<h2 style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:28px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="font-family:avenir"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">Introduction</span></span></span></span></h2> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">Le minist&egrave;re de l&rsquo;&Eacute;ducation nationale (MEN), dont le budget est le premier de l&rsquo;&Eacute;tat, a des d&eacute;penses qui ne cessent d&rsquo;augmenter&nbsp;: si un &eacute;l&egrave;ve scolaris&eacute; au coll&egrave;ge co&ucirc;tait annuellement, en 1985, 5530 &euro; la facture s&rsquo;&eacute;l&egrave;ve, en 2015, &agrave; 7820 &euro; (chiffres du MEN). Paradoxalement, le MEN ne cesse de faire des &eacute;conomies, notamment en se d&eacute;sengageant de la gestion des b&acirc;timents (les coll&egrave;ges sont d&eacute;sormais ainsi &agrave; la charge des conseils g&eacute;n&eacute;raux). Cons&eacute;cutivement le fonctionnement des &eacute;tablissements n&rsquo;est plus &agrave; la charge de l&rsquo;&Eacute;tat. Depuis quelques ann&eacute;es, dans la lign&eacute;e ce cette politique &eacute;conomique, l&rsquo;autonomie des &eacute;tablissements s&rsquo;impose progressivement. La r&eacute;forme du coll&egrave;ge de 2016 la met en &oelig;uvre &agrave; travers la conception de la communaut&eacute; &eacute;ducative et de celle de l&rsquo;autonomie contractualis&eacute;e acad&eacute;mique (modulation des moyens&nbsp;; p&eacute;rim&egrave;tres &eacute;largis de recrutement et d&rsquo;affectation des enseignants). Cette derni&egrave;re est d&eacute;j&agrave; mise en &oelig;uvre depuis la cr&eacute;ation des UPE2A<a href="http://revue-tdfle.fr/les-numeros/numero-71/49-l-apprentissage-du-fle-en-france-une-politique-educative-economique-discriminante#_ftn1" id="_ftnref1" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#800000; text-decoration:none; outline:none; transition:all 0.2s ease 0s">[1]</a>&nbsp;&agrave; la charge des acad&eacute;mies. Si la gestion autonome de ces dispositifs ouverts d&rsquo;apprentissage permet au MEN de faire des &eacute;conomies succinctes, elle appara&icirc;t surtout comme une politique &eacute;ducative discriminante.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">Pour notre recherche doctorale nous avons enqu&ecirc;t&eacute; aupr&egrave;s d&rsquo;&eacute;l&egrave;ves allophones scolaris&eacute;s dans plusieurs structures publiques d&rsquo;enseignement secondaire. Scolaris&eacute;s conjointement en UPE2A et en groupes-classes ordinaires, les apprenants allophones sont consid&eacute;r&eacute;s comme un groupe plut&ocirc;t homog&egrave;ne caract&eacute;ris&eacute; essentiellement par son incapacit&eacute; interactionnelle. L&rsquo;institution tente de rem&eacute;dier rapidement &agrave; la situation par l&rsquo;inclusion en milieu ordinaire &ndash; moins co&ucirc;teuse. Or, non seulement les allophones constituent un panel tr&egrave;s h&eacute;t&eacute;rog&egrave;ne linguistiquement mais ils sont &eacute;galement dans des situations scolaires et familiales variables. En revanche, leur situation socio&eacute;conomique tend &agrave; l&rsquo;homog&eacute;n&eacute;it&eacute;, ce qui se traduit par une localisation dans les zones g&eacute;ographiques de migration, plut&ocirc;t urbaines, et reconnues comme des territoires aux enjeux socio&eacute;conomiques et culturels sp&eacute;cifiques.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">La question de la scolarisation des enfants migrants &ndash; rebaptis&eacute;s r&eacute;guli&egrave;rement depuis les ann&eacute;es 1970 &ndash; n&rsquo;est pas r&eacute;gl&eacute;e. Sous couvert de prise en charge adapt&eacute;e, &eacute;volutive et variable &ndash; r&eacute;sultante, nous l&rsquo;avons dit, d&rsquo;une politique &eacute;conomique &ndash; elle se traduit paradoxalement par une s&eacute;gr&eacute;gation scolaire et sociale et par l&rsquo;effacement du statut didactique du FLE.</span></span></span></p> <h2 style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:28px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="font-family:avenir"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">1. Des pr&eacute;mices de la scolarisation diff&eacute;renti&eacute;e aux UPE2A</span></span></span></span></h2> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">C&rsquo;est dans les ann&eacute;es 1970 que la question de la scolarisation des enfants &eacute;trangers &eacute;merge en France, du fait de circonstances historiques et &eacute;conomiques, m&ecirc;me si leur prise en charge existe d&eacute;j&agrave; &ndash; bien qu&rsquo;aucun texte officiel ne fasse alors mention de cette sp&eacute;cificit&eacute; de l&rsquo;enseignement. La migration est, en 1972, selon le Minist&egrave;re de l&rsquo;int&eacute;rieur, &agrave; son apog&eacute;e. En r&eacute;alit&eacute;, ses modalit&eacute;s ont chang&eacute;&nbsp;: les travailleurs b&eacute;n&eacute;ficient d&eacute;sormais du regroupement familial. Leurs enfants se retrouvent donc scolaris&eacute;s en France dans une langue qu&rsquo;ils ignorent. Dans le m&ecirc;me temps, en urgence, sont cr&eacute;&eacute;es les classes d&rsquo;initiation (CLIN) et les cours de rattrapage int&eacute;gr&eacute;s (CRI), solutions provisoires et non satisfaisantes.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">En 1973, les classes d&rsquo;adaptation en coll&egrave;ge (CLAD) accueillent pendant un an les enfants qui ont un parcours scolaire pr&eacute;-migratoire. Les apprenants non scolaris&eacute;s auparavant b&eacute;n&eacute;ficient de deux ans de formation dans la m&ecirc;me structure que les premiers, alors que les deux situations d&rsquo;apprentissage divergent. Selon E. Faupin,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <blockquote> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:17.5px">&laquo;&nbsp;Cet amalgame a entra&icirc;n&eacute; des d&eacute;rives au cours de la d&eacute;cennie suivante&nbsp;: les &eacute;l&egrave;ves peu scolaris&eacute;s ant&eacute;rieurement restaient plusieurs ann&eacute;es en classe d&rsquo;adaptation sans perspective d&rsquo;orientation ; les enseignants ont h&eacute;sit&eacute; &agrave; les envoyer dans des classes ordinaires. Par ailleurs, m&ecirc;me les &eacute;l&egrave;ves qui avaient suivi une scolarit&eacute; r&eacute;guli&egrave;re dans leurs pays &eacute;taient parfois maintenus de trop nombreuses ann&eacute;es dans les classes d&rsquo;initiation&nbsp;&raquo; (Faupin, 2015&nbsp;: 38).</span></p> </blockquote> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">D&egrave;s les ann&eacute;es 1980, l&rsquo;institution fait &eacute;voluer ces structures, destin&eacute;es d&eacute;sormais &agrave; l&rsquo;apprentissage du fran&ccedil;ais pour les &laquo;&nbsp;enfants &eacute;trangers nouvellement arriv&eacute;s en France &raquo; (ENAF), avec des prescriptions p&eacute;dagogiques. Cependant, le bilan est n&eacute;gatif&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;faible efficacit&eacute;, absence de pertinence des m&eacute;thodes p&eacute;dagogiques, manque de formation et faible nombre des enseignants, affectations des &eacute;l&egrave;ves contestables &raquo; (Klein, 2009&nbsp;: 8). Le syntagme nominal &laquo; classe d&rsquo;accueil &raquo; remplace celui de &laquo; classe d&rsquo;adaptation &raquo; pour souligner le caract&egrave;re temporaire de la scolarisation dans la structure sp&eacute;cifique. L&rsquo;&eacute;l&egrave;ve, doublement inscrit, doit rejoindre une classe quand son niveau de fran&ccedil;ais le lui permet. Cette double inscription inclut implicitement une didactique adapt&eacute;e &agrave; l&rsquo;allophonie de l&rsquo;&eacute;l&egrave;ve (scolaris&eacute; ou non ant&eacute;rieurement &agrave; la migration), et une p&eacute;dagogie destin&eacute;e aux natifs en classe ordinaire dont pourrait b&eacute;n&eacute;ficier l&rsquo;&eacute;l&egrave;ve qui aurait acquis des comp&eacute;tences linguistiques en fran&ccedil;ais &ndash; la cat&eacute;gorisation du FLSco n&rsquo;existe pas encore puisqu&rsquo;il faut attendre</span></span></span></p> <blockquote> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:17.5px">&laquo;&nbsp;les textes du 25 avril 2002 [qui] apportent un certain nombre de nouvelles perspectives sur le plan didactique en pr&eacute;conisant une approche de type fran&ccedil;ais langue seconde et fran&ccedil;ais langue de scolarisation &agrave; la place du fran&ccedil;ais langue &eacute;trang&egrave;re recommand&eacute; depuis 1970&nbsp;&raquo; (Vicher, 2008&nbsp;: 34).</span></p> </blockquote> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">En 1999, l&rsquo;institution reconsid&egrave;re la question allophone car le nombre d&rsquo;ENAF, augmente sensiblement<a href="http://revue-tdfle.fr/les-numeros/numero-71/49-l-apprentissage-du-fle-en-france-une-politique-educative-economique-discriminante#_ftn2" id="_ftnref2" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#800000; text-decoration:none; outline:none; transition:all 0.2s ease 0s">[2]</a>. Un&nbsp;<em>Bulletin Officiel</em>&nbsp;centr&eacute; sur la question est publi&eacute; en 2002 &ndash; soit 4 ans apr&egrave;s l&rsquo;application de la loi RESEDA. Le principe de scolarisation en structure d&rsquo;accueil est toujours doubl&eacute; par une inscription en classe ordinaire pour les apprenants de moins de 16 ans. Les centres acad&eacute;miques pour la scolarisation des nouveaux arrivants et des enfants du voyage (CASNAV) sont cr&eacute;&eacute;s (en remplacement des centres de formation et d&rsquo;information pour la scolarisation des enfants de migrants (CEFISEM) qui avaient vu le jour &agrave; Lyon), avec assimilation entre deux probl&eacute;matiques migratoires diff&eacute;rentes. C. Cortier interroge la volont&eacute; institutionnelle de r&eacute;organiser la prise en charge d&rsquo;enfants non francophones&nbsp;:</span></span></span></p> <blockquote> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:17.5px">&laquo;&nbsp;La r&eacute;it&eacute;ration, dans les textes officiels, de l&rsquo;obligation de restreindre l&rsquo;acc&egrave;s des structures sp&eacute;cifiques aux &eacute;l&egrave;ves nouvellement arriv&eacute;s en France (ENAF) et de limiter la dur&eacute;e de leur s&eacute;jour dans ces classes peut &ecirc;tre interpr&eacute;t&eacute;e comme une volont&eacute; de lutter contre une tendance &laquo;&nbsp;s&eacute;gr&eacute;gative&nbsp;&raquo; existant dans les &eacute;tablissements, &agrave; faire des classes d&rsquo;accueil traditionnelles des classes rel&eacute;gu&eacute;es ou des fili&egrave;res d&rsquo;une part et, d&rsquo;autre part, comme une volont&eacute; d&rsquo;&eacute;viter l&rsquo;assimilation entre enfants nouvellement arriv&eacute;s et enfants ou petits-enfants d&rsquo;immigr&eacute;s n&eacute;s en France&nbsp;&raquo; (Cortier, 2007&nbsp;: 140).</span></p> </blockquote> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">C&rsquo;est pourquoi les UPE2A, cr&eacute;&eacute;es en 2002, sont des dispositifs ouverts et non plus des structures ferm&eacute;es&nbsp;: la souplesse des premiers permet aux apprenants allophones d&rsquo;&ecirc;tre rapidement en contact avec les &eacute;l&egrave;ves natifs de leur &acirc;ge et de c&ocirc;toyer les structures scolaires ordinaires. Pour C. Cortier, l&rsquo;inclusion en cours disciplinaires est positive, &laquo;&nbsp;ces disciplines &eacute;tant &agrave; la fois apport de connaissances et acc&egrave;s aux fonctions langagi&egrave;res indispensables &agrave; l&rsquo;int&eacute;gration&nbsp;&raquo; (Cortier, 2007&nbsp;: 41). La maitrise du fran&ccedil;ais n&rsquo;est plus un pr&eacute;alable au passage en classe ordinaire. &nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">La circulaire n&deg;2012-141 du 2 octobre 2012 fixe &agrave; nouveau les modalit&eacute;s de scolarisation des ENAF. La dur&eacute;e maximale de passage en UPE2A est d&rsquo;un an avec une inclusion en classe ordinaire favoris&eacute;e par un temps limit&eacute; &agrave; huit heures en UPE2A (douze heures si l&rsquo;&eacute;l&egrave;ve n&rsquo;a jamais &eacute;t&eacute; scolaris&eacute; ant&eacute;rieurement). L&rsquo;institution ne distingue pas, dans son application r&eacute;publicaine de l&rsquo;&eacute;galit&eacute;, le type d&rsquo;inclusion selon que les allophones ont &eacute;t&eacute; ou non scolaris&eacute;s (et dans quelles conditions et/ou circonstances) avant leur arriv&eacute;e sur le territoire fran&ccedil;ais, ni la prise en charge des mineurs isol&eacute;s. La circulaire indique &eacute;galement que le secteur d&rsquo;habitation &ndash; ou de logement d&rsquo;urgence &ndash; d&eacute;finit le lieu de scolarisation.</span></span></span></p> <h2 style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:28px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="font-family:avenir"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">2. Scolarisation des &eacute;l&egrave;ves non francophones en France</span></span></span></span></h2> <h3 style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:22px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="font-family:avenir"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">2.1. Des &eacute;l&egrave;ves&nbsp;<em>immigr&eacute;s</em>&nbsp;devenus&nbsp;<em>allophones</em></span></span></span></span></h3> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">&Eacute;l&egrave;ves &agrave; int&eacute;grer, enfants de travailleurs migrants, enfants d&rsquo;immigr&eacute;s, enfants &eacute;trangers, non francophones&hellip; les qualificatifs se sont succ&eacute;d&eacute;s depuis les ann&eacute;es 1970, reflets des pr&eacute;occupations sociales et politiques fran&ccedil;aises.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">L&rsquo;acronyme ENAF remplace, en 2002, l&rsquo;expression<em>&nbsp;primo-arrivants</em>. En 2013, le qualificatif&nbsp;<em>allophone</em>&nbsp;d&eacute;signe les enfants migrants ne parlant pas la langue fran&ccedil;aise. L&rsquo;institution distingue alors les apprenants en les d&eacute;nommant selon une caract&eacute;ristique essentiellement linguistique et non plus dans le cadre d&rsquo;une probl&eacute;matique sociale. Or, d&rsquo;une part,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <blockquote> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:17.5px">&laquo;&nbsp;l&rsquo;origine sociale appara&icirc;t comme le facteur de diff&eacute;renciation le plus d&eacute;terminant&nbsp;: son influence s&rsquo;exerce ainsi plus fortement que celle du sexe (m&ecirc;me si la rel&eacute;gation appara&icirc;t aussi comme une in&eacute;galit&eacute; sexu&eacute;e), de l&rsquo;&acirc;ge ou encore de l&rsquo;affiliation religieuse. Les enfants issus des classes populaires sont donc les plus concern&eacute;s par l&rsquo;&eacute;limination, la rel&eacute;gation et le retard scolaire&nbsp;&raquo; (Jourdain, Naulin, 2011&nbsp;: 41-42).</span></p> </blockquote> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">D&rsquo;autre part, J. Sall&eacute; souligne l&rsquo;h&eacute;t&eacute;rog&eacute;n&eacute;it&eacute; &agrave; laquelle fait r&eacute;f&eacute;rence le terme d&rsquo;allophone car il &laquo; concerne les origines g&eacute;ographiques, les conditions de s&eacute;jour sur le territoire fran&ccedil;ais, les parcours scolaires, les bagages linguistiques etc. [et] s&rsquo;exprime aussi par d&rsquo;importantes variations de flux et une r&eacute;partition territoriale h&eacute;t&eacute;rog&egrave;ne et mouvante&nbsp;&raquo; (Sall&eacute;, 2012&nbsp;: 16).