<p>R&eacute;sum&eacute;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">La pr&eacute;sente recherche porte sur l&rsquo;analyse des effets path&eacute;miques dans les discours num&eacute;riques. Elle permet d&rsquo;&eacute;tudier les sp&eacute;cificit&eacute;s (linguistiques, s&eacute;miotiques, discursives, etc.) de la CMO et/ou du discours num&eacute;rique en le prenant comme &eacute;l&eacute;ment constitutif d&rsquo;un syst&egrave;me complexe et auto-organis&eacute;&nbsp;: le web social.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">La technogen&egrave;se du discours num&eacute;rique pousse les chercheurs &agrave; changer de vision envers le web, qui s&rsquo;impose comme v&eacute;ritable substitut de l&rsquo;espace public </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">(Nathalie K Hayles, 2016)</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">, notamment avec le d&eacute;veloppement de l&rsquo;intelligence artificielle, qui fait qu&rsquo;on assiste actuellement &agrave; un tournant dit <i>techno</i>-<i>affectif</i> se pr&eacute;occupant des &eacute;motions en contexte num&eacute;rique.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Plusieurs ph&eacute;nom&egrave;nes &eacute;mergent en l&rsquo;occurrence, comme la cyberviolence et le cyberharc&egrave;lement, dont les causes et les cons&eacute;quences n&eacute;cessitent un int&eacute;r&ecirc;t particulier par les chercheurs afin de contribuer &agrave; la protection des libert&eacute;s et des droits des utilisateurs du web, le web &eacute;tant consid&eacute;r&eacute; comme un <i>espace public num&eacute;rique</i> </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">(Cardon, 2019)</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Ces ph&eacute;nom&egrave;nes <i>techno</i>-<i>affectifs</i> s&rsquo;observent <i>a priori</i> dans des discours num&eacute;riques natifs, comme les likes </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">(Fuchs, 2017)</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">, les &eacute;motic&ocirc;nes </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">(Halt&eacute;, 2018)</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">, les &eacute;motimots </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">(Bottineau, 2013; Ghliss, 2019)</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">, les agents de d&eacute;tection automatique des affects </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">(Ochs et al., 2007, 2014)</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">. Ils apparaissent dans le web de surface et sont investigables dans la mat&eacute;rialit&eacute; discursive </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">(Paveau, 2017)</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Etudier le processus de cyberpath&eacute;misation permettrait d&rsquo;aborder &agrave; la fois plusieurs ph&eacute;nom&egrave;nes, comme l&rsquo;amplification des &eacute;motions dans les r&eacute;seaux socio-num&eacute;riques, la g&eacute;n&eacute;ration des &eacute;motions dans les sites interactifs ou l&rsquo;augmentation des param&egrave;tres &eacute;nonciatifs par le web. Nous nous interrogeons dans ce travail sur la fa&ccedil;on dont le web augmenterait-il l&rsquo;effet path&eacute;mique de certains discours politiques ou m&eacute;diatiques, &agrave; travers des agents humains (utilisateurs) et non-humains (algorithmes) en mesurant l&rsquo;impact de cet effet dans les commentaires en ligne.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Le commentaire num&eacute;rique est un technodiscours second qui s&rsquo;inscrit dans une situation de communication num&eacute;rique et ob&eacute;it &agrave; ses contraintes. Il est produit par des utilisateurs humains appuy&eacute;s par des agents non humains (machines et algorithmes), &agrave; travers une op&eacute;ration appel&eacute;e &laquo;&nbsp;<b><i>&eacute;crilecture</i></b><a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><sup><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[1]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a>&nbsp;&raquo; </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">(Paveau, 2017, p. 40)</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">, c&rsquo;est-&agrave;-dire le fait de taper des &eacute;nonc&eacute;s sur un clavier tout en observant les publications &agrave; commenter. L&rsquo;&eacute;crilecture pourrait se rapprocher d&rsquo;un processus de per&ccedil;action d&eacute;fini par Berthoz comme un double processus rassemblant la perception et l&rsquo;action </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">(2013)</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Les commentaires donnent la parole aux utilisateurs pour exprimer leurs opinions, alors que les algorithmes rep&egrave;rent leurs <i>traces</i> pour calculer ce qu&rsquo;ils pourraient faire &agrave; partir des actions de leurs semblables, en agissant selon un principe de pr&eacute;diction </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">(Cardon, 2019; Paveau, 2017)</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">. Or, la complexit&eacute; de l&rsquo;esprit humain ne peut se faire prendre pour une machine triviale </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">(Morin, 2005)</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Notre d&eacute;marche sera qualitative et tracerait quelques pistes pour l&rsquo;analyse des effets &eacute;motionnels en ligne, en prenant en consid&eacute;ration les agents humains (utilisateurs) et non-humains (algorithmes). Nous capterons les commentaires et les publications &agrave; analyser avec l&rsquo;extension NCapture du logiciel NVIVO, qui les classe en jeu de donn&eacute;es (tableaux, graphes&hellip;) afin de pouvoir les analyser dans leur environnement d&rsquo;apparition (approche &eacute;cologique).</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Les marqueurs permettant de rep&eacute;rer la cyberpath&eacute;misation peuvent &ecirc;tre explicites, comme les likes et les &eacute;motic&ocirc;nes qui expriment des &eacute;motions, mais aussi implicites, comme la ponctuation, les majuscules, figures de style ou autres marqueurs que l&rsquo;on discutera lors de l&rsquo;analyse.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center; text-indent:14.2pt; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Bibliographie indicative</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Berthoz, A. (2013). <i>Le sens du mouvement</i>. Odile Jacob.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Bottineau, D. (2013). OUPS&nbsp;! Les &eacute;motimots, les petits mots des &eacute;motions : Des acteurs majeurs de la cognition verbale interactive. <i>Langue fran&ccedil;aise</i>, <i>180</i>(4), 99‑112. https://doi.org/10.3917/lf.180.0099</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Cardon, D. (2019). <i>Culture num&eacute;rique</i>. SciencesPo les presses.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Fuchs, C. (2017). </span></span></span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Social media : A critical introduction</span></span></span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">. </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">SAGE. https://univ.scholarvox.com/book/88896849</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Ghliss, Y. (2019). <i>L&rsquo;&eacute;motimot LOL : Du mot-rire au &laquo; bonheur conversationnel &raquo;</i>. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02145771</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Halt&eacute;, P. (2018). <i>Les &eacute;motic&ocirc;nes et des interjections dans le tchat</i>. Lambert-Lucas.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Morin, E. (2005). <i>Introduction &agrave; la pens&eacute;e complexe</i>. &Eacute;ditions du Seuil, DL 2005.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Nathalie K Hayles. (2016). <i>Lire et penser en milieux num&eacute;riques : Attention, r&eacute;cits, technogen&egrave;se</i>. UGA &Eacute;ditions.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Ochs, M., Ding, Y., Fourati, N., Chollet, M., Ravenet, B., Pecune, F., Glas, N., Prepin, K., Clavel, C., &amp; Pelachaud, C. (2014). Vers des Agents Conversationnels Anim&eacute;s dot&eacute;s d&rsquo;&eacute;motions et d&rsquo;attitudes sociales. <i>Journal d&rsquo;Interaction Personne-Syst&egrave;me</i>, <i>3</i>(2), 1‑23. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01190028</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Ochs, M., Sadek, D., &amp; Pelachaud, C. (2007). <i>Vers un mod&egrave;le formel des &eacute;motions d&rsquo;un agent rationnel dialoguant empathique</i>. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00190915</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Paveau, M.-A. (2017). <i>L&rsquo;analyse du discours num&eacute;rique : Dictionnaire des formes et des pratiques</i>. Hermann.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <div>&nbsp; <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a> Simultan&eacute;it&eacute; de l&rsquo;&eacute;criture et la lecture</span></span></p> </div> </div>