<p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><i><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">Des effets de l&rsquo;exp&eacute;rience alt&eacute;ritaire sur les comp&eacute;tences m&eacute;tadiscursives des &eacute;tudiant&middot;es-scripteur&middot;es allophones</span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">Les &eacute;tudiant&middot;es allophones qui r&eacute;alisent une partie de leur cursus acad&eacute;mique dans une universit&eacute; francophone doivent s&rsquo;approprier les mod&egrave;les g&eacute;n&eacute;riques cens&eacute;ment mobilis&eacute;s par la communaut&eacute; enseignante et &eacute;tudiante. Il peut s&rsquo;agir de genres &eacute;crits tr&egrave;s formalis&eacute;s, comme le commentaire de texte en France ou le m&eacute;moire de fin d&rsquo;&eacute;tudes en Belgique&nbsp;; ou, au contraire, de genres aux normes plus floues qui peuvent varier d&rsquo;une discipline &agrave; l&rsquo;autre, voire d&rsquo;un&middot;e enseignant&middot;e &agrave; l&rsquo;autre (Blaser&nbsp;et Pollet, 2010 ; Delcambre et Lahanier-Reuter, 2010 ; Dezutter et al., 2010&nbsp;; Dezutter et Lousada, 2016</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">; Meunier et Dezutter, &agrave; paraitre)</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">. On a montr&eacute; que les&nbsp;<i>cultures discursives</i>universitaires se traduisent par des communaut&eacute;s de pratiques, notamment scripturales, qu&rsquo;il s&rsquo;agit d&rsquo;identifier, d&rsquo;inventorier, de comparer en vue d&rsquo;&eacute;laborer des dispositifs d&rsquo;accompagnement adapt&eacute;s aux &eacute;tudiant&middot;es pour qui le fran&ccedil;ais est une langue &eacute;trang&egrave;re ou seconde&nbsp;</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">(Donahue, 2000 ; Goes et Mangiante, 2010 ; Hidden, 2008 ; Rentel, 2009)</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">. Or, les formateurs&middot;trices et leurs &eacute;tudiant&middot;es n&rsquo;ont pas toujours conscience des sp&eacute;cificit&eacute;s de la communaut&eacute; discursive dans laquelle ils/elles s&rsquo;inscrivent.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">Par ailleurs, le plurilinguisme et le parcours de mobilit&eacute; des &eacute;tudiant&middot;es sont souvent ignor&eacute;s dans les dispositifs d&rsquo;enseignement/apprentissage, tout comme le potentiel didactique du plurilinguisme (cf. Auger, 2010&nbsp;;&nbsp;</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">Cummins, 2000 ; Gajo, 2001)</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">.&nbsp;</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">Sans pr&eacute;tendre &eacute;puiser ici cette large probl&eacute;matique, nous proposons de nous int&eacute;resser ici aux &eacute;tudiant&middot;es allophones qui effectuent un s&eacute;jour d&rsquo;&eacute;tudes dans une universit&eacute; francophone. Notre analyse portera sur le cas d&rsquo;une &eacute;tudiante en travail social dans une universit&eacute; qu&eacute;b&eacute;coise. Plusieurs questions baliseront notre analyse : quelles sont les dynamiques d&rsquo;appropriation plurielle des pratiques scripturales chez cette &eacute;tudiante ? Quelles tensions peut-on observer dans ses sch&egrave;mes de repr&eacute;sentations des normes discursives ? Quelles strat&eacute;gies d&eacute;veloppe-t-elle en lien avec son exp&eacute;rience de mobilit&eacute; ? Nous nous int&eacute;resserons donc aux espaces discursifs v&eacute;cus par cette &eacute;tudiante, &agrave; ses pratiques d&rsquo;&eacute;criture, mais aussi &agrave; sa conscience m&eacute;tadiscursive et &agrave; ses strat&eacute;gies d&rsquo;&eacute;criture et de soutien &agrave; la r&eacute;daction (</span><span lang="NL-BE" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">du point de vue du processus d&rsquo;&eacute;criture lui-m&ecirc;me, mais aussi de l&rsquo;environnement de la t&acirc;che et du contexte de production).&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">Notre &eacute;tude de cas est non seulement r&eacute;v&eacute;latrice des sch&egrave;mes de repr&eacute;sentations pluriels qui guident le rapport &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;criture des &eacute;tudiants mobiles&nbsp;et plurilingues, mais aussi des strat&eacute;gies d&rsquo;&eacute;criture et des comp&eacute;tences d&rsquo;analyse r&eacute;flexive d&eacute;velopp&eacute;es dans l&rsquo;exp&eacute;rience de mobilit&eacute; et de la diversit&eacute; culturelle des discours universitaires.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">1.&nbsp;</span></b><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">Les d&eacute;fis de l&rsquo;&eacute;criture acad&eacute;mique en fran&ccedil;ais pour les &eacute;tudiants allophones&nbsp;</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">L&rsquo;acculturation aux discours acad&eacute;miques est un processus exigeant pour les &eacute;tudiant&middot;es qui arrivent &agrave; l&rsquo;universit&eacute;. Comme le rappelle Christiane Donahue, il s&rsquo;agit de s&rsquo;ins&eacute;rer dans une &laquo;&nbsp;conversation&nbsp;&raquo; acad&eacute;mique (2008&nbsp;: 103), avec ses rapports de pouvoir et ses pratiques de (d&eacute;)-l&eacute;gitimation de la parole. Au-del&agrave; de la maitrise de la norme &eacute;crite et des caract&eacute;ristiques du discours scientifique et technique, il s&rsquo;agit pour l&rsquo;&eacute;tudiant&middot;e-scripteur&middot;e d&rsquo;adopter une posture d&rsquo;auteur&middot;e l&eacute;gitime qui lui permette de faire entendre sa voix, de prendre part &agrave; cette &laquo;&nbsp;conversation&nbsp;&raquo; savante. Cela passe par un apprentissage plus ou moins explicite des genres de textes dont les normes peuvent varier selon le contexte de production et selon le champ disciplinaire dans lequel l&rsquo;&eacute;tudiant&middot;e sera amen&eacute;&middot;e &agrave; r&eacute;diger. Prenons le cas du genre de &laquo;&nbsp;l&rsquo;essai&nbsp;&raquo;&nbsp;: l&rsquo;essai litt&eacute;raire n&rsquo;est pas l&rsquo;essai &laquo;&nbsp;exp&eacute;rientiel&nbsp;&raquo; qu&rsquo;on peut attendre dans un cours de pratiques r&eacute;flexives en didactique, par exemple. Sa d&eacute;finition sera variable d&rsquo;un&middot;e enseignant&middot;e &agrave; l&rsquo;autre, parfois au sein d&rsquo;un m&ecirc;me d&eacute;partement<a name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><i><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&laquo;</span></i><i><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">pour les petits travaux &ccedil;a c&#39;est vraiment comme du commentaire critique ou de l&rsquo;analyse conventionnelle. pour le travail de session c&#39;est plus particulier. &ccedil;a peut avoir une forme d&rsquo;un essai mais un essai subjectif. pas un essai th&eacute;orique.&nbsp;&raquo; (Fran&ccedil;ois, professeur de litt&eacute;rature)</span></i><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><a name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><i><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&laquo; j&rsquo;appelle &ccedil;a un essai oui mais c&rsquo;est une analyse en fait une analyse que j&rsquo;veux parler m&ecirc;me si j&rsquo;appelle &ccedil;a un essai.&nbsp;&raquo; (Ingrid, professeure de linguistique)</span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><i><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&laquo;&nbsp;ben en fait l&rsquo;essai moi c&rsquo;est davantage la position o&ugrave; ils peuvent // l&rsquo;espace o&ugrave; ils peuvent revendiquer une certaine position un certain point de vue. ben c&rsquo;est ce que j&rsquo;appelle un essai mais //&nbsp;&raquo; (S&eacute;bastien, professeur de communication &eacute;crite)</span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">On constate que les enseignant&middot;es d&eacute;finissent souvent &laquo;&nbsp;en creux&nbsp;&raquo; le genre textuel (&laquo;&nbsp;ce n&rsquo;est pas&hellip;&nbsp;&raquo;), &agrave; d&eacute;faut d&rsquo;en donner des caract&eacute;ristiques pr&eacute;cises. Ils/elles recourent &agrave; des modalisations &eacute;pist&eacute;miques qui traduisent une attitude dubitative (&laquo;&nbsp;&ccedil;a peut&nbsp;&raquo;, &laquo;&nbsp;j&rsquo;appelle &ccedil;a&hellip; mais en fait c&rsquo;est&hellip;&nbsp;&raquo;, &laquo;&nbsp;c&rsquo;est ce que j&rsquo;appelle&hellip; mais&nbsp;&raquo;). Ce flou d&eacute;finitoire, voire ce t&eacute;lescopage des genres, est pour nous l&rsquo;un des facteurs explicatif des difficult&eacute;s qui se posent aux &eacute;tudiant&middot;es lorsqu&rsquo;ils/elles doivent r&eacute;diger &agrave; l&rsquo;universit&eacute; (Meunier et Dezutter,&nbsp;<i>op.cit.