&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">Ainsi,</span></span></span></p> <blockquote> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:17.5px">&laquo;&nbsp;&eacute;l&egrave;ve &laquo; allophone &raquo; signifie un &eacute;l&egrave;ve qui parle une autre langue premi&egrave;re &ndash; et m&ecirc;me seconde quelquefois &ndash; que le fran&ccedil;ais : il est n&eacute; et a v&eacute;cu dans une autre langue, il a &eacute;ventuellement une vie familiale dans une autre langue. Concr&egrave;tement, le mot &laquo; allophone &raquo; recentre la probl&eacute;matique autour de la langue, et non plus autour des circonstances sociales de l&rsquo;arriv&eacute;e de l&rsquo;&eacute;l&egrave;ve. Il y a des &eacute;l&egrave;ves qui sont allophones et qui ne sont pas &laquo; nouvellement arriv&eacute;s &raquo; en France, mais qui y vivent et qui ont un rapport lointain avec le fran&ccedil;ais pour des questions sociales ou familiales. En parlant d&rsquo;&eacute;l&egrave;ves allophones, on parle d&rsquo;&eacute;l&egrave;ves qui ont un besoin sp&eacute;cifique qui s&rsquo;appelle &laquo; apprentissage du fran&ccedil;ais &raquo;, question linguistique et non politique&nbsp;&raquo; (Cherqui et Peutot, 2014&nbsp;: 21).</span></p> </blockquote> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">La notion recouvre donc plusieurs situations d&rsquo;apprentissage. Tous les apprenants sont&nbsp;<em>allophones</em>&nbsp;et tous sont scolaris&eacute;s dans le m&ecirc;me dispositif et selon des modalit&eacute;s similaires.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">Pour illustrer notre propos, nous &eacute;voquerons rapidement les apprenants enqu&ecirc;t&eacute;s pour notre recherche qualitative qui porte sur l&rsquo;analyse des niveaux de litt&eacute;ratie des allophones<a href="http://revue-tdfle.fr/les-numeros/numero-71/49-l-apprentissage-du-fle-en-france-une-politique-educative-economique-discriminante#_ftn3" id="_ftnref3" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#800000; text-decoration:none; outline:none; transition:all 0.2s ease 0s">[3]</a>scolaris&eacute;s dans des coll&egrave;ges de cat&eacute;gories diff&eacute;rentes<a href="http://revue-tdfle.fr/les-numeros/numero-71/49-l-apprentissage-du-fle-en-france-une-politique-educative-economique-discriminante#_ftn4" id="_ftnref4" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#800000; text-decoration:none; outline:none; transition:all 0.2s ease 0s">[4]</a>&nbsp;pour observer les modalit&eacute;s d&rsquo;apprentissage du fran&ccedil;ais langue &eacute;trang&egrave;re (FLE) et de scolarisation (FLSco)<a href="http://revue-tdfle.fr/les-numeros/numero-71/49-l-apprentissage-du-fle-en-france-une-politique-educative-economique-discriminante#_ftn5" id="_ftnref5" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#800000; text-decoration:none; outline:none; transition:all 0.2s ease 0s">[5]</a>&nbsp;et pour mesurer l&rsquo;influence du contexte scolaire, notamment sur le d&eacute;veloppement des comp&eacute;tences litt&eacute;raciques<a href="http://revue-tdfle.fr/les-numeros/numero-71/49-l-apprentissage-du-fle-en-france-une-politique-educative-economique-discriminante#_ftn6" id="_ftnref6" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#800000; text-decoration:none; outline:none; transition:all 0.2s ease 0s">[6]</a>. Dans ce cadre, nous observons que les 33 apprenants enqu&ecirc;t&eacute;s (16 filles et 17 gar&ccedil;ons) sont originaires d&rsquo;Italie, de Serbie, d&rsquo;Ukraine, de Bulgarie, de G&eacute;orgie, de Roumanie, d&rsquo;Albanie, d&rsquo;Arm&eacute;nie, de Syrie, de Turquie, du Liban, d&rsquo;Alg&eacute;rie, du Maroc, des &Eacute;tats-Unis d&rsquo;Am&eacute;rique, du Br&eacute;sil et du Mali. Ce rapide tour d&rsquo;horizon montre leur h&eacute;t&eacute;rog&eacute;n&eacute;it&eacute; linguistique. Cette h&eacute;t&eacute;rog&eacute;n&eacute;it&eacute; linguistique (8 sont monolingues et 25 sont plurilingues) se double de la probl&eacute;matique de l&rsquo;apprentissage car 6 d&rsquo;entre eux n&rsquo;ont jamais &eacute;t&eacute; scolaris&eacute;s avant leur arriv&eacute;e sur le territoire fran&ccedil;ais et 2 l&rsquo;ont &eacute;t&eacute; pour la premi&egrave;re fois en Espagne, au cours de leur transit vers la France. Sur 33 apprenants, 3 sont des mineurs isol&eacute;s. Il y a une variabilit&eacute; linguistique, scolaire et sociale et si notre recherche est qualitative, les apprenants enqu&ecirc;t&eacute;s sont repr&eacute;sentatifs de la question allophone. &nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">D&eacute;sormais, l&rsquo;institution tend &agrave; cat&eacute;goriser les allophones par le syntagme nominal d&rsquo;<em>&eacute;l&egrave;ves &agrave; besoins particuliers</em>&nbsp;(EBP) qui fait r&eacute;f&eacute;rence aux adaptations n&eacute;cessaires &agrave; la prise en charge rendue obligatoire depuis la loi de 2005<a href="http://revue-tdfle.fr/les-numeros/numero-71/49-l-apprentissage-du-fle-en-france-une-politique-educative-economique-discriminante#_ftn7" id="_ftnref7" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#800000; text-decoration:none; outline:none; transition:all 0.2s ease 0s">[7]</a>, de tous les &eacute;l&egrave;ves et qui insiste sur la p&eacute;dagogie implicitement attendue.</span></span></span></p> <h3 style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:22px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="font-family:avenir"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">2.2. Formation des professionnels &eacute;ducatifs&nbsp;prenant en charge les allophones</span></span></span></span></h3> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">Certains professeurs r&eacute;f&eacute;rents, qui g&egrave;rent les UPE2A, ont obtenu une certification compl&eacute;mentaire. Il s&rsquo;agit d&rsquo;une reconnaissance officielle et acad&eacute;mique des comp&eacute;tences acquises par l&rsquo;exp&eacute;rience &ndash; sans n&eacute;cessit&eacute; de suivre une formation pr&eacute;alable &ndash; dans un domaine ne relevant pas du concours initial des enseignants qui la passent. Ces professeurs peuvent faire appel, au sein de l&rsquo;&eacute;tablissement, &agrave; des professeurs volontaires (form&eacute;s ou non, avec ou sans certification compl&eacute;mentaire). Par ailleurs, les apprenants allophones suivent les cours dispens&eacute;s aux &eacute;l&egrave;ves natifs dans lesquels les professeurs, sp&eacute;cialis&eacute;s dans une ou deux disciplines, sont invit&eacute;s &agrave; adapter leurs pratiques et les &eacute;valuations &ndash; mais ils peuvent ne pas le faire. Enfin, parmi les nouveaux titulaires de l&rsquo;EN qui ont d&ucirc; choisir une option au CAPES de Lettres Modernes (principal concours de recrutement des professeurs de fran&ccedil;ais), seulement 9,5% d&rsquo;entre eux ont pris, en 2015, l&rsquo;option FLE/FLSco. Les professeurs titularis&eacute;s avant la r&eacute;forme de 2014, selon leur Acad&eacute;mie de rattachement, ont b&eacute;n&eacute;fici&eacute; d&rsquo;une &agrave; plusieurs journ&eacute;es de sensibilisation ou d&rsquo;aucune formation. Dans le cadre de notre recherche, les professeures enqu&ecirc;t&eacute;es nous ont confi&eacute; leur d&eacute;sarroi face &agrave; cette situation professionnelle.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">Les professeures qui ont particip&eacute; &agrave; notre recherche<a href="http://revue-tdfle.fr/les-numeros/numero-71/49-l-apprentissage-du-fle-en-france-une-politique-educative-economique-discriminante#_ftn8" id="_ftnref8" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#800000; text-decoration:none; outline:none; transition:all 0.2s ease 0s">[8]</a>, peu ou pas form&eacute;es en FLE/FLSco, interrogent la formation continue des enseignants qu&rsquo;elles estiment inadapt&eacute;e, voire inefficace. Alors que l&rsquo;ensemble des professeurs est confront&eacute; aux EBP, la formation est g&eacute;r&eacute;e acad&eacute;miquement &ndash; donc avec disparit&eacute;&nbsp;: d&rsquo;une journ&eacute;e de formation pluridisciplinaire &agrave; 30 jours sur deux ans (pour les professeurs qui en font la demande dans l&rsquo;Acad&eacute;mie de Nancy-Metz par exemple). Surtout, les professeures enqu&ecirc;t&eacute;es d&eacute;noncent les formations pluridisciplinaires impos&eacute;es en pr&eacute;sentiel ou &agrave; distance, ou g&eacute;n&eacute;ralis&eacute;es &agrave; l&rsquo;ensemble des &eacute;quipes p&eacute;dagogiques. Elles voient ces formations comme autant de r&eacute;unions pl&eacute;ni&egrave;res qui servent davantage aux inspecteurs pour redire les pr&eacute;conisations officielles alors que les enseignantes attendent des outils p&eacute;dagogiques disciplinaires, notamment pour prendre en charge dans leurs cours disciplinaires les &eacute;l&egrave;ves allophones inscrits en parall&egrave;le en UPE2A.</span></span></span></p> <h2 style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:28px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="font-family:avenir"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">3. Fonctionnement des UPE2A</span></span></span></span></h2> <h3 style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:22px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="font-family:avenir"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">3.1. Localisation des UPE2A</span></span></span></span></h3> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">Les UPE2A sont situ&eacute;es dans les &eacute;tablissements &agrave; faible mixit&eacute; scolaire et comme l&rsquo;affectation des apprenants allophones tient compte des possibilit&eacute;s d&rsquo;accueil &agrave; une distance raisonnable du domicile, il y a une corr&eacute;lation entre lieu d&rsquo;habitation (li&eacute; au niveau socio&eacute;conomique de chacun) et lieu de scolarisation. Ceci cr&eacute;e un maillage limit&eacute; et une sectorisation socio&eacute;conomique, voire ethnographique car</span></span></span></p> <blockquote> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:17.5px">&laquo;&nbsp;globalement, la proportion d&rsquo;&eacute;l&egrave;ves de nationalit&eacute; &eacute;trang&egrave;re est nulle ou tr&egrave;s faible dans une grande &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; majorit&eacute; d&rsquo;&eacute;tablissements et d&eacute;passe les 20%, 25%, voire 30% dans une petite minorit&eacute; de coll&egrave;ges situ&eacute;s dans les quartiers d&eacute;favoris&eacute;s des grandes capitales r&eacute;gionales. [&hellip;] la proportion d&rsquo;&eacute;l&egrave;ves &eacute;trangers scolaris&eacute;s varie aussi sensiblement selon les acad&eacute;mies. Elle est importante dans les acad&eacute;mies de Cr&eacute;teil (6,6%), Paris (7,3%), Corse (7,4%)&nbsp;; faible dans les acad&eacute;mies [&hellip;] &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;cart des principaux flux migratoires&nbsp;&raquo; (Merle, 2012&nbsp;: 12-13).</span></p> </blockquote> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">Bourdieu et J.-C. Passeron ont, d&egrave;s les ann&eacute;es 1960, &eacute;voqu&eacute; l&rsquo;interd&eacute;pendance entre r&eacute;ussite scolaire et niveau socio&eacute;conomique, sous l&rsquo;angle culturel, &laquo; les &eacute;tudiants [ayant] des connaissances d&rsquo;autant plus riches et plus &eacute;tendues que leur origine sociale est plus &eacute;lev&eacute;e (Bourdieu, Passeron, 1964&nbsp;: 30). La sectorisation a un impact sur l&rsquo;apprentissage car les enfants issus de milieux populaires &ndash; caract&eacute;ris&eacute;s par un niveau socio&eacute;conomique faible &ndash; poss&egrave;dent majoritairement un capital culturel fragile.<br /> Pour rem&eacute;dier &agrave; ce d&eacute;s&eacute;quilibre entre les diff&eacute;rents groupes sociaux, la France cr&eacute;e, en 1982<a href="http://revue-tdfle.fr/les-numeros/numero-71/49-l-apprentissage-du-fle-en-france-une-politique-educative-economique-discriminante#_ftn9" id="_ftnref9" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#800000; text-decoration:none; outline:none; transition:all 0.2s ease 0s">[9]</a>,&nbsp; les ZEP. Le principe &eacute;galitaire &eacute;ducatif est alors rompu car</span></span></span></p> <blockquote> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:17.5px">&laquo;&nbsp;les coll&egrave;ges situ&eacute;s dans ces zones allaient ainsi b&eacute;n&eacute;ficier de moyens suppl&eacute;mentaires et d&rsquo;une plus grande autonomie pour faire face aux difficult&eacute;s d&rsquo;ordre scolaire et social qu&rsquo;elles connaissaient, suivant le principe de &laquo;&nbsp;discrimination positive &raquo;&nbsp;&raquo; (Lessard, Carpentier, 2015&nbsp;: 25).</span></p> </blockquote> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">L&rsquo;institution y renforce les moyens &eacute;ducatifs et financiers (malgr&eacute; une pression budg&eacute;taire r&eacute;currente), ce qui a des cons&eacute;quences paradoxalement oppos&eacute;es &agrave; la vis&eacute;e institutionnelle. En effet, si les projets p&eacute;dagogiques institu&eacute;s mobilisent les enfants sur &laquo;&nbsp;le vivre ensemble [qui] suppose la construction lente et progressive des r&egrave;gles de vie commune et, en particulier, de la toute premi&egrave;re d&rsquo;entre elles : le sursis &agrave; la violence&nbsp;&raquo; (Meinier, 2001, p.13), ils creusent l&rsquo;&eacute;cart en termes de comp&eacute;tences et de connaissances avec les &eacute;l&egrave;ves scolaris&eacute;s dans des &eacute;tablissements &agrave; plus forte mixit&eacute; sociale ou dans les &eacute;tablissements de &laquo;&nbsp;ghetto&iuml;sation vers le haut&nbsp;&raquo; (Merle, 2012&nbsp;: 80) que M. Pin&ccedil;on et M. Pin&ccedil;on-Charlot nomment les &laquo;&nbsp;ghettos dor&eacute;s&nbsp;&raquo; (Pin&ccedil;on, Pin&ccedil;on-Charlot, 2007). C&rsquo;est pourquoi,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <blockquote> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:17.5px">&laquo;&nbsp;&agrave; l&rsquo;enthousiasme et aux engagements de ceux qui, au d&eacute;but des ann&eacute;es quatre-vingt, tenaient les ZEP pour le laboratoire du changement social en &eacute;ducation, a fait suite un d&eacute;senchantement certain devant la persistance des difficult&eacute;s et devant un bilan d&eacute;cevant&nbsp;: les r&eacute;sultats d&rsquo;ensemble n&rsquo;ont pas d&eacute;coll&eacute;, les &eacute;carts entre les zones et &eacute;tablissements hors ZEP ne sont pas ou gu&egrave;re r&eacute;duits&nbsp;&raquo; (Bouveau, Richex, 1997&nbsp;: 105).</span></p> </blockquote> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">Ben Ayed, S. Broccolichi et B. Monfroy expliquent que le processus paradoxal s&rsquo;est r&eacute;p&eacute;t&eacute;, voire accru, lors de l&rsquo;assouplissement de la carte scolaire, en 2007 (il s&rsquo;agissait alors de contrer le m&eacute;canisme de la s&eacute;gr&eacute;gation scolaire et sociale, largement engag&eacute;, en favorisant l&rsquo;acc&egrave;s des &eacute;l&egrave;ves de milieux populaires aux &eacute;tablissements les plus pris&eacute;s)&nbsp;:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <blockquote> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:17.5px">&laquo;&nbsp;Et de fait, c&rsquo;est surtout entre 2006 et 2008 qu&rsquo;apparaissent des ruptures d&rsquo;&eacute;volution t&eacute;moignant d&rsquo;une fuite acc&eacute;l&eacute;r&eacute;e des coll&egrave;ges du bas de la hi&eacute;rarchie sociale des recrutements et d&rsquo;une intensification des processus s&eacute;gr&eacute;gatifs&nbsp;&raquo; (Ben Ayed, Brocholicchi, Monfroy, 2013&nbsp;: 44).