&eacute;f&eacute;rence&nbsp;: Sabres</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(Base de donn&eacute;es Lartigue 1992, phonologie)</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:296px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Fig.16b.Distance g&eacute;ographique/linguistique&nbsp;: Sabres vs le reste du r&eacute;seau dialectal landais</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:264px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="583" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_885_26_image-20230328101015-31.png" width="573" /></p> </td> <td style="width:296px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="500" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_885_26_image-20230328101015-32.png" width="600" /></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Dans les Fig. 17a-b, qui montre le profil g&eacute;olinguistique d&rsquo;une vari&eacute;t&eacute; tr&egrave;s p&eacute;riph&eacute;rique, et ind&eacute;niablement discr&egrave;te en tant que sous-dialecte d&rsquo;un ensemble s&eacute;par&eacute; (le buchois-m&eacute;docain), la barre de la diff&eacute;renciation d&eacute;marre tr&egrave;s haut (&agrave; 0,15 vs 0,05 pour Mimizan, abr&eacute;g&eacute; en Mim ici, par ex), et forme un plateau stable, neutre, qui descend au lieu de monter &agrave; partir d&rsquo;un seuil de 70 km &ndash; signe que cette vari&eacute;t&eacute; conflue avec des formes &laquo;&nbsp;d&rsquo;occitan moyen&nbsp;&raquo;, qui lui sont plus proches que celles du &laquo;&nbsp;gascon noir&nbsp;&raquo;. Cependant, notre base de donn&eacute;es issue de Lartigue (1992) s&rsquo;av&egrave;re moins riche en occurrences (ou <i>tokens</i>) pour ce point ainsi que pour les localit&eacute;s p&eacute;riph&eacute;riques du r&eacute;seau, ce qui biaiserait l&rsquo;analyse en direction d&rsquo;une r&eacute;partition &laquo;&nbsp;par d&eacute;faut&nbsp;&raquo; des valeurs basses en p&eacute;riph&eacute;rie. </span></span></span></p> <table align="center" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:230px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Fig. 17a. Point de r&eacute;f&eacute;rence&nbsp;: La Teste de Buch</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(Base de donn&eacute;es Lartigue 1992, phonologie)</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:291px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Fig. 17b. Distance g&eacute;ographique/linguistique&nbsp;: La Teste de Buch vs le reste du r&eacute;seau dialectal landais</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:230px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="583" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_885_26_image-20230328101015-33.png" width="573" /></p> </td> <td style="width:291px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="500" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_885_26_image-20230328101015-34.png" width="600" /></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">La Fig. 17a trouve son &eacute;quivalent dans le monde des faits de langue avec cette distribution des aires dans l&rsquo;espace landais retenu ici, dans les aires des Fig. 18a-b. En 18a on voit les points, en p&eacute;riph&eacute;rie du gascon noir, o&ugrave; la voyelle moyenne ant&eacute;rieure tonique&nbsp;latine E ne s&rsquo;est pas &laquo;&nbsp;assombrie&nbsp;&raquo; en &lt;&euml;&gt;&nbsp;; en 18b au contraire, est activ&eacute;e l&rsquo;aire de l&rsquo;assombrissement de la voyelle en question &ndash; caract&eacute;ristique du &laquo;&nbsp;gascon noir&nbsp;&raquo; (v. Lartigue 2003, 2023) : </span></span></span></p> <table align="center" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:300px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">18a. Aire de &lt;<i>hemn&euml;&gt;</i> &lsquo;femme&rsquo;, ou &laquo;&nbsp;gascon clair&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:281px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">18b. Aire de &lt;<i>h<b>&euml;</b>mn&euml;&gt;</i> &lsquo;femme&rsquo;, ou &laquo;&nbsp;gascon noir&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:300px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="583" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_885_26_image-20230328101015-35.png" width="573" /></p> </td> <td style="width:281px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="583" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_885_26_image-20230328101015-36.png" width="573" /></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">On voit que cette cat&eacute;gorie de cartes est &eacute;galement en relation m&eacute;tonymique &agrave; une vision d&rsquo;ensemble de la structure du r&eacute;seau dialectal landais, dont on distingue bien un noyau, ou un c&oelig;ur (sous-dialectes GL et M associ&eacute;s &agrave; G et B, autrement dit grand landais et Marensin associ&eacute;s au girondin et au bazadais au centre) et une p&eacute;riph&eacute;rie (Buch et Gar), au nord et &agrave; l&rsquo;est. