<p><strong>R&eacute;sum&eacute;</strong> :</p> <p>Nous souhaiterions dans cette contribution nous pencher sur un cas d&rsquo;enseignement du FLE dans une situation d&rsquo;&eacute;ducation post-conflit&nbsp;: la guerre civile libanaise (1975-1990), dite &laquo;&nbsp;guerre du Liban&nbsp;&raquo;. Dans le sillage de ce conflit tr&egrave;s long et meurtrier, une situation de crise r&eacute;manente charrie des traumatismes et des maux divers&nbsp;: sid&eacute;ration face au syst&egrave;me milicien, effondrement de l&rsquo;&eacute;conomie et des institutions, destruction de la terre et des liens, replis communautaires, jeunesse en partie d&eacute;scolaris&eacute;e, &eacute;migration massive, deuils&hellip;&nbsp;; et ce tout en entretenant ce que A. Kanafani-Zahar, anthropologue de la m&eacute;moire et de la parole, nomme une &laquo;&nbsp;forme institutionnelle d&rsquo;oubli&nbsp;&raquo; (2011, p.37) qui repose sur le d&eacute;ni et le silence sur la guerre et ses violences. Ainsi ni les accords de paix de Ta&euml;f (1990) ni les discours des officiels ne comportent-ils de r&eacute;f&eacute;rence &agrave; la guerre ou aux victimes.</p> <p>Durant les ann&eacute;es 1990 et 2000, p&eacute;riode de la reconstruction, a cependant &eacute;merg&eacute; la n&eacute;cessit&eacute; de r&eacute;former l&rsquo;&eacute;ducation en vue d&rsquo;une reconstruction des liens entre les citoyens libanais. Cr&eacute;er de nouveaux contenus et d&eacute;marches d&rsquo;enseignement est devenu une priorit&eacute; du Centre national de la recherche et du d&eacute;veloppement p&eacute;dagogiques (organe du Minist&egrave;re de l&rsquo;&eacute;ducation nationale charg&eacute; des programmes et des formations d&rsquo;enseignants). Des entretiens r&eacute;alis&eacute;s en 2010 aupr&egrave;s de cadres du minist&egrave;re et d&rsquo;auteurs de manuels nous ont permis de mesurer l&rsquo;importance de cette entreprise de r&eacute;conciliation centr&eacute;e sur l&rsquo;absence de barri&egrave;res entre les citoyens. Dans ces discours d&rsquo;acteurs de l&rsquo;&eacute;ducation, l&rsquo;enfant &agrave; &eacute;duquer se pr&eacute;sente comme un &ecirc;tre d&eacute;li&eacute;, repli&eacute; sur sa communaut&eacute; socio-confessionnelle et sur sa famille, sans perspectives de socialisation citoyenne, tandis que le fran&ccedil;ais repr&eacute;senterait une ouverture sur le monde ext&eacute;rieur et sur l&rsquo;alt&eacute;rit&eacute;, &agrave; exploiter dans la perspective de sortir l&rsquo;&eacute;l&egrave;ve de l&rsquo;enfermement communautaire. De par son image de langue de diffusion internationale associ&eacute;e aux valeurs institutionnalis&eacute;es de la Francophonie (dont le Liban est membre), de par aussi son image de langue de culture litt&eacute;raire et scientifique, &agrave; la faveur enfin de la faiblesse du traumatisme colonial exerc&eacute; par le protectorat fran&ccedil;ais, le fran&ccedil;ais semble investi d&rsquo;un imaginaire de la sortie du conflit et du fanatisme politico-religieux (imaginaire de la philosophie des Lumi&egrave;res, de la tol&eacute;rance, de la communaut&eacute; francophone, &hellip;).</p> <p>Nous nous proposons, apr&egrave;s avoir livr&eacute; quelques &eacute;l&eacute;ments de ces entretiens sur les vis&eacute;es de la r&eacute;forme et sur les repr&eacute;sentations de la langue fran&ccedil;aise en milieu scolaire, d&rsquo;&eacute;tudier un corpus de manuels de fran&ccedil;ais &eacute;labor&eacute;s dans le cadre de cette r&eacute;forme &eacute;ducative, &agrave; destination d&rsquo;adolescents du coll&egrave;ge. Nous y interrogerons la reconfiguration des contenus et discours de cette discipline, en nous centrant sur le difficile positionnement &eacute;nonciatif des auteurs de manuels, pris entre le silence institutionnalis&eacute; et la n&eacute;cessit&eacute; de construire un imaginaire national commun et pacifi&eacute;. Nous reviendrons sur quelques proc&eacute;d&eacute;s discursifs structurants (&eacute;vitement des nominations du conflit, de la violence et de ses protagonistes, absence de repr&eacute;sentation du Liban contemporain, de ses communaut&eacute;s et de ses difficult&eacute;s, d&eacute;tour par le pass&eacute;, &laquo;&nbsp;guerres-parenth&egrave;ses&nbsp;&raquo;, utilisation d&rsquo;un registre allusif...) et tenterons de cerner le r&ocirc;le que joue la discipline &laquo;&nbsp;fran&ccedil;ais&nbsp;&raquo; dans l&rsquo;universalisation d&rsquo;un vivre ensemble id&eacute;al, &agrave; travers des savoirs scolaires qui sont construits selon nous comme des instances tierces et m&eacute;diatrices&nbsp;: l&rsquo;innocence de l&rsquo;enfance (qui nous appara&icirc;t comme une sorte d&rsquo;&nbsp;&laquo;&nbsp;internationale adolescente&nbsp;&raquo;) et la nature, associ&eacute;e aux questions de l&rsquo;&eacute;cologie et de la vie rurale. Nous ferons l&rsquo;hypoth&egrave;se que faute de trouver des tiers op&eacute;rants et des m&eacute;diations cr&eacute;dibles au sein de la soci&eacute;t&eacute; civile (fonctions que ne peuvent plus remplir ni le religieux facteur de divisions, ni le politique en crise de l&eacute;gitimit&eacute;), le projet de soci&eacute;t&eacute; &eacute;labor&eacute; par les manuels s&rsquo;&eacute;labore autour d&rsquo;un imaginaire du fran&ccedil;ais &agrave; la fois universalis&eacute; et id&eacute;ologiquement neutralis&eacute;.