</span></p> </blockquote> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:start"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">Thaurel-Murat et F. Richard notent que l&rsquo;expertise des effets n&eacute;gatifs des cr&eacute;ations de zones est mentionn&eacute;e dans un rapport de l&rsquo;inspection g&eacute;n&eacute;rale de 2007 alors qu&rsquo;un nouveau programme, r&eacute;seau ambition r&eacute;ussite (RAR) est inaugur&eacute; en 2006&nbsp;:</span></span></span></p> <blockquote> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:17.5px">&laquo;&nbsp;le rapport de l&rsquo;inspection g&eacute;n&eacute;rale r&eacute;alis&eacute; &agrave; la rentr&eacute;e 2007 est tr&egrave;s interrogatif sur les effets positifs de l&rsquo;assouplissement de la carte scolaire. Il pointe &laquo;&nbsp;dans les coll&egrave;ges de quartiers d&eacute;favoris&eacute;s des mixit&eacute;s sociale et scolaire en baisse&nbsp;&raquo;, &laquo;&nbsp;des effets contrast&eacute;s dans les &eacute;tablissements attractifs&nbsp;&raquo; et &laquo;&nbsp;une concurrence plus ouverte avec l&rsquo;enseignement priv&eacute;&nbsp;&raquo;. Le rapport de la Cour des comptes de 2009 mentionnait la baisse des effectifs de 168 coll&egrave;ges du RAR sur un total de 254&nbsp;&raquo; (Thaurel-Murat, Richard, 2013&nbsp;: 13).</span></p> </blockquote> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">Le programme coll&egrave;ges et lyc&eacute;es pour l&rsquo;ambition, l&rsquo;innovation et la r&eacute;ussite (CLAIR) &laquo;&nbsp;exp&eacute;riment&eacute; &agrave; la rentr&eacute;e 2010 dans 106 &eacute;tablissements, constitue &eacute;galement une figure de mise &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;cart. Les &eacute;tablissements concern&eacute;s se caract&eacute;risent par la concentration des &eacute;l&egrave;ves en grande difficult&eacute; et la fr&eacute;quence des violences scolaires&nbsp;&raquo; (Merle, 2012, p. 42). La vis&eacute;e consiste &agrave; renforcer les &eacute;quipes p&eacute;dagogiques en les stabilisant<a href="http://revue-tdfle.fr/les-numeros/numero-71/49-l-apprentissage-du-fle-en-france-une-politique-educative-economique-discriminante#_ftn10" id="_ftnref10" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#800000; text-decoration:none; outline:none; transition:all 0.2s ease 0s">[10]</a>&nbsp;pour favoriser l&rsquo;&eacute;galit&eacute; des chances des &eacute;l&egrave;ves. En r&eacute;alit&eacute;, le programme CLAIR, remplac&eacute; en 2011 par le programme ECLAIR (&eacute;tendu &agrave; 1225 &eacute;coles), est une variation du programme RAR inaugur&eacute; en 2006. Elle a pour cons&eacute;quence la r&eacute;duction du nombre d&rsquo;&eacute;l&egrave;ves par classe&nbsp;(2 &eacute;l&egrave;ves en moins) et une dotation horaire modulable suppl&eacute;mentaire (laiss&eacute;e au libre arbitre des &eacute;tablissements RAR) aux effets difficilement observables par les chercheurs et selon la Cour des comptes en 2010<a href="http://revue-tdfle.fr/les-numeros/numero-71/49-l-apprentissage-du-fle-en-france-une-politique-educative-economique-discriminante#_ftn11" id="_ftnref11" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#800000; text-decoration:none; outline:none; transition:all 0.2s ease 0s">[11]</a>. Ces efforts financiers &ndash; au sein d&rsquo;une politique &eacute;ducative &eacute;conomique g&eacute;n&eacute;rale plut&ocirc;t serr&eacute;e &ndash; ne compensent pas la disparit&eacute; entre apprenants car</span></span></span></p> <blockquote> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:17.5px">&laquo;&nbsp;le creusement des in&eacute;galit&eacute;s sociales et la concentration de populations en grande difficult&eacute; sur certains territoires ont &eacute;t&eacute; tels depuis plus de dix ans que la mixit&eacute; sociale a recul&eacute;, voire disparu dans beaucoup d&rsquo;&eacute;coles et d&rsquo;&eacute;tablissements. Les &eacute;carts de r&eacute;sultats se sont aussi accrus entre les &eacute;l&egrave;ves des &eacute;coles et des coll&egrave;ges qui concentrent le plus de difficult&eacute;s et les autres. Le taux d&rsquo;&eacute;l&egrave;ves en retard &agrave; l&rsquo;entr&eacute;e en 6e est ainsi de 20,4 % dans les actuels coll&egrave;ges &Eacute;clair et de 17,2 % dans les actuels coll&egrave;ges RRS, alors qu&rsquo;il est de 11,2 % dans les coll&egrave;ges hors &eacute;ducation prioritaire&nbsp;&raquo; (MEN, 2014, circulaire 2014-077).</span></p> </blockquote> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">Les rapporteurs pour l&rsquo;IGEN et l&rsquo;IGAENR<a href="http://revue-tdfle.fr/les-numeros/numero-71/49-l-apprentissage-du-fle-en-france-une-politique-educative-economique-discriminante#_ftn12" id="_ftnref12" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#800000; text-decoration:none; outline:none; transition:all 0.2s ease 0s">[12]</a>&nbsp;observent d&rsquo;ailleurs que</span></span></span></p> <blockquote> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:17.5px">&laquo;&nbsp;beaucoup de classes d&rsquo;accueil sont implant&eacute;es dans des ZEP, contrairement &agrave; ce qui avait &eacute;t&eacute; pr&eacute;conis&eacute; dans la circulaire de 2002. Les ENAF, qui doivent souvent faire face &agrave; de nombreuses difficult&eacute;s personnelles, se trouvent immerg&eacute;s dans des &eacute;tablissements scolaires sensibles, o&ugrave; les tensions peuvent &ecirc;tre fortes. Au dire de certains chefs d&rsquo;&eacute;tablissement, les &eacute;l&egrave;ves autochtones ont du mal &agrave; les accepter, ayant tendance &agrave; les m&eacute;priser, voire &agrave; les ridiculiser. Cela pose de gros probl&egrave;mes quand ils int&egrave;grent les classes ordinaires&nbsp;&raquo; (Rapport 2009-082&nbsp;: 59).</span></p> </blockquote> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">La discrimination scolaire a d&rsquo;autant plus un impact sur les &eacute;l&egrave;ves allophones, qu&rsquo;ils sont massivement scolaris&eacute;s dans les zones prioritaires, alors que la mixit&eacute; sociale devrait &ecirc;tre pr&eacute;conis&eacute;e pour une coh&eacute;sion sociale plus importante. Au regard de cette br&egrave;ve analyse, il ressort que les dispositifs des UPE2A, install&eacute;s dans des &eacute;tablissements &agrave; faible mixit&eacute; sociale, semblent des espaces cloisonn&eacute;s et scl&eacute;rosants.</span></span></span></p> <h3 style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:22px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="font-family:avenir"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">3.2. Gestion des UPE2A et cons&eacute;quences</span></span></span></span></h3> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">La gestion des UPE2A est d&eacute;l&eacute;gu&eacute;e par l&rsquo;EN aux Acad&eacute;mies qui peuvent les modifier en termes de localisation, de moyens financiers et/ou humains suppl&eacute;mentaires. Ce sont donc des dispositifs ouverts non p&eacute;rennes, interd&eacute;pendants des flux migratoires. Un rapport de l&rsquo;Inspection g&eacute;n&eacute;rale de 2009 observe d&rsquo;ailleurs que</span></span></span></p> <blockquote> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:17.5px">&laquo;&nbsp;la r&eacute;partition des ENAF sur le territoire n&rsquo;est pas seulement h&eacute;t&eacute;rog&egrave;ne, elle est aussi sujette &agrave; d&rsquo;importantes variations dans le temps. A l&rsquo;int&eacute;rieur d&rsquo;une m&ecirc;me acad&eacute;mie, un d&eacute;partement peut voir les effectifs d&rsquo;ENAF augmenter alors que le d&eacute;partement voisin constatera une baisse sans qu&rsquo;il s&rsquo;agisse d&rsquo;un &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; transfert&nbsp;&raquo; (Rapport 2009-082&nbsp;: 27).</span></p> </blockquote> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">Cette mobilit&eacute; du dispositif, due &agrave; la r&eacute;partition tr&egrave;s in&eacute;gale des allophones sur le territoire, se traduit par une autonomie des &eacute;tablissements en termes de recrutement, de financement, de p&eacute;dagogies et de choix didactiques.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">En effet, les professeurs r&eacute;f&eacute;rents sont nomm&eacute;s au niveau local par l&rsquo;Inspection parmi des titulaires recrut&eacute;s nationalement et les personnels qui interviennent aupr&egrave;s des allophones peuvent &ecirc;tre recrut&eacute;s hors EN (il s&rsquo;agit alors d&rsquo;&eacute;tudiants, d&rsquo;assistants p&eacute;dagogiques, de services civiques). Dans les &eacute;tablissements REP et REP+, les postes peuvent &ecirc;tre profil&eacute;s&nbsp;c&rsquo;est-&agrave;-dire que les professeurs sont recrut&eacute;s directement sur comp&eacute;tences (parmi des titulaires de l&rsquo;EN et avec accord du Rectorat) &ndash; alors que les mutations des titulaires rel&egrave;vent habituellement du concours et du classement obtenus. La gestion autonome des UPE2A est justifi&eacute;e par &laquo; toute la&nbsp;souplesse n&eacute;cessaire &agrave; l&rsquo;accueil des &eacute;l&egrave;ves et &agrave; la personnification des parcours&nbsp;&raquo; (circulaire n&deg; 2012-141) pr&eacute;conis&eacute;e par la circulaire du 2 octobre 2012. Mais des raisons &eacute;conomiques motivent leur fonctionnement&nbsp;&ndash; comme est accord&eacute; le &laquo; maintien plus long dans la structure d&rsquo;accueil, sans d&eacute;passer une ann&eacute;e suppl&eacute;mentaire&nbsp;&raquo; &ndash; car</span></span></span></p> <blockquote> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:17.5px">&laquo;&nbsp;en milieu urbain peu dense ou en milieu rural, l&rsquo;unit&eacute; p&eacute;dagogique pour &eacute;l&egrave;ves allophones arrivants ne saurait &ecirc;tre implant&eacute;e dans un seul groupe scolaire ou un &eacute;tablissement. Le responsable acad&eacute;mique estime, en fonction d&rsquo;une analyse des besoins, la meilleure mani&egrave;re d&rsquo;apporter un soutien linguistique &agrave; ce public, en faible nombre et scolaris&eacute; dans plusieurs &eacute;coles&nbsp;&raquo; (circ. n&deg; 2012-141).</span></p> </blockquote> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">La gestion d&eacute;centralis&eacute;e des UPE2A va de pair avec le financement participatif des collectivit&eacute;s locales (en progression)&nbsp;: il y a donc une vis&eacute;e &eacute;conomique &agrave; ce nouveau fonctionnement.</span></span></span></p> <h3 style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:22px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="font-family:avenir"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">3.3. UPE2A&nbsp;: d&eacute;centralisation &agrave; vis&eacute;e ambivalente</span></span></span></span></h3> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">La d&eacute;centralisation des structures a &eacute;t&eacute; encourag&eacute;e par les politiques &eacute;ducatives europ&eacute;ennes et d&eacute;velopp&eacute;e dans plusieurs pays, au cours des ann&eacute;es 1990, pour combler les diff&eacute;rences sociales. L&rsquo;autonomie a &eacute;t&eacute; promue comme gage de r&eacute;ussite&nbsp;(la comp&eacute;titivit&eacute; entre les &eacute;tablissements impliquerait des cons&eacute;quences positives sur l&rsquo;efficacit&eacute; de l&rsquo;enseignement). En fait, l&rsquo;autonomie permet de rendre l&rsquo;enseignement rentable&nbsp;: l&rsquo;&eacute;mulation compense les moyens financiers limit&eacute;s, &agrave; une &eacute;poque o&ugrave; les d&eacute;penses investies dans l&rsquo;&eacute;ducation tendent &agrave; &ecirc;tre r&eacute;duites. J. Scheerens et R. Maslowski rappellent qu&rsquo;&laquo;&nbsp;on attendait de la d&eacute;centralisation qu&rsquo;elle g&eacute;n&egrave;re des revenus pour le syst&egrave;me &eacute;ducatif en tirant avantage du syst&egrave;me de taxes locales et en r&eacute;duisant les co&ucirc;ts de fonctionnement&nbsp;&raquo; (Scheerens, Maslowski, 2008&nbsp;: 28). Le mod&egrave;le europ&eacute;en, l&eacute;gitim&eacute; par sa recherche de l&rsquo;am&eacute;lioration de l&rsquo;enseignement stimul&eacute; par les innovations p&eacute;dagogiques dues &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;mulation, cache donc une politique &eacute;conomique restrictive. J. Scheerens et R. Maslowski, dans une synth&egrave;se d&rsquo;enqu&ecirc;tes qualitatives et quantitatives men&eacute;es pour &eacute;valuer les impulsions &eacute;conomiques et &eacute;ducatives europ&eacute;ennes, outre le fait de montrer combien &laquo;&nbsp;il est difficile d&rsquo;&eacute;valuer dans quelle mesure les r&eacute;sultats observ&eacute;s peuvent &ecirc;tre attribu&eacute;s &agrave; la &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; d&eacute;centralisation, ou bien s&rsquo;ils sont le fruit d&rsquo;autres mesures &eacute;ducatives&nbsp;&raquo; (Scheerens, Maslowski, 2008&nbsp;: 32) notent que</span></span></span></p> <blockquote> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:17.5px">&laquo;&nbsp;les all&eacute;gations souvent p&eacute;remptoires des d&eacute;fenseurs de l&rsquo;autonomie scolaire, qui affirment que toute forme d&rsquo;autonomie est b&eacute;n&eacute;fique, ne sont pas empiriquement fond&eacute;es. Elle sugg&egrave;re en effet qu&rsquo;une augmentation de la centralisation dans les domaines de l&rsquo;&eacute;valuation des &eacute;l&egrave;ves et des programmes scolaires, &ndash; &agrave; tout le moins au travers de la cr&eacute;ation de standards &ndash; peut &ecirc;tre associ&eacute;e &agrave; de meilleurs &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; r&eacute;sultats scolaires en termes d&rsquo;efficacit&eacute;. &Agrave; l&rsquo;oppos&eacute;, un faisceau de recherches converge aussi, mais de fa&ccedil;on moins robuste, pour sugg&eacute;rer les effets b&eacute;n&eacute;fiques d&rsquo;une autonomie accrue des &eacute;tablissements dans les domaines de la gestion financi&egrave;re et de la gestion des personnels&nbsp;&raquo; (Scheerens, Maslowski, 2008&nbsp;: 28).</span></p> </blockquote> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">Duru-Bellat et D. Muret partagent cette analyse et observent que l&rsquo;autonomie des &eacute;tablissements permet une gestion moins exponentielle des personnels p&eacute;dagogiques qui se traduit alors par des r&eacute;sultats significatifs dus &agrave; une motivation accrue&nbsp;:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <blockquote> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:17.5px">&laquo;&nbsp;[dans les pays europ&eacute;ens] si davantage d&rsquo;autonomie se traduit par plus d&rsquo;efficacit&eacute;, ce peut &ecirc;tre pour deux &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; raisons seulement&nbsp;: des &eacute;tablissements plus autonomes seront [&hellip;] davantage en comp&eacute;tition, ceci m&ecirc;me s&rsquo;il n&rsquo;y a pas de libert&eacute; formelle du choix de l&rsquo;&eacute;cole [&hellip;]&nbsp;; un chef d&rsquo;&eacute;tablissement, &eacute;tant plus pr&egrave;s du terrain, [&hellip;] peut davantage appr&eacute;cier la responsabilit&eacute; propre de l&rsquo;agent dans les r&eacute;sultats obtenus (Duru-Bellat, Meuret, 2001, p. 178).