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Enfin, comparons avec un autre point central du r&eacute;seau dialectal landais&nbsp;: la ville de Mimizan, sur la c&ocirc;te. Son rayon de mont&eacute;e du campanilisme (ou son pendant inverse : le d&eacute;clin de l&rsquo;interaction/&eacute;change de proximit&eacute;) atteint 60 km, ce qui sugg&egrave;re un fort rayonnement dans son arri&egrave;re-pays, dont on voit l&rsquo;indice dans la ceinture centrale, qui forme une sorte de couloir transversal au sud du domaine. Ce plateau progressif de diff&eacute;renciation conna&icirc;t une brusque &eacute;l&eacute;vation &agrave; partir de 60 kms, qui accuse une rupture nette avec le gascon oriental. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:8px">&nbsp;</p> <table align="center" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:253px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Fig. 17a. Point de r&eacute;f&eacute;rence&nbsp;: Mimizan</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(Base de donn&eacute;es Lartigue 1992, phonologie)</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> <td style="width:282px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px" valign="top"> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Fig. 17b. Distance lin&eacute;aire g&eacute;ographique/linguistique&nbsp;: Mimizan vs le reste du r&eacute;seau dialectal landais</span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:253px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="583" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_885_26_image-20230328101015-37.png" width="573" /></p> </td> <td style="width:282px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="500" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_885_26_image-20230328101015-38.png" width="600" /></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Th. Lalanne ne pouvait avoir acc&egrave;s &agrave; ces &laquo;&nbsp;facilit&eacute;s&nbsp;&raquo; technologiques (ou cet outillage algorithmique) permettant d&eacute;sormais &agrave; quiconque s&rsquo;inscrit en ligne, de tester des donn&eacute;es dialectales sur un logiciel de dialectom&eacute;trie comme <em>Gabmap</em>, qui n&rsquo;est autre que, somme toute, une intelligence artificielle de calcul de distance dialectale par algorithme de Levenshtein. On voit le potentiel que rec&egrave;le une telle application en ligne et surtout, sa mise en libre acc&egrave;s aupr&egrave;s d&rsquo;un large public, notamment pour l&rsquo;historiographie de la dialectologie et, partant, de la linguistique g&eacute;n&eacute;rale, au cours de ces deux derniers si&egrave;cles, avec diff&eacute;rents &eacute;tats de donn&eacute;es. Surtout, on peut d&rsquo;autant plus concevoir de projets sur <em>Gabmap</em> que le cumul de connaissances, de postulats et d&rsquo;hypoth&egrave;ses n&rsquo;a cess&eacute; d&rsquo;enrichir la dialectologie comme paradigme de recherche d&rsquo;une grande teneur heuristique pour conna&icirc;tre les limites de la cr&eacute;ativit&eacute; lexicale et grammaticale dans les langues du monde (une pr&eacute;occupation, d&rsquo;ailleurs, qui n&rsquo;&eacute;tait en rien &eacute;trang&egrave;re &agrave; Th. Lalanne et surtout, &agrave; son pr&eacute;d&eacute;cesseur en dialectologie landaise, Georges Millardet &ndash; cf. Millardet 1910a-c). Lalanne aurait pu savoir davantage, s&rsquo;il avait pu voir davantage, gr&acirc;ce &agrave; une visualisation par chor&egrave;mes et dendr&egrave;mes des r&eacute;sultats de ses calculs sur les donn&eacute;es gasconnes landaises. Et pourtant... Il n&rsquo;a pas per&ccedil;u ce que la comparaison des masses et des relations &agrave; la moyenne peut accomplir pour rendre visible un champ de forces dialectales en mouvement dans l&rsquo;espace et dans le temps &ndash; comme cet observatoire si pr&eacute;cieux, si f&eacute;cond, que se disputaient depuis d&eacute;j&agrave; des ann&eacute;es les romanistes&nbsp;: le gascon landais, avec son &laquo;&nbsp;dialecte-vedette&nbsp;&raquo; d&eacute;nomm&eacute; &laquo;&nbsp;gascon noir&nbsp;&raquo; sur la base d&rsquo;une variable pr&eacute;gnante (un simple ph&eacute;nom&egrave;ne de centralisation ou pharyngalisation vocalique, comme en portugais, russe ou slov&egrave;ne de Resia et tant d&rsquo;autres langues du monde). Or, pour Th. Lalanne, postmoderniste avant l&rsquo;heure, quoiqu&rsquo;il ait pu mesurer et quoiqu&rsquo;il ait pu voir, <i>les dialectes et les sous-dialectes n&rsquo;existent pas</i>.&nbsp;:<i> il n&rsquo;existe que des aires</i>.