<p><em>Par Christine Romera, Professeur des &Eacute;coles, Docteur en Sciences du Langage</em></p> <address style="margin-bottom: 11px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><a href="mailto:christine-romera@orange.fr?subject=TDFLE%2078"><em><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">christine-romera@orange.fr</span></span></span></span></span></em></a></span></span></address> <p style="margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <h1>Introduction :</h1> <h2>Aller vers le changement, disent-ils</h2> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">L&rsquo;injonction au changement adress&eacute;e &agrave; tous les acteurs du syst&egrave;me &eacute;ducatif d&egrave;s les ann&eacute;es 1990 s&rsquo;accompagne d&rsquo;un nouveau discours, d&rsquo;un lexique technique in&eacute;dit&nbsp;: </span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%">&laquo;&nbsp;</span></span><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">gestion</span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%">&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%">&laquo;&nbsp;</span></span><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">pilotage</span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%">&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%">&laquo;&nbsp;</span></span><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">r&eacute;f&eacute;rentiels</span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%">&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%">&laquo;&nbsp;</span></span><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">kits d&rsquo;apprentissage</span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%">&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%">&laquo;&nbsp;</span></span><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">fourniture enseignante</span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%">&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%">&laquo;&nbsp;</span></span><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">ressource humaine</span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%">&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""> et j&rsquo;en passe&hellip; Plusieurs questions se posent alors : De quoi ce discours t&eacute;moigne-t-il ? Indique-t-il que l&rsquo;&Eacute;cole primaire a subi ces derni&egrave;res ann&eacute;es une rupture ? Si c&rsquo;est le cas, en quoi consiste-t-elle ? C&rsquo;est ici le fil de la r&eacute;flexion que j&rsquo;ai essay&eacute; de d&eacute;velopper dans mon travail de th&egrave;se. Elle am&egrave;ne ainsi &agrave; explorer divers domaines, dont l&rsquo;un concerne la mani&egrave;re dont l&rsquo;Ecole a &eacute;volu&eacute; de 1870 &agrave; nos jours. Ce point fera l&rsquo;objet d&rsquo;un autre article car je voudrais ici me consacrer plus particuli&egrave;rement &agrave; l&rsquo;analyse de discours r&eacute;alis&eacute;e &agrave; partir de l&rsquo;&eacute;tude de terrain. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <h2>Des acteurs de terrain mobilis&eacute;s ?</h2> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Pour &eacute;tayer ma probl&eacute;matique de d&eacute;part, j&rsquo;ai en effet men&eacute; une enqu&ecirc;te de terrain inspir&eacute;e de la m&eacute;thode compr&eacute;hensive de J.-C. Kaufman, aupr&egrave;s de dix inspecteurs et de dix enseignants, entre 2014 et 2016, dans l&rsquo;acad&eacute;mie de Montpellier. Elle avait pour but de d&eacute;terminer leurs diff&eacute;rents positionnements vis-&agrave;-vis de la Nouvelle Gouvernance de l&rsquo;EN.<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a>&nbsp;En effet, plusieurs questions se posent : ces positionnements sont-ils partie prenante du nouveau mode de management et des politiques d&rsquo;aust&eacute;rit&eacute; per&ccedil;ues comme des mesures de </span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%">&laquo;&nbsp;</span></span><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">bon sens</span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%">&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""> en p&eacute;riode de crise&nbsp;? Constituent-ils, au contraire, une forme d&rsquo;opposition li&eacute;e au sentiment que l&rsquo;&Eacute;cole renonce &agrave; ses principes fondateurs de Libert&eacute;, d&rsquo;&Eacute;galit&eacute; et de Fraternit&eacute; et de service public&nbsp;? Se manifestent-ils au plan linguistique et discursif, et comment ? J&rsquo;analyse alors plus particuli&egrave;rement les </span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%">&laquo;&nbsp;</span></span><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">caract&eacute;ristiques</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:">&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span></span><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""> linguistiques et discursives du discours manag&eacute;rial en me r&eacute;f&eacute;rant aux travaux de J.-M. Prieur<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a> et je tente de cerner par quels proc&eacute;d&eacute;s ce discours techniciste est susceptible d&rsquo;instrumentaliser ceux qui l&rsquo;emploient.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <h1>1. Quelles sont les similitudes entre le discours manag&eacute;rial de l&rsquo;Ecole et les discours autoritaires&nbsp;?