</span></p> </blockquote> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">Toutefois, en France, bien que la norme internationale tende &agrave; s&rsquo;imposer (la majorit&eacute; des pays d&eacute;velopp&eacute;s ont redistribu&eacute; les responsabilit&eacute;s par une d&eacute;concentration politique en d&eacute;centralisant au profit d&rsquo;&eacute;chelons administratifs locaux), l&rsquo;autonomie des &eacute;tablissements s&rsquo;appuie sur une s&eacute;rie de dispositions l&eacute;gislatives. De plus, l&rsquo;EN tient &agrave; conserver le statut national des enseignants. Si l&rsquo;autonomie financi&egrave;re des UPE2A est encadr&eacute;e par le budget global des &eacute;tablissements, la pression budg&eacute;taire a un impact sur la p&eacute;dagogie.</span></span></span></p> <h3 style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:22px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="font-family:avenir"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">3.4. Statut du FLE/FLSCo</span></span></span></span></h3> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">La promotion du FLE/FLSco et les formations des professionnels &eacute;ducatifs sont majoritairement assur&eacute;s par les CASNAV. Ces centres ont un fonctionnement li&eacute; au contexte et &agrave; l&rsquo;histoire de chaque Acad&eacute;mie si bien que les rapporteurs de l&rsquo;IGEN et de l&rsquo;IGAENR notent que &laquo;&nbsp;les dotations affect&eacute;es au fonctionnement d&rsquo;un CASNAV varient sensiblement d&rsquo;une acad&eacute;mie &agrave; l&rsquo;autre, et la disparit&eacute; des moyens en personnels et des cr&eacute;dits de fonctionnement est frappante&nbsp;&raquo; (Rapport 2009-082&nbsp;: 35). Ceci &agrave; un impact direct sur la formation des enseignants, l&rsquo;accueil des allophones, les tests de positionnement et leur scolarisation cons&eacute;cutive, la repr&eacute;sentation du FLE et le d&eacute;veloppement du FLSCo.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">Contrairement aux disciplines enseign&eacute;es d&eacute;finies par des instructions officielles (IO), le FLE comme le FLSco n&rsquo;ont pas de statut&nbsp;: ni enseignement commun, ni enseignement de compl&eacute;ment, ils ne b&eacute;n&eacute;ficient d&rsquo;aucune d&eacute;rogation horaire dans les IO. Aussi les &eacute;tablissements organisent-ils le fonctionnement de l&rsquo;UPE2A ou l&rsquo;inscription du FLE/FLSco dans l&rsquo;emploi du temps des apprenants concern&eacute;s si le dispositif n&rsquo;existe pas. Le s&eacute;nateur A. Gattolin signale la fragilit&eacute; de ce syst&egrave;me&nbsp;car &nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <blockquote> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:17.5px">&laquo;&nbsp;une fois l&rsquo;ann&eacute;e scolaire &eacute;coul&eacute;e, nombre des &eacute;l&egrave;ves scolaris&eacute;s en UPE2A ont des acquis fragiles qui demanderaient &agrave; &ecirc;tre consolid&eacute;s au long d&rsquo;une seconde ann&eacute;e. S&rsquo;ils sont parfois &laquo;&nbsp;gard&eacute;s &raquo; en UPE2A c&rsquo;est gr&acirc;ce &agrave; un emploi du temps adapt&eacute;, ce qui n&rsquo;est pas toujours possible&nbsp;&raquo; (Gattolin, 2016).</span></p> </blockquote> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">Cette situation, due &agrave; la gestion d&eacute;centralis&eacute;e et aux disparit&eacute;s acad&eacute;miques est &eacute;galement due au statut ambivalent du FLSCo. D&eacute;fini comme &laquo;&nbsp;la langue de l&rsquo;enseignant, la langue des consignes, la langue outil des disciplines non linguistiques&nbsp;&raquo; (Galligani, 2009&nbsp;: 152) c&rsquo;est, selon G. Vigner,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <blockquote> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:17.5px">&laquo;&nbsp;[la] langue d&rsquo;entr&eacute;e dans l&rsquo;&eacute;crit, langue fond&eacute;e sur le respect de la norme particuli&egrave;re, perceptible dans l&rsquo;ordre des mots, dans la construction de la phrase, dans le choix du vocabulaire, &agrave; l&rsquo;oral dans le choix d&rsquo;un d&eacute;bit particulier et de sch&eacute;mas intonatifs particuliers&nbsp;&raquo; (Vigner, 2013&nbsp;: 85).</span></p> </blockquote> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">Le FLSCo est donc la langue norm&eacute;e, pr&eacute;conis&eacute;e dans le cadre scolaire, utilis&eacute;e pour &laquo;&nbsp;transm[ettre] des savoirs disciplinaires, qu&rsquo;ils s&rsquo;agissent de champs de savoirs linguistiques ou non linguistiques, et que cette langue soit L1 ou L2 pour les &eacute;l&egrave;ves&nbsp;&raquo; (Le Ferrec, 2012&nbsp;: 38). C&rsquo;est un idiolecte, oral et &eacute;crit, circonscrit &agrave; un espace, transmis implicitement aux natifs et qui devrait &ecirc;tre enseign&eacute; aux allophones afin qu&rsquo;ils puissent non seulement apprendre le fran&ccedil;ais mais aussi apprendre en fran&ccedil;ais. Or, nous avons observ&eacute; que les professeures enqu&ecirc;t&eacute;es, qui disent ne pas avoir conscience de cette langue norm&eacute;e, font majoritairement le choix de ne pas expliciter le m&eacute;talangage aux apprenants allophones, du fait de son inaccessibilit&eacute; suppos&eacute;e.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">Depuis 2002, la maitrise du fran&ccedil;ais n&rsquo;est plus un pr&eacute;alable &agrave; l&rsquo;inclusion en classe avec les natifs, ce qui sous-tend une nouvelle approche p&eacute;dagogique et didactique. L&rsquo;apprenant inclus sans maitriser le fran&ccedil;ais utilise des patrons de d&eacute;codage (visuel et phonologique) qui s&rsquo;appuieraient sur une conscience phon&eacute;mique ant&eacute;rieure. Or, selon J. Morais, la conscience phonologique d&eacute;pend du niveau litt&eacute;racique de l&rsquo;apprenant (Morais, 1994&nbsp;: 185). De plus, pour M. Verdelhan-Bourgade, &laquo;&nbsp;il faut donner &agrave; l&rsquo;enfant qui apprend le fran&ccedil;ais l&rsquo;exp&eacute;rience langagi&egrave;re qui lui manque dans cette langue avant de chercher &agrave; lui apprendre &agrave; lire&nbsp;&raquo; (Verdelhan-Bourgade,&nbsp;1995 : 44) parce que l&rsquo;apprentissage de la lecture et de l&rsquo;&eacute;criture n&eacute;cessite une conscience phon&eacute;mique qui s&rsquo;appuie sur une conscience linguistique d&rsquo;abord int&eacute;rioris&eacute;e. Pourtant, les IO pr&eacute;conisent une inclusion rapide qui rend obsol&egrave;te l&rsquo;enseignement du FLE et fait perdre au FLSCo son statut didactique. L&rsquo;enseignement du fran&ccedil;ais est envisag&eacute; gr&acirc;ce &agrave; l&rsquo;input et les EBP (dont font partie les allophones) d&eacute;veloppent leurs comp&eacute;tences langagi&egrave;res &laquo;&nbsp;gr&acirc;ce &agrave; l&rsquo;accompagnement personnalis&eacute; ou dans un enseignement pratique interdisciplinaire&nbsp;&raquo; (Gattolin, 2016). L&rsquo;enseignement du FLE/FLSco n&rsquo;est plus r&eacute;serv&eacute; aux dispositifs adapt&eacute;s mais est institutionnellement pr&eacute;conis&eacute; &agrave; l&rsquo;ensemble des disciplines. Nous ne pouvons, dans cet article, d&eacute;velopper les consid&eacute;rations didactiques institutionnelles mais, force est de constater que le FLE/FLSco est le parent pauvre de l&rsquo;enseignement du fran&ccedil;ais alors que le nombre d&rsquo;allophones ne cesse d&rsquo;augmenter et que les heures attribu&eacute;es &agrave; l&rsquo;enseignement de la langue fran&ccedil;aise en cours disciplinaires diminuent.</span></span></span></p> <h2 style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:28px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="font-family:avenir"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">Conclusion</span></span></span></span></h2> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">Le nombre d&rsquo;&eacute;l&egrave;ves allophones ne cesse d&rsquo;augmenter, en m&ecirc;me temps que l&rsquo;enseignement doit faire face aux besoins particuliers complexes des &eacute;l&egrave;ves &ndash; depuis la loi de 2005 sur l&rsquo;&eacute;galit&eacute; de l&rsquo;acc&egrave;s &agrave; l&rsquo;enseignement &ndash; tout en r&eacute;duisant le co&ucirc;t de l&rsquo;&eacute;ducation qui, malgr&eacute; l&rsquo;autonomie progressive des acad&eacute;mies, reste le premier budget de l&rsquo;&Eacute;tat.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">Les changements de noms successifs des apprenants, des structures et des zones d&rsquo;ancrage de ces derni&egrave;res n&rsquo;ont pas suffi &agrave; r&eacute;gler la probl&eacute;matique allophone li&eacute;e &agrave; des facteurs socio&eacute;conomiques, ethniques et ethnographiques auxquels les politiques &eacute;ducatives successives n&rsquo;ont pas su faire face, malgr&eacute; l&rsquo;ambition de socialisation affich&eacute;e.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">La r&eacute;ponse institutionnelle, homog&egrave;ne, &agrave; une probl&eacute;matique linguistique et scolaire largement h&eacute;t&eacute;rog&egrave;ne consiste d&eacute;sormais en une politique &eacute;ducative (moins co&ucirc;teuse) de l&rsquo;inclusion rapide en cours disciplinaires et ordinaires avec les natifs, au gr&eacute; des flux migratoires. Sur le terrain, les dispositifs scolaires de prise en charge (UPE2A), ouverts pour plus d&rsquo;autonomie p&eacute;dagogique &ndash; et pour r&eacute;pondre &agrave; cette pression budg&eacute;taire &ndash; se soldent par une scolarisation massive dans des zones d&rsquo;&eacute;ducation prioritaire par des personnels volontaires et engag&eacute;s mais, somme toute, peu form&eacute;s, ce qui ne permet pas de d&eacute;velopper une mixit&eacute; sociale ni un acc&egrave;s &agrave; la culture des populations concern&eacute;es, plus fragiles.&nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">Les modalit&eacute;s de l&rsquo;apprentissage du FLE vont paradoxalement &agrave; l&rsquo;encontre d&rsquo;une vraie politique inclusive et augmentent la s&eacute;gr&eacute;gation scolaire ainsi que &laquo;&nbsp;les in&eacute;galit&eacute;s de parcours scolaires &raquo; (Brinbaum, Primon, 2016&nbsp;: 39). Les &eacute;l&egrave;ves allophones sont majoritairement orient&eacute;s, en fin de coll&egrave;ge, dans les voies professionnelles ou techniques ou, lorsqu&rsquo;ils sont orient&eacute;s dans des voies g&eacute;n&eacute;rales, leur &eacute;limination est report&eacute;e ult&eacute;rieurement (Beaud, 2017). La s&eacute;gr&eacute;gation scolaire des apprenants allophones est donc prot&eacute;iforme et toujours d&rsquo;actualit&eacute;.</span></span></span></p> <h2 style="text-align:start"><span style="font-size:28px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="font-family:avenir"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">Bibliographie</span></span></span></span></h2> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">BEAUD, St&eacute;phane,&nbsp;<em>Une g&eacute;n&eacute;ration sacrifi&eacute;e ? Jeunes des classes populaires dans la France d&eacute;sindustrialis&eacute;e,&nbsp;</em>coll. Sciences sociales, &Eacute;ditions Rue d&rsquo;Ulm, Paris, 2017.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">BEN AYED, Choukri, BROCCHOLICHI, Sylvain, MONFROY, Brigitte, &laquo; Quels impacts de l&rsquo;assouplissement de la carte scolaire sur la s&eacute;gr&eacute;gation sociale au coll&egrave;ge ? Tendances nationales et d&eacute;clinaisons locales contrast&eacute;es &raquo;, in&nbsp;<em>&Eacute;ducation &amp; formations, les effets de l&rsquo;assouplissement de la carte scolaire</em>, n&deg;83, MEN, Paris, 2013, p. 39-58.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">BOURDIEU, Pierre, PASSERON, Jean-Claude,&nbsp;<em>Les H&eacute;ritiers. Les &eacute;tudiants et la culture</em>, &Eacute;ditions de minuit, Paris, 1964.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">BOUVEAU, Patrick, ROCHEX, Jean-Yves<em>,</em>&nbsp;<em>Les ZEP, entre &eacute;cole et soci&eacute;t&eacute;,</em>&nbsp;coll. &laquo;&nbsp;Enjeux du syst&egrave;me &eacute;ducatif&nbsp;&raquo;, Hachette &eacute;ducation, Paris, 1999.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">BRINBAUM, Ya&euml;l, PRIMON, Jean-Luc, &laquo; Exp&eacute;riences des discriminations &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;cole de jeunes descendants d&rsquo;immigr&eacute;s d&rsquo;apr&egrave;s l&rsquo;enqu&ecirc;te &lsquo;&lsquo;Trajectoires et origines&rsquo;&rsquo;(TEO), in Galland Olivier (dir.),&nbsp;<em>La France des in&eacute;galit&eacute;s. R&eacute;alit&eacute;s et perceptions</em>, Presse de l&rsquo;Universit&eacute; Paris-Sorbonne, Paris, 2016.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">CHERQUI, Guy, PEUTOT, Fabrice, &laquo; &Eacute;cole inclusive : reconnaitre le droit &agrave; la r&eacute;ussite &raquo;, in<em>&nbsp;Le fran&ccedil;ais dans le monde</em>, n&deg;396, novembre-d&eacute;cembre 2014.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">CORTIER, Claude, &laquo;&nbsp;Accueil et scolarisation des &eacute;l&egrave;ves allophones &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;cole fran&ccedil;aise&nbsp;&raquo;, in Raynal Marie (dir.),&nbsp;<em>Les enjeux de l&rsquo;apprentissage de la langue fran&ccedil;aise</em>, Diversit&eacute; n&deg;151, hiver 2007, p.139-145.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">CUQ, Jean-Pierre, DAVIN-CHNANE, Fatima, &laquo;&nbsp;Fran&ccedil;ais langue seconde : un concept victime de son succ&egrave;s ?&nbsp;&raquo;, in Verdelhan-Bourgade Mich&egrave;le (dir.),&nbsp;<em>Le fran&ccedil;ais langue seconde : un concept et des pratiques en &eacute;volution,&nbsp;</em>De Boeck, Bruxelles, 2007, p.11-28.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">DURUT-BELLAT, Marie, MEURET, Denis, &laquo; Nouvelles formes de r&eacute;gulation dans les syst&egrave;mes &eacute;ducatifs &eacute;trangers : autonomie et choix des &eacute;tablissements scolaires &raquo;, in<em>&nbsp;Revue fran&ccedil;aise de p&eacute;dagogie</em>, volume 135,&nbsp;<em>Culture et &eacute;ducation: Colloque en hommage &agrave; Jean-Claude Forquin</em>, 2001, p. 173-221.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">FAUPIN, Elisabeth,&nbsp;<em>Prendre la parole en classe, une gageure pour les &eacute;l&egrave;ves allophones arrivants : le cas des cours de fran&ccedil;ais, math&eacute;matiques et histoire-g&eacute;ographie.</em>&nbsp;Linguistique. Universit&eacute; Nice Sophia Antipolis, 2015. HAL Id: tel-01170512.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">GALLIGANI, St&eacute;phanie, &laquo;&nbsp;La langue de l&rsquo;&eacute;cole come facteur d&rsquo;int&eacute;gration des nouveaux arrivants&nbsp;: cas des travailleurs migrants temporaires&nbsp;&raquo;, in Archibald James, Galligani St&eacute;phanie (dir.),&nbsp;<em>Langue(s) et immigration(s)&nbsp;: soci&eacute;t&eacute;, &eacute;cole, travail</em>, coll. Logiques sociales, L&rsquo;Harmattan, 2009, p.149- 166.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">GATTOLIN, Andr&eacute;, Question &eacute;crite n&deg; 21999,&nbsp;<em>Journal Officiel du S&eacute;nat,&nbsp;</em>2 juin 2016.