&nbsp; C&rsquo;est l&agrave; ce que nous appelons &laquo;&nbsp;l&rsquo;erreur de Lalanne&nbsp;&raquo;. Une erreur qui lui aura tout de m&ecirc;me suscit&eacute; l&rsquo;envie, le vouloir et le pouvoir d&rsquo;inventer la dialectom&eacute;trie. Une erreur f&eacute;conde, une erreur heuristique. C&rsquo;est aussi le r&ocirc;le de l&rsquo;approche complexionniste que de tirer tout son potentiel heuristique des erreurs d&rsquo;<i>interpr&eacute;tation</i>, en affinant la <i>m&eacute;thode</i>. L&rsquo;erreur de Lalanne nous offre ainsi <i>a posteriori</i> un bel exercice de travail au corps (ancr&eacute; dans un corpus) sur la <i>connaissance de la connaissance</i>&hellip;</span></span></span></p> <h1 style="text-indent:-18pt; margin-top:16px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:16pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span calibri="" light="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#2f5496"><span style="font-weight:normal">4. Conclusion et perspectives </span></span></span></span></span></span></h1> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Alors que Th&eacute;obald Lalanne d&eacute;sesp&eacute;rait de trouver une coh&eacute;rence g&eacute;n&eacute;rale dans l&rsquo;intrication des aires, qu&rsquo;il pensait &laquo;&nbsp;ind&eacute;pendantes&nbsp;&raquo;. En r&eacute;alit&eacute;, les aires sont en effet toutes li&eacute;es, &agrave; des degr&eacute;s divers, que <i>computation </i>et <i>cogitation </i>permettent de mieux <i>comprendre</i> et <i>expliquer</i>, &agrave; l&rsquo;aide d&rsquo;une mod&eacute;lisation avec des outils usuels en <i>Th&eacute;orie de la Complexit&eacute;</i> (complexit&eacute; algorithmique, vicariance des param&egrave;tres, flux d&rsquo;interactions &rarr; aut<span style="line-height:150%">o-organisation &rarr; &eacute;mergence). Mais cette erreur de Lalanne, pr&eacute;syst&eacute;micien, fut heuristique, puisqu&rsquo;elle permit l&rsquo;irruption, en son temps disruptive, d&rsquo;un paradigme&nbsp;: la dialectologie quantitative &ndash; m&ecirc;me si, &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;poque, Lalanne puis S&eacute;guy n&rsquo;avaient sous la main que la &laquo;&nbsp;bonne vieille r&egrave;gle de trois&nbsp;&raquo;. C&rsquo;est ce paradoxe de l&rsquo;aporie qui s&rsquo;av&egrave;re f&eacute;conde que nous avons ici trait&eacute;, selon la boucle <i>possibilit&eacute;s/limites de la connaissance humaine</i> ch&egrave;re &agrave; Edgar Morin (<i>op. cit.</i> 203-236). &Agrave; ce titre, la <i>gnose</i> de Lalanne a suscit&eacute; bien plus qu&rsquo;une <i>glose</i>, par le biais d&rsquo;une <i>techn&egrave;</i> auxiliaire &ndash; les math&eacute;matiques &ndash; en dialectologie et, partant, en sociologie du langage. Du reste, ses deux essais in&eacute;dits de 1949 et 1952 rel&egrave;vent de ce que le s&eacute;miologue Umberto Eco appelle <i>opera aperta</i> &ndash; une <i>&oelig;uvre ouverte </i>(Eco 1962)<a href="#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a>. </span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="line-height:150%">Lors de la conception et de la r&eacute;daction de ses deux essais fondateurs de la dialectom&eacute;trie, jamais publi&eacute;s, si ce n&rsquo;est &agrave; titre familial, mais abondamment cit&eacute; par les ma&icirc;tres successifs de la dialectologie toulousaine, l&rsquo;abb&eacute; Lalanne se doutait-il du potentiel de son &laquo;&nbsp;rapport&nbsp;&raquo;, au sein de l&rsquo;&eacute;quipe ALG, tant pour le groupe coll&eacute;gial travaillant ce &laquo;&nbsp;grand projet&nbsp;&raquo; au sein du NALF que pour la linguistique romane&nbsp;? A la diff&eacute;rence de linguistes plus professionnels par leurs fonctions, comme Georges Millardet, qui &eacute;tait bien conscient de pr&eacute;tendre &eacute;laborer une th&eacute;orie g&eacute;n&eacute;rale de la variation dialectale, &agrave; travers la g&eacute;ographie linguistique, la philologie et les lois phon&eacute;tiques et de l&rsquo;analogie h&eacute;rit&eacute;es du comparatisme (cf. Millardet 1921), Th. Lalanne ne semble pas se sentir investi d&rsquo;une fonction programmatique. Le ton &ndash; dans son style, inimitable de rigueur et d&rsquo;esprit d&rsquo;escalier pince-sans-rire &ndash; est souvent ludique, mais il ne trahit pas, comme chez Isidore Ducasse, Comte de Lautr&eacute;amont, un positionnement de renversement parodique et burlesque de construits pr&eacute;&eacute;tablis. Pourtant, il y a une dimension lautr&eacute;amontesque dans les deux tomes de ce petit rapport in&eacute;dit de Th. Lalanne (1949-52)&nbsp;: le m&ecirc;me positivisme ou mat&eacute;rialisme radical de fond, sous des dehors d&eacute;bonnaires, <i>a posteriori </i>d&eacute;miurgique, sans avoir l&rsquo;air d&rsquo;y toucher. </span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.45pt; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="line-height:150%">Ce manuscrit de Lalanne en deux tomes de papier-buvard d&eacute;sormais jauni, tombant en miettes, est sans doute l&rsquo;une des lectures plus stimulantes qu&rsquo;on puisse entreprendre aujourd&rsquo;hui encore, pour la linguistique g&eacute;n&eacute;rale. Nous avons