</i>). Ces tentatives de d&eacute;finitions laissent en tout cas deviner en filigrane l&rsquo;exigence d&rsquo;un positionnement &eacute;nonciatif sp&eacute;cifique, d&rsquo;une forme d&rsquo;&eacute;criture heuristique, d&rsquo;activit&eacute;s cognitivo-langagi&egrave;res d&rsquo;analyse critique, de justification&hellip; Et ces attentes vont se complexifier progressivement au fil du cursus universitaire&nbsp;: de la simple reproduction du discours de l&rsquo;enseignant&middot;e &agrave; partir de prises de notes ou de mod&egrave;les de d&eacute;monstrations scientifiques dans les premi&egrave;res ann&eacute;es universitaires&nbsp;; en passant par l&rsquo;exercice de reformulation&nbsp;attendu dans les divers compte-rendu ou rapports&nbsp;&agrave; r&eacute;diger ; pour enfin arriver &agrave; faire du lien entre des connaissances, des concepts au niveau master (Mangiante et Parpette, 2011&nbsp;; Hidden, 2013).&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">Nous nous concentrerons ici sur ce que nous appelons la comp&eacute;tence &laquo;&nbsp;g&eacute;n&eacute;rique&nbsp;&raquo;, qui rel&egrave;ve d&rsquo;une comp&eacute;tence m&eacute;talinguistique universelle, certes, mais qui est aussi plurielle selon les espaces discursifs dans lesquels on a &eacute;t&eacute; amen&eacute; &agrave; lire et &agrave; produire des textes. La &laquo;&nbsp;sensibilit&eacute; au tout discursif&nbsp;&raquo; (Bakhtine, 1984&nbsp;: 285) et les repr&eacute;sentations que l&rsquo;on a des activit&eacute;s verbales au sein de la soci&eacute;t&eacute;, s&rsquo;apprennent en m&ecirc;me temps que la langue. Il s&rsquo;agit l&agrave; d&rsquo;&laquo;&nbsp;une repr&eacute;sentation socio-cognitive int&eacute;rioris&eacute;e que l&rsquo;on a de la composition et du d&eacute;roulement d&rsquo;une classe d&rsquo;unit&eacute;s discursives, auxquelles on a &eacute;t&eacute; &quot;expos&eacute;&quot; dans la vie quotidienne, la vie professionnelle et les diff&eacute;rents mondes que l&rsquo;on a travers&eacute;s (...)&nbsp;&raquo;, &laquo;&nbsp;une sorte de patron permettant &agrave; chacun de construire, de planifier et d&rsquo;interpr&eacute;ter les activit&eacute;s verbales ou non verbales &agrave; l&rsquo;int&eacute;rieur d&rsquo;une situation de communication, d&rsquo;un lieu, d&rsquo;une communaut&eacute; langagi&egrave;re, d&rsquo;un monde social, d&rsquo;une soci&eacute;t&eacute;.&nbsp;&raquo; (Moirand, 2006&nbsp;: 43). L&rsquo;&eacute;tudiant&middot;e d&eacute;veloppe donc son &laquo;&nbsp;r&eacute;pertoire g&eacute;n&eacute;rique&nbsp;&raquo; en fonction de ses exp&eacute;riences sociales et, en l&rsquo;occurrence, de ses exp&eacute;riences acad&eacute;miques. Les traditions acad&eacute;miques variant d&rsquo;un pays &agrave; l&rsquo;autre, d&rsquo;une langue &agrave; l&rsquo;autre, le plurilinguisme des &eacute;tudiant&middot;es allophones implique une pluralit&eacute; de mod&egrave;les, de r&eacute;f&eacute;rents, de normes qui posent un certain nombre de difficult&eacute;s aux &eacute;tudiant&middot;es mobiles, mais qui sont aussi des leviers d&rsquo;apprentissage. En effet, l&rsquo;exp&eacute;rience de l&rsquo;alt&eacute;rit&eacute; am&egrave;ne les &eacute;tudiant&middot;es &agrave; d&eacute;velopper leur comp&eacute;tences m&eacute;tadiscursives et, plus largement, une posture r&eacute;flexive vis-&agrave;-vis des langues et, de facto, vis-&agrave;-vis de leurs pratiques d&rsquo;&eacute;criture (Meunier, 2015). C&rsquo;est pr&eacute;cis&eacute;ment ce que tend &agrave; prouver l&rsquo;analyse du cas de Rebecca &agrave; laquelle nous allons consacrer la suite de cet article.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">2. &Eacute;l&eacute;ments de contextualisation et m&eacute;thodologie&nbsp;</span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">L&rsquo;&eacute;tude de cas que nous pr&eacute;sentons ici s&rsquo;inscrit dans une recherche plus large portant sur l&rsquo;impact des exp&eacute;riences de mobilit&eacute; &eacute;tudiante sur les apprentissages linguistiques des &eacute;tudiant&middot;es allophones.&nbsp;</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">Nous avons choisi d&rsquo;&eacute;tudier le cas de</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">Rebecca<a name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a>car il est significatif du point de vue des dynamiques de construction du r&eacute;pertoire discursif et de ses comp&eacute;tences d&rsquo;analyse r&eacute;flexive chez les sujets scripteurs.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">Rebecca est une &eacute;tudiante dite &laquo;&nbsp;r&eacute;guli&egrave;re&nbsp;&raquo;, inscrite dans le programme d&rsquo;un bachelier en sciences sociales au Qu&eacute;bec. Elle est colombienne et elle a d&rsquo;abord fait un bachelier en&nbsp;sciences du langage et &eacute;tudes socioculturelles en Colombie, avant de s&rsquo;installer au Qu&eacute;bec pour int&eacute;grer un bachelier universitaire en travail social. Du point de vue de sa mobilit&eacute;, on peut consid&eacute;rer que celle-ci est&nbsp;<i>spontan&eacute;e</i>(cf. la typologie de Ballatore, 2010, qui distingue la mobilit&eacute;&nbsp;<i>spontan&eacute;e</i>, sans cadre institutionnel organis&eacute;, de la mobilit&eacute;&nbsp;<i>organis&eacute;e,</i>de type Erasmus par exemple) et&nbsp;<i>volontaire</i>(<i>vs&nbsp;</i>une mobilit&eacute;&nbsp;<i>forc&eacute;e</i>).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">Rebecca est plurilingue puisqu&rsquo;elle parle l&rsquo;espagnol (L1), l&rsquo;anglais (L2), le fran&ccedil;ais (L3) et qu&rsquo;elle a des comp&eacute;tences en japonais (L4). Elle&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">a &eacute;volu&eacute; dans&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">plusieurs communaut&eacute;s discursives diff&eacute;rentes qui se distinguent du point de vue linguistique d&rsquo;une part&nbsp;: espagnol d&rsquo;Am&eacute;rique du sud&nbsp;<i>vs</i>fran&ccedil;ais d&rsquo;Am&eacute;rique du Nord&nbsp;; et du point de vue disciplinaire d&rsquo;autre part&nbsp;: sciences du langage&nbsp;<i>vs</i>sciences sociales<a name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a>. Elle a donc &eacute;t&eacute; amen&eacute;e &agrave; produire des textes vari&eacute;s dans au moins deux langues diff&eacute;rentes, et nous verrons que les mod&egrave;les g&eacute;n&eacute;riques qui guident ses productions &eacute;crites sont marqu&eacute;s par ses exp&eacute;riences d&rsquo;&eacute;criture diverses.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">Nous avons interrog&eacute; Rebecca &agrave; propos de son parcours universitaire, de sa biographie langagi&egrave;re, des genres d&rsquo;&eacute;crits universitaires qu&rsquo;elle a eus &agrave; lire et/ou &agrave; produire &agrave; l&rsquo;universit&eacute;, des difficult&eacute;s rencontr&eacute;es dans sa pratique de l&rsquo;&eacute;criture acad&eacute;mique au Qu&eacute;bec, des pratiques d&rsquo;&eacute;valuation de ses productions &eacute;crites par ses enseignant&middot;es et des formes de soutien &agrave; la r&eacute;daction.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="NL-BE" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">L&rsquo;analyse de contenu a &eacute;t&eacute; compl&eacute;t&eacute;e par une analyse du discours (Kerbrat-Orecchioni, 1980 ; Maingueneau, 2007), en particulier des traces de r&eacute;flexion m&eacute;talinguistique (Beacco, 2004 ; Culioli, 1997 ; Meunier, 2011, 2015 ; Petitjean, 2009).