<br /> <a href="https://www.senat.fr/questions/base/2016/qSEQ160621999.html" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#800000; text-decoration:none; outline:none; transition:all 0.2s ease 0s">https://www.senat.fr/questions/base/2016/qSEQ160621999.html</a></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">IGEN/ IGAENR,&nbsp;<em>La scolarisation des &eacute;l&egrave;ves nouvellement arriv&eacute;s en France. Rapport &agrave; monsieur le ministre de l&rsquo;&Eacute;ducation nationale, Porte-parole du Gouvernement</em><br /> http://media.education.gouv.fr/file/2009/06/7/2009-082_-_IGEN-IGAENR_216067.pdf</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">JOURDAIN, Anne, NAULIN, Sidonie,&nbsp;<em>La th&eacute;orie de Pierre Bourdieu et ses usages sociologiques,</em>&nbsp;coll. Sociologies contemporaines, Armand Colin, Paris, 2011.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">KLEIN, Wolfgang, 1989,&nbsp;<em>L&rsquo;acquisition de langue &eacute;trang&egrave;re,</em>&nbsp;Armand Colin, Paris.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">LE FERREC, Laurence, &laquo; Le fran&ccedil;ais de scolarisation au carrefour des didactiques du fran&ccedil;ais et des disciplines &raquo;,&nbsp;<em>Le fran&ccedil;ais aujourd&rsquo;hui</em>, n&deg;176, janvier 2012, p. 37-47.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">LESSARD, Claude, CARPENTIER, Anyl&egrave;ne,&nbsp;<em>Politiques &eacute;ducatives. La mise en &oelig;uvre</em>, coll. &laquo;&nbsp;&Eacute;ducation et Soci&eacute;t&eacute;&nbsp;&raquo;, PUF, Paris, 2015.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">MEN, 2014, circulaire 2014-077.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">MERLE, Pierre,&nbsp;<em>La s&eacute;gr&eacute;gation scolaire</em>, coll Rep&egrave;res, La d&eacute;couvertes, PUF, Paris, 2012.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">MORAIS, Jos&eacute;,&nbsp;<em>L&rsquo;art de lire</em>, Odile Jacob, Paris, 1994.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">PIN&Ccedil;ON, Michel, PIN&Ccedil;ON-CHARLOT, Monique,&nbsp;<em>Les ghettos du Gotha : comment la bourgeoisie d&eacute;fend ses espaces</em>, Le Seuil, Paris, 2007.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">SALLE, Jo&euml;l, &laquo;&nbsp;Les ENA : le public prioritairement concern&eacute; par le FLSCO en France&nbsp;&raquo;, in Klein Catherine (dir.),&nbsp;<em>Le fran&ccedil;ais comme langue de scolarisation</em>, CNDP, 2012, p. 15-20.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">SCHEERENS, Japp, MASLOWSKI, Ralf, &laquo; Autonomie des &eacute;tablissements scolaires : des moyens &agrave; la recherche d&rsquo;un objectif ? &raquo;,&nbsp;<em>Revue fran&ccedil;aise de p&eacute;dagogie</em>&nbsp;n&deg;164, juillet-septembre 2008, p. 27-36.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">THAUREL-RICHARD, Mich&egrave;le, MURAT, Fabrice, &laquo; &Eacute;volution des caract&eacute;ristiques des coll&egrave;ges durant la mise en &oelig;uvre de l&rsquo;assouplissement de la carte scolaire de 2007 &raquo;, in &Eacute;ducation &amp; formations, Les effets de l&rsquo;assouplissement de la carte scolaire, n&deg;83, MEN, Paris, 2013, p.11-24.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">VERDELHAN-BOURGADE, Mich&egrave;le, &laquo; Lecture et langage en fran&ccedil;ais langue seconde : probl&egrave;mes cognitifs et didactiques &raquo;,&nbsp;<em>Tr&eacute;ma</em>, n&deg;7, 1995, p. 38-46.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">VIGNER, G&eacute;rard, &laquo; Le fran&ccedil;ais et les enfants migrants. Entre r&egrave;gle et norme : quel espace pour les apprentissages ? &raquo;, in GALLIGANI St&eacute;phanie, WACHS Sandrine, WEBER Corinne (dir.)&nbsp;<em>&Eacute;cole et langues. Des difficult&eacute;s en contextes, Actes acad&eacute;miques,&nbsp;</em>coll. Langues et perspectives didactiques, Riveneuve, Paris, 2013, p.79-92.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">VICHER, Anne, &laquo;&nbsp;Le fran&ccedil;ais langue seconde dans l&rsquo;enseignement-apprentissage de la langue et de la culture du pays d&rsquo;accueil aux migrants et aux enfants de migrants : Un choix politique et didactique&nbsp;&raquo;,&nbsp;<em>Synergies Sud-Est europ&eacute;en</em>&nbsp;n&deg;1, 2008, p. 31-44.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:start"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">&nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <table align="center" border="1" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; background-color:#ffffff; border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:1pt solid windowtext; box-sizing:border-box; color:#444444"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:104px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><strong><span style="font-size:11pt">apprenant<sup>[13]</sup></span></strong></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:104px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><strong><span style="font-size:11pt">ann&eacute;e de naissance</span></strong></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:123px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><strong><span style="font-size:11pt">sexe</span></strong></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:113px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><strong><span style="font-size:11pt">pays d&rsquo;origine</span></strong></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:132px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><strong><span style="font-size:11pt">L1/ L2</span></strong></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:132px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><strong><span style="font-size:11pt">arriv&eacute;e en France</span></strong></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:151px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><strong><span style="font-size:11pt">d&eacute;but de la scolarisation en France</span></strong></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:77px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><strong><span style="font-size:11pt">classe</span></strong></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:64px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><strong><span style="font-size:11pt">coll&egrave;ge</span></strong></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:104px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">1</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:104px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2001</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:123px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">M</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:113px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">Serbie</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:132px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">L1serbe L2kosovar</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:132px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2012</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:151px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2013&nbsp;?</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:77px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">5<sup>E</sup></span></p> </td> <td rowspan="17" style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:64px"> <p style="margin-left:5.65pt; margin-right:5.65pt; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt">Coll&egrave;ge 1</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:104px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:104px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2002</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:123px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">M</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:113px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">Roumanie</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:132px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">roumain</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:132px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2014</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:151px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2014</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:77px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">5<sup>E</sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:104px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">3</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:104px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2000</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:123px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">F</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:113px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">Roumanie</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:132px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">L1roumain</span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">L2espagnol</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:132px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2014</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:151px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">?</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:77px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">UPE2A</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:104px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">4</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:104px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">1999</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:123px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">M</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:113px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">Roumanie</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:132px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">L1&nbsp;roman&egrave;s</span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">L2 roumain</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:132px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2015</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:151px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2015</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:77px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">UPE2A</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:104px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">5</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:104px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2004</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:123px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">F</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:113px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">Alg&eacute;rie</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:132px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">alg&eacute;rien</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:132px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2015</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:151px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2015</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:77px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">6<sup>E</sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:104px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">6</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:104px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2003</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:123px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">M</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:113px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">G&eacute;orgie</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:132px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">L1g&eacute;orgien</span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">L2 russe</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:132px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2010</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:151px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2010</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:77px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">5<sup>E</sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:104px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">7</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:104px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2004</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:123px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">F</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:113px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">Roumanie</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:132px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">L1&nbsp;roman&egrave;s</span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">L2 roumain</span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">L3 espagnol</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:132px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">?</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:151px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2015</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:77px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">UPE2A+ 6<sup>E</sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:104px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">8</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:104px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2004</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:123px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">F</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:113px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">Roumanie</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:132px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">L1&nbsp;roman&egrave;s</span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">L2 roumain</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:132px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">?</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:151px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">?</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:77px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">UPE2A</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:104px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">9</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:104px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2002</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:123px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">F</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:113px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">Roumanie</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:132px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">L1&nbsp;roman&egrave;s</span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">L2 roumain</span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">L3 espagnol</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:132px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2011</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:151px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2013&nbsp;?