tent&eacute; de montrer le g&eacute;nie de l&rsquo;auteur derri&egrave;re &laquo;&nbsp;l&rsquo;erreur de Lalanne&nbsp;&raquo;, qui n&rsquo;a consist&eacute;, somme toute, qu&rsquo;en une t&eacute;l&eacute;ologie d&rsquo;inspiration jacobine pour, paradoxalement, oublier la m&eacute;moire collective des pays gascons composant la constellation de ce grand dialecte de l&rsquo;occitan, fondamentalement divis&eacute; entre gascon occidental maritime et girondin vs gascon oriental, pyr&eacute;n&eacute;en et garonnais. Revisiter l&rsquo;itin&eacute;raire d&rsquo;un ma&icirc;tre du pass&eacute; avec des technologies courantes de nos jours, permet de contribuer &agrave; une autre mani&egrave;re d&rsquo;envisager l&rsquo;histoire des sciences humaines et sociales, et notamment de la dialectologie, dans ses relations avec la linguistique g&eacute;n&eacute;rale, la Th&eacute;orie de la Complexit&eacute;, et d&rsquo;autres champs interdisciplinaires. </span></span></span></span></p> <h1 style="text-indent:-18pt; margin-top:16px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:16pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="break-after:avoid"><span calibri="" light="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:#2f5496"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">R&eacute;f&eacute;rences</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h1> <p class="Bibliographie1" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Auroux Sylvain, 1982. Linguistique et anthropologie en France (1600-1900), <i>Travaux d&rsquo;Histoire des Th&eacute;ories Linguistiques</i>, collection THYL, 1-VIII&nbsp;: 1-21. </span></span></span></p> <p class="Bibliographie1" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">ALG : J. S&eacute;guy, <i>Atlas linguistique et ethnographique de la Gascogne</i> (1954-1973, 180 pts, 6 vol., 2531 cartes),</span></span></span></p> <p class="Bibliographie1" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Brumaud, S&eacute;bastien, 2021. Les Landes, un littoral attractif et une &eacute;conomie diversifi&eacute;e - <i>Insee Analyses Nouvelle-Aquitaine. </i>[En&nbsp;ligne]. D&eacute;cembre 2021. N&deg;&nbsp;107. [Consult&eacute;&nbsp;le&nbsp;13&nbsp;f&eacute;vrier&nbsp;2023].Voir <a href="https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/5870239" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline">https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/5870239</a><span class="MsoHyperlink" style="color:#0563c1"><span style="text-decoration:underline">. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Bibliographie1" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Dubert-Garcia Francisco 2021. A clasificaci&oacute;n das variedades dialectais do galego de Ricardo Carvalho Calero, <i>Madrygal. Revista de Estudios Galegos,</i> 24, p. 69-80. </span></span></span></p> <p class="Bibliographie1" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Eco Umberto 1962, <i>Opera aperta</i>. <i>Forma e indeterminazione nelle poetiche contemporanee</i>, Milan, Bompiani. </span></span></span></p> <p class="Bibliographie1" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Fossat<strong> Jean-Louis</strong><b>, </b>2016. Le parcours de Th.&nbsp;Lalanne&nbsp;: du recueil de donn&eacute;es (1947-1952) aux cartes synth&eacute;tiques de l&rsquo;<em>Atlas linguistique de la Gascogne maritime</em>,&nbsp;<em>G&eacute;olinguistique</em> [En ligne], 16&nbsp;|&nbsp;2016, mis en ligne le 15 f&eacute;vrier 2019, consult&eacute; le 12 janvier 2023. URL&nbsp;: http://journals.openedition.org/geolinguistique/517&nbsp;; DOI&nbsp;: <a href="https://doi.org/10.4000/geolinguistique.517" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline">https://doi.org/10.4000/geolinguistique.517</a>. [Consult&eacute;&nbsp;le&nbsp;24 mars 2023].</span></span></span></p> <p class="Bibliographie1" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Kroeber A. L. &amp; C. D. Chr&eacute;tien 1937. Quantitative Classification of Indo-European Languages, <i>Language</i>, 13-2, 83-103.</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Bibliographie1" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Lalanne Th&eacute;obald 1949-52. <i>L&#39;ind&eacute;pendance des aires linguistiques en Gascogne maritime</i>, Saint-Vincent-de-Paul, chez l&#39;auteur (2 vol).</span></span></span></p> <p class="Bibliographie1" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Lalanne Th&eacute;obald 1951. Une coupe dialectale : l&#39;axe lexical Alpes-Oc&eacute;an (Plan du Var - Soustons), <i>Annales du Midi</i> 63 (n&deg;14),&lrm; 149-162.</span></span></span></p> <p class="Bibliographie1" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Lartigue Philippe 1992 (&eacute;d. en ligne&nbsp;: 2016). <i>Petit atlas linguistique de la Grande lande</i>, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; in&eacute;dit, accessible en ligne sur le lien&nbsp;: &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="http://www.gasconha.com/spip.php?article2016" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline">http://www.gasconha.com/spip.php?article2016</a>. [Consult&eacute;&nbsp;le&nbsp;24 mars 2023].