&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="NL-BE" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">Notre attention s&rsquo;est port&eacute;e sur les communaut&eacute;s discursives que Rebecca a connues tout au long de sa trajectoire de scripteure, et sur l&rsquo;impact de sa mobilit&eacute; sur ses comp&eacute;tences. Ainsi nous avons analys&eacute; en particulier ses pratiques d&rsquo;&eacute;criture d&eacute;clar&eacute;es et les traces de l&rsquo;activit&eacute; m&eacute;talinguistique&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">&laquo;&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="NL-BE" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">en train de se faire&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">&raquo;</span></span><span lang="NL-BE" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">: activit&eacute;s de d&eacute;nomination, de cat&eacute;gorisation, sc&eacute;nographie &eacute;nonciative (entre effacement ou au contraire surmarquage &eacute;nonciatif), subjectiv&egrave;mes, modalisation du discours. Par contre, nous ne traiterons pas ici des pratiques d&rsquo;&eacute;valuation des enseignant&middot;es.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">3. L&rsquo;ancrage disciplinaire des textes</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">Notre analyse a montr&eacute; que Rebecca avait d&eacute;velopp&eacute; une conscience aiguis&eacute;e des sp&eacute;cificit&eacute;s discursives des textes universitaires.&nbsp;Et nous &eacute;mettons l&rsquo;hypoth&egrave;se que son exp&eacute;rience de l&rsquo;alt&eacute;rit&eacute; y a fortement contribu&eacute;. En effet, le fait d&rsquo;avoir eu &agrave; r&eacute;diger dans des langues diff&eacute;rentes, dans des cultures acad&eacute;miques diff&eacute;rentes, mais aussi dans des domaines disciplinaires diff&eacute;rents, ont stimul&eacute; la r&eacute;flexivit&eacute; de Rebecca sur sa pratique.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">Cette comp&eacute;tence m&eacute;tadiscursive et m&eacute;tacognitive se manifeste notamment dans l&rsquo;activit&eacute; comparative des genres textuels :</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">R : ce sont des textes d&rsquo;analyse. des analyses de textes, des lectures qu&rsquo;on a fait. mais&nbsp;c&rsquo;est surtout je veux pas dire ce sont pas des essais / mais &ccedil;a demande plus de r&eacute;pondre &agrave; des questions ponctuelles / que tu dois utiliser les concepts du travail social (&hellip;) ils nous demandent d&rsquo;utiliser les notes de cours et tout &ccedil;a. avant j&rsquo;avais fait un bac en langage et &eacute;tudes socioculturelles o&ugrave;&nbsp;c&rsquo;est un domaine compl&egrave;tement diff&eacute;rent o&ugrave; c&rsquo;est plus de cr&eacute;ation de documents / on devait faire des&nbsp;essais (&hellip;) des&nbsp;dissertations c&rsquo;est comme ce genre de texte l&agrave;&nbsp;mais en travail social c&rsquo;est&nbsp;plus ferm&eacute; c&rsquo;est comme plus une analyse du contexte politique / de r&eacute;pondre &agrave; des questions //&nbsp;c&rsquo;est plus ferm&eacute; tu as pas l&rsquo;ouverture.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">Rebecca &eacute;voque ici la variation&nbsp;disciplinaire (cf.&nbsp;l&rsquo;ancrage disciplinaire des textes universitaires chez Lahanier-Reuter et Delcambre, 2009,&nbsp;<i>op.cit</i>.). Il n&rsquo;y a pas&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">de comp&eacute;tence d&rsquo;&eacute;criture transversale, mais bien des genres (nomm&eacute;s ici &laquo;&nbsp;essai&nbsp;&raquo;, &laquo;&nbsp;dissertation&nbsp;&raquo;) plus ou moins norm&eacute;s et contraints dont Rebecca tente de d&eacute;finir les caract&eacute;ristiques&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;ce sont des textes d&rsquo;analyse&hellip;&nbsp;&raquo;.&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">L&rsquo;activit&eacute; m&eacute;tadiscursive se traduit notamment dans cette tentative de d&eacute;finition &laquo;&nbsp;en creux&nbsp;&raquo; (&laquo;&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">ce sont pas des essais&nbsp;&raquo;) quand elle ne parvient pas &agrave; &eacute;tiqueter pr&eacute;cis&eacute;ment le texte qu&rsquo;on attend d&rsquo;elle. Ce flou, cette difficult&eacute; &agrave; cat&eacute;goriser les textes, fait &eacute;cho &agrave; l&rsquo;incapacit&eacute; des enseignant&middot;es &agrave; d&eacute;finir ce qu&rsquo;ils/elles attendent de leurs &eacute;tudiant&middot;es dans l&rsquo;exercice de r&eacute;daction (voir supra).&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">L&rsquo;exp&eacute;rience de l&rsquo;alt&eacute;rit&eacute; v&eacute;cue par Rebecca l&rsquo;am&egrave;ne &agrave; comparer les genres d&rsquo;&eacute;crits qu&rsquo;on lui demande de produire au Qu&eacute;bec, avec ceux, clairement identifi&eacute;s ceux-l&agrave;, des &eacute;crits produits avant en Colombie (essais et dissertations). C&rsquo;est &agrave; partir de ces mod&egrave;les g&eacute;n&eacute;riques connus qu&rsquo;elle tente de d&eacute;finir les &eacute;crits en L2&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;mais en travail social c&rsquo;est&nbsp;plus ferm&eacute; c&rsquo;est comme plus une analyse du contexte politique, de r&eacute;pondre &agrave; des questions,&nbsp;c&rsquo;est plus ferm&eacute; tu as pas l&rsquo;ouverture&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">On voit clairement se dessiner deux &eacute;tapes dans sa biographie de scripteure, laquelle est d&eacute;termin&eacute;e &agrave; la fois par sa mobilit&eacute; et par son changement d&rsquo;orientation.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">Du point de vue &eacute;nonciatif, on notera l&rsquo;emploi de plusieurs d&eacute;ictiques&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;on&nbsp;&raquo; (&laquo;&nbsp;des lectures qu&rsquo;on a fait&nbsp;&raquo;&nbsp;) et &laquo;&nbsp;nous&nbsp;&raquo; (&laquo;&nbsp;ils nous demandent&nbsp;&raquo;) quand Rebecca s&rsquo;identifie &agrave; la communaut&eacute; &eacute;tudiante&nbsp;; &laquo;&nbsp;tu&nbsp;&raquo; g&eacute;n&eacute;rique (&laquo;&nbsp;tu dois utiliser les concepts&nbsp;&raquo;)&nbsp;; &laquo;&nbsp;ils&nbsp;&raquo; pour repr&eacute;senter la communaut&eacute; enseignante et pour g&eacute;n&eacute;raliser son propos, lui conf&eacute;rant par la m&ecirc;me occasion une valeur doxique. L&rsquo;emploi du &laquo;&nbsp;je&nbsp;&raquo; intervient lorsque Rebecca s&rsquo;appuie sur son exp&eacute;rience pour donner une l&eacute;gitimit&eacute; &agrave; sa d&eacute;finition&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;avant j&rsquo;avais fait un bac&hellip;&nbsp;&raquo;. On observe tout au long de l&rsquo;entretien ce va et vient entre un mode assertif qui conf&egrave;re &agrave; son propos une valeur de v&eacute;rit&eacute; objective et d&rsquo;homog&eacute;n&eacute;isation (propre &agrave; la pratique d&eacute;finitoire), et un mode plus subjectif et exp&eacute;rientiel qui atteste de l&rsquo;authenticit&eacute; de sa d&eacute;finition.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">On devine en</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">filigrane que ses enseignant&middot;es au Qu&eacute;bec attendent d&rsquo;elle un autre positionnement &eacute;nonciatif, voire m&ecirc;me un effacement &eacute;nonciatif.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">Lors d&rsquo;une interview avec une enseignante en travail social, cette dimension &agrave; la fois objective et r&eacute;flexive de l&rsquo;analyse a &eacute;t&eacute; &eacute;voqu&eacute;e et probl&eacute;matis&eacute;e :</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">34 M-(&hellip;) vraiment&nbsp;ce travail de premi&egrave;re ann&eacute;e sur la trajectoire c&#39;est int&eacute;ressant parce que je leur dis&nbsp;c&#39;est tr&egrave;s personnel / c&#39;est leur trajectoire &agrave; eux. puis je leur dis&nbsp;<u>utilisez les concepts qu&#39;on a vus en cours pour analyser</u>. (&hellip;) donc je leur dis&nbsp;<u>ce n&#39;est pas votre histoire qui m&#39;int&eacute;resse, enfin elle est int&eacute;ressante en tant que telle mais comment vous &ecirc;tes capables d&#39;analyser &agrave; partir de certains concepts&nbsp;/ identit&eacute;&nbsp;trajectoire&nbsp;comment vous pouvez utiliser &ccedil;a</u>. et je me rends compte que souvent / quand il leur manque des r&eacute;f&eacute;rences en fran&ccedil;ais finalement / ils vont redire c&#39;est quoi le concept ils vont dire &agrave; c&ocirc;t&eacute; c&#39;est quoi l&#39;&eacute;poque de leur trajectoire qui correspond mais ils n&#39;arrivent pas &agrave; faire les deux. ils vont &ecirc;tre capables de dire c&#39;est quoi le concept se r&eacute;f&eacute;rer aux auteurs etc. // et je pense qu&#39;ils comprennent. ils comprennent leur trajectoire, leur histoire. ils comprennent &ccedil;a mais c&#39;est comment utiliser ce concept l&agrave;.