<article about="/content/le-public-comme-foule-representations-du-musee-dans-la-bande-dessinee-contemporaine-face-la" class="article-revue is-promoted full clearfix" data-history-node-id="295" role="article" style="box-sizing:border-box; display:block; color:#333333; font-family:"Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size:14px; font-style:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:400; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:2; text-align:start; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; widows:2; word-spacing:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; white-space:normal; background-color:#fcf9f9; text-decoration-thickness:initial; text-decoration-style:initial; text-decoration-color:initial">
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<ul style="box-sizing:border-box; margin-bottom:10px; padding-left:1.5em">
	<li style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><strong style="box-sizing:border-box; font-weight:700">Construire le public comme une foule : une histoire de procédés graphiques</strong></span></span></li>
	<li style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><strong style="box-sizing:border-box; font-weight:700">Une foule muette</strong></span></span></li>
	<li style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><strong style="box-sizing:border-box; font-weight:700">Regard de la foule, regard sur la foule</strong></span></span></li>
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<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"> </span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">Les noms « foule » et « public » ont la particularité lexicale d’être au singulier et de désigner une réalité ou une construction sociologique plurielle. Comme il est défini par les études en muséologie, le public de musée est hétérogène ; avec le « renouveau muséologique<sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:11px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a href="#_ftn1" id="_ftnref1" name="_ftnref1" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">1</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup> », l’accent est porté sur les spécificités des groupes qui le composent pour leur offrir la meilleure expérience de visite (familles, groupes scolaires, personnes en situation de handicap). Ces personnes sont liées par une démarche commune : une activité culturelle. La foule partage le caractère pluriel et collectif du public mais elle n’est pas liée exclusivement à une activité. Elle est communément définie par la concentration de personnes, de corps dans un même espace comme Gustave Le Bon le rappelle : « Au sens ordinaire, le mot foule représente une réunion d’individus quelconques, quels que soient leur nationalité, leur profession ou leur sexe, quels que soient aussi les hasards qui les rassemblent<sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:11px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a href="#_ftn2" id="_ftnref2" name="_ftnref2" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title=""><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup>. » C’est dans leurs comportements que se trouvent les différences entre ces deux groupes. Si le public désigne un collectif, les comportements de chacun⋅e sont personnels, les œuvres sont appréciées individuellement ou en petits groupes<sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:11px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a href="#_ftn3" id="_ftnref3" name="_ftnref3" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title=""><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">3</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup>. Au contraire, la foule tend à lisser ces différences pour former une réalité collective dans laquelle « les sentiments et les idées de toutes les unités sont orientés dans une même direction<sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:11px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a href="#_ftn4" id="_ftnref4" name="_ftnref4" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title=""><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">4</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup> ». Dans ce cas, elle devient une « foule psychologique<sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:11px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a href="#_ftn5" id="_ftnref5" name="_ftnref5" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title=""><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">5</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup> », c’est-à-dire « un être provisoire, composé d’éléments hétérogènes pour un instant soudés<sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:11px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a href="#_ftn6" id="_ftnref6" name="_ftnref6" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title=""><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">6</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup> ».</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><em style="box-sizing:border-box">La Joconde</em>, par sa renommée mondiale (70% des visiteur⋅euses du Louvre souhaitent la voir<sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:11px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a href="#_ftn7" id="_ftnref7" name="_ftnref7" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">7</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup>), attire un grand nombre de personnes et la salle des États, où elle est exposée, est devenue une étape presque obligatoire, chacun⋅e vient pour la voir. Depuis 2005, le musée du Louvre invite des auteur⋅rices de bande dessinée en leur laissant « carte-blanche<sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:11px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a href="#_ftn8" id="_ftnref8" name="_ftnref8" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title=""><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">8</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup> » pour créer un album autour du musée et de ses collections. Certain⋅es dessinateur⋅rices choisissent de s’emparer de l’expérience de la visite et des comportements du public pour tisser leur histoire. L’attraction de <em style="box-sizing:border-box">La Joconde</em> sur les visiteur⋅euses devient alors une possibilité de réflexion, de représentation et de critique pour les bédéistes. Dans cette salle où tous les regards sont tournés vers la même petite surface peinte, le comportement entièrement collectif du public est mis en séquences par les auteur⋅rices. Ainsi, la représentation de la fréquentation des salles, des habitudes de visite et des œuvres renouvellerait par le prisme de la bande dessinée le regard des lecteur⋅rices sur le musée et leur manière d’appréhender la visite.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">Cet article se concentrera sur la lecture des scènes où le public fait foule devant <em style="box-sizing:border-box">La Joconde</em> et sur l’analyse des stratégies mises en œuvre par les bédéistes. Il s’agira de montrer comment, à travers des pratiques différentes, les dessinateur⋅rices arrivent à créer un effet de foule et dans quel but cet effet est recherché dans les albums de la collection du Louvre. Neuf des albums de la collection construisent des propositions intéressantes qui s’interrogent sur cette salle et sur les visiteur⋅euses qui admirent le tableau (ou du moins essayent). D’abord, David Prudhomme<sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:11px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a href="#_ftn9" id="_ftnref9" name="_ftnref9" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title=""><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">9</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup>, Florent Chavouet<sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:11px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a href="#_ftn10" id="_ftnref10" name="_ftnref10" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title=""><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">10</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup> et Mo/CD<sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:11px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a href="#_ftn11" id="_ftnref11" name="_ftnref11" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title=""><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">11</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup> portent un regard réaliste et humoristique sur la situation, l’extrapolation permet de construire une critique des conditions de visite. Ensuite, Li Chi-Tak, Chang Sheng, Shin’Ichi Sakamoto et le duo Bernard Yslaire et Jean-Claude Carrière s’interrogent sur le temps des œuvres et du musée. <em style="box-sizing:border-box">Moon of the Moon</em><sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:11px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a href="#_ftn12" id="_ftnref12" name="_ftnref12" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title=""><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">12</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup> de Li Chi-Tak et la nouvelle « Déjà vu<sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:11px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a href="#_ftn13" id="_ftnref13" name="_ftnref13" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title=""><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">13</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup> » de Chang Sheng passent par le genre de la science-fiction. Shin’Ichi Sakamoto, Bernard Yslaire et Jean-Claude Carrière optent pour la bande dessinée historique, en particulier le moment révolutionnaire de 1789. « La reine Antoinette rencontre Monna Lisa<sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:11px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a href="#_ftn14" id="_ftnref14" name="_ftnref14" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title=""><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">14</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup> » est une fiction librement inspirée de la figure de Marie-Antoinette, alors que <em style="box-sizing:border-box">Le Ciel au-dessus du Louvre</em><sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:11px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a href="#_ftn15" id="_ftnref15" name="_ftnref15" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title=""><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">15</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup> retrace (avec des libertés fictionnelles) l’histoire du Louvre pendant cette même Révolution Française. Enfin, Jirō Taniguchi<sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:11px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a href="#_ftn16" id="_ftnref16" name="_ftnref16" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title=""><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">16</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup> et Taiyō Matsumoto<sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:11px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a href="#_ftn17" id="_ftnref17" name="_ftnref17" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">17</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup> rêvent une vie secrète et fantastique dans le musée afin de présenter un fort contraste entre les salles vides, magiques et parfois inquiétantes, et les salles bondées où l’imaginaire ne peut pas se développer.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">La première partie, en partant d’une planche de Daumier (1852), s’arrêtera sur les procédés graphiques employés dans les albums. La deuxième s’intéressera à la construction d’une unité mentale de la foule en plus de l’unité corporelle. Enfin, il sera temps d’aborder la manière dont les auteur⋅rices du corpus présentent le regard de la foule et proposent une façon de contempler les œuvres.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"> </span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><b style="box-sizing:border-box; font-weight:700"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">Construire le public comme une foule : une histoire de procédés graphiques</span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">La mutation du public en foule aux yeux du lectorat s’opère d’abord grâce à des procédés graphiques. Deux courants contraires cohabitent dans ces représentations avec un but commun, celui de faire ressortir la densité de la foule aux yeux des lecteur⋅rices. Le premier est la volonté d’une anonymisation totale des individus pour les fondre dans une masse graphique, le second est la multiplication des détails dans la représentation pour arriver à une saturation visuelle et produire un effet de foule.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">Ces choix mis en œuvre chez plusieurs dessinateur⋅rices contemporain⋅es sont déjà présents dans les caricatures du XIX<sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:11px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em">e</sup> siècle. Les Salons de peinture et de sculpture sont très fréquentés ; ce sont des manifestations culturelles majeures qui sont largement commentées dans la presse. Les journaux proposent des reproductions en gravure des œuvres présentées. Les caricaturistes se mettent aussi à couvrir ce sujet d’actualité avec leurs moyens d’expression et vont jusqu’à railler le public face aux œuvres. Un Salon caricatural est « une sorte de compte rendu en images humoristiques<sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:11px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a href="#_ftn18" id="_ftnref18" name="_ftnref18" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title=""><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">18</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup> ». À ses débuts, il « se caractérise par l’assemblage de parodies d’œuvres exposées au Salon annuel<sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:11px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a href="#_ftn19" id="_ftnref19" name="_ftnref19" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title=""><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">19</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup> », au fur et à mesure une attention plus grande est portée au public et à ses réactions.