</span></span></span></p> <p class="Bibliographie1" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Lartigue Philippe 2003, <i>Le vocalisme du gascon maritime, dit &laquo;&nbsp;gascon noir&nbsp;&raquo;</i>, DEA de Sciences du langage, dir. par Patrick Sauzet, Universit&eacute; de Toulouse le Mirail. Accessible en ligne sur </span><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1KjGrGkavgseDrEZXzdssCAv85j8YBOXi/view" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline">https://drive.google.com/file/d/1KjGrGkavgseDrEZXzdssCAv85j8YBOXi/view</a><span style="color:black">. </span>[Consult&eacute;&nbsp;le&nbsp;24 mars 2023].</span></span></span></p> <p class="Bibliographie1" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Lartigue, Philippe, 2023. Le gascon noir. <i>Observat&ograve;ri de las culturas gasconas</i> [en&nbsp;ligne]. 9 janvier 2023. Disponible &agrave; l&rsquo;adresse&nbsp;: <a href="https://observatorigascon.org/musee/langue/gascon/gasconnoir/" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline">https://observatorigascon.org/musee/langue/gascon/gasconnoir/</a><span class="MsoHyperlink" style="color:#0563c1"><span style="text-decoration:underline">. </span></span>[Consult&eacute;&nbsp;le&nbsp;7&nbsp;mars&nbsp;2023].</span></span></span></p> <p class="Bibliographie1" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="color:black">L&eacute;onard Jean L&eacute;o, Guylaine Brun-Trigaud et Flore Picard (sous presse). </span></span><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:" timesnewromanps-boldmt=""><span style="color:black">&laquo;&nbsp;Atlas linguistiques et perspectives dialectom&eacute;triques&nbsp;&raquo;, in Sibille Jean et Louise Esher (&eacute;ds.) <i>Manuel de linguistique occitane</i>, Berlin, Mouton de Gruyter.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Bibliographie1" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">L&eacute;onard Jean L&eacute;o, Marco Patriarca, Els Heinsalu, Kiran Sharma &amp; Anirban Chakraborti 2016. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black">&ldquo;Patterns of linguistic diffusion in space and time: the case of Mazatec&rdquo; in Albert Bastardas, &Agrave;ngels Massip,Gemma Bel-Enguix, Editors: Applications of complexity theory in language and communication sciences, Springer. </span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Bibliographie1" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Lemasson, Julien, 2021. Les Pyr&eacute;n&eacute;es-Atlantiques, un d&eacute;partement dynamique sur les plans &eacute;conomique et d&eacute;mographique. <i>Les d&eacute;partements de Nouvelle-Aquitaine &agrave; grands traits | Insee</i> [en&nbsp;ligne]. D&eacute;cembre 2021. N&deg;&nbsp;109. [Consult&eacute;&nbsp;le&nbsp;17&nbsp;f&eacute;vrier&nbsp;2023]. Disponible &agrave; l&rsquo;adresse&nbsp;: <a href="https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/5871022?sommaire=5763532" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline">https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/5871022?sommaire=5763532</a></span></span></span></p> <p class="Bibliographie1" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black">Levenshtein V. I. 1966. &ldquo;Binary codes capable of correcting deletions, insertions and reversals&rdquo;, Soviet Physics &ndash; Doklady, 10-8, pp. 707-710.</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Bibliographie1" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span new="" style="font-family:" times="" unicode="">L&eacute;onard, Jean L&eacute;o 2017. &laquo; </span><span new="" style="font-family:" times="" unicode="">L&rsquo;<i>&oelig;uvre ouverte </i>de Pertti Virtaranta et la Finlande : portrait d&rsquo;un pays &agrave; travers l&rsquo;un de ses humanistes &raquo;, in </span><span new="" style="font-family:" times="" unicode="">Bernadett B&iacute;r&oacute; (University of Szeged), Iwona Piechnik (Jagiellonian University in Krak&oacute;w) &amp; Ulla Tuomarla (University of Helsinki) Festschrift: <i>Finland Suomi 100: language, culture and history</i>, pp. 78-94. </span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Bibliographie1" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">L&eacute;onard Jean L&eacute;o, Guylaine Brun-Trigaud &amp; Flore Picard 2023. &ldquo;Atlas linguistiques et perspectives dialectom&eacute;triques&rdquo;, in Sibille Jean &amp; Louise Esher (&eacute;ds). <i>Manuel de linguistique occitane</i>, Berlin, Mouton.