</span></span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">Pour cette enseignante, il ne s&rsquo;agit pas seulement d&rsquo;un probl&egrave;me &eacute;nonciatif, mais plus largement d&rsquo;une difficult&eacute; &agrave; mener une activit&eacute; de conceptualisation &agrave; partir de donn&eacute;es empiriques et exp&eacute;rientielles.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">La suite de l&rsquo;entretien avec Rebecca t&eacute;moigne du processus de r&eacute;flexivit&eacute; &agrave; l&rsquo;&oelig;uvre chez elle, un processus nourri et conditionn&eacute; par l&rsquo;exp&eacute;rience de l&rsquo;alt&eacute;rit&eacute;. En effet, elle </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">d&eacute;finit son exp&eacute;rience d&rsquo;&eacute;criture en L2 par rapport aux mod&egrave;les en L1 qu&rsquo;elle active syst&eacute;matiquement. Elle montre de la sorte qu&rsquo;il n&rsquo;y a pas de transfert imm&eacute;diat possible entre les mod&egrave;les g&eacute;n&eacute;riques de la L1 vers la L2.&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">Loin de se r&eacute;duire &agrave; un probl&egrave;me de &laquo;&nbsp;langue&nbsp;&raquo;, c&rsquo;est bien la culture discursive disciplinaire qui lui pose probl&egrave;me ici.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><i><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">R&nbsp;: (dans une dissertation) tu vas expri - faire une&nbsp;r&eacute;flexion personnelle&nbsp;puis l&agrave; tu&nbsp;d&eacute;veloppes. mais en travail social les textes sont plus j&rsquo;ai telle situation / qu&rsquo;est-ce qu&rsquo;on doit mettre en place / &ccedil;a fait que tu as un corpus de choses que tu peux faire selon le cours que tu as vu / puis l&agrave; tu dis&nbsp;<u>&ccedil;a &ccedil;a &ccedil;a&nbsp;</u>puis tu argumentes pourquoi. mais dans le fond&nbsp;tu donnes pas ton opinion &agrave; toi mais c&rsquo;est professionnel quoi. c&rsquo;est plus technique. quand je suis arriv&eacute;e au bac &ccedil;a&nbsp;c&rsquo;&eacute;tait un changement d&rsquo;affaire &ccedil;a&nbsp;c&rsquo;&eacute;tait le plus. le type de textes sont diff&eacute;rents de ce que j&rsquo;avais fait avant / &ccedil;a fait que j&rsquo;ai d&ucirc; m&rsquo;ajuster &agrave; &ccedil;a. c&rsquo;est pour &ccedil;a que je pense que mes premi&egrave;res documents &eacute;taient pas si bons que &ccedil;a parce que&nbsp;j&rsquo;&eacute;tais habitu&eacute;e &agrave; un autre type de texte.</span></span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">Rebecca compare et oppose les normes des &eacute;crits personnels et r&eacute;flexifs qu&rsquo;elle avait &agrave; produire en sciences du langage en Colombie, aux &eacute;crits objectifs et argument&eacute;s qu&rsquo;elle doit r&eacute;diger en travail social au Qu&eacute;bec. Son discours fait &eacute;cho &agrave; celui de l&rsquo;enseignante cit&eacute;e pr&eacute;c&eacute;demment. En effet, c&rsquo;est bien cette tension entre objectivit&eacute; (&laquo;&nbsp;tu donnes pas ton opinion&nbsp;&raquo;)&nbsp;<i>versus</i>subjectivit&eacute; (&laquo;&nbsp;r&eacute;flexion personnelle&nbsp;&raquo;) qui est au centre de sa r&eacute;flexion.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">En qualifiant les textes de &laquo;&nbsp;plus technique&nbsp;&raquo; ou de &laquo;&nbsp;professionnel&nbsp;&raquo;, elle donne aussi des informations&nbsp;sur le processus, l&rsquo;organisation textuelle en s&eacute;quences narrative et descriptive (quand elle expose la situation professionnelle), et argumentative ensuite.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">De nouveau, l&rsquo;ancrage disciplinaire des textes est particuli&egrave;rement saillant dans son discours. Elle prend conscience que ses comp&eacute;tences d&rsquo;&eacute;criture ne sont pas transversales, m&ecirc;me si elle a toujours &eacute;tudi&eacute; dans le domaine des sciences humaines.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">4. M&eacute;moire et traditions rh&eacute;toriques</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">Si le processus d&rsquo;&eacute;criture en lui-m&ecirc;me est important, la m&eacute;moire &agrave; long terme</span></span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">et&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">l&rsquo;environnement de la t&acirc;che (les consignes d&rsquo;&eacute;criture, notamment) vont &ecirc;tre d&eacute;terminants pour la pratique du/de la scripteur&middot;e allophone (cf. Hayes et Flower, 1980). Et&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">l</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">a dimension pragmatique et discursive, qui est d&eacute;terminante d&egrave;s la phase de planification, fait pr&eacute;cis&eacute;ment appel &agrave; la m&eacute;moire &agrave; long terme. Ce sont donc les mod&egrave;les de textes et les connaissances rh&eacute;toriques en L1 qui sont activ&eacute;&middot;es et dominant&middot;es (Wang et Wen, 2002). Rebecca active en effet les sch&eacute;mas g&eacute;n&eacute;riques qu&rsquo;elle connait en L1, lesquels sont &eacute;loign&eacute;s des genres de textes qu&rsquo;elle doit produire en L2. Son t&eacute;moignage confirme l&rsquo;importance de l&rsquo;exposition &agrave; des mod&egrave;les de textes en L2 avant d&rsquo;entrer dans le processus d&rsquo;&eacute;criture. La structuration des textes n&rsquo;est pas universelle (cf. Kaplan, 1966)&nbsp;: la&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">lin&eacute;arit&eacute; du texte, la valeur des digressions, la posture &eacute;nonciative de l&rsquo;auteur&middot;e, le style, varient d&rsquo;une communaut&eacute; discursive &agrave; l&rsquo;autre (voir notamment &agrave; ce propos la synth&egrave;se de Marie-Odile Hidden sur ces questions, 2013,&nbsp;<i>op.cit</i>., pp.42-43). Hidden cite notamment les observations de Leoni (1993) en Italie, o&ugrave; les &eacute;tudiant&middot;es doivent puiser dans leur exp&eacute;rience et leurs r&eacute;flexions personnelles pour nourrir leurs textes. Donahue &eacute;voque &eacute;galement cette l&eacute;gitimit&eacute; de l&rsquo;opinion personnelle dans les productions d&rsquo;&eacute;tudiant&middot;es aux Etats-Unis (2008,&nbsp;<i>op.cit</i>.). Or, le degr&eacute; d&rsquo;implication personnelle dans son texte est pr&eacute;cis&eacute;ment l&rsquo;une des variables &eacute;pingl&eacute;es par Rebecca. Hidden cite aussi les travaux de Wlassoff (1998) dans le contexte polonais, o&ugrave; l&rsquo;emploi du &laquo;&nbsp;je&nbsp;&raquo; est habituel et l&eacute;gitime. Dans le cas de Rebecca, cette dimension subjective et personnelle est la norme de r&eacute;f&eacute;rence, alors que ses enseignant&middot;es en travail social attendent plut&ocirc;t l&rsquo;effacement du/de la scripteur&middot;e derri&egrave;re les concepts et une communaut&eacute; savante l&eacute;gitim&eacute;e.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">Par ailleurs, Rebecca &eacute;voque le style d&rsquo;&eacute;criture plus synth&eacute;tique qu&rsquo;elle doit adopter en Am&eacute;rique du Nord. Le contraste entre son style en L1 et le style en L2 est soulign&eacute; par l&rsquo;emploi du &laquo;&nbsp;nous&nbsp;&raquo; qui inscrit Rebecca dans la communaut&eacute; de scripteur&middot;es colombien&middot;nes (&laquo;&nbsp;nous en Colombie&hellip; mais ici&nbsp;&raquo;). La diff&eacute;rence de style est territorialis&eacute;e, et fait &agrave; nouveau &eacute;cho aux dires d&rsquo;enseignant&middot;es que nous avons interview&eacute;&middot;es. En effet, la diversit&eacute; stylistique est peu valoris&eacute;e &agrave; l&rsquo;universit&eacute;, o&ugrave; domine une vision normative de l&rsquo;&eacute;crit acad&eacute;mique.