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">Honoré Daumier, dans la tradition des physionomies, dédie une série entière au public du Salon<sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:11px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a href="#_ftn20" id="_ftnref20" name="_ftnref20" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">20</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup>, dans laquelle il se moque de différents groupes venant à l’exposition. La troisième illustration de la série, intitulée « Devant les tableaux de Meissonier<sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:11px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a href="#_ftn21" id="_ftnref21" name="_ftnref21" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title=""><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">21</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup> » (<em style="box-sizing:border-box">Figure 1</em>), montre une foule de visiteurs de l’époque en haut-de-forme se pressant les uns contre les autres pour arriver à voir les œuvres du peintre, les visiteurs sont obligés de se contorsionner, vers le haut ou sur le côté, pour essayer d’apercevoir le tableau. Celui-ci est d’ailleurs invisible pour le lectorat du journal. Daumier rend la foule compacte en dessinant un arrière-plan chargé, pas un seul espace n’est laissé vide, les chapeaux des visiteurs et les œuvres accrochées à touche-touche remplissent la perspective. De plus, les personnages présents sur les bords de l’illustration sont coupés, faisant comprendre que cette scène est bien plus étendue que ce que le cadrage permet de montrer. Cette densité visuelle est couplée à la représentation d’anonymes, à part le peintre (encastré entre deux messieurs en bas à droite), personne n’est reconnaissable, ce qui intéresse Daumier c’est le comportement collectif, la cohue, la représentation de types : la foule vient pour voir. En effet, la scène qui se déroule occulte complètement le thème du Salon, les œuvres exposées disparaissent pour ne laisser place qu’à des crayonnés abstraits ou des cadres vides. Admirer les œuvres n’est alors plus possible, ni pour le lectorat du journal ni pour le public qui se presse. Ce dessin contraste complètement avec les compte-rendus de Salons plus traditionnels : la copie des œuvres est totalement abandonnée, les tableaux ne sont plus le sujet et ne sont alors plus visibles pour personne. En revanche, le public attiré par la manifestation est placé au centre de l’attention.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:center; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><font color="#000000"><font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size:14.6667px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><b style="box-sizing:border-box; font-weight:700"><img alt="" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="c6297185-f5e5-498f-b19f-5d97f63f585c" src="https://alepreuve.org/sites/default/files/inline-images/illustration_CC_0.jpg" style="box-sizing:border-box; border:0px; vertical-align:middle" /></b></span></span></span></font></font></font></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p align="center" class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-align:center; text-indent:0cm; margin-right:34px; margin-bottom:10px; margin-left:38px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><em style="box-sizing:border-box">Figure 1</em> : Honoré Daumier, « Devant les tableaux de Meissonier », Le public du Salon, lithographie, 1852, Musée Carnavalet.</span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">Le thème principal de la visite du Salon est occulté et les regards se concentrent sur la foule. Les procédés visent à montrer sa densité : la perspective surchargée d’informations, les personnages coupés par le cadre laissant comprendre l’existence d’un hors-champ semblable, les corps en contorsion et surtout la représentation d’anonymes. La lecture du corpus montre que les dessinateur⋅rices contemporain⋅es réutilisent ces procédés. Cette tradition graphique, sans qu’elle ne soit revendiquée ni même totalement consciente, montre que le public, ses habitudes et la contemplation des œuvres, soulèvent des questionnements similaires aujourd’hui et au XIX<sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:11px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em">e</sup> siècle. À la seule différence que Daumier construit une image condensée, le dessin et la légende suffisent à traiter son propos car ils « synthétis[ent] plusieurs couches de lecture<sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:11px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a href="#_ftn22" id="_ftnref22" name="_ftnref22" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title=""><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">22</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup> », alors que les bédéistes inscrivent la foule et ses représentations dans une suite séquentielle. Les cases en bande dessinée sont par principe incomplètes et s’influencent l’une l’autre, la suivante ajoutant toujours un élément à la lecture de la précédente. En effet, Benoît Peeters, en reprenant les termes de Pierre Fresnault-Deruelle, définit « la vignette [...] comme une image “en déséquilibre”, écartelée entre celle qui la précède et celle qui la suit<sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:11px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a href="#_ftn23" id="_ftnref23" name="_ftnref23" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title=""><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">23</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup> ». Cet aspect de la grammaire bédéique permet d’inscrire la foule dans une progression temporelle et de jouer sur les temporalités.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">L’anonymisation des individus est nécessaire pour que le public se change en foule à la lecture ; tous se fondent dans la masse et ne deviennent que des « unités<sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:11px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a href="#_ftn24" id="_ftnref24" name="_ftnref24" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title=""><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">24</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup> » d’un seul ensemble. Sans identité propre, les personnages ne sont plus que des composants de cette entité collective qu’est la foule ; ils sont privés d’histoire, leur seule existence dans le récit est face à l’œuvre. En plus d’avoir des caractéristiques de figurants, les personnages qui composent la foule voient leur identité niée dans la pratique même du dessin.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">Un des procédés les plus communs est la représentation de la foule de dos ainsi aucun visage ne transparaît et le public devient une masse de corps. La proximité entre les individus rend ce groupe compact comme un corps unique. C’est le choix fait par Mo/CDM dans <em style="box-sizing:border-box">Fluide Glacial au Louvre</em><sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:11px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a href="#_ftn25" id="_ftnref25" name="_ftnref25" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title=""><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">25</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup> ; l’auteur représente la salle de <em style="box-sizing:border-box">La Joconde</em> en plongée dans un style caricatural, le point de vue choisi est derrière la foule ainsi aucun visage n’est reconnaissable. La lumière et le cadrage se chargent de focaliser l’attention sur la foule et non sur les œuvres. Pour les personnages de cette planche, aucun mouvement n’est possible, aucun comportement personnel et surtout tous ont le regard tourné vers le fameux portrait. Dans un autre registre, la foule de Shin’Ichi Sakamoto, présentée à la dernière planche de « La reine Antoinette rencontre Monna Lisa<sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:11px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a href="#_ftn26" id="_ftnref26" name="_ftnref26" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title=""><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">26</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup> », est dessinée dans un style très réaliste. L’auteur prête une grande attention aux détails mais toujours aucun visage n’est visible : la foule est entièrement de dos et la case est une vision subjective ; les lecteur⋅rices sont ainsi inclu⋅es dans le groupe comme étant une unité, au même niveau que les autres individus. Tout comme Daumier, ces deux auteurs construisent une foule dense et immobile.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">Le lectorat est positionné de manière similaire au public, comme faisant aussi partie de cet ensemble compact dans lequel il faut perdre son identité pour y être intégré. Li Chi-Tak va encore plus loin dans cette dégradation ; en plus de leur identité, les individus y laissent leur humanité. La foule est brièvement montrée de face ; les yeux vides, blancs et sans pupilles, presque zombifiée ou hypnotisée<sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:11px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a href="#_ftn27" id="_ftnref27" name="_ftnref27" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title=""><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">27</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup>. En outre, afin de ne pas représenter des visiteur⋅euses avec une individualité ou un comportement personnel, les auteur⋅rices peuvent choisir de ne dessiner que des visages esquissés, sans détails. L’accent est alors mis sur l’unité de la foule et son comportement global.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">La troisième ligne de la page 25 des <em style="box-sizing:border-box">Gardiens du Louvre</em> de Jirō Taniguchi<sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:11px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a href="#_ftn28" id="_ftnref28" name="_ftnref28" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title=""><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">28</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup> montre les deux personnages principaux avec en arrière-plan une foule beaucoup moins détaillée qu’eux, se limitant aux traits rudimentaires du visage. L’uniformité est soulignée par les couleurs utilisées ; les tons de la foule tirent vers le beige, créant une sensation de bloc en contraste avec les personnages au premier plan. Ces processus permettent d’intégrer la foule dans un temps qui se réitère, sans identité, ce ne sont pas les personnes qui sont au centre du discours mais bien la fréquentation très élevée dans cette salle chaque jour. Elle devient presque constitutive de la salle des États. Les visiteur⋅euses hypothétiques sont alors comme automatiquement intégré⋅es à la foule et celle-ci ne cesse jamais d’exister malgré les unités qui s’en détachent.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">Si Jirō Taniguchi se concentre sur le personnage, gommant les particularités individuelles de la foule, David Prudhomme et Florent Chavouet s’intéressent au contraire à la pluralité qui la compose. Les deux auteurs vont alors détailler le plus possible les personnes qu’ils rencontrent, physiquement et dans leurs comportements. Cette grande précision, au lieu de rendre à chaque personnage son individualité, a un effet inverse. Les détails en si grand nombre noient alors les individus pour que seule la sensation de foule reste en mémoire. Les deux albums fonctionnent comme des collections interchangeables de visiteur⋅euses. Tout comme Daumier, David Prudhomme et Florent Chavouet se concentrent sur des individus et des comportements identifiables : l’exemple commun aux trois est celui d’une personne essayant de se hisser au-dessus de la foule pour voir le tableau avec comme seule différence, celle de l’époque. Les visiteur.euses de Prudhomme et Chavouet prennent des photos au-dessus de la masse, tandis que le visiteur de Daumier ne fait que regarder, mais l’inconfort de la position reste toujours le même. Ainsi, ces représentations répondent à la définition du « type » : les auteurs ont pour volonté de montrer des « caractères distinctifs<sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:11px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a href="#_ftn29" id="_ftnref29" name="_ftnref29" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title=""><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">29</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup> » des comportements du public, les individus représentés restent des anonymes. Il s’agit de montrer des clichés, des comportements caricaturaux. Ce procédé de multiplication de l’information est visible à l’échelle de l’hypercadre<sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:11px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a href="#_ftn30" id="_ftnref30" name="_ftnref30" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">30</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup> de la planche ou même de l’album. La saturation d’informations est un moyen de représenter la foule dans sa complexité. Cet ensemble qui paraît particulièrement disparate lorsque chaque profil est abordé, arrive tout de même à se réunir autour d’un but commun. L’anonymisation et la multiplication des détails ne sont pas des procédés incompatibles, David Prudhomme et Florent Chavouet les associent au sein d’un même album ; simplement les personnages mis au premier plan dans <em style="box-sizing:border-box">L’Île Louvre</em><sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:11px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a href="#_ftn31" id="_ftnref31" name="_ftnref31" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title=""><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">31</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup> et <em style="box-sizing:border-box">La Traversée du Louvre</em><sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:11px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a href="#_ftn32" id="_ftnref32" name="_ftnref32" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title=""><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">32</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup> ne tiennent pas de place dans le récit, ils sont dépourvus d’histoire, alors que les autres auteur⋅rices emploient l’anonymisation surtout pour mettre en avant les personnages principaux des albums.