</h1> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:150%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Le discours manag&eacute;rial emprunte, pour partie, des proc&eacute;d&eacute;s linguistiques et discursifs sp&eacute;cifiques aux langages totalitaires. Ces derniers ont d&eacute;j&agrave; &eacute;t&eacute; analys&eacute;s par de nombreux linguistes et &eacute;crivains ; je pense, notamment, &agrave; l&rsquo;ouvrage <i>1984</i> de G. Orwell (1949), aux travaux de V. Klemperer (1947) consacr&eacute;s &agrave; la LTI. Sous une apparence plus </span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%">&laquo;&nbsp;</span></span><span style="line-height:150%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">soft</span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%">&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span><span style="line-height:150%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">, </span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%">&laquo;&nbsp;</span></span><span style="line-height:150%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">une barbarie<i> </i>douce</span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%">&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span><span style="line-height:150%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""> (J. P. Le Goff, 2003) et une </span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%">&laquo;&nbsp;</span></span><span style="line-height:150%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">bureaucratisation du monde &agrave; l&rsquo;&egrave;re n&eacute;o-lib&eacute;rale</span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%">&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span><span style="line-height:150%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""> (B. Hibou, 2012) endorment les consciences, en imposant une </span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%">&laquo;&nbsp;</span></span><span style="line-height:150%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">langue de coton</span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%">&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span><span style="line-height:150%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""> (</span></span></span><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">F.B. Huyghe, 1991) </span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">et un jargon manag&eacute;rial &agrave; l&rsquo;&Eacute;cole. </span></span></span>&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></p> <h2>1.1. Les &laquo;&nbsp;caract&eacute;ristiques&nbsp;&raquo; linguistiques</h2> <h3>&nbsp;</h3> <h3>1.1.1. Les proc&eacute;d&eacute;s &laquo;&nbsp;d&rsquo;effacement &eacute;nonciatif&nbsp;&raquo;</h3> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&laquo; Le langage totalitaire est un &quot;discours&quot; sans parole, sans singularit&eacute;, o&ugrave; domine un &quot;nous&quot; impersonnel et abstrait</span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%">&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><i><sup><b><sup><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[3]</span></span></span></sup></b></sup></i></a><i>:</i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">On ne sait plus qui parle, la subjectivit&eacute; de l&rsquo;&eacute;nonciateur a disparu derri&egrave;re des mots abstraits ; j&rsquo;ai relev&eacute;, dans les discours v&eacute;hicul&eacute;s par le minist&egrave;re et lors de mes entretiens, des proc&eacute;d&eacute;s </span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%">&laquo;&nbsp;</span></span><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">d&rsquo;effacement &eacute;nonciatif</span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%">&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">. Le flou des discours et l&rsquo;absence d&rsquo;ancrage &eacute;nonciatif ne permettent pas de savoir &agrave; qui se r&eacute;f&egrave;re l&rsquo;usage implicite ou explicite du pronom </span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%">&laquo;&nbsp;</span></span><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">nous</span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%">&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">.&nbsp; Ainsi du syntagme </span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%">&laquo;&nbsp;</span></span><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><b>la communaut&eacute; &eacute;ducative</b></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%">&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[4]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a>, qui peut servir &agrave; d&eacute;signer </span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">les enseignants, les &eacute;l&egrave;ves, les parents, les partenaires institutionnels, ou encore les collectivit&eacute;s territoriales.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%">&laquo;&nbsp;</span></span><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><b>L&rsquo;ensemble des acteurs </b>du syst&egrave;me &eacute;ducatif</span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%">&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><a href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[5]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a>, </span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%">&laquo;&nbsp;</span></span><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><b>Les partenaires de l&rsquo;&eacute;cole</b></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%">&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><a href="#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[6]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a> d&eacute;signent de la m&ecirc;me fa&ccedil;on tout individu en lien avec l&rsquo;&eacute;cole. Abstraction et impr&eacute;cision caract&eacute;risent ces expressions.