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><i><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">E&nbsp;: tu vois des diff&eacute;rences dans les genres d&rsquo;&eacute;crits, dans les exigences des professeurs chez toi et ici&nbsp;?</span></span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><i><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">R</span></span></i><i><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">&nbsp;: (&hellip;) &ecirc;tre concise, concise &ccedil;a c&rsquo;est un de mes d&eacute;fis&nbsp;la synth&egrave;se ici c&rsquo;est tr&egrave;s important. puis j&rsquo;ai encore de la difficult&eacute; &agrave; faire &ccedil;a parce que je suis pas habitu&eacute;e. nous en Colombie c&rsquo;est le plus que tu &eacute;cris&nbsp;le plus que tu analyses c&rsquo;est mieuxmais ici c&rsquo;est le plus que tu es&nbsp;concretpuis tu&nbsp;pr&eacute;cisesles choses c&rsquo;est mieux. c&rsquo;est comme le contraire. (</span></span></i><i><span lang="MR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">&hellip;</span></span></i><i><span lang="NL-BE" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">)&nbsp;</span></span></i><i><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">c&rsquo;est pas &eacute;vident hein ///&nbsp;c&rsquo;est comme si on &eacute;crivait trop.</span></span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">Ce n&rsquo;est pas le genre textuel qui est en jeu ici, mais plut&ocirc;t un style moins digressif et plus pr&eacute;cis que Rebecca a du mal &agrave; s&rsquo;approprier.&nbsp;Cependant, la r&eacute;flexivit&eacute; de Rebecca montre que les comp&eacute;tences litt&eacute;raciques qu&rsquo;elle a d&eacute;velopp&eacute;es dans sa L1, coupl&eacute;es &agrave; son exp&eacute;rience de l&rsquo;alt&eacute;rit&eacute; et &agrave; sa mobilit&eacute;, constituent des leviers pour le d&eacute;veloppement de strat&eacute;gies d&rsquo;apprentissage en L2, et ce m&ecirc;me si elle &eacute;prouve encore des difficult&eacute;s dans le processus d&rsquo;&eacute;criture.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">5. L&rsquo;environnement des t&acirc;ches d&rsquo;&eacute;criture&nbsp;</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">Les consignes d&rsquo;&eacute;criture et le soutien &agrave; la r&eacute;daction constituent des biais importants pour le/la scripteur&middot;e allophone. En effet, au-del&agrave; de la compr&eacute;hension du code linguistique, la m&eacute;compr&eacute;hension de la consigne concerne souvent la finalit&eacute; du discours ou la/les fonction&middot;s cognitivo-langagi&egrave;re&middot;s (expliquer, d&eacute;crire, d&eacute;finir, etc.). Le cotexte seul ne suffit g&eacute;n&eacute;ralement pas &agrave; lever les ambigu&iuml;t&eacute;s, d&rsquo;autant que celui-ci est souvent limit&eacute;. Le/la scripteur&middot;e doit activer des r&eacute;seaux de signification, associer un certain&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">lexique &agrave; des apprentissages notionnels et conceptuels et &agrave; des significations propres &agrave; la discipline. Chez Rebecca, les r&eacute;seaux de significations activ&eacute;s sont pluriels. Malgr&eacute; la source d&rsquo;enrichissement que cela peut repr&eacute;senter, cette pluralit&eacute; est aussi source d&rsquo;ins&eacute;curit&eacute; chez l&rsquo;&eacute;tudiante d&egrave;s lors que ses enseignant&middot;es ne prennent pas en compte ce potentiel, ni dans leurs enseignements, ni dans l&rsquo;&eacute;valuation de ses productions &eacute;crites (sachant que l&rsquo;&eacute;valuation des connaissances et des acquis d&rsquo;apprentissage se fait principalement via des examens et des travaux &eacute;crits).&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><i><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">R : (</span></span></i><i><span lang="MR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">&hellip;</span></span></i><i><span lang="NL-BE" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">)&nbsp;</span></span></i><i><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">dans les consignes il y a des instructions que je comprends pas. que&nbsp;je comprends les mots mais je comprends pas qu&rsquo;est-ce que &ccedil;a veut dire concr&egrave;tement.(</span></span></i><i><span lang="MR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">&hellip;</span></span></i><i><span lang="NL-BE" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">)</span></span></i><i><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">le travail le moins bon que j&rsquo;ai eu c&rsquo;est justement parce que je n&rsquo;ai pas compris les consignes. (&hellip;) on devait comme faire une analyse (&hellip;) mais&nbsp;j&rsquo;avais pas compris comment on devait le pr&eacute;senter je veux dire c&rsquo;&eacute;tait &ccedil;a l&rsquo;id&eacute;e mais ma fa&ccedil;on de le faire n&rsquo;&eacute;tait pas bonne. (&hellip;)&nbsp;j&rsquo;avais pas la confiance d&rsquo;aller demander, j&rsquo;&eacute;tais pas &agrave; l&rsquo;aise.&nbsp;j&rsquo;ai pas eu le temps de comparer&nbsp;avec les autres.</span></span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><i><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">R: ce qui m&rsquo;a aid&eacute; c&rsquo;est qu&rsquo;il y avait un &eacute;tudiant (mexicain) qui &eacute;tait en deuxi&egrave;me ann&eacute;e qui avait d&eacute;j&agrave; fait des travaux. puis il me l&rsquo;a montr&eacute;. (&hellip;) mais je voyais l&rsquo;exemple puis &ccedil;a le probl&egrave;me de consigne l&agrave; s&rsquo;est r&eacute;solu parce que ah c&rsquo;est &ccedil;a ok.&nbsp;mais c&rsquo;est pas copi&eacute;-coll&eacute; mais c&rsquo;est juste le mod&egrave;le c&rsquo;est juste savoir c&rsquo;est quoi qu&rsquo;ils demandent puis apr&egrave;s &ccedil;a ben c&rsquo;est beaucoup plus facile.</span></span></i><i><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">(&hellip;) puis sinon j&rsquo;aimerais je pense que &ccedil;a aide si la communaut&eacute; autant les &eacute;tudiants que les professeurs sont sensibilis&eacute;s &agrave; &ccedil;a et que si on demande de l&rsquo;aide qu&rsquo;ils soient l&agrave; qu&rsquo;ils soient pr&ecirc;ts &agrave; peut-&ecirc;tre nous donner un peu de temps.</span></span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">Rebecca &eacute;voque&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">plusieurs strat&eacute;gies d&rsquo;aide &agrave; la r&eacute;daction, notamment la comparaison avec les textes de ses pairs comme mod&egrave;les de production, et le temps suppl&eacute;mentaire dont elle a besoin pour effectuer la t&acirc;che d&rsquo;&eacute;criture. C&rsquo;est principalement son exp&eacute;rience personnelle qui fait l&rsquo;objet de sa r&eacute;flexion ici&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;j&rsquo;avais pas compris&hellip;&nbsp;&raquo;, &laquo;&nbsp;j&rsquo;avais pas la confiance de&hellip;&nbsp;&raquo;, &laquo;&nbsp;ce qui m&rsquo;a aid&eacute; c&rsquo;est&hellip;&nbsp;&raquo;. Mais elle termine par une recommandation plus g&eacute;n&eacute;rale avec une prise en charge &eacute;nonciative marqu&eacute;e&nbsp;(&laquo;&nbsp;je pense que&nbsp;&raquo;) et l&rsquo;emploi d&rsquo;un pr&eacute;sentatif &agrave; valeur g&eacute;n&eacute;rique (&laquo;&nbsp;&ccedil;a aide si la communaut&eacute;&hellip;&nbsp;&raquo;) qui rendent son propos plus assertif et lui conf&egrave;rent une valeur doxique. La narration de son exp&eacute;rience personnelle pr&eacute;c&eacute;dente permet la fusion entre le particulier et le g&eacute;n&eacute;ral (Petitjean, 2009). Rebecca se pose comme une autorit&eacute; l&eacute;gitime &laquo;&nbsp;t&eacute;moin&nbsp;&raquo; et son r&eacute;cit fait office de preuve. On passe ici de la tactique &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;laboration d&rsquo;une strat&eacute;gie (de Certeau, 1990) utile &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;tudiant&middot;e allophone en g&eacute;n&eacute;ral, qui a en effet besoin d&rsquo;&ecirc;tre expos&eacute;&middot;e fr&eacute;quemment &agrave; des inputs en L2.