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">Les bédéistes mettent en œuvre des stratégies graphiques pour que le public soit lu comme une foule. De l’anonymisation des visiteurs grâce aux couleurs ou à un dessin rudimentaire des visages à la saturation d’information visuelle, ces procédés visent à créer un corps collectif et uni mentalement, « une foule psychologique<sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:11px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a href="#_ftn33" id="_ftnref33" name="_ftnref33" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title=""><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">33</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup> ».</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"> </span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><b style="box-sizing:border-box; font-weight:700"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">Une foule muette</span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">Les albums étudiés placent au centre la question du corps et de sa représentation. Les corps forment graphiquement la foule comme une masse statique face à <em style="box-sizing:border-box">La Joconde</em>. Les corps sont alors montrés immobiles, conglomérés face au tableau. Parallèlement à ces effets graphiques, la cohésion de foule passe par le silence qui règne dans ces cases. Bien que composée d’une multitude d’individus, la foule du musée est le plus souvent silencieuse. À défaut de trouver une voix collective ou un⋅e porte-parole, la foule reste muette. Face à <em style="box-sizing:border-box">La Joconde</em>, personne ne parle ou n’échange un mot. Ce choix qui renforce l’unité de la foule est aussi lié à l’attitude de recueillement qui est attendue dans un musée, car sans être un lieu où l’échange est encouragé, les salles ne sont pas totalement silencieuses.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">Si les personnages ne parlent que très peu, les planches ne sont pas muettes<sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:11px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a href="#_ftn34" id="_ftnref34" name="_ftnref34" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title=""><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">34</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup> pour autant. Ainsi, le bruit de la foule est abordé par Jirō Taniguchi qui choisit de représenter le brouhaha ambiant grâce à une onomatopée « BROOM<sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:11px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a href="#_ftn35" id="_ftnref35" name="_ftnref35" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title=""><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">35</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup> ». Aussi, il arrive qu’une voix narrative s’immisce dans l’espace des planches sans pour autant être dotée d’une réalité sonore dans la diégèse. Dans <em style="box-sizing:border-box">La Traversée du Louvre</em>, David Prudhomme travaille particulièrement le texte introduit dans le passage de la salle de <em style="box-sizing:border-box">La Joconde</em> (p. 24 à 30). Le narrateur perd son identité et son unicité de visiteur pour être intégré à la foule. Ainsi, l’amalgame visuel du personnage se retrouve dans les passages narrés. Visuellement, le personnage disparaît au fil des cases, tandis qu’au niveau grammatical, le « je » du narrateur se confond progressivement dans le « on ». L’auteur écrit :</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><q><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:12.25px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707">p. 24 : [Tout le monde ici fait un peu comme moi<sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:9.1875px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a href="#_ftn36" id="_ftnref36" name="_ftnref36" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title=""><span style="font-size:8pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:12.8px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">36</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup>.]</span></span></span></span></span></q></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><q><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:12.25px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707">p. 25 : [Chacun veut la voir.]</span></span></span></span></span></q></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><q><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:12.25px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707">p. 26 : [Mais une fois qu’on l’a vue on fait quoi ?]</span></span></span></span></span></q></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><q><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:12.25px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707">p. 27 : muette</span></span></span></span></span></q></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><q><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:12.25px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707">p. 28 : [Et est-ce qu’on pense seulement à ce qu’elle voit elle ?]</span></span></span></span></span></q></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><q><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:12.25px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707">p. 29 : muette</span></span></span></span></span></q></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><q><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:12.25px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707">p. 30 : [Je dois m’arracher à ce radeau-là. Jeanne n’y viendra pas.]</span></span></span></span></span></q></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><q><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:12.25px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707">p. 31 : {Tiens<sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:9.1875px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a href="#_ftn37" id="_ftnref37" name="_ftnref37" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title=""><span style="font-size:8pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:12.8px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">37</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup> !}</span></span></span></span></span></q></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">Le premier cartouche (p. 24) montre une forte opposition entre le groupe et le narrateur : « Tout le monde » / « moi ». Cette locution figée est placée face au pronom personnel tonique une forme simple, unique et saillante. Graphiquement, la locution prend plus de place, elle est plus longue et le choix de trois mots pour décrire une réalité (la foule) permet alors de mettre l’accent sur la pluralité des individus qui la créent. Dans le cartouche suivant (p. 25), ces deux sujets sont fondus dans un seul « chacun », qui cependant garde une distinction entre les individus grâce à son caractère distributif et se rapporte individuellement à chaque personne présente dans cette salle. Le sens montre une différenciation entre les individus, la forme dit le contraire. Il faut tourner la page pour continuer la lecture (p. 26). Cette fois-ci, « tout le monde », « moi » et « chacun » se retrouvent unis derrière deux « on », le premier couplé à un passé composé, le deuxième à un présent gnomique. Le refus du sujet est rendu flagrant par l’emploi de ce « on » impersonnel mais aussi par le renversement du sens de la phrase. En effet, « on fait » est la proposition principale et « qu’on l’a vue », la proposition subordonnée relative, la principale se retrouve reléguée à la fin de la phrase. Cette formulation est retrouvée le plus souvent dans la langue orale. Un nouveau pronom est introduit : le « l'», qui se réfère à <em style="box-sizing:border-box">La Joconde</em> tout en étant discret. Sa place dans la syntaxe de la phrase lui donne assez de poids pour ajouter la flexion du féminin singulier au participe passé « vue ».</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">La page 27 est muette. La page suivante (p. 28) développe le nouveau pronom qui avait été introduit et le transforme en sujet à part entière (au niveau du dessin aussi). En effet, l’auteur opère un retournement de la focalisation qui est commenté par le texte. Le pronom « elle », qui se réfère à Monna Lisa, est répété deux fois, la seconde est une emphase avec dislocation<sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:11px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a href="#_ftn38" id="_ftnref38" name="_ftnref38" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title=""><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">38</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup>. Le sujet « elle » est détaché et rappelé en fin de phrase pour qu’il soit plus saillant. Le « on » est un monolithe indéfini face au « elle » de<em style="box-sizing:border-box"> La Joconde</em>. La page 30 montre la salle du point de vue du seuil, le narrateur s’apprête à en sortir. La première personne du singulier reprend alors une place de sujet. « Je » est mis en résonance avec le sujet de la phrase suivante « Jeanne », commençant tous deux par les mêmes lettres. L’expérience du narrateur dans la salle de <em style="box-sizing:border-box">La Joconde</em> est mise en parallèle avec sa quête dans le musée. Il a perdu Jeanne au Louvre et il la retrouvera en sortant du musée ; il a disparu dans la foule et ne pourra retrouver son identité qu’en sortant de la salle des États. La page suivante ne retrace pas le parcours dans la salle de <em style="box-sizing:border-box">La Joconde</em> mais il montre le narrateur qui « s’arrache » à la foule et à l’attraction qu’a le tableau sur elle, il peut être à nouveau représenté (il n’apparaît pas distinctement lorsqu’il est dans la foule) et parler. Ce ne sont plus des cartouches flottants qui accueillent le texte mais bien une bulle de parole avec une queue qui relie le personnage au propos énoncé. Ainsi, tant le dessin que le texte permettent de fondre les corps des individus dans un corps collectif unifié aussi par la pensée. La foule est une masse compacte et anonyme ; à l’inverse, le personnage principal doit pouvoir s’extraire pour la progression de l’histoire.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">Pour devenir un élément saillant qui ne s’efface pas dans la masse, le personnage fait l’objet d’un traitement particulier ; il est souvent le seul à être réitéré graphiquement. Ce procédé de la forme bédéique vise à répéter de case en case un même personnage (ou élément) avec des variations, l’inscrivant alors dans une progression séquentielle<sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:11px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a href="#_ftn39" id="_ftnref39" name="_ftnref39" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title=""><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">39</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup>. <em style="box-sizing:border-box">Moon of the Moon</em> de Li Chi-Tak en offre un exemple probant. À la page 12, le gaufrier<sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:11px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a href="#_ftn40" id="_ftnref40" name="_ftnref40" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title=""><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">40</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup> en 3x3, par sa régularité, permet de jouer sur les variations de son personnage principal et de l’inscrire dans une évolution temporelle. Marie, une fois dans la salle des États, se retourne pour admirer, non pas <em style="box-sizing:border-box">La Joconde</em> inaccessible, mais <em style="box-sizing:border-box">Les</em> <em style="box-sizing:border-box">Noces de Cana</em>, œuvre ignorée par les autres visiteur⋅euses. L’auteur place son personnage féminin dans chacune des cases de la planche. Elle est en tout présente neuf fois sur la même page. Par cette omniprésence, elle est au centre du récit, la planche raconte son mouvement dans la salle, les lecteur⋅rices la voient lentement se retourner. L’extirper de la foule en concentrant l’attention sur elle permet de montrer que sa visite est différente de celle des autres visiteur⋅euses. Le personnage a d’ailleurs un comportement singulier puisqu’elle décide de prendre le contre-pied de la foule en lui tournant le dos. Marie, en regardant à l’opposé, focalise son attention sur un autre espace, refusant ainsi de s’intégrer à « l’âme collective<sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:11px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a href="#_ftn41" id="_ftnref41" name="_ftnref41" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title=""><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">41</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup> » de la foule.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">Pour faire ressortir leur personnage de la cohue, Bernard Yslaire et Jean-Claude Carrière dans <em style="box-sizing:border-box">Le Ciel au-dessus du Louvre</em><sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:11px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a href="#_ftn42" id="_ftnref42" name="_ftnref42" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title=""><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">42</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup> choisissent une autre solution. La page 12 de l’album présente une foule qui dénote avec le reste du corpus ; elle n’est plus contemporaine mais historicisée. Elle n’est pas amassée devant un tableau particulier parce que ces personnes découvrent pour la première fois les collections royales de peinture et <em style="box-sizing:border-box">La Joconde</em> est difficilement repérable parmi tous les tableaux exposés. La foule est grouillante et composée de plusieurs groupes (les visiteur⋅euses et les travailleurs qui s’occupent des œuvres), Jules Stern, le personnage principal, est alors plus clair que le reste de la salle, entouré d’une sorte de halo particulier qui permet de l’identifier dans cette cohue. Il est sorti de la foule par cette couleur différente et très contrastée par rapport aux tons gris et ternes du reste de la page.