</span></span></span></p> <p class="Bibliographie1" style="text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Millardet Georges 1910a. <i>Petit atlas linguistique d&rsquo;une r&eacute;gion des Landes. Contribution &agrave; la dialectologie gasconne</i>, Toulouse, E. Privat. </span></span></span></p> <p class="Bibliographie1" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Millardet Georges 1910b. <i>&Eacute;tudes de dialectologie landaise : le d&eacute;veloppement des phon&egrave;mes additionnels. </i>Th&egrave;se principale pour le doctorat &egrave;s lettres pr&eacute;sent&eacute;e &agrave; l&#39;Universit&eacute; de Paris, Toulouse, E. Privat (Biblioth&egrave;que m&eacute;ridionale, 1re s&eacute;rie, XIV). </span></span></span></p> <p class="Bibliographie1" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Millardet Georges 1910c. <i>Recueil de texte des anciens dialectes landais</i>, avec une introduction grammaticale, des traductions en dialectes modernes, un glossaire et une table des noms de lieux et de personnes. Th&egrave;se compl&eacute;mentaire pour le doctorat &egrave;s lettres pr&eacute;sent&eacute;e &agrave; l&#39;Universit&eacute; de Paris, Paris, Champion.&nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <p class="Bibliographie1" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Millardet Georges <span style="font-family:" zenithens475os20-regular=""><span style="color:#231f20">1921, Linguistique et dialectologie romanes&thinsp;; probl&egrave;mes et M&eacute;thodes, </span></span><i><span style="font-family:" zenithens475os20-italic=""><span style="color:#231f20">Publications sp&eacute;ciales de la soci&eacute;t&eacute; des langues romanes, Revue des langues romanes, </span></span></i><span style="font-family:" zenithens475os20-regular=""><span style="color:#231f20">t. LXI, p.&thinsp;1-368.</span></span>Morin Edgar 1986. <i>La M&eacute;thode, 3. La connaissance de la connaissance&nbsp;; anthropologie de la connaissance</i>, Paris, Seuil. </span></span></span></p> <p class="Bibliographie1" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Nerbonne John <i>&amp; al</i>. 2011, <em>Gabmap</em> - a web application for dialectology, <i>Dialectologia: revista electr&ograve;nica</i>, p. 65-89.</span></span></span></p> <p class="Bibliographie1" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Nerbonne John &amp; Wilbert Heeringa, 2001, <i>Computational Comparison and Classification of Dialects</i>, <i>Dialectologia et Geolinguistica</i> 9, 69-83.</span></span></span></p> <p class="Bibliographie1" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Nerbonne John, Ilse van Gemert &amp; Wilbert Heeringa 2005, <i>A Dialectometric View of Linguistic &ldquo;Gravity&rdquo;</i>, Alpha Informatica report, University of Groningen, accessible sur <a href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.530.5957" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:blue"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="text-underline:none">https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.530.5957</span></span></span></a>. [consult&eacute; le 24/08/2022]. </span></span></span></p> <p class="Bibliographie1" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Nerbonne John &amp; William Kretzschmar 2003, <i>Introducing Computational Techniques in Dialectometry</i>, Computers and the Humanities 37, 245-255.</span></span></span></p> <p class="Bibliographie1" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">de Saussure Ferdinand 1907-[1975].<i> Cours de linguistique g&eacute;n&eacute;rale</i>, Paris, Payot. </span></span></span></p> <p class="Bibliographie1" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">S&eacute;guy Jean 1971. La relation entre la distance spatiale et la distance lexicale,<i> Revue de Linguistique Romane</i> 35, 335-357.</span></span></span></p> <p class="Bibliographie1" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">S&eacute;guy Jean 1973a. La dialectom&eacute;trie dans l&#39;Atlas linguistique de la Gascogne,<i> Revue de Linguistique Romane </i>37, 1-24.</span></span></span></p> <p class="Bibliographie1" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">S&eacute;guy Jean 1973b. La fonction minimale du dialecte<i>, </i>in :<i> L</i><i>es dialectes romans de France &agrave; la lumi&egrave;re des atlas r&eacute;gionaux</i>, Paris, Editions du CNRS, 27-<cite>Swadesh Morris 1950.Salish Internal Relationships, International Journal of American Linguistics, 16, 157&ndash;167.</cite></span></span></span></p> <p class="Bibliographie1" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:-18pt; margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:48px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Weinreich Uriel 1954. <i>Is a structural dialectology possible?</i>, <i>Word</i>, 10(2-3), 388-400.