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">Mais malgr&eacute; l&rsquo;importance de cette strat&eacute;gie, qui doit id&eacute;alement &ecirc;tre d&eacute;ploy&eacute;e avant m&ecirc;me d&rsquo;entrer dans le processus d&rsquo;&eacute;criture,&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">nous avons pu constater que le recours &agrave; des exemples de textes &laquo;&nbsp;mod&egrave;les&nbsp;&raquo; n&rsquo;&eacute;tait pas une pratique largement partag&eacute;e par les 35 &eacute;tudiant&middot;es<a name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a>que nous avons interrog&eacute;&middot;es dans la m&ecirc;me universit&eacute; que Rebecca. En effet, le graphique ci-dessous confirme que c&rsquo;est&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">majoritairement la recherche de contenus et de conseils explicites pour la r&eacute;daction qui pr&eacute;occupe les &eacute;tudiant&middot;es avant de r&eacute;diger.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <table class="Table" style="caret-color:#000000; color:#000000; font-family:-webkit-standard; font-style:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:normal; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:auto; text-align:start; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:auto; word-spacing:0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust:auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-decoration:none; width:624px; margin-left:5px; border-collapse:collapse; border:none" width="468"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:none; width:468px; padding:0cm 5px; height:7cm; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"> <p style="text-align:justify"><img height="163" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_250_6_figure1.jpg" width="429" /></p> <p align="center" class="MsoCaption" style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:#4f81bd"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="font-weight:normal">Figure&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="font-weight:normal">1</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="font-weight:normal">&nbsp;: Strat&eacute;gies activ&eacute;es avant de r&eacute;diger</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">Nous avan&ccedil;ons l&rsquo;hypoth&egrave;se que ces mod&egrave;les implicites sont peu exploit&eacute;s par les &eacute;tudiant&middot;es &agrave; cause de la difficult&eacute; d&rsquo;acc&egrave;s &agrave; des productions &eacute;crites similaires. En effet, parmi les &eacute;tudiant&middot;es que nous avons interrog&eacute;&middot;es, plusieurs ont signal&eacute; que beaucoup d&rsquo;&eacute;tudiant&middot;es francophones refusaient de partager leurs textes avec les autres. Et c&rsquo;est la crainte du plagiat qui est avanc&eacute;e comme motivation principale de ce refus par nos informateurs&middot;trices.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">6. Le rapport &agrave; la norme linguistique</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">M&ecirc;me si Rebecca est sensible &agrave; la dimension discursive, le souci de la norme grammaticale et orthographique reste dominant dans son discours. Ce constat a &eacute;t&eacute; par ailleurs confirm&eacute; par notre enqu&ecirc;te directive (cf. supra), comme le graphique suivant l&rsquo;illustre.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p align="center" style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:center"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">Lorsque vous &eacute;crivez, vous &ecirc;tes surtout attentif&middot;ve &agrave;&hellip;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:center"><img height="169" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_250_6_figure2.jpg" width="176" /></p> <p align="center" class="MsoCaption" style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:center; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="color:#4f81bd"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="font-weight:normal">Figure&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="font-weight:normal">2</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="font-weight:normal">: Strat&eacute;gies d&#39;&eacute;criture des &eacute;tudiant&middot;es allophones</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">&laquo;&nbsp;&Eacute;crire sans fautes de langue&nbsp;&raquo; est une pr&eacute;occupation importante pour les &eacute;tudiant&middot;es allophones interrog&eacute;&middot;es, au m&ecirc;me titre que la structure de leur texte et que l&rsquo;organisation de leurs id&eacute;es.&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">Mais si certains items de notre questionnaire pouvaient induire une posture normative, dans l&rsquo;entretien avec Rebecca, ce souci de la correction linguistique apparait spontan&eacute;ment&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">E&nbsp;: pour toi la difficult&eacute; c&rsquo;&eacute;tait de ne pas mettre ta personne dans ton texte, c&rsquo;est &ccedil;a ?</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">R&nbsp;: c&rsquo;&eacute;tait une des difficult&eacute;s mais ce n&rsquo;&eacute;tait pas la plus importante,&nbsp;la plus importante est &eacute;videmment le fran&ccedil;ais. et ne pas avoir // m&ecirc;me si je pouvais parler / m&ecirc;me si j&rsquo;avais une bonne base de la langue /&nbsp;j&rsquo;avais pas des expressions je pouvais pas au fur et &agrave; mesure je savais pas quand j&rsquo;ai commenc&eacute;. ce sont des expressions qu&rsquo;on utilise puis que aide &agrave; comprendre un nombre restreint de mots / mais si t&rsquo;as pas cette expression l&agrave; tu peux prendre beaucoup d&rsquo;espace dans ton texte et puis finalement ne pas &ecirc;tre compris.&nbsp;</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">E&nbsp;: qu&rsquo;est- ce qui te pose le plus probl&egrave;me quand tu &eacute;cris en fran&ccedil;ais&nbsp;?</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><i><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">R</span></span></span></i><i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">&nbsp;: (&hellip;)&nbsp;c&rsquo;est la langue c&rsquo;est la grammaire la syntaxeparce que parfois j&rsquo;ai des id&eacute;es mais je suis pas s&ucirc;re de si la fa&ccedil;on comme je l&rsquo;ai dit c&rsquo;est compr&eacute;hensible ou pas.&nbsp;parce que j&rsquo;utilise beaucoup parfois des expressions en espagnol qui signifient pas la m&ecirc;me chose en fran&ccedil;ais. ce qui fait que c&rsquo;est &ccedil;a le probl&egrave;me.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">Dans cet extrait, Rebecca insiste sur les interf&eacute;rences avec sa L1. On comprend que les calques ou les emprunts ne sont pas tol&eacute;r&eacute;s, et encore moins valoris&eacute;s, et que l&rsquo;auto-traduction qu&rsquo;elle pratique n&rsquo;est pas efficace &agrave; ses yeux. Plusieurs indices de son ins&eacute;curit&eacute; sont &agrave; relever, comme la modalisation &eacute;pist&eacute;mique dans&nbsp;:&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">&laquo;&nbsp;</span></span><i><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">parfois j&rsquo;ai des id&eacute;es mais&nbsp;<b>je suis pas s&ucirc;re&nbsp;</b>de si la fa&ccedil;on comme je l&rsquo;ai dit c&rsquo;est compr&eacute;hensible ou pas&nbsp;&raquo;,&nbsp;</span></span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">ou l&rsquo;emploi de l&rsquo;article d&eacute;fini &laquo;&nbsp;le&nbsp;&raquo; qui tend &agrave; circonscrire la probl&eacute;matique des &eacute;crits acad&eacute;miques &agrave; un probl&egrave;me d&rsquo;interf&eacute;rences lexicales&nbsp;:<i>&laquo; j&rsquo;utilise beaucoup parfois des expressions en espagnol qui signifient pas la m&ecirc;me chose en fran&ccedil;ais<b>.&nbsp;</b>Ce qui fait que&nbsp;<b>c&rsquo;est &ccedil;a le probl&egrave;me</b>.&nbsp;&raquo;&nbsp;</i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">Ses dires font &eacute;cho &agrave; la politique du d&eacute;partement en mati&egrave;re d&rsquo;&eacute;valuation de la maitrise de la langue&nbsp;: 10% de la note finale des travaux &eacute;crits doivent &ecirc;tre consacr&eacute;s &agrave; la &laquo;&nbsp;qualit&eacute; de la langue&nbsp;&raquo; (je cite ici le r&egrave;glement des &eacute;tudes en travail social).