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">David Prudhomme laisse son personnage principal se perdre dans la foule et choisit de mettre en lumière des anonymes. Pour leur donner une importance, il n’utilise ni la réitération graphique, ni les couleurs mais la mise en case. La personne sur laquelle il choisit de se focaliser est placée au centre d’une case en plan pied mais le cadre de la case est resserré proche de la figure<sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:11px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a href="#_ftn43" id="_ftnref43" name="_ftnref43" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title=""><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">43</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup>. Il délimite un espace et place la figure qui l’intéresse au centre ; la sortie de la masse se fait par ce procédé propre à la bande dessinée. Le cadre de la case fait écho aux cadres des œuvres, éléments sémiotiques importants qui permettent de séparer la scène du tableau « de l’immense nature<sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:11px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a href="#_ftn44" id="_ftnref44" name="_ftnref44" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title=""><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">44</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup> ». David Prudhomme utilise alors ponctuellement le cadre de la case pour extraire une figure de la foule.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">Outre le personnage principal, la figure de <em style="box-sizing:border-box">La Joconde</em> est fortement opposée à la foule. Le caractère collectif, multiple, pluriel, commun de la foule quotidienne du Louvre est souligné par l’unicité, l’immuabilité et la singularité du tableau. Les conditions réelles d’exposition de l’œuvre permettent un contraste avec les autres tableaux de la salle, le portrait est seul sur son mur au centre de la salle des États. Les bédéistes accentuent cette solitude en omettant les autres peintures de la salle, comme chez Daumier, les tableaux figuratifs se transforment en crayonnés abstraits ou en cadres vides. Étape incontournable pour de nombreux touristes, La Joconde a le pouvoir d’occulter les autres œuvres parce qu’elle concentre tous les regards de la salle. Seules <em style="box-sizing:border-box">Les Noces de Cana</em>, avec leur format monumental, peuvent rivaliser avec le pouvoir d’attraction de Monna Lisa. Le portrait de Monna Lisa, à cause de sa starification à partir du XX<sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:11px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em">e</sup> siècle, est devenu un des symboles du Louvre (avec <em style="box-sizing:border-box">La Vénus</em> de Milo et <em style="box-sizing:border-box">La Victoire</em> <em style="box-sizing:border-box">de Samothrace</em>). Cette importance donnée à l’œuvre est abordée par les auteur⋅rices de la collection et parfois même critiquée. Li-Chi Tak refuse que son personnage, Marie, s’arrête sur ce tableau et préfère la faire s’arrêter devant une œuvre qu’elle peut réellement contempler, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">Les Noces de Cana</em>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><em style="box-sizing:border-box">La Joconde</em> est ainsi isolée des autres œuvres mais aussi du monde humain, hissée au rang d’icône. Grâce à une opposition verticale entre la foule et le tableau, Monna Lisa prédomine constamment le public. Dans les albums de Florent Chavouet, de Shin’Ichi Sakamoto, Chang Sheng et Taiyō Matsumoto, la foule est représentée au moins une fois occupant la moitié basse de la case et la moitié haute est laissée presque vide exception faite du portrait. Ces représentations créent deux espaces distincts et hermétiques, ainsi le commun, le collectif sont les attributs de la foule, l’unique et presque le sacré, ceux du tableau.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"> </span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><b style="box-sizing:border-box; font-weight:700"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">Regard de la foule, regard sur la foule</span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">L’ICOM définit le musée comme « une institution permanente, à but non lucratif et au service de la société, qui se consacre à la recherche, la collecte, la conservation, l’interprétation et l’exposition du patrimoine matériel et immatériel<sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:11px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a href="#_ftn45" id="_ftnref45" name="_ftnref45" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title=""><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">45</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup> ». La fonction de ces institutions est triple : la conservation, l’étude et la présentation aux publics de leurs collections. Les conditions de visites pour permettre à tous⋅tes de profiter des œuvres exposées sont un élément important dont les conservateur⋅rices et les services de médiation doivent s’emparer. La délectation (<em style="box-sizing:border-box">enjoyment</em><sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:11px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a href="#_ftn46" id="_ftnref46" name="_ftnref46" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title=""><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">46</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup>) est un des buts de la présentation des œuvres ; elle « fait plus particulièrement référence aux musées d’art et à l’expérience esthétique qui peut être retirée de la vision des œuvres<sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:11px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a href="#_ftn47" id="_ftnref47" name="_ftnref47" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">47</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup> ». Le regard du public et ce qu’il peut en apprendre au contact des œuvres sont des éléments constitutifs du musée. La gardienne magique du Louvre dans l’album de Jirō Taniguchi dit en constatant la cohue devant <em style="box-sizing:border-box">La Joconde</em> : « Tout ça n’est guère propice à la contemplation picturale<sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:11px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a href="#_ftn48" id="_ftnref48" name="_ftnref48" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title=""><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">48</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup>… » La foule a un impact sur ces conditions et sur la fonction même de l’institution. Le public du musée est une foule scopique : elle vient pour voir, pour admirer, contempler, mais elle finit par obstruer elle-même le regard.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">Les bédéistes portent une attention toute particulière à retranscrire l’ambiance de la salle en interrogeant le regard que porte le public sur ce tableau. La foule est épiée pour montrer ses réactions, les postures des corps qui la composent et les yeux sont un motif récurrent dans les planches choisies. Chang Sheng<sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:11px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a href="#_ftn49" id="_ftnref49" name="_ftnref49" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title=""><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">49</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup>, par exemple, met en parallèle son personnage Grâce les yeux écarquillés, en un champ/contre-champ avec le fameux portrait. Dans cette case seul le visage de la jeune femme est dessiné en entier, la personne à droite est coupée par le cadre de la case, celles en arrière-plan sont cachées par les corps des uns et des autres, et la personne à gauche voit son visage coupé par une bulle qui continent le prénom de la figure centrale. Les individus représentés ne sont jamais complètement de face, et leurs regards ne sont pas tournés droit devant, seul celui de Grâce soutient celui de <em style="box-sizing:border-box">La Joconde</em> comme si elle avait accès à l’énigme ultime du tableau. Chang Sheng choisit de différencier le regard significatif de son personnage de celui de la foule qui ne regarde pas le tableau.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">En effet, l’impossibilité d’une vision collective pour la foule est un thème récurrent dans les albums abordés. Les artistes préfèrent mettre en valeur la particularité du regard du personnage sur l’œuvre en dépréciant celui de la foule. Li Chi-Tak dessine la foule avec les yeux blancs<sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:11px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a href="#_ftn50" id="_ftnref50" name="_ftnref50" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title=""><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">50</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup> ; paradoxalement l’organe de la vision est inutilisable dans un contexte où il est des plus sollicités. Il dénonce le regard superficiel de la foule, celle-ci ne se déplace pas pour percer le mystère des œuvres à travers la contemplation mais pour cocher une case sur les visites qu’il <em style="box-sizing:border-box">faut</em> faire lors d’un passage à Paris. La planche de Mo/CDM fait le même constat : la foule est tellement compacte que tout le monde ne peut pas contempler convenablement <em style="box-sizing:border-box">La Joconde</em> ; cependant, une bulle de pensée s’élève d’un personnage au fond de la salle : « C’est vrai qu’il est troublant ce sourire<sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:11px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a href="#_ftn51" id="_ftnref51" name="_ftnref51" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title=""><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">51</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup> » alors qu’il est dans l’incapacité de la voir correctement. Le dessinateur dépeint de manière ironique les conditions de visite devant le tableau qui ne permettent pas l’observation approfondie de la toile.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">Au contraire, les auteur⋅rices s’amusent à placer leur regard sur la foule : elle est regardée, épiée, étudiée. C’est le cas chez David Prudhomme ou Florent Chavouet qui dédient entièrement leurs albums à dessiner le public dans le Louvre. David Prudhomme est le seul à inverser la focalisation, l’auteur nous projette dans les yeux de Monna Lisa. Cette vision complètement imaginée montre la salle selon une perspective inhabituelle, la foule est de face en contrebas, sur le mur du fond on reconnaît la toile de Véronèse. L’étrangeté dans ces planches est due au changement de focalisation<sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:11px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a href="#_ftn52" id="_ftnref52" name="_ftnref52" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title=""><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">52</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup>. Dotée d’une intériorité, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">La Joconde</em> est transformée en sujet pensant qui porte un regard sur son public. Si la foule est détaillée, elle reste tout de même anonyme, en effet, David Prudhomme utilise cette focalisation sur deux pages<sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:11px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a href="#_ftn53" id="_ftnref53" name="_ftnref53" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title=""><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">53</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup> qui se suivent. Les personnes qui composent le public changent d’une page à l’autre : l’accent est ainsi mis sur la répétition de la scène et non sur l’individualité de chacun⋅e. Avec ce procédé, l’auteur inscrit la foule dans un temps qui se répète avec des « unités<sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:11px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a href="#_ftn54" id="_ftnref54" name="_ftnref54" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title=""><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">54</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup> » interchangeables.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">Le manque de contemplation de la part de la foule est la critique principale des bédéistes dans ces planches. La foule se retrouve avec un regard vide ou automatisé. Les auteur⋅rices montrent comment les appareils photos et téléphones s’intègrent dans la cohue humaine. L’œil a beau être le moyen par lequel les visiteurs perçoivent les tableaux, les XX<sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:11px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em">e</sup> et XXI<sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:11px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em">e</sup> siècles voient l’essor des technologies, de l’appareil photo au téléphone portable, la vision mécanique remplace la rétine humaine. La prise de photos s’est popularisée dans les salles, comme des preuves ou des souvenirs. Ce phénomène a pris une telle ampleur que certains musées contemporains interdisent les photos dans certaines salles pour ne pas gêner la circulation, par exemple le musée Reina Sofia à Madrid demande aux visiteur⋅euses de ne pas prendre de photos dans les salles autour de Guernica pour « garantir la qualité de l’expérience de la visite<sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:11px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a href="#_ftn55" id="_ftnref55" name="_ftnref55" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title=""><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">55</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup> ».