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Un autre &eacute;nonc&eacute; tel que &laquo; Je pense que <b>nous </b>devons aller vers des espaces plus importants heu<i> </i>plus efficaces</span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%">&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><a href="#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[7]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a> maintient le flou ; ce </span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%">&laquo;&nbsp;</span></span><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">nous</span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%">&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""> ind&eacute;fini ne dit rien des individus qu&rsquo;il est cens&eacute; d&eacute;signer et cr&eacute;e de l&rsquo;opacit&eacute;. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <h3>1.1.2. Les proc&eacute;d&eacute;s de substantivation</h3> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Ils </span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">permettent d&rsquo;effacer et d&rsquo;&eacute;viter les subordonn&eacute;es </span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">(pr&eacute;positions</span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times=""> + nom).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><b><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Pour + nom</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Le discours manag&eacute;rial v&eacute;hicul&eacute; par les instances internationales, telles que la Commission europ&eacute;enne ou l&rsquo;UNESCO<a href="#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[8]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a>, et les entreprises, se d&eacute;ploie au sein de l&rsquo;&Eacute;ducation nationale. &laquo; On s&rsquo;est donn&eacute; <b>pour ambition</b> &raquo;<a href="#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[9]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a></span></span></span> <span lang="FR"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><span style="color:#3c3c3c">semble &ecirc;tre la traduction d&rsquo;une d&eacute;claration d&rsquo;intention de chartes internationales, r&eacute;utilis&eacute;e par les cadres fran&ccedil;ais en faveur de l&rsquo;ouverture de l&rsquo;&Eacute;cole aux directives europ&eacute;ennes (C.E.C.R.L, Socle Commun) ; en adoptant le discours des experts europ&eacute;ens, les inspecteurs adh&egrave;rent &agrave; la nouvelle gouvernance de l&rsquo;&Eacute;ducation nationale. Ce faisant, et parfois &agrave; leur insu, leur action &eacute;ducative se d&eacute;place vers une logique gestionnaire.</span></span></span></span></span> <span lang="FR"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><span style="color:#3c3c3c">Au lieu de dire &laquo; Afin que nous am&eacute;liorions nos r&eacute;sultats en termes de r&eacute;ussite au Bac (ou &agrave; un autre niveau) &raquo;, M. T, inspecteur p&eacute;dagogique r&eacute;gional, dit </span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&laquo; <b>Pour l&rsquo;optimisation</b> des r&eacute;sultats &raquo;<a href="#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[10]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a>. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Ce proc&eacute;d&eacute; de substantivation &eacute;vite &eacute;galement de s&rsquo;impliquer, de dire comment l&rsquo;on va proc&eacute;der pour r&eacute;aliser ce qui est &eacute;nonc&eacute;, avec qui, &agrave; quel moment et avec quels moyens. Dans l&rsquo;exemple ci-dessous, l&rsquo;absence de subordonn&eacute;e dans la phrase ne permet pas de dire quel est le niveau scolaire exig&eacute; pour passer en classe sup&eacute;rieure. L&rsquo;inspecteur &eacute;nonce simplement : </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&laquo; <b>Pour le d&eacute;roulement ult&eacute;rieur</b> de la scolarit&eacute; de l&rsquo;enfant &raquo;<a href="#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[11]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Si l&rsquo;on r&eacute;introduisait le lien de subordination, on dirait alors : </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><b><u><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&laquo;&nbsp;Lorsque</span></span></span></u></b><u><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""> l&rsquo;&eacute;l&egrave;ve atteint le niveau pr&eacute;requis</span></span></span></u><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""> (subordonn&eacute;e) (en se r&eacute;f&eacute;rant aux textes r&egrave;glementaires stipulant les acquis attendus par niveau), <u>il pourra alors poursuivre une scolarit&eacute; dans le niveau sup&eacute;rieur </u>(phrase principale)&nbsp;&raquo;.<u> </u></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><b><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Par + nom</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Le discours manag&eacute;rial se construit en utilisant des ma&icirc;tres mots&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;comp&eacute;tences&nbsp;&raquo;, &laquo;&nbsp;objectifs&nbsp;&raquo;, &laquo;&nbsp;&eacute;valuation&nbsp;&raquo;, &laquo;&nbsp;r&eacute;ussite&nbsp;&raquo;. Plut&ocirc;t que d&rsquo;&eacute;noncer &laquo;&nbsp;Il convient de r&eacute;diger un rapport d&rsquo;inspection attestant des qualit&eacute;s p&eacute;dagogiques du professeur-stagiaire &agrave; remplir sa mission professionnelle &raquo;, on dira :</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&laquo; Vous allez tous remplir une grille donc une grille compos&eacute;e <b>par</b> <b>les comp&eacute;tences</b> <b>professionnelles</b> o&ugrave; on coche les cases &raquo;<a href="#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[12]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Plut&ocirc;t que d&rsquo;&eacute;noncer &laquo; Les approches p&eacute;dagogiques ayant fait leurs preuves sont, entre autres, &hellip;&nbsp;&raquo;, on dira&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&laquo; L&rsquo;objectif c&rsquo;est la r&eacute;ussite scolaire <b>par telle ou telle approche p&eacute;dagogique</b> &raquo;.