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">Ce souci de la correction grammaticale et orthographique, et de la mise en texte, fait que le/la scripteur&middot;e allophone d&eacute;laisse les phases de planification ou de r&eacute;vision, et les dimensions discursives&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">de son texte&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">(Zimmermann, 2000). Le contr&ocirc;le se veut d&egrave;s lors plus local que global, comme on peut l&rsquo;observer chez les scripteur&middot;es d&eacute;butant&middot;es en L1. Cette citation d&rsquo;un &eacute;tudiant illustre bien cette probl&eacute;matique : &laquo;&nbsp;la forme du texte est diff&eacute;rente de celle qu&#39;on a dans mon pays d&#39;origine, de sorte que c&#39;est une &quot;premi&egrave;re fois&quot; dans la r&eacute;daction.&nbsp;&raquo;&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">Les &eacute;tudiant&middot;es d&eacute;laisse donc la planification car elle est&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">plus co&ucirc;teuse en L2, et se concentrent surtout sur la &laquo;&nbsp;bonne&nbsp;&raquo; formulation de leurs id&eacute;es, plus que sur les id&eacute;es elles-m&ecirc;mes. Le recours &agrave; des outils de correction linguistique (comme le logiciel Antidote, par exemple) reste encore peu r&eacute;pandu. Pourtant il permettrait certainement de soulager les &eacute;tudiant&middot;es du souci formel, au profit d&rsquo;autres &eacute;tapes du processus d&rsquo;&eacute;criture.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">Conclusions</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">L&rsquo;&eacute;tude du cas de Rebecca a permis de mettre en lumi&egrave;re plusieurs &eacute;l&eacute;ments saillants quant au d&eacute;veloppement de la conscience m&eacute;tadiscursive et de la r&eacute;flexivit&eacute; chez les sujets scripteurs allophones en situation de mobilit&eacute; dans une universit&eacute; francophone. En effet, l&rsquo;activation syst&eacute;matique des sch&egrave;mes de repr&eacute;sentations g&eacute;n&eacute;riques en L1 pour r&eacute;diger en L2 entraine de toute &eacute;vidence une activit&eacute; d&rsquo;analyse r&eacute;flexive d&rsquo;ordre langagier et cognitif, potentiellement enrichissante pour le/la scripteur&middot;e. Et ce m&ecirc;me s&rsquo;il y a un d&eacute;calage important entre les pratiques langagi&egrave;res en L1 et en L2. De m&ecirc;me que les recherches sur l&rsquo;acquisition en L2&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">montrent qu&rsquo;il y a un transfert de comp&eacute;tences d&rsquo;une langue &agrave; l&rsquo;autre, surtout si le/la scripteur&middot;e a d&eacute;j&agrave; un bon niveau de comp&eacute;tences en L2.&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">D&egrave;s lors, la prise en compte des langues autres et des interlangues des scripteur&middot;s comme ressources devient incontournable dans les enseignements. Or, force est de constater que cette valorisation du plurilinguisme et de la biographie langagi&egrave;re et culturelle des &eacute;tudiant&middot;es mobiles reste occasionnelle, voire inexistante dans les pratiques p&eacute;dagogiques (Meunier, 2015&nbsp;<i>op.cit.</i>).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">Les strat&eacute;gies d&rsquo;&eacute;criture du/de la scripteur&middot;e allophone, de la compr&eacute;hension de la consigne d&rsquo;&eacute;criture &agrave; la mise en texte, en passant par le recours &agrave; des mod&egrave;les implicites ou explicites du genre textuel &agrave; produire, sont conditionn&eacute;es par la trajectoire du/de la scripteur&middot;e, ses exp&eacute;riences de l&rsquo;alt&eacute;rit&eacute;, mais aussi par les dispositifs d&rsquo;accompagnement dont il/elle a pu b&eacute;n&eacute;ficier.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">Dans le cas de Rebecca, c&rsquo;est souvent l&rsquo;ins&eacute;curit&eacute; et un sentiment d&rsquo;ill&eacute;gitimit&eacute; qui dominent lorsqu&rsquo;elle parle de sa pratique d&rsquo;&eacute;criture en fran&ccedil;ais</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">. Selon nous, ce sentiment peut s&rsquo;expliquer par plusieurs facteurs&nbsp;: la&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">doxa monolingue qui domine dans certaines universit&eacute;s francophones (en particulier au Qu&eacute;bec&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">pour des questions de politique linguistique bien connues)&nbsp;;&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">l&rsquo;i</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">d&eacute;e re&ccedil;ue selon laquelle on ne peut pas bien maitriser plusieurs langues (avec en filigrane de ce discours l&rsquo;&eacute;ternel mod&egrave;le du bilingue parfait), et la vision soustractive associ&eacute;e au bilinguisme (Dab&egrave;ne et Moore, 1995&nbsp;; Gadet et Varro, 2006)</span></span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">Un travail de conscientisation de ce potentiel didactique chez les enseignant&middot;es et les &eacute;tudiant&middot;es doit se faire via une sensibilisation&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="NL-BE" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">&agrave; la variation culturelle des discours universitaires et &agrave; la plus-value que repr&eacute;sente l&rsquo;exp&eacute;rience alt&eacute;ritaire. L&rsquo;exercice de&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">comparaison&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">des langues et des traditions rh&eacute;toriques pour d&eacute;velopper des strat&eacute;gies d&rsquo;apprentissage m&eacute;tacognitives, cognitives et socio-affectives</span></span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="color:black">parait prometteur dans ce contexte. L&rsquo;explicitation des normes stylistiques, textuelles, des consignes, des genres textuels&nbsp;; les strat&eacute;gies d&rsquo;&eacute;tayage et de diff&eacute;renciation p&eacute;dagogique, y compris dans l&rsquo;&eacute;valuation des &eacute;crits des &eacute;tudiant&middot;es, sont autant de pistes &agrave; explorer et &agrave; valoriser dans la formation des enseignant&middot;es universitaires.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="biblio" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -17pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt">R&eacute;f&eacute;rences bibliographiques</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="biblio" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -17pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; margin-left: 40px;">&nbsp;</p> <p class="biblio" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -17pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt">Auger, N. (2010).&nbsp;<i>&Eacute;l&egrave;ves nouvellement arriv&eacute;s en France. R&eacute;alit&eacute;s et Perspectives pratiques en classe</i>. Paris&nbsp;: &Eacute;ditions des archives contemporaines.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="biblio" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -17pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt">Bakhtine, M. (1984).&nbsp;<i>Esth&eacute;tique de la cr&eacute;ation verbale</i>. Paris&nbsp;:&nbsp;</span><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:12pt">Gallimard.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="biblio" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -17pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt">Ballatore, M. 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Consultable en ligne :&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.forumlecture.ch/" style="color:purple; text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:12pt">www.forumlecture.ch</span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt">, 3.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="biblio" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -17pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt">Dezutter, O., Cansigno, Y., Silva, H.&nbsp;et Bleys, F. 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Mexico&nbsp;: Universidad Aut&oacute;noma Metropolitana, Universit&eacute; de Sherbrooke, CONACYT.