</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">La contemplation prônée alors par la gardienne du Louvre dans l’album de Jirō Taniguchi est abandonnée au profit d’une automatisation de la vision. L’appareil automatise le regard, lui retire ce qu’il a de sensible et d’humain pour ne produire qu’une copie mécanique où la subjectivité de la personne qui regarde n’entre pas en compte. Le regard est nié à la foule, elle est incapable de contempler <em style="box-sizing:border-box">La Joconde</em>, dans les planches l’œil humain est remplacé progressivement par les appareils photos et les téléphones. La vision de la foule, lorsqu’elle n’est pas impossible, est mécanisée par ces dispositifs électroniques.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">En effet, Taiyō Matsumoto montre, dans<em style="box-sizing:border-box"> Les Chats du Louvre</em>, une <em style="box-sizing:border-box">Joconde</em> disséquée entre différents écrans<sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:11px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a href="#_ftn56" id="_ftnref56" name="_ftnref56" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title=""><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">56</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup> en une multiplicité de petites reproductions partielles. Ce fractionnement graphique témoigne de la vision incomplète de l’œuvre par la foule qui se focalise sur la reproduction et non de profiter de « l’ici-et-maintenant de l’œuvre d’art<sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:11px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a href="#_ftn57" id="_ftnref57" name="_ftnref57" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title=""><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">57</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup> ». David Prudhomme fait passer la représentation de Monna Lisa presque exclusivement par le biais de l’écran, l’auteur s’attèle à éviter de montrer une reproduction frontale du tableau. Ainsi, il prend de la distance avec le dispositif même de la bande dessinée, elle-même étant une reproduction mécanique en plus de critiquer les habitudes de la foule qui peut se contenter d’une reproduction de reproduction ; page 27, le dessinateur représente un homme prenant une photo de l’écran de l’appareil d’une personne qui a réussi à capturer le très célèbre tableau<sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:11px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a href="#_ftn58" id="_ftnref58" name="_ftnref58" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title=""><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">58</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">Le manque de regard de la foule sur <em style="box-sizing:border-box">La Joconde</em> est pointé par les auteur⋅rices du corpus. Lorsque la vision n’est pas atteinte, les dessinateur⋅rices remplacent l’œil humain par les appareils technologiques, réduisant le regard de la foule à un mécanisme opposé à la contemplation du personnage principal.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"> </span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><b style="box-sizing:border-box; font-weight:700"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">Conclusion</span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">L’attention à la foule dans les salles d’exposition remonte au moins aux caricaturistes français du XIX<sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:11px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em">e</sup> siècle. À travers des procédés graphiques et langagiers les auteur⋅rices fondent les individus en cette réalité collective. La foule est bien représentée comme une unité « psychologique<sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:11px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a href="#_ftn59" id="_ftnref59" name="_ftnref59" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title=""><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">59</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup> » : toutes les pensées sont tournées vers un même objet, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">La Joconde</em>. Mais la représentation de la foule et du public comme étant homogène sert une intention différente. En effet, la foule devient presque une instance de figuration qui participe à faire ressortir le personnage principal. Celui-ci est d’autant plus remarquable qu’en refusant de se confondre dans la masse par son comportement, il devient marginal. La foule et le personnage sont donc mis en opposition par la différence de regard qu’ils portent sur l’œuvre. Les bédéistes décrivent l’expérience esthétique comme non pas collective mais singulière, individuelle, la contemplation nécessite de se retrouver en soi-même. Le personnage seul peut accéder au secret de <em style="box-sizing:border-box">La Joconde</em>, parce qu’il se laisse transporter. Les lecteur⋅rices qui s’attardent sur ces albums se retrouvent donc face à de nouvelles représentations du musée et des œuvres mais aussi de leurs propres habitudes de visite. La foule devient le sujet central : elle n’est plus un obstacle à la contemplation et à la délectation mais un élément avec lequel il faut composer. Ces bandes dessinées nous invitent à poser notre attention sur des éléments qui sont considérés comme annexes et triviaux mais qui témoignent des pratiques de chacun⋅e au sein du musée, le but étant d’ouvrir une réflexion sur le regard porté sur les œuvres.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">En invitant des bédéistes à créer un album sur le musée, l’institution cherche à renouveler son image. Le Louvre montre alors son intérêt pour des formes d’art contemporaines encore en voie de légitimation et d’institutionnalisation. En acceptant le regard décalé des auteur⋅rices, le musée se montre ouvert à la critique et à l’autodérision. Toutefois, dans le corpus étudié, la critique porte davantage sur le public et ses habitudes que sur les conditions de visites proposées par le musée. Au sein de la collection Louvre/Futuropolis, quelques artistes s’emparent de ce sujet pour dépeindre les difficultés d’accès des publics particuliers (par exemple personnes sourdes ou malentendantes) à ces espaces et les solutions proposées par l’établissement, mais ils restent minoritaires. La volonté de la collection est surtout axée sur le renouvellement du regard que peuvent apporter les bédéistes.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"> </span></span></span></span></span></p>

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<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><b style="box-sizing:border-box; font-weight:700"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">Références</span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">Benjamin Walter, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">L’Œuvre d’art à l’époque de sa reproductibilité technique</em> [<em style="box-sizing:border-box">Das Kunstwerk im Zeialter seiner technischen Reproduzierbarkeit</em>, 1939], Fréderic Joly (trad.), Paris, Payot & Rivages, 2013.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">Chavouet Florent, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">L’Île Louvre, Paris</em>, Futuropolis / Louvre Éditions, « Musée du Louvre », 2015.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">CNRTL [en ligne] consulté le 12 décembre 2022, URL : <a href="https://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/types" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none">https://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/types</a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">Daumier Honoré, « Devant les tableaux de Meissonier », <em style="box-sizing:border-box">Le public du Salon</em>, 1852, [en ligne], consulté le 26 septembre 2022, URL : <a href="https://www.parismuseescollections.paris.fr/fr/musee-carnavalet/oeuvres/le-public-du-salon-ndeg3-devant-les-tableaux-de-meissonnier#infos-secondaires-detail" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none">https://www.parismuseescollections.paris.fr/fr/musee-carnavalet/oeuvres…</a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">Desvallées André, Mairesse François, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">Dictionnaire encyclopédique de muséologie</em>, Paris, France, Armand Colin, 2011.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">Fluide glacial, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">« Fluide glacial » au Louvre</em>, Paris, Fluide Glacial / Louvre Éditions, 2018.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">Genette Gérard, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">Figures III</em> [1972], Paris, 23<sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:11px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em">e</sup> éd., Éditions Points, « Points », 2019.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">Gob André, Drouguet Noémie, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">La Muséologie : histoire, développements, enjeux actuels</em> [2003], Malakoff, 4<sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:11px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em">e </sup>éd., Armand Colin, « U », 2014.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">Groensteen Thierry, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">Système de la bande dessinée </em>[1999], Paris, 2<sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:11px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em">e</sup> éd., Presses universitaires de France, « Formes sémiotiques », 2011.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">Groensteen Thierry, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">Bande dessinée et narration</em>, Paris, Presses universitaires de France, « Formes sémiotiques », 2011.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">Igarashi Daisuke, Sakamoto Shin’Ichi, Terada Katsuya<em style="box-sizing:border-box"> et al.</em>, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">Les Rêveurs du Louvre : huit auteurs japonais et taïwanais revisitent le Louvre pour l’exposition Louvre N°9</em>, Paris, Futuropolis / Louvre Éditions, « Musée du Louvre », 2016.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">Le Bon Gustave, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">Psychologie des foules</em> [1895], Paris, 9<sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:11px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em">e</sup> édition, Presses universitaires de France, 2013.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">Lesage Sylvain, « Image satirique et bande dessinée », <em style="box-sizing:border-box">Ridiculosa</em>, n° 25, 2018, [en ligne], consulté le 24 mai 2022, URL : <a href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02022818" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none">https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02022818</a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">Li Chi-Tak, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">Moon of the Moon</em>, Paris, Futuropolis / Louvre Éditions, « Musée du Louvre », 2019.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">Matsumoto Taiyō, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">Les Chats du Louvre</em>, intégrale, Paris, Intégrale, Futuropolis / Louvre Éditions, « Musée du Louvre », 2018.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">Musée du Louvre, « La Joconde prend ses quartiers d’été dans la Galerie Médicis » [en ligne],<em style="box-sizing:border-box"> Le Louvre</em>, le 3 juillet 2019, URL : <a href="https://www.louvre.fr/en-ce-moment/vie-du-musee/la-joconde-prend-ses-quartiers-d-ete-dans-la-galerie-medicis" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none">https://www.louvre.fr/en-ce-moment/vie-du-musee/la-joconde-prend-ses-qu…</a>, consulté le 18 septembre 2022.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">Narjoux Cécile, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">Le Grevisse de l’étudiant</em>, Louvain-la-Neuve, 2<sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:11px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em">e</sup> éd, De Boeck supérieur, « Grevisse langue française », 2021.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">Peeters Benoît, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">Lire la bande dessinée</em> [1998], 2<sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:11px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em">e</sup> éd., Paris, Flammarion, « Champs Arts », 2003.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">Prudhomme David, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">La Traversée du Louvre</em>, Paris, Futuropolis / Louvre Éditions, « Musée du Louvre », 2012.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">Tanuguchi Jirō, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">Les Gardiens du Louvre</em>, Paris, Futuropolis / Louvre Éditions, « Musée du Louvre », 2014.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">Yang Yin-Hsuan, « Les premiers Salons caricaturaux au XIX<sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:11px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em">e</sup> siècle », <em style="box-sizing:border-box">in</em> Ségolène Le Men (éd.), <em style="box-sizing:border-box">L’Art de la caricature</em>, Nanterre, Presses universitaires de Paris Nanterre, « Les arts en correspondance », 2011, p. 73‑86.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">Yslaire Bernard, Carrière Jean-Claude,<em style="box-sizing:border-box"> Le Ciel au-dessus du Louvre</em>, Paris, Futuropolis / Louvre Éditions, « Musée du Louvre », 2009.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">« Musées | Futuropolis » [en ligne], URL : <a href="https://www.futuropolis.fr/livres/musees.html" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none">https://www.futuropolis.fr/livres/musees.html</a>, consulté le 27 janvier 2022.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">Site de l’ICOM, [en ligne], consulté le 12 décembre 2022, URL : <a href="https://icom.museum/fr/ressources/normes-et-lignes-directrices/definition-du-musee/" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none">https://icom.museum/fr/ressources/normes-et-lignes-directrices/definiti…</a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p class="ALEPREUVEcorpsdetexte" style="text-indent:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:22px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif">Site du Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofia, [en ligne], consulté le 12 décembre 2022, URL : <a href="https://www.museoreinasofia.es/en/visit/services/faq" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none">https://www.museoreinasofia.es/en/visit/services/faq</a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