</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:77px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">UPE2A+ 5<sup>E</sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:104px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">10</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:104px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2003</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:123px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">M</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:113px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">Syrie</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:132px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">arabe syrien</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:132px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2013</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:151px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2015</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:77px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">UPE2A</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:104px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">11</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:104px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2000</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:123px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">M</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:113px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">Bulgarie</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:132px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">L1 turc</span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">L2 bulgare</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:132px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">?</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:151px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2012</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:77px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">4<sup>E</sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:104px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">13</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:104px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2000</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:123px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">M</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:113px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">Albanie</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:132px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">albanais gu&egrave;gue</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:132px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2015</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:151px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2015</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:77px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">UPE2A</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:104px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">14</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:104px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2002</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:123px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">F</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:113px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">Roumanie</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:132px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">L1&nbsp;roman&egrave;s</span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">L2 roumain</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:132px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2010</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:151px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2010</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:77px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">5<sup>E</sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:104px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">15</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:104px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">1999</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:123px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">M</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:113px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">Mali</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:132px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">L1barabara</span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">L2 fran&ccedil;ais</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:132px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2015</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:151px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2015</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:77px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">UPE2A</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:104px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">18</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:104px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2000</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:123px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">M</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:113px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">Br&eacute;sil</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:132px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">L1portugais br&eacute;silien</span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">L2 anglais</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:132px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2016</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:151px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2016</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:77px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">UPE2A</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:104px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">19</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:104px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2002</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:123px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">F</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:113px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">Roumanie</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:132px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">roman&egrave;s</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:132px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2015</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:151px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2015&nbsp;?</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:77px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">UPE2A</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:104px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">20</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:104px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2000</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:123px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">M</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:113px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">Ukraine</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:132px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">L1ukrainien</span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">L2 russe</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:132px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2015</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:151px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2015</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:77px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">UPE2A</span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center">&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:104px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><strong><span style="font-size:11pt">apprenant</span></strong></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:104px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><strong><span style="font-size:11pt">ann&eacute;e de naissance</span></strong></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:123px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><strong><span style="font-size:11pt">sexe</span></strong></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:113px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><strong><span style="font-size:11pt">pays d&rsquo;origine</span></strong></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:132px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><strong><span style="font-size:11pt">L1/ L2</span></strong></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:132px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><strong><span style="font-size:11pt">arriv&eacute;e en France</span></strong></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:151px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><strong><span style="font-size:11pt">d&eacute;but de la scolarisation en France</span></strong></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:77px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><strong><span style="font-size:11pt">classe</span></strong></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:64px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><strong><span style="font-size:11pt">coll&egrave;ge</span></strong></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:104px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">22</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:104px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2002</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:123px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">F</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:113px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">Italie</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:132px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">L1arabe marocain</span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">L2 italien</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:132px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2013</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:151px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2013</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:77px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">4<sup>E</sup></span></p> </td> <td rowspan="16" style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:64px"> <p style="margin-left:5.65pt; margin-right:5.65pt"><span style="font-size:12pt">Coll&egrave;ge 2</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:104px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">23</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:104px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2003</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:123px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">F</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:113px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">Italie</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:132px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">L1 italien</span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">L2 arabe marocain</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:132px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2014</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:151px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2014</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:77px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">5<sup>E</sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:104px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">24</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:104px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2002</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:123px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">F</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:113px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">Syrie</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:132px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">arabe syrien</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:132px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2013&nbsp;?</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:151px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2013&nbsp;?</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:77px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">5<sup>E</sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:104px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">25</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:104px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2002</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:123px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">M</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:113px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">Alg&eacute;rie</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:132px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">kabyle</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:132px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2015</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:151px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2015</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:77px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">5<sup>E</sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:104px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">27</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:104px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2003</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:123px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">F</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:113px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">Maroc</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:132px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">L1arabe marocain</span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">L2 fran&ccedil;ais</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:132px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2015</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:151px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2015</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:77px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">6<sup>E</sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:104px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">29</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:104px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2003</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:123px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">M</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:113px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">Liban</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:132px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">L1 langue des signes libanaise</span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">L2arabe libanais</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:132px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2013</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:151px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2014</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:77px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">6<sup>E</sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:104px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">30</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:104px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2003</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:123px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">M</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:113px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">Syrie</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:132px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">arabe syrien</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:132px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2013&nbsp;?