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="biblio" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -17pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt">Dezutter, O. et Lousada, E. 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(2007) (2<sup>e</sup>&eacute;dition).&nbsp;<i>L&rsquo;&eacute;nonciation en linguistique fran&ccedil;aise</i>. Paris&nbsp;: Hachette &eacute;ducation.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="biblio" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -17pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt">Mangiante, J.-M. et Parpette, C. (2011).&nbsp;<i>Le fran&ccedil;ais sur objectif universitaire</i>. Grenoble&nbsp;: PUG.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="biblio" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -17pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt">Meunier, D. (2011). &laquo;&nbsp;Mobilit&eacute; et apprentissage linguistique&nbsp;: &eacute;tude du discours m&eacute;talinguistique d&rsquo;apprenants Erasmus&nbsp;&raquo;.&nbsp;<i>&Eacute;tudes de Linguistique Appliqu&eacute;e</i>, n&deg;162, avril-juin, pp.137-151.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="biblio" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -17pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt">Meunier, D. (2015).&nbsp;<i>Les &eacute;tudiants Erasmus et la langue fran&ccedil;aise. Repr&eacute;sentations et pratiques langagi&egrave;res</i>. Bruxelles&nbsp;: E.M.E. Collection Fran&ccedil;ais &amp; Soci&eacute;t&eacute;.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="biblio" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -17pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt">Meunier, D. et Dezutter, O. (&agrave; paraitre). &laquo;&nbsp;</span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt">De la comp&eacute;tence d&rsquo;&eacute;criture et de son &eacute;valuation &agrave; l&rsquo;universit&eacute;&nbsp;: analyse de postures d&rsquo;enseignants en sciences humaines&nbsp;&raquo;. Dans Simons, G., Delarue-Breton, C. et Meunier, D. (&eacute;ds.).&nbsp;</span><i><span style="font-size:12pt">&Eacute;crits de recherche, &eacute;crits r&eacute;flexifs, &eacute;crits de formation: quelles dynamiques?</span></i><span style="font-size:12pt">Li&egrave;ge&nbsp;:&nbsp;</span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt">Presses universitaires de Li&egrave;ge. Collection Didactiques en recherche.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="biblio" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -17pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt">Moirand, S. (2006). &laquo; Textes/discours et co(n)textes, entretien &raquo;.&nbsp;<i>Pratiques</i>, n&deg;129-130, pp.43-49.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="biblio" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -17pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt">Petitjean, C. (2009).&nbsp;<i>Repr&eacute;sentations linguistiques et plurilinguisme.</i>Th&egrave;se de doctorat. Universit&eacute; de Neuch&acirc;tel. Consultable en ligne&nbsp;:&nbsp;</span><a href="https://doc.rero.ch/record/17313/files/Th_Petitjean.pdf" style="color:purple; text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:12pt">https://doc.rero.ch/record/17313/files/Th_Petitjean.pdf</span></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="biblio" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -17pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt">Rentel, N. (2009). &laquo;&nbsp;Diff&eacute;rences interculturelles dans le discours universitaire&nbsp;: une analyse contrastive du type de texte &laquo;&nbsp;r&eacute;sum&eacute;&nbsp;&raquo; en fran&ccedil;ais et en allemand&nbsp;&raquo;. Dans Defays, J.-M. et al. (&eacute;ds.),&nbsp;<i>Acteurs et contextes des discours universitaires</i>, tome 2, pp.285-300.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="biblio" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -17pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt">Wang, W. et Wen, Q. (2002). &laquo;&nbsp;L1 Use in the L2 Composing Process&nbsp;: An Exploratory Study of 16 Chinese EFL Writers&nbsp;&raquo;.<i>Journal of Second Language Writing,&nbsp;</i>vol. 11, n&deg;3, pp.225-246.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="biblio" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -17pt; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt">Zimmerman, R. (2000). &laquo;&nbsp;L2 writing&nbsp;: Subprocesses, a model of formulating and empirical findings&nbsp;&raquo;.&nbsp;<i>Learning and Instruction</i>, vol.10, 1, pp.73-99.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <div style="text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-family:-webkit-standard"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><a name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="NL" style="font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">Ces extraits d&rsquo;entrevues sont issus d&rsquo;une enqu&ecirc;te men&eacute;e en 2016 dans la m&ecirc;me universit&eacute; qu&eacute;b&eacute;coise, au sein du d&eacute;partement de lettres et communication (voir Meunier et Dezutter,&nbsp;<i>op.cit.</i>).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn2"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-family:-webkit-standard"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><a name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri">[2]</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">Les pauses sont not&eacute;es /, //, /// et correspondent &agrave; des temps de 3 secondes, 4 secondes et plus. Une parenth&egrave;se vide indique qu&rsquo;un segment du discours n&rsquo;a pas &eacute;t&eacute; transcrit. Le point marque une intonation descendante. On n&rsquo;utilise pas la majuscule en d&eacute;but d&rsquo;unit&eacute; de transcription. Par contre, on l&rsquo;utilise pour l&rsquo;identification des noms propres et la notation de l&rsquo;emphase. Le discours rapport&eacute; est soulign&eacute;.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn3"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-family:-webkit-standard"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><a name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="NL" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">Il s&rsquo;agit d&rsquo;un pseudonyme choisi pour r&eacute;pondre &agrave; l&rsquo;exigence d&rsquo;anonymat des participants &agrave; la recherche.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn4"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-family:-webkit-standard"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><a name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="NL" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">Pour une pr&eacute;sentation et une analyse comparative de ces communaut&eacute;s discursives, voir Meunier et Dezutter, &agrave; paraitre.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn5"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="caret-color:#000000"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-family:-webkit-standard"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:auto"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:auto"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust:auto"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><a name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">Les donn&eacute;es pr&eacute;sent&eacute;es ici sont issues d&rsquo;une enqu&ecirc;te directive par questionnaire (adapt&eacute; de Dezutter et Lousada - projet 2014-74) &agrave; laquelle ont particip&eacute; 35 &eacute;tudiant&middot;es issu&middot;es majoritairement de la facult&eacute; de sciences humaines (&asymp;&nbsp;130&eacute;tudiant&middot;s &eacute;tranger&middot;es en 2015-2016). Cette enqu&ecirc;te n&rsquo;avait pas d&rsquo;objectif de repr&eacute;sentativit&eacute; mais se voulait plut&ocirc;t compl&eacute;mentaire &agrave; notre enqu&ecirc;te qualitative par entretiens semi-directifs. Les r&eacute;sultats obtenus ont cependant permis de conforter le caract&egrave;re significatif de certains ph&eacute;nom&egrave;nes observ&eacute;s.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText">&nbsp;</p> </div> </div>