</span></span></span></p> <div>&nbsp; <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Il faut certes compter avec un autre pr&eacute;curseur de la dialectom&eacute;trie&nbsp;: le tr&egrave;s polyvalent savant polonais Jan Czekanowski (1882-1965), connu pour ses travaux de taxinomie en anthropologie physique, son carnet de terrains en Afrique et&hellip; L&rsquo;invention d&rsquo;une m&eacute;thode pour calculer la distance entre les langues, qu&rsquo;il appliqua au domaine slave. Mais sa m&eacute;thode &eacute;tait fondamentalement typologique avant l&rsquo;heure (cf. Kroeber &amp; Chr&eacute;tien 1937&nbsp;: 81-88), et non pas isoglottique, et ne s&rsquo;appliquait pas &agrave; des espaces dialectaux, <i>a fortiori </i>&agrave; des continuums dialectaux. D&rsquo;ailleurs, les traits typologiques retenus par Czekanowski pour quantifier les distances linguistiques entre langues slaves se fonde sur les vari&eacute;t&eacute;s standard, et non sur les dialectes. On ne trouve donc aucunement dans sa d&eacute;marche de <i>r&eacute;ticulation interponctuelle</i>, pour laquelle la dimension g&eacute;olinguistique est indispensable. Le g&eacute;nie taxinomique de Jan Czekanowski n&rsquo;en reste pas moins ind&eacute;niable, et augure &agrave; sa mani&egrave;re de la dialectom&eacute;trie future. Par ailleurs, pr&eacute;cisons pour autant que cela soit n&eacute;cessaire que la dialectom&eacute;trie post-Lalanne et s&eacute;guyenne n&rsquo;a rien &agrave; voir avec la glottochronologie de Morris Swadesh, dont la finalit&eacute; est reconstructive (qu&ecirc;te des protolangues), qui remonte &agrave; 1950, donc une ann&eacute;e apr&egrave;s le premier des deux rapports de Th. Lalanne &ndash; m&ecirc;me si le premier essai de Swadesh en lexicostatistique portait sur la diff&eacute;renciation interne d&rsquo;un domaine restreint&nbsp;: les langues salishanes (Swadesh 1950). Pour acc&eacute;der &agrave; nombre de travaux de Lalanne, consulter le portail en ligne r&eacute;alis&eacute; par Fr&eacute;d&eacute;ric Dinguirard&nbsp;: </span><a href="https://ethnolinguiste.org/" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">https://ethnolinguiste.org/</span></a><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">, notamment </span><a href="https://ethnolinguiste.org/?s=Lalanne&amp;submit=Rechercher" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">https://ethnolinguiste.org/?s=Lalanne&amp;submit=Rechercher</span></a><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">. </span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn2"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Selon le travail typologique dialectal entrepris par Philippe Lartigue qui mod&eacute;lisa cet aire g&eacute;olectale &agrave; partir de plusieurs sources, o&ugrave; on y d&eacute;nombrerait au total 140 communes (cf. </span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Tableau 1</span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> en annexe). </span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn3"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Lien sur la page https://<em>Gabmap</em>.let.rug.nl/&nbsp;; voir aussi Nerbonne <i>&amp; al. </i>2005, 2011, Nerbonne &amp; Heeringa 2001, Nerbonne &amp; Kretzschmar 2003).</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn4"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><a href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> (Cf. </span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Tableau 2</span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">). </span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn5"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><a href="#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Sur les Landes g&eacute;ographiques et sociales, v. Brumaud (2021), Lemasson (2021). </span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn6"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><a href="#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> <i>Nouvel Atlas Linguistique de la France</i>, initi&eacute; par Albert Dauzat (ou projet des atlas linguistiques r&eacute;gionaux), dont l&rsquo;ALG (Atlas linguistique de Gascogne), port&eacute; par le CNRS &agrave; partir des ann&eacute;es 1950. </span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn7"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><a href="#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a> <i><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">La pelha de la hemna qu&rsquo;es nega</span></i><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">, trad. fce&nbsp;:&lsquo;le v&ecirc;tement/l&rsquo;habit de la femme est noir&rsquo;.