</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:151px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">?</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:77px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">5<sup>E</sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:104px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">31</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:104px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2001</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:123px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">M</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:113px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">Turquie</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:132px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">turc</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:132px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2012</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:151px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2013</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:77px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">4<sup>E</sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:104px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">32</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:104px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2000</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:123px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">F</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:113px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">USA</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:132px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">anglais am&eacute;ricain</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:132px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2013</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:151px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2013</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:77px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">3<sup>E</sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:104px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">33</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:104px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2000</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:123px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">F</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:113px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">Maroc</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:132px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">L1 arabe marocain</span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">L2 fran&ccedil;ais</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:132px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2015</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:151px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2015</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:77px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">3<sup>E</sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:104px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">35</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:104px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2000</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:123px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">F</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:113px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">Alg&eacute;rie</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:132px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">L1 arabe alg&eacute;rien</span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">L2 fran&ccedil;ais</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:132px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2012</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:151px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2012</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:77px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">3<sup>E</sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:104px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">36</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:104px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2001</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:123px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">F</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:113px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">Italie</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:132px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">L1 italien L2arabe marocain</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:132px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2013</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:151px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2013</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:77px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">3<sup>E</sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:104px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">37</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:104px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2002</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:123px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">M</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:113px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">Italie</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:132px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">L1 arabe marocain</span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">L2 italien</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:132px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2015</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:151px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2015</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:77px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">4<sup>E</sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:104px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">38</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:104px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2000</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:123px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">M</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:113px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">Alg&eacute;rie</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:132px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">kabyle</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:132px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2012</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:151px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2012&nbsp;?</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:77px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">3<sup>E</sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:104px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">40</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:104px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2000</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:123px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">F</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:113px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">Alg&eacute;rie</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:132px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">L1arabe alg&eacute;rien</span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">L2 arabe</span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">L3 fran&ccedil;ais</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:132px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2014</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:151px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2014</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:77px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center">&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:104px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px"><span style="font-size:10pt">46</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:104px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2001</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:123px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">M</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:113px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">Albanie</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:132px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">L1 albanais gu&egrave;gue</span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">L2 grec</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:132px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2012&nbsp;?</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:151px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2012&nbsp;?</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:77px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">4<sup>E</sup></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff"><strong>&nbsp;</strong></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff"><strong>Tableau 1&nbsp;: &eacute;l&eacute;ments sur le profil des apprenants enqu&ecirc;t&eacute;s&nbsp;</strong></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:start"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">&nbsp;</span></span></span></p> <table align="center" border="1" cellspacing="0" class="Grilledutableau1" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; background-color:#ffffff; border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:1pt solid windowtext; box-sizing:border-box; color:#444444"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:88px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><strong><span style="font-size:11pt">Professeure</span></strong></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:39px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><strong><span style="font-size:11pt">&Acirc;ge</span></strong></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:86px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><strong><span style="font-size:11pt">Statut</span></strong></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:112px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><strong><span style="font-size:11pt">Nombre d&rsquo;ann&eacute;es d&rsquo;enseignement</span></strong></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:79px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><strong><span style="font-size:11pt">&Eacute;tudes</span></strong></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:121px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><strong><span style="font-size:11pt">Concours et certifications</span></strong></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><strong><span style="font-size:11pt">compl&eacute;mentaires obtenus</span></strong></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:85px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><strong><span style="font-size:11pt">Nombre des apprenants enqu&ecirc;t&eacute;s</span></strong></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:69px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><strong><span style="font-size:11pt">Nombre total de travaux d&rsquo;&eacute;l&egrave;ves transmis</span></strong></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:88px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">B</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:39px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">39</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:86px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt">BIAD</span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt">titulaire</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:112px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">17</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:79px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt">Maitrise de LM MASTER2 SDL</span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:121px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px"><span style="font-size:10pt">CAPES externe de LM (2003)</span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px"><span style="font-size:10pt">Certification compl&eacute;mentaire FLE/ FLS (2015)</span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:85px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">11</span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">(n&deg;27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40)</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:69px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">142</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:88px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">C</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:39px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">49</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:86px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt">PRCE</span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt">titulaire</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:112px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">16</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:79px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt">Maitrise