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<div id="ftn1">
<p class="ALEPREUVEnbp" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:3px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:9px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a font-size:10.0pt="" href="#_ftnref1" id="_ftn1" name="_ftn1" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title="><span style="><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">1</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"> André Gob, Noémie Drouguet, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">La Muséologie : histoire, développements, enjeux actuels</em> [2003], 4<sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:10px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em">e</sup> éd., Malakoff, Paris, Armand Colin, « U », 2014, p. 101.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<div id="ftn2">
<p class="ALEPREUVEnbp" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:3px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:9px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a font-size:10.0pt="" href="#_ftnref2" id="_ftn2" name="_ftn2" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title="><span style="><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"> Gustave Le Bon, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">Psychologie des foules</em>, 9<sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:10px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em">e</sup> édition, Paris, Presses universitaires de France, 2013, p. 7.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<div id="ftn3">
<p class="ALEPREUVEnbp" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:3px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:9px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a font-size:10.0pt="" href="#_ftnref3" id="_ftn3" name="_ftn3" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title="><span style="><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">3</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"> André Gob, Noémie Drouguet, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">La Muséologie</em>, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">op. cit.</em>, p. 100-121.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<div id="ftn4">
<p class="ALEPREUVEnbp" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:3px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:9px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a font-size:10.0pt="" href="#_ftnref4" id="_ftn4" name="_ftn4" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title="><span style="><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">4</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"> Gustave Le Bon, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">Psychologie des foules</em>, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">op. cit.</em>, p. 7.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<div id="ftn5">
<p class="ALEPREUVEnbp" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:3px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:9px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a font-size:10.0pt="" href="#_ftnref5" id="_ftn5" name="_ftn5" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title="><span style="><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">5</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"> <em style="box-sizing:border-box">Ibid</em>., p. 11.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<div id="ftn6">
<p class="ALEPREUVEnbp" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:3px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:9px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a font-size:10.0pt="" href="#_ftnref6" id="_ftn6" name="_ftn6" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title="><span style="><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">6</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"> <em style="box-sizing:border-box">Ibid</em>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<div id="ftn7">
<p class="ALEPREUVEnbp" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:3px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:9px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a font-size:10.0pt="" href="#_ftnref7" id="_ftn7" name="_ftn7" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title="><span style="><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">7</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"> Musée du Louvre, « La Joconde prend ses quartiers d’été dans la Galerie Médicis» [en ligne], <em style="box-sizing:border-box">Le Louvre</em>, 2019, URL : <a href="https://www.louvre.fr/en-ce-moment/vie-du-musee/la-joconde-prend-ses-quartiers-d-ete-dans-la-galerie-medicis" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none">https://www.louvre.fr/en-ce-moment/vie-du-musee/la-joconde-prend-ses-qu…</a>, consulté le 18 septembre 2022.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<div id="ftn8">
<p class="ALEPREUVEnbp" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:3px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:9px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a font-size:10.0pt="" href="#_ftnref8" id="_ftn8" name="_ftn8" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title="><span style="><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">8</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"> Présentation de la collection sur le site de l’éditeur : Futuropolis, « Musées » [en ligne], URL : <a href="https://www.futuropolis.fr/livres/musees.html" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none">https://www.futuropolis.fr/livres/musees.html</a>, consulté le 27 janvier 2022.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<div id="ftn9">
<p class="ALEPREUVEnbp" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:3px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:9px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a font-size:10.0pt="" href="#_ftnref9" id="_ftn9" name="_ftn9" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title="><span style="><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">9</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"> David Prudhomme, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">La Traversée du Louvre</em>, Paris, Futuropolis / Louvre Éditions, « Musée du Louvre », 2012.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<div id="ftn10">
<p class="ALEPREUVEnbp" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:3px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:9px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a font-size:10.0pt="" href="#_ftnref10" id="_ftn10" name="_ftn10" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title="><span style="><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">10</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"> Florent Chavouet, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">L’Île Louvre</em>, Paris, Futuropolis  / Louvre Éditions, « Musée du Louvre », 2015.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<div id="ftn11">
<p class="ALEPREUVEnbp" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:3px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:9px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a font-size:10.0pt="" href="#_ftnref11" id="_ftn11" name="_ftn11" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title="><span style="><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">11</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"> Fluide glacial, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">« Fluide glacial » au Louvre</em>, Paris, Fluide Glacial  / Louvre Éditions, 2018, p. 93.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<div id="ftn12">
<p class="ALEPREUVEnbp" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:3px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:9px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a font-size:10.0pt="" href="#_ftnref12" id="_ftn12" name="_ftn12" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title="><span style="><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">12</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"> Chi-Tak Li, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">Moon of the Moon</em>, Paris, Futuropolis  / Louvre Éditions, « Musée du Louvre », 2019.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<div id="ftn13">
<p class="ALEPREUVEnbp" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:3px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:9px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a font-size:10.0pt="" href="#_ftnref13" id="_ftn13" name="_ftn13" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title="><span style="><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">13</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"> Sheng Chang, « Déjà vu », <em style="box-sizing:border-box">in</em> Daisuke Igarashi, Shin’Ichi Sakamoto, Katsuya Terada, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">et al</em>., <em style="box-sizing:border-box">Les Rêveurs du Louvre : huit auteurs japonais et taïwanais revisitent le Louvre pour l’exposition Louvre N°9</em>, Paris, Futuropolis / Louvre Éditions, « Musée du Louvre», 2016, p. 127‑164.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<div id="ftn14">
<p class="ALEPREUVEnbp" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:3px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:9px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a font-size:10.0pt="" href="#_ftnref14" id="_ftn14" name="_ftn14" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title="><span style="><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">14</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"> Shin’Ichi Sakamoto, « La reine Antoinette rencontre Monna Lisa », <em style="box-sizing:border-box">in</em> Sheng Chang, « Déjà vu », <em style="box-sizing:border-box">op. cit</em>., p. 21‑50.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<div id="ftn15">
<p class="ALEPREUVEnbp" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:3px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:9px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a font-size:10.0pt="" href="#_ftnref15" id="_ftn15" name="_ftn15" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title="><span style="><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">15</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"> Bernard Yslaire, Jean-Claude Carrière, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">Le Ciel au-dessus du Louvre</em>, Paris, Futuropolis  / Louvre Éditions, « Musée du Louvre », 2009.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<div id="ftn16">
<p class="ALEPREUVEnbp" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:3px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:9px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a font-size:10.0pt="" href="#_ftnref16" id="_ftn16" name="_ftn16" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title="><span style="><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">16</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"> Jirō Taniguchi, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">Les Gardiens du Louvre</em>, Paris, Futuropolis / Louvre Éditions, « Musée du Louvre », 2014.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<div id="ftn17">
<p class="ALEPREUVEnbp" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:3px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:9px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a font-size:10.0pt="" href="#_ftnref17" id="_ftn17" name="_ftn17" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title="><span style="><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">17</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"> Taiyō Matsumoto, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">Les Chats du Louvre</em>, intégrale, Paris, Futuropolis / Louvre Éditions, « Musée du Louvre », 2018.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<div id="ftn18">
<p class="ALEPREUVEnbp" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:3px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:9px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a font-size:10.0pt="" href="#_ftnref18" id="_ftn18" name="_ftn18" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title="><span style="><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">18</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"> Yin-Hsuan Yang, « Les premiers Salons caricaturaux au XIX<sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:10px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em">e</sup> siècle », <em style="box-sizing:border-box">in</em> Ségolène Le Men (éd.), <em style="box-sizing:border-box">L’Art de la caricature</em>, Nanterre, Presses universitaires de Paris Nanterre, « Les arts en correspondance », 2011, p. 73.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<div id="ftn19">
<p class="ALEPREUVEnbp" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:3px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:9px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a font-size:10.0pt="" href="#_ftnref19" id="_ftn19" name="_ftn19" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title="><span style="><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">19</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"> <em style="box-sizing:border-box">Ibid</em>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<div id="ftn20">
<p class="ALEPREUVEnbp" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:3px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:9px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a font-size:10.0pt="" href="#_ftnref20" id="_ftn20" name="_ftn20" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title="><span style="><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">20</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"> Série « Le public au Salon» parue dans Le Charivari à l’occasion du Salon de 1852.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<div id="ftn21">