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn8"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><a href="#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Le fondateur de la dialectologie landaise, ceci dit, n&rsquo;est autre que Georges Millardet, avec ses deux th&egrave;ses (1910a-b) qui font figure de pierre de touche incontournable dans le domaine. </span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn9"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><a href="#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Nous utilisons ici la base de donn&eacute;es THESOC, constitu&eacute;e et aimablement mise &agrave; notre disposition par Guylaine Brun-Trigaud, dans le cadre d&rsquo;un projet en cours plus ample sur la dialectom&eacute;trie de l&rsquo;espace occitan (L&eacute;onard <i>&amp; al. </i>[sp]. </span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn10"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><a href="#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> M&eacute;tadonn&eacute;es&nbsp;: 72 localit&eacute;s, 89 items ou cognats, 3157 exemples, </span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">17589 caract&egrave;res, 17445 occurrences&nbsp;; tokens uniques&nbsp;: 39. </span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn11"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><a href="#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Une fourchette de distances de l&rsquo;ordre de 0,20 &agrave; 0,55, comme dans nos relev&eacute;s dialectom&eacute;triques pour le mazatec, est davantage usuel, cf. L&eacute;onard <i>&amp; al. </i>2016.Mais nous nous situons ici, d&rsquo;un point de vue macroscopique gallo-roman, &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;chelle d&rsquo;un sous-dialecte du gascon, lui-m&ecirc;me dialecte du domaine occitan. </span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn12"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><a href="#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&laquo;&nbsp; La fonction du dialecte est double, et chacune des deux fonctions est contradictoire &agrave; l&rsquo;autre. La premi&egrave;re est d&rsquo;assurer la communication linguistique entre les groupes humains. La seconde est de permettre &agrave; ces groupes de se diff&eacute;rencier.&nbsp;&raquo; (1973b&nbsp;: 28) et, plus loin &laquo;&nbsp;La fonction du dialecte est double&nbsp;: elle permet aux groupes humains en contact et de communiquer et de se d&eacute;marquer. Mais la deuxi&egrave;me fonction est tr&egrave;s humblement subordonn&eacute;e &agrave; la premi&egrave;re&nbsp;; du moins quand on fait les comptes (&hellip;). Nous retrouvons le sens &eacute;tymologique du mot dialecte, qui implique la notion de transition (&hellip;), impliquant elle-m&ecirc;me la notion de diff&eacute;rence&nbsp;&raquo; (1973b&nbsp;: 35). Ferdinand de Saussure avait &eacute;nonc&eacute; cette double fonction bien auparavant, dans le chapitre &laquo;&nbsp;la force d&rsquo;intercourse et l&rsquo;esprit de clocher&nbsp;&raquo;, dans son CLG&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;la propagation des faits de langue est soumise aux m&ecirc;mes lois que n&rsquo;importe quelle habitude, la mode par exemple. Dans toute masse humaine deux forces agissant sans cesse simultan&eacute;ment et en sens contraires&nbsp;: d&rsquo;une part l&rsquo;esprit particulariste, l&rsquo;&nbsp;&laquo; esprit de clocher&nbsp;&raquo;&nbsp;; de l&rsquo;autre, la force d&rsquo;&nbsp;&laquo; intercourse&nbsp;&raquo;, qui cr&eacute;e les communications entre les hommes&nbsp;&raquo; (de Saussure 1907-[1975]&nbsp;: 281. La distance lin&eacute;aire, calcul&eacute;e par Gabmap, permet de rendre compte de cette dynamique dualiste de prox&eacute;mie <i>campaniliste </i>vs extension d&rsquo;<i>intercourse</i>.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn13"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><a href="#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Rappel&nbsp;: OdC =<i> Objet de Connaissance</i>. Nous tenons &agrave; cette notion, qui nous a &eacute;t&eacute; confi&eacute;e jadis par Xavier Ravier (communication personnelle). </span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn14"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><a href="#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Non seulement l&rsquo;argumentaire de Th. Lalanne est roboratif, d&rsquo;une richesse &agrave; couper le souffle, agr&eacute;ment&eacute; de tableaux d&rsquo;une grande &eacute;l&eacute;gance, mais le style de ces deux rapports-samizdats de la dialectom&eacute;trie &eacute;mergente est truculent, enjou&eacute;, et vaut le d&eacute;tour y compris pour le lecteur contemporain. Ce n&rsquo;est pas le seul cas de grande <i>opera aperta </i>dans le domaine de la dialectologie, science aust&egrave;re s&rsquo;il en est, pourtant&nbsp;: nombre d&rsquo;essais de Jules Gilli&eacute;ron, de Georges Millardet, de Corrado Isaia Ascoli, de Matteo Bartoli, de Pierre Gardette, de Jean S&eacute;guy, de Ricardo </span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Carvalho Calero</span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">, de Valeriu Rusu, de Sever Pop, de Pertti Virtaranta (L&eacute;onard 2017), et de tant d&rsquo;autres le sont &eacute;galement. </span></span></span></p> </div> </div>