<a href="#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[13]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Les crit&egrave;res permettant de contr&ocirc;ler les acquis des &eacute;l&egrave;ves n&rsquo;&eacute;tant pas mentionn&eacute;s, on pourra atteindre les &laquo; 100 pour cent de r&eacute;ussite &raquo; annonc&eacute;s par le slogan de l&rsquo;&Eacute;ducation nationale. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Plut&ocirc;t que d&rsquo;&eacute;noncer &laquo;&nbsp;Les &eacute;valuations des &eacute;l&egrave;ves formatent les professeurs&nbsp;&raquo;, ce qui aurait pu aboutir &agrave; une discussion sur la pertinence de celles-ci, on dira : </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&laquo; Ils sont tr&egrave;s format&eacute;s/ Format&eacute;s <b>par des &eacute;valuations</b> qu&rsquo;on doit rendre &raquo;<a href="#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[14]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Cette formulation rejette la responsabilit&eacute; sur les enseignants qui, en se conformant aux injonctions, perdent de vue l&rsquo;essentiel de leur m&eacute;tier, c&rsquo;est-&agrave;-dire la transmission du savoir et non pas l&rsquo;&eacute;valuation.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <h3>1.1.3. L&rsquo;usage de tournures passives et impersonnelles</h3> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Je remarque, dans les entretiens des inspecteurs, le passage du &laquo; je &raquo; au &laquo; on &raquo;, lorsque les cadres de l&rsquo;EN &eacute;voquent leurs nouvelles missions ; la prol&eacute;tarisation des m&eacute;tiers<a href="#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a>, li&eacute;e aux nouveaux modes de management, accro&icirc;t l&rsquo;usage de tournures passives et impersonnelles, l&rsquo;action est subie par l&rsquo;inspecteur :</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><b><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">On + adverbe </span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">J&rsquo;ai relev&eacute; des extraits qui mettent en &eacute;vidence le fait que les cadres se per&ccedil;oivent comme des ex&eacute;cutants, et non plus comme des hauts fonctionnaires, responsables de leurs choix<b> </b>professionnels. La r&eacute;p&eacute;tition du &laquo;&nbsp;on&nbsp;&raquo; suivi d&rsquo;une injonction contribue &agrave; cr&eacute;er une impression de routine m&eacute;canis&eacute;e, sans prise sur la r&eacute;alit&eacute; du terrain :</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 11px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&laquo; <b>On produit</b> un papier et <b>on l&rsquo;envoie</b> au personnel concern&eacute; <b>point final</b> &ccedil;a s&rsquo;arr&ecirc;te l&agrave; &raquo;<a href="#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[16]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 11px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&laquo; <b>On a beaucoup</b> de chiffres &agrave; fournir et on a plus le temps &raquo;<a href="#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[17]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 11px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&laquo; <b>On est compl&egrave;tement</b> absorb&eacute;s par des t&acirc;ches d&rsquo;administration/ De pilotage/ De gestion/ De tableaux de bord/ Enfin voil&agrave; de pilotage voil&agrave; &raquo; <a href="#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[18]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 11px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&laquo; <b>On coche</b> les cases, etc. &raquo;<a href="#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[19]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><b><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&Ccedil;a + Verbe</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 11px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&laquo; <b>&Ccedil;a passe</b> tr&egrave;s clairement par des discours qui sont prononc&eacute;s par nos sup&eacute;rieurs hi&eacute;rarchiques &raquo;<a href="#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[20]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 11px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&laquo;<i> </i>Tous ces comit&eacute;s de pilotage/ Ces comit&eacute;s de / Ces groupes de travail <b>c&rsquo;est impos&eacute;</b> par le recteur &raquo;<a href="#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[21]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Ces extraits d&rsquo;entretiens t&eacute;moignent de la soumission des cadres aux nouveaux modes de management de l&rsquo;&Eacute;ducation. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <h3>1.1.4. Les modalit&eacute;s imp&eacute;ratives et injonctives</h3> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Elles contribuent &agrave; la </span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&laquo; </span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">commination </span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&raquo;</span></span></span><a href="#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><sup><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[22]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">, au ton </span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&laquo; </span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">comminatoire </span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&raquo;</span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""> des discours totalitaires. </span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Tous les moyens linguistiques servant &agrave; exprimer l&rsquo;ordre ou l&rsquo;exhortation sont requis par le discours manag&eacute;rial&nbsp;: de l&rsquo;imp&eacute;ratif &agrave; l&rsquo;infinitif, en passant par les adverbes et les verbes modaux. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><b><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">FALLOIR</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 11px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&laquo; <b>Il va falloir aller</b> vers le changement &raquo;<a href="#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[23]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 11px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&laquo;<b><i> </i>Il faut</b></span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times=""> travailler <b>sur des gens</b> qui sont capables de commencer avec un m&eacute;tier &agrave; 20 ans et de finir avec un autre m&eacute;tier &agrave; 60 en ayant chang&eacute; 4/5 fois de m&eacute;tier<i> </i>&raquo;<a href="#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[24]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 11px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Donc voil&agrave; / La r&eacute;forme est sortie euh/ Notre inspecteur g&eacute;n&eacute;ral nous a dit voil&agrave; <b>il faudra vous l&rsquo;approprier </b>/ Le recteur nous a dit lors des r&eacute;unions d&rsquo;IPR <b>faudra vous</b> <b>approprier la r&eacute;forme</b> / Le doyen pour les langues vivantes / Donc voil&agrave; on n&rsquo;a pas le choix / C&rsquo;est l&rsquo;application des textes<a href="#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[25]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2>1.2. Les &laquo; caract&eacute;ristiques&nbsp;&raquo; discursives</h2> <h3>&nbsp;</h3> <h3>1.2.1. La performativit&eacute;&nbsp;</h3> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><img height="368" src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_36_6_image-20211025102545-1.png" width="601" /></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">La performativit&eacute; est un proc&eacute;d&eacute; discursif qui</span></span></span> <span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">vise, d&rsquo;une part, &agrave; transformer par ses mots la r&eacute;alit&eacute;, l&rsquo;exp&eacute;rience humaine et, d&rsquo;autre part, qui vise &agrave; assujettir le plus grand nombre possible d&rsquo;individus.</span></span></span> <span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Ce proc&eacute;d&eacute; se retrouve dans le discours manag&eacute;rial de l&rsquo;EN ;</span></span></span> <span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">un extrait du Dictionnaire des comp&eacute;tences du minist&egrave;re d&eacute;finit chaque libell&eacute; des m&eacute;tiers du management, par une suite de verbes d&rsquo;action et de verbes modaux : </span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%">&laquo;&nbsp;</span></span><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">g&eacute;rer</span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%">&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">, </span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%">&laquo;&nbsp;</span></span><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">piloter</span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%">&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">, </span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%">&laquo;&nbsp;</span></span><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">falloir</span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%">&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">, </span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%">&laquo;&nbsp;</span></span><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">faire</span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%">&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">, </span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%">&laquo;&nbsp;</span></span><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">pouvoir</span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%">&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">, </span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%">&laquo;&nbsp;</span></span><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">travailler</span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%">&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">, </span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%">&laquo;&nbsp;</span></span><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&eacute;voluer</span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%">&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">, </span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%">&laquo;&nbsp;</span></span><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">piloter</span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%">&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">, </span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%">&laquo;&nbsp;</span></span><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">mettre