</p> <p>Une paix v&eacute;ritable peut-elle exister sans r&eacute;conciliation, sans &eacute;nonciation et sans parole&nbsp;? Comment construire une &laquo;&nbsp;culture civile de la m&eacute;moire&nbsp;&raquo; (Kanafani-Zahar 2011) en milieu scolaire&nbsp;? On pourra certes se poser la question du caract&egrave;re opportun d&rsquo;enseigner la violence &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;cole&nbsp;; cependant, quand une forme d&rsquo;oubli et de silence se trouve institutionnalis&eacute;e, on ne pourra &eacute;viter de s&rsquo;interroger sur le r&ocirc;le que les manuels et plus largement l&rsquo;&eacute;cole jouent dans la construction de la m&eacute;moire collective.</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif"><strong>Mots-cl&eacute;s&nbsp;:</strong> Liban, manuels scolaires, guerre civile, instances de tierc&eacute;it&eacute;, m&eacute;diation</span></span></p> <p><strong>Abstract :</strong></p> <p>In this contribution, we would like to look at a case of teaching FLE in a post-conflict education situation: the Lebanese civil war (1975-1990), known as the &quot;Lebanon war&quot;. In the wake of this very long and deadly conflict, a situation of persistent crisis brought trauma and various ills: astonishment at the militia system, collapse of the economy and institutions, destruction of land and ties, community withdrawal, youth partly out of school, mass emigration, mourning ... while maintaining what A. Kanafani-Zahar, anthropologist of memory and speech, calls an &quot;institutional form of oblivion&quot; (2011, p.37 ) which is based on denial and silence about war and its violence. Thus, neither the Taif Peace Accords (1990) nor the speeches of officials contain any reference to war or victims.</p> <p>During the 1990s and 2000s, a period of reconstruction, however, the need for educational reform emerged in order to rebuild the bonds between Lebanese citizens. Creating new educational content and approaches became a priority of the National Center for Educational Research and Development (the body of the Ministry of National Education in charge of curricula and teacher training). Interviews conducted in 2010 with Ministry officials and textbook authors allowed us to measure the importance of this reconciliation endeavour focused on the absence of barriers between citizens. In the discourse of the actors of education, the child to be educated is presented as an untied being, withdrawn into his socio-confessional community and his family, with no prospects for citizen socialisation, whereas French would represent an opening to the outside world and to otherness, to be exploited with a view to getting the pupil out of the community confinement. Because of its image as a language of international diffusion associated with the institutionalized values of the French-speaking world (of which Lebanon is a member), because of its image as a language of literary and scientific culture, and because of the weakness of the colonial trauma exercised by the French protectorate, French seems to be invested with an imaginary way out of the conflict and with politico-religious fanaticism (imaginary of the philosophy of the Enlightenment, of tolerance, of the French-speaking community, etc.).</p> <p>After presenting some elements of these interviews on the aims of the reform and on the representations of the French language in the school environment, we propose to study a corpus of French textbooks developed within the framework of this educational reform, intended for adolescents in secondary schools. We will examine the reconfiguration of the content and discourse of this discipline, focusing on the difficult enunciative positioning of textbook authors, caught between institutionalized silence and the need to build a common and peaceful national imagination. We will come back to a few structuring discursive processes (avoidance of naming the conflict, the violence and its protagonists, absence of representation of contemporary Lebanon, its communities and its difficulties, detours in the past, &quot;bracketed wars&quot;, use of an allusive register...). ) and will try to identify the role played by the &quot;French&quot; discipline in the universalization of an ideal living together, through school knowledge which is constructed in our view as a third and mediating authority: the innocence of childhood (which appears to us as a kind of &quot;adolescent international&quot;) and nature, associated with questions of ecology and rural life. We will make the hypothesis that for lack of finding third parties and credible mediators within civil society (functions that neither the religious factor of division nor politics in a crisis of legitimacy can fulfil any more), the project of society elaborated by the textbooks is built around an imaginary French that is both universalized and ideologically neutralized.</p> <p>Can true peace exist without reconciliation, without enunciation and without words? How can we build a &quot;civil culture of memory&quot; (Kanafani-Zahar 2011) in schools? The question of the appropriateness of teaching violence in schools is certainly open to question; however, when a form of forgetting and silence is institutionalized, one cannot avoid wondering about the role that textbooks and, more broadly, schools play in the construction of collective memory.</p> <p><strong>Key words</strong> : Lebanon, school textbooks, civil war, third party bodies, mediation</p> <p>Amandine Denimal - Universit&eacute; Montpellier 3</p> <p>amandine.denimal@univ-montp3.fr</p>