<p class="ALEPREUVEnbp" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:3px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:9px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a font-size:10.0pt="" href="#_ftnref21" id="_ftn21" name="_ftn21" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title="><span style="><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">21</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"> Honoré Daumier, « Devant les tableaux de Meissonier », <em style="box-sizing:border-box">Le public du Salon</em>, 1852 [en ligne], consulté le 26 septembre 2022, URL : <a href="https://www.parismuseescollections.paris.fr/fr/musee-carnavalet/oeuvres/le-public-du-salon-ndeg3-devant-les-tableaux-de-meissonnier#infos-secondaires-detail" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none">https://www.parismuseescollections.paris.fr/fr/musee-carnavalet/oeuvres…</a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<div id="ftn22">
<p class="ALEPREUVEnbp" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:3px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:9px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a font-size:10.0pt="" href="#_ftnref22" id="_ftn22" name="_ftn22" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title="><span style="><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">22</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"> Sylvain Lesage, « Image satirique et bande dessinée », <em style="box-sizing:border-box">Ridiculosa</em>, n° 25, 2018, p. 4, [en ligne], consulté le 24 mai 2022, URL : <a href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02022818" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none">https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02022818</a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<div id="ftn23">
<p class="ALEPREUVEnbp" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:3px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:9px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a font-size:10.0pt="" href="#_ftnref23" id="_ftn23" name="_ftn23" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title="><span style="><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">23</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"> Benoît Peeters, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">Lire la bande dessinée</em> [1998], 2<sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:10px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em">e</sup> éd., Paris, Flammarion, « Champs Arts », 2003, p. 27-28.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<div id="ftn24">
<p class="ALEPREUVEnbp" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:3px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:9px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a font-size:10.0pt="" href="#_ftnref24" id="_ftn24" name="_ftn24" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title="><span style="><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">24</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"> Gustave Le Bon, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">Psychologie des foules</em>, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">op. cit.</em>, p. 9.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<div id="ftn25">
<p class="ALEPREUVEnbp" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:3px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:9px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a font-size:10.0pt="" href="#_ftnref25" id="_ftn25" name="_ftn25" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title="><span style="><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">25</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"> Fluide Glacial, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">« Fluide glacial » au Louvre</em>, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">op. cit.</em>, p. 93.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<div id="ftn26">
<p class="ALEPREUVEnbp" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:3px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:9px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a font-size:10.0pt="" href="#_ftnref26" id="_ftn26" name="_ftn26" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title="><span style="><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">26</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"> Shin’Ichi Sakamoto, « La reine Antoinette rencontre Monna Lisa », <em style="box-sizing:border-box">op. cit</em>., p. 50.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<div id="ftn27">
<p class="ALEPREUVEnbp" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:3px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:9px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a font-size:10.0pt="" href="#_ftnref27" id="_ftn27" name="_ftn27" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title="><span style="><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">27</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"> Chi-Tak Li, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">Moon of the Moon</em>, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">op. cit.</em>, p. 12.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<div id="ftn28">
<p class="ALEPREUVEnbp" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:3px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:9px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a font-size:10.0pt="" href="#_ftnref28" id="_ftn28" name="_ftn28" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title="><span style="><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">28</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"> Jirō Taniguchi, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">Les Gardiens du Louvre</em>,<em style="box-sizing:border-box"> op. cit</em>., p. 25.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<div id="ftn29">
<p class="ALEPREUVEnbp" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:3px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:9px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a font-size:10.0pt="" href="#_ftnref29" id="_ftn29" name="_ftn29" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title="><span style="><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">29</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"> Définition de « type », CNRTL [en ligne], consulté le 12 décembre 2022, URL : <a href="https://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/types" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none">https://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/types</a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<div id="ftn30">
<p class="ALEPREUVEnbp" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:3px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:9px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a font-size:10.0pt="" href="#_ftnref30" id="_ftn30" name="_ftn30" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title="><span style="><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">30</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"> Thierry Groensteen, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">Système de la bande dessinée</em> [1999], 2<sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:10px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em">e</sup> éd., Paris, Presses universitaires de France, « Formes sémiotiques », 2011, p. 38.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<div id="ftn31">
<p class="ALEPREUVEnbp" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:3px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:9px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a font-size:10.0pt="" href="#_ftnref31" id="_ftn31" name="_ftn31" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title="><span style="><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">31</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"> Florent Chavouet, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">L’Île Louvre</em>, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">op. cit.</em></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<div id="ftn32">
<p class="ALEPREUVEnbp" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:3px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:9px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a font-size:10.0pt="" href="#_ftnref32" id="_ftn32" name="_ftn32" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title="><span style="><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">32</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"> David Prudhomme, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">La Traversée du Louvre</em>, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">op. cit.</em></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<div id="ftn33">
<p class="ALEPREUVEnbp" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:3px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:9px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a font-size:10.0pt="" href="#_ftnref33" id="_ftn33" name="_ftn33" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title="><span style="><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">33</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"> Gustave Le Bon, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">Psychologie des foules</em>, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">op. cit</em>., p. 11.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<div id="ftn34">
<p class="ALEPREUVEnbp" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:3px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:9px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a font-size:10.0pt="" href="#_ftnref34" id="_ftn34" name="_ftn34" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title="><span style="><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">34</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"> C’est-à-dire sans texte, il ne faut pas oublier qu’en bande dessinée les éléments graphiques produisent constamment du sens. Catherine Mao propose dans sa thèse une analyse des cases blanches (qui ne sont pas nécessairement muettes), qu’elle définit alors comme des éléments de ponctuation (ou des respirations) propres à la grammaire de la bande dessinée. Catherine Mao, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">La Bande dessinée autobiographique francophone (1982-2013) : Transgression, hybridation, lyrisme</em>, Thèse de doctorat, sous la direction de Jacques Dürrenmatt, Paris IV, 2014.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<div id="ftn35">
<p class="ALEPREUVEnbp" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:3px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:9px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a font-size:10.0pt="" href="#_ftnref35" id="_ftn35" name="_ftn35" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title="><span style="><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">35</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"> Jirō Taniguchi, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">Les Gardiens du Louvre</em>, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">op. cit</em>., p. 24.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<div id="ftn36">
<p class="ALEPREUVEnbp" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:3px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:9px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a font-size:10.0pt="" href="#_ftnref36" id="_ftn36" name="_ftn36" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title="><span style="><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">36</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"> Ne pouvant introduire un tel nombre de planches sans surcharger la lecture, j’ai utilisé la ponctuation pour essayer de retranscrire le texte au plus proche de sa disposition sur la page. Ainsi le texte entre crochets [] correspond à un cartouche, celui dans les accolades {}, à une bulle.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<div id="ftn37">
<p class="ALEPREUVEnbp" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:3px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:9px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a font-size:10.0pt="" href="#_ftnref37" id="_ftn37" name="_ftn37" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title="><span style="><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">37</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"> David Prudhomme, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">La Traversée du Louvre</em>, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">op. cit</em>., p. 24‑31.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<div id="ftn38">
<p class="ALEPREUVEnbp" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:3px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:9px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a font-size:10.0pt="" href="#_ftnref38" id="_ftn38" name="_ftn38" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title="><span style="><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">38</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"> Cécile Narjoux, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">Le Grevisse de l’étudiant</em>, 2<sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:10px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em">e</sup> éd, Louvain-la-Neuve, De Boeck supérieur, « Grevisse langue française », 2021, p. 533‑534.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<div id="ftn39">
<p class="ALEPREUVEnbp" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:3px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:9px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a font-size:10.0pt="" href="#_ftnref39" id="_ftn39" name="_ftn39" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title="><span style="><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">39</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"> Thierry Groensteen, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">Bande dessinée et narration</em>, Paris, Presses universitaires de France, « Formes sémiotiques », 2011, p. 158.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<div id="ftn40">