en &oelig;uvre</span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%">&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">, </span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%">&laquo;&nbsp;</span></span><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">conduire le<i> </i>changement</span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%">&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">, </span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%">&laquo;&nbsp;</span></span><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">refonder</span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%">&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">, </span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%">&laquo;&nbsp;</span></span><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">r&eacute;former</span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%">&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">, </span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%">&laquo;&nbsp;</span></span><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">communiquer</span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%">&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">, </span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%">&laquo;&nbsp;</span></span><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">entreprendre</span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%">&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">, </span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%">&laquo;&nbsp;</span></span><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&eacute;valuer</span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%">&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">. Le martellement de ces verbes vise &agrave; transformer les inspecteurs en op&eacute;rateurs r&eacute;pondant &agrave; des stimuli<a href="#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[26]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a>. L&rsquo;action et l&rsquo;imm&eacute;diatet&eacute; des r&eacute;ponses attendues d&rsquo;eux emp&ecirc;chent toute prise de distance n&eacute;cessaire &agrave; la d&eacute;cision. La fiche ci-dessous illustre mon propos.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><a href="#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="">[27]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <h3>1.2.2. La r&eacute;p&eacute;tition de formules, de slogans et de ma&icirc;tres mots</h3> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><span style="color:#111111">La r&eacute;p&eacute;tition est un proc&eacute;d&eacute; rh&eacute;torique proche du slogan, qui consiste &agrave; &laquo; dire la m&ecirc;me chose &raquo;, parfois par le redoublement &agrave; l&rsquo;identique des mots, &agrave; l&rsquo;instar de la tautologie. Elle vise &agrave; renforcer l&rsquo;expression de la pens&eacute;e et &agrave; faire passer des id&eacute;es fallacieuses en profitant de l&rsquo;effet de v&eacute;rit&eacute; et d&rsquo;&eacute;vidence qu&rsquo;elle d&eacute;gage :</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:-.3pt">&laquo; Lui, c&rsquo;est lui, et moi c&rsquo;est moi<i>.</i> &raquo;<a href="#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="FR"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:-.3pt">[28]</span></span></span></span></span></sup></sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:-.3pt">Ce proc&eacute;d&eacute; rh&eacute;torique vise &agrave; abolir le raisonnement, l&rsquo;argumentation et la contradiction : </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">C&rsquo;est un langage </span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:-.3pt">&laquo;</span></span></span></span></span> <span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">incantatoire </span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:-.3pt">&raquo;</span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times=""> (o&ugrave; l&rsquo;argument est remplac&eacute; par la r&eacute;p&eacute;tition tautologique), il proc&egrave;de par une </span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:-.3pt">&laquo; </span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">scansion &agrave; vide</span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%">&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&nbsp;de mots qui sont r&eacute;p&eacute;t&eacute;s, redoubl&eacute;s, ferm&eacute;s sur eux-m&ecirc;mes ; il est fait de blocs<i> </i>de langage fig&eacute;s, p&eacute;trifi&eacute;s, qui abolissent la dimension de sens, c&rsquo;est-&agrave;-dire de la vie.</span></span></span><a href="#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><sup><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[29]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></span></sup></a></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Les slogans de l&rsquo;&Eacute;ducation nationale &laquo; <b>la r&eacute;ussite</b> pour tous</span></span></span></span></span></span></span>&nbsp;<span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&raquo;, &laquo;<i> </i>l&rsquo;&Eacute;cole de <b>la refondation</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>&nbsp;<span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&raquo;<i>, </i>&laquo; l&rsquo;&Eacute;cole de <b>la bienveillance</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>&nbsp;<span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&raquo;<i>, </i></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%">&laquo;&nbsp;</span></span><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">l&rsquo;&Eacute;cole de <b>la confiance</b> &raquo;<i> </i>utilisent massivement ce proc&eacute;d&eacute; de r&eacute;p&eacute;tition qui s&rsquo;apparente &agrave; de la propagande&nbsp;; </span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">il s&rsquo;agit de susciter l&rsquo;adh&eacute;sion en emp&ecirc;chant l&rsquo;argumentation et la confrontation d&rsquo;id&eacute;es.