de LM</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:121px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt">CRCPE externe</span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt">CAPES interne de LM</span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:85px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">3</span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">(n&deg; 23 / 24/ 25)</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:69px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">14</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:88px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">J</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:39px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">34</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:86px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt">PRCE</span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt">titulaire</span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:112px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">12</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:79px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt">Maitrise de LM</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:121px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt">CAPES externe de LM (2005)</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:85px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">5</span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">(n&deg; 1/ 2/ 6/ 9/ 14)</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:69px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">115</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:88px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">L</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:39px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">35</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:86px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt">PRCE</span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt">titulaire</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:112px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">13</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:79px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt">Maitrise de LC</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:121px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px"><span style="font-size:10pt">CAPES interne de LM (2007)</span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px"><span style="font-size:10pt">Certification compl&eacute;mentaire FLE/ FLS (2013)</span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:85px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">10</span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt">( n&deg; 3/ 4/ 7/ 8/10/ 13/ 15/ 18/ 19/ 20)</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:69px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">217</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:88px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">M</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:39px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">33</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:86px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt">PRCE</span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt">titulaire</span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:112px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">11</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:79px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt">Maitrise de LM</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:121px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px"><span style="font-size:10pt">CAPES externe de LM (2005)</span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:85px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2</span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">(n&deg; 22/ 46)</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:69px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">18</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:88px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">P</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:39px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">54</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:86px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt">Contractuelle en CDD</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:112px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">6</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:79px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt">BAC L</span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt">Dipl&ocirc;me d&rsquo;auxiliaire de pu&eacute;riculture</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:121px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">X</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:85px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">2</span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">(n&deg; 5/ 11)</span></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:69px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt">16</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext white white; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:525px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:85px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><strong><span style="font-size:12pt">33</span></strong></p> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:69px"> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><strong><span style="font-size:12pt">522</span></strong></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff"><strong>Tableau 2&nbsp;: &eacute;l&eacute;ments sur le profil des professeures participant &agrave; notre recherche</strong></span></span></span></p> <h2 style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:28px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="font-family:avenir"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">Notes&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></h2> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff"><a href="http://revue-tdfle.fr/les-numeros/numero-71/49-l-apprentissage-du-fle-en-france-une-politique-educative-economique-discriminante#_ftnref1" id="_ftn1" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#800000; text-decoration:none; outline:none; transition:all 0.2s ease 0s">[1]</a>&nbsp;UPE2A pour Unit&eacute;s P&eacute;dagogiques pour El&egrave;ves Allophones Arrivants.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff"><a href="http://revue-tdfle.fr/les-numeros/numero-71/49-l-apprentissage-du-fle-en-france-une-politique-educative-economique-discriminante#_ftnref2" id="_ftn2" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#800000; text-decoration:none; outline:none; transition:all 0.2s ease 0s">[2]</a>&nbsp;L&rsquo;arriv&eacute;e massive des apprenants allophones est &agrave; corr&eacute;ler avec la loi RESEDA, loi relative &agrave; l&rsquo;entr&eacute;e et au s&eacute;jour des &eacute;trangers en France au droit d&rsquo;asile (1998).</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff"><a href="http://revue-tdfle.fr/les-numeros/numero-71/49-l-apprentissage-du-fle-en-france-une-politique-educative-economique-discriminante#_ftnref3" id="_ftn3" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#800000; text-decoration:none; outline:none; transition:all 0.2s ease 0s">[3]</a>&nbsp;Un tableau r&eacute;capitulatif est donn&eacute; en Annexes.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff"><a href="http://revue-tdfle.fr/les-numeros/numero-71/49-l-apprentissage-du-fle-en-france-une-politique-educative-economique-discriminante#_ftnref4" id="_ftn4" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#800000; text-decoration:none; outline:none; transition:all 0.2s ease 0s">[4]</a>&nbsp;Depuis la rentr&eacute;e 2016, un classement des &eacute;tablissements publics locaux d&rsquo;enseignement (EPLE) repose sur les conditions financi&egrave;res d&eacute;finies par les effectifs, l&rsquo;offre de formation, l&rsquo;environnement et la complexit&eacute; de l&rsquo;organisation p&eacute;dagogique. (BO sp&eacute;cial du 10 septembre 2015).</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff"><a href="http://revue-tdfle.fr/les-numeros/numero-71/49-l-apprentissage-du-fle-en-france-une-politique-educative-economique-discriminante#_ftnref5" id="_ftn5" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#800000; text-decoration:none; outline:none; transition:all 0.2s ease 0s">[5]</a>&nbsp;J.-P. Cuq inclut le concept de fran&ccedil;ais langue seconde (FLS) dans le champ du FLE au regard de la situation des apprenants pour qui le fran&ccedil;ais &laquo; n&rsquo;est ni la seule, ni la premi&egrave;re langue parl&eacute;e &raquo; (Cuq, 1991&nbsp;: 40). W. Klein d&eacute;finit le FLS en l&rsquo;opposant &agrave; la L1 des apprenants et &agrave; la langue &eacute;trang&egrave;re, le FLS &eacute;tant acquis dans le milieu social ou en situation d&rsquo;enseignement (Klein, 1989&nbsp;: 33). Quant au FLESco, selon F. Davin et J.-P. Cuq, c&rsquo;est &laquo; une langue qui apprend &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;l&egrave;ve son &lsquo;&lsquo;m&eacute;tier d&rsquo;&eacute;l&egrave;ve&rsquo;&rsquo; et les comportements &agrave; adopter &raquo; (Davin, Cuq, 2007&nbsp;: 25).</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff"><a href="http://revue-tdfle.fr/les-numeros/numero-71/49-l-apprentissage-du-fle-en-france-une-politique-educative-economique-discriminante#_ftnref6" id="_ftn6" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#800000; text-decoration:none; outline:none; transition:all 0.2s ease 0s">[6]</a>&nbsp;La litt&eacute;ratie influence les processus de pens&eacute;e et d&rsquo;apprentissage selon le positionnement de chaque individu par rapport &agrave; la lecture et &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;criture, en fonction de sa conception de l&rsquo;apprentissage et de la pratique litt&eacute;raci&eacute;e qu&rsquo;il conna&icirc;t.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff"><a href="http://revue-tdfle.fr/les-numeros/numero-71/49-l-apprentissage-du-fle-en-france-une-politique-educative-economique-discriminante#_ftnref7" id="_ftn7" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#800000; text-decoration:none; outline:none; transition:all 0.2s ease 0s">[7]</a>&nbsp;La loi du 11 f&eacute;vrier 2005 promeut les actions en faveur de la scolarisation des &eacute;l&egrave;ves en situations de handicap.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff"><a href="http://revue-tdfle.fr/les-numeros/numero-71/49-l-apprentissage-du-fle-en-france-une-politique-educative-economique-discriminante#_ftnref8" id="_ftn8" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#800000; text-decoration:none; outline:none; transition:all 0.2s ease 0s">[8]</a>&nbsp;Un tableau synth&eacute;tique est joint en Annexes.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff"><a href="http://revue-tdfle.fr/les-numeros/numero-71/49-l-apprentissage-du-fle-en-france-une-politique-educative-economique-discriminante#_ftnref9" id="_ftn9" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#800000; text-decoration:none; outline:none; transition:all 0.2s ease 0s">[9]</a>&nbsp;360 ZEP sont cr&eacute;&eacute;es et comptabilisent 10% des coll&eacute;giens. EN 1997, 558 ZEP scolarisent 370&nbsp;000 coll&eacute;giens, soit 14,3% des coll&eacute;giens. Les ZEP sont typ&eacute;es socialement et sont concentr&eacute;es sur les grandes agglom&eacute;rations. Paris &agrave; part, les communes de plus de 200&nbsp;000 habitants scolarisent 31,3% des &eacute;l&egrave;ves en ZEP et 20% des &eacute;l&egrave;ves hors ZEP. La proportion d&rsquo;&eacute;trangers dans les ZEP est de 16,9% (pour 5,3% hors ZEP dans ces communes) (MEN, RERS, 1998).</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff"><a href="http://revue-tdfle.fr/les-numeros/numero-71/49-l-apprentissage-du-fle-en-france-une-politique-educative-economique-discriminante#_ftnref10" id="_ftn10" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#800000; text-decoration:none; outline:none; transition:all 0.2s ease 0s">[10]</a>&nbsp;28% des professeurs en RAR ont moins de 30 ans (contre 13% en coll&egrave;ge ordinaire en France) et la moyenne de d&eacute;part est de 2 &agrave; 3 ans. L&rsquo;instabilit&eacute; des &eacute;quipes p&eacute;dagogiques nuit aux &eacute;l&egrave;ves mais elle est aussi un indicateur des conditions de travail difficiles &ndash; &laquo;&nbsp;le&nbsp;<em>burn-out</em>&nbsp;des enseignants en poste dans ces &eacute;tablissements [est de] plus d&rsquo;un sur six [&hellip;]&nbsp;&raquo; (Merle, 2012, p. 66).</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff"><a href="http://revue-tdfle.fr/les-numeros/numero-71/49-l-apprentissage-du-fle-en-france-une-politique-educative-economique-discriminante#_ftnref11" id="_ftn11" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#800000; text-decoration:none; outline:none; transition:all 0.2s ease 0s">[11]</a>&nbsp;Le surco&ucirc;t est estim&eacute; &agrave; 10 &agrave; 15% (Mission interminist&eacute;rielle 2010).</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff"><a href="http://revue-tdfle.fr/les-numeros/numero-71/49-l-apprentissage-du-fle-en-france-une-politique-educative-economique-discriminante#_ftnref12" id="_ftn12" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#800000; text-decoration:none; outline:none; transition:all 0.2s ease 0s">[12]</a>&nbsp;Pour inspection g&eacute;n&eacute;rale de l&rsquo;&Eacute;ducation nationale et inspection g&eacute;n&eacute;rale de l&rsquo;administration de l&rsquo;&Eacute;ducation nationale et de la Recherche.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="background-color:#ffffff"><a href="http://revue-tdfle.fr/les-numeros/numero-71/49-l-apprentissage-du-fle-en-france-une-politique-educative-economique-discriminante#_ftnref13" id="_ftn13" style="box-sizing:border-box; color:#800000; text-decoration:none; outline:none; transition:all 0.2s ease 0s">[13]</a>&nbsp;Les apprenants ont un num&eacute;ro d&rsquo;anonymat. De 60 apprenants au d&eacute;but de notre recherche, le nombre d&eacute;finitif est pass&eacute; &agrave; 33 (parce que certains ont quitt&eacute; les &eacute;tablissements avant notre entretien ou ont refus&eacute; d&rsquo;&ecirc;tre enregistr&eacute;s pendant l&rsquo;entretien ou n&rsquo;ont pas fait signer l&rsquo;autorisation parentale, ce qui nous a contraint &agrave; les supprimer de notre recherche), c&rsquo;est pourquoi la num&eacute;rotation para&icirc;t al&eacute;atoire.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <h3>Julie PREVOST-ZUDDAS<br /> ATILF-CNRS<br /> Universit&eacute; de Lorraine</h3>