<p class="ALEPREUVEnbp" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:3px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:9px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a font-size:10.0pt="" href="#_ftnref40" id="_ftn40" name="_ftn40" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title="><span style="><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">40</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"> Chi-Tak Li, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">Moon of the Moon</em>, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">op. cit</em>., p. 12.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<div id="ftn41">
<p class="ALEPREUVEnbp" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:3px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:9px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a font-size:10.0pt="" href="#_ftnref41" id="_ftn41" name="_ftn41" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title="><span style="><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">41</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"> Gustave Le Bon, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">Psychologie des foules</em>, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">op. cit</em>., p. 11.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<div id="ftn42">
<p class="ALEPREUVEnbp" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:3px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:9px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a font-size:10.0pt="" href="#_ftnref42" id="_ftn42" name="_ftn42" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title="><span style="><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">42</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"> Bernard Yslaire, Jean-Claude Carrière, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">Le Ciel au-dessus du Louvre</em>, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">op. cit.</em>, p. 12.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<div id="ftn43">
<p class="ALEPREUVEnbp" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:3px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:9px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a font-size:10.0pt="" href="#_ftnref43" id="_ftn43" name="_ftn43" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title="><span style="><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">43</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"> David Prudhomme, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">La Traversée du Louvre</em>, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">op. cit.</em>, p. 24‑25.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<div id="ftn44">
<p class="ALEPREUVEnbp" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:3px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:9px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a font-size:10.0pt="" href="#_ftnref44" id="_ftn44" name="_ftn44" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title="><span style="><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">44</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"> Charles Baudelaire, « Le cadre », <em style="box-sizing:border-box">Les Fleurs du mal</em>. Cité par Benoît Peeters, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">Lire la bande dessinée</em>, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">op. cit.</em>, p. 22.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<div id="ftn45">
<p class="ALEPREUVEnbp" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:3px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:9px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a font-size:10.0pt="" href="#_ftnref45" id="_ftn45" name="_ftn45" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title="><span style="><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">45</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"> Site de l’ICOM [en ligne], consulté le 12 décembre 2022, URL : <a href="https://icom.museum/fr/ressources/normes-et-lignes-directrices/definition-du-musee/" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none">https://icom.museum/fr/ressources/normes-et-lignes-directrices/definiti…</a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<div id="ftn46">
<p class="ALEPREUVEnbp" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:3px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:9px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a font-size:10.0pt="" href="#_ftnref46" id="_ftn46" name="_ftn46" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title="><span style="><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">46</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"> <em style="box-sizing:border-box">Ibid</em>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<div id="ftn47">
<p class="ALEPREUVEnbp" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:3px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:9px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a font-size:10.0pt="" href="#_ftnref47" id="_ftn47" name="_ftn47" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title="><span style="><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">47</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"> André Desvallées, François Mairesse, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">Dictionnaire encyclopédique de muséologie</em>, Paris, France, Armand Colin, 2011, p. 586.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<div id="ftn48">
<p class="ALEPREUVEnbp" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:3px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:9px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a font-size:10.0pt="" href="#_ftnref48" id="_ftn48" name="_ftn48" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title="><span style="><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">48</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"> Jirō Taniguchi, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">Les Gardiens du Louvre</em>, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">op. cit</em>., p. 25.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<div id="ftn49">
<p class="ALEPREUVEnbp" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:3px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:9px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a font-size:10.0pt="" href="#_ftnref49" id="_ftn49" name="_ftn49" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title="><span style="><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">49</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"> Sheng Chang, « Déjà vu », <em style="box-sizing:border-box">op. cit</em>., p. 161.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<div id="ftn50">
<p class="ALEPREUVEnbp" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:3px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:9px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a font-size:10.0pt="" href="#_ftnref50" id="_ftn50" name="_ftn50" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title="><span style="><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">50</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"> Chi-Tak Li, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">Moon of the Moon</em>, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">op. cit.</em>, p. 12.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<div id="ftn51">
<p class="ALEPREUVEnbp" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:3px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:9px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a font-size:10.0pt="" href="#_ftnref51" id="_ftn51" name="_ftn51" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title="><span style="><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">51</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"> Fluide glacial, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">«</em> <em style="box-sizing:border-box">Fluide glacial</em> <em style="box-sizing:border-box">»</em> <em style="box-sizing:border-box">au Louvre</em>, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">op. cit.</em>, p. 93.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<div id="ftn52">
<p class="ALEPREUVEnbp" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:3px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:9px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a font-size:10.0pt="" href="#_ftnref52" id="_ftn52" name="_ftn52" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title="><span style="><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">52</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"> Gérard Genette, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">Figures III</em> [1972], 23<sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:10px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em">e</sup> éd., Paris, Éditions Points, « Points », 2019, p. 283‑289.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<div id="ftn53">
<p class="ALEPREUVEnbp" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:3px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:9px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a font-size:10.0pt="" href="#_ftnref53" id="_ftn53" name="_ftn53" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title="><span style="><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">53</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"> David Prudhomme, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">La Traversée du Louvre</em>, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">op. cit.</em>, p. 28-29.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<div id="ftn54">
<p class="ALEPREUVEnbp" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:3px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:9px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a font-size:10.0pt="" href="#_ftnref54" id="_ftn54" name="_ftn54" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title="><span style="><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">54</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"> Gustave Le Bon, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">Psychologie des foules</em>, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">op. cit.</em>, p. 9.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<div id="ftn55">
<p class="ALEPREUVEnbp" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:3px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:9px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a font-size:10.0pt="" href="#_ftnref55" id="_ftn55" name="_ftn55" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title="><span style="><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">55</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"> Site du Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofia [en ligne], consulté le 12 décembre 2022, URL : <a href="https://www.museoreinasofia.es/en/visit/services/faq" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none">https://www.museoreinasofia.es/en/visit/services/faq</a>. “<em style="box-sizing:border-box">To guarantee a quality visitor experience, photographs cannot be taken in the Guernica area (rooms 205.01 to 205.17). Thank you for your cooperation.</em>” [traduction personnelle].</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<div id="ftn56">
<p class="ALEPREUVEnbp" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:3px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:9px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a font-size:10.0pt="" href="#_ftnref56" id="_ftn56" name="_ftn56" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title="><span style="><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">56</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"> Taiyō Matsumoto, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">Les Chats du Louvre</em>, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">op. cit</em>., p. 3.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<div id="ftn57">
<p class="ALEPREUVEnbp" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:3px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:9px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a font-size:10.0pt="" href="#_ftnref57" id="_ftn57" name="_ftn57" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title="><span style="><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">57</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"> Walter Benjamin, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">L’Œuvre d’art à l’époque de sa reproductibilité technique</em>, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">op. cit.</em>, p. 45.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<div id="ftn58">
<p class="ALEPREUVEnbp" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:3px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:9px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a font-size:10.0pt="" href="#_ftnref58" id="_ftn58" name="_ftn58" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title="><span style="><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">58</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"> David Prudhomme, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">La Traversée du Louvre</em>, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">op. cit.</em>, p. 27.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<div id="ftn59">
<p class="ALEPREUVEnbp" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:3px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font:11.9px / 1.5em Verdana, sans-serif"><span style="color:#0a0707"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:black"><sup style="box-sizing:border-box; font-size:9px; line-height:0; position:relative; vertical-align:baseline; top:-0.5em"><a font-size:10.0pt="" href="#_ftnref59" id="_ftn59" name="_ftn59" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#337ab7; text-decoration:none" title="><span style="><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="line-height:16px"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="color:#1ba7c3">59</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></sup></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"><span style="box-sizing:border-box"> Gustave Le Bon, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">Psychologie des foules</em>, <em style="box-sizing:border-box">op. cit</em>., p. 7.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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