</span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""> Cette &laquo;&nbsp;ritournelle&nbsp;&raquo; annonce l&rsquo;av&egrave;nement d&rsquo;une &egrave;re p&eacute;dagogique nouvelle.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">La r&eacute;p&eacute;tition a pour effet de cr&eacute;er un &laquo;</span></span></span><i> </i><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">artificiel sentiment d&rsquo;&eacute;vidence </span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&raquo;, elle enferme la r&eacute;alit&eacute; dans un langage qui emp&ecirc;che/interdit toute association de pens&eacute;e, tout questionnement, toute mise en doute. C&rsquo;est une pratique de &laquo; conditionnement de l&rsquo;auditoire &raquo; qui vise &agrave; cr&eacute;er un effet<i> </i>fusionnel entre l&rsquo;auditoire et le message.<a href="#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[30]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">La r&eacute;p&eacute;tition</span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""> est, au plan rh&eacute;torique, un proc&eacute;d&eacute; privil&eacute;gi&eacute; du langage totalitaire ; elle op&egrave;re par le mart&egrave;lement d&rsquo;une formule, de slogans, de mots-cl&eacute;s ou de ma&icirc;tres mots. </span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Les extraits ci-dessous reprennent les mots-cl&eacute;s du discours manag&eacute;rial r&eacute;p&eacute;t&eacute;s &agrave; l&rsquo;envi&nbsp;; c&rsquo;est un discours qui tourne &agrave; vide. Ce proc&eacute;d&eacute; est tr&egrave;s utilis&eacute; par l&rsquo;inspecteur M. T, en adh&eacute;sion pleine au discours manag&eacute;rial : </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 11px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Donc <b>le pilote</b> est souvent un inspecteur / (///) et donc moi j&rsquo;ai comme &ccedil;a <b>j&rsquo;ai</b> <b>pilot&eacute; une r&eacute;forme</b></span></span></span><a href="#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><sup><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[31]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></span></sup></a></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 11px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><b><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Mieux accompagner</span></span></span></b><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times=""> les &eacute;l&egrave;ves et donner <b>un regard plus global</b></span></span></span><a href="#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><sup><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[32]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></span></sup></a> </span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 11px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><b><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Tout</span></span></span></b><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times=""> cela est &agrave; mettre dans <b>le contexte global</b> de la discipline / <b>Contexte global</b> de la fili&egrave;re donc nous sommes amen&eacute;s &agrave; animer &eacute;galement <b>le pilotage</b> p&eacute;dagogique de ces fili&egrave;res / <b>C&rsquo;est</b> <b>un tout </b>/ C&rsquo;est<i> </i>indissociable</span></span></span><a href="#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><sup><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[33]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></span></sup></a> </span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">La r&eacute;p&eacute;tition </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">exclut toute analyse, toute r&eacute;flexion, toute objection, il n&rsquo;y a pas dans le langage totalitaire de savoir &agrave; &eacute;tablir par le raisonnement, de pens&eacute;e &agrave; conqu&eacute;rir, parce que la r&eacute;p&eacute;tition joue avec une v&eacute;rit&eacute; d&eacute;j&agrave; acquise qu&rsquo;il suffit d&rsquo;affirmer et de marteler</span></span></span><a href="#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><sup><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[34]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Les formules de l&rsquo;&Eacute;ducation nationale &laquo; ne laisser personne au bord du chemin &raquo;, &laquo; une &eacute;cole<i> </i>plus juste</span></span></span></span></span></span></span>&nbsp;<span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&raquo;, &laquo; une &eacute;cole &eacute;galitaire</span></span></span></span></span></span></span>&nbsp;<span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&raquo;, les slogans &laquo; l&rsquo;&Eacute;cole de la r&eacute;ussite pour tous</span></span></span></span></span></span></span>&nbsp;<span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&raquo;, &laquo; l&rsquo;&Eacute;cole de la confiance</span></span></span></span></span></span></span>&nbsp;<span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&raquo;, &laquo; l&rsquo;&Eacute;cole de la bienveillance</span></span></span></span></span></span></span>&nbsp;<span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&raquo;, les mots-cl&eacute;s ou ma&icirc;tres mots en nombre r&eacute;duit, &laquo; l&rsquo;excellence<i> </i>&raquo;, &laquo; la performance &raquo;, &laquo; l&rsquo;efficience<i> </i>&raquo; , &laquo;<i> </i>les objectifs<i> </i>&raquo;<i>, </i>&laquo;<i> </i>les m&eacute;thodes &raquo;<i>, </i>&laquo;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span>&nbsp;<span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">les param&egrave;tres<i> </i>&raquo;<i>, </i>&laquo;<i> </i>les indicateurs de performances</span></span></span></span></span></span></span>&nbsp;<span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&raquo;<i>, </i>&laquo;<i> </i>l&rsquo;&eacute;volution &raquo;<i>, </i>&laquo;<i> </i>le changement<i> </i>&raquo;<i>, </i>&laquo;<i> </i>les comp&eacute;tences<i> </i>&raquo;<i>, </i>&laquo;<i> </i>le pilotage<i> </i>&raquo;<i>, </i>&laquo;<i> </i>le diagnostic</span></span></span></span></span></span></span>&nbsp;<span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&raquo;<i>, </i>&laquo;<i> </i>l&rsquo;ambition<i> </i>&raquo;<i>, </i>&laquo;<i> </i>l&rsquo;expertise<i> </i>&raquo;<i>, </i>&laquo;<i> </i>les<i> </i>r&eacute;f&eacute;rents<i> </i>&raquo;<i>, </i>&laquo;<i> </i>les programmes<i> </i>&raquo;<i>,</i> les syntagmes fig&eacute;s &laquo; accompagner le changement &raquo;, &laquo; les<i> </i>bonnes pratiques &raquo;, &laquo; les bonnes m&eacute;thodes<i> </i>&raquo;,&nbsp; &laquo; le bon usage<i> </i>&raquo;, &laquo; les parcours de r&eacute;ussite &raquo;, &laquo; la conduite du changement &raquo; sont soumis &agrave; une r&eacute;p&eacute;tition intensive, proc&eacute;d&eacute; propre au discours totalitaire.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Les extraits ci-dessous, issus de documents &eacute;manant de l&rsquo;Observatoire des Zones Prioritaires (OZP), t&eacute;moignent de la pr&eacute;gnance du discours manag&eacute;rial &agrave; l&rsquo;Ecole :</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><b><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Le contrat d&rsquo;objectifs</span></span></span></b><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times=""> s&rsquo;appuie sur <b>un diagnostic partag&eacute;</b>, engage <b>tous les acteurs</b> et doit int&eacute;grer <b>des tableaux de bord</b>, ainsi que <b>des cibles chiffr&eacute;es de r&eacute;sultats</b> scolaires attendus.</span></span></span><a href="#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><sup><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[35]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></span></sup></a></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Les autorit&eacute;s acad&eacute;miques pr&eacute;voient <b>un accompagnement</b> par les corps d&rsquo;inspection, avec notamment la d&eacute;signation par le recteur d&rsquo;un IA-IPR <b>r&eacute;f&eacute;rent</b> pour chacun des &eacute;tablissements Clair</span></span></span><a href="#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><sup><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[36]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></span></sup></a></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Le document propose <b>des objectifs</b> <b>pr&eacute;cis</b> sur la base d&rsquo;<b>indicateurs clairement identifi&eacute;s,</b> pour l&rsquo;atteinte desquels les services acad&eacute;miques apportent <b>leur expertise</b> et leur appui<i>.</i></span></span></span><a href="#_ftn37" name="_ftnref37" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><sup><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[37]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></span></sup></a></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <h3>1.2.3. L&rsquo;utilisation du singulier et de l&rsquo;article d&eacute;fini &laquo;&nbsp;le&nbsp;&raquo; : une seule voix/voie</h3> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Le discours manag&eacute;rial impose une vision totalitaire de la r&eacute;alit&eacute; scolaire, qui se manifeste par l&rsquo;usage du singulier et de l&rsquo;article d&eacute;fini &laquo; le &raquo; : </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><b><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">LE + ma&icirc;tre mot :</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">le Livret de Scolarit&eacute; <b>Unique</b> (le LSU),</span></span></span> <b><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">le</span></span></span></b><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""> Socle <b>commun,</b></span></span></span> <b><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">le </span></span></span></b><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">r&eacute;f&eacute;rentiel, <b>l&rsquo;</b>expertise, <b>le</b> pilotage, <b>l&rsquo;</b>excellence, <b>l&rsquo;</b>&eacute;volution, <b>le</b> changement, <b>l&rsquo;</b>efficience, </span></span></span><b><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">l</span></span></span></b><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&rsquo;&eacute;valuation positive.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Exception &agrave; la r&egrave;gle : Lorsqu&rsquo;on utilise le pluriel, on adjoint alors l&rsquo;adjectif &laquo; bonnes &raquo; ; les &laquo; bonnes pratiques &raquo; et &laquo; les bonnes m&eacute;thodes &raquo;. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <h3>1.2.4. L&rsquo;utilisation de termes abstraits</h3> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&Agrave; l&rsquo;instar des discours totalitaires, le discours manag&eacute;rial impose une nouvelle terminologie, constitu&eacute;e de mots abstraits. Les cadres disent que les nouveaux textes sont &laquo; flous<i> </i>&raquo;, &laquo; durs &agrave; comprendre &raquo; et qu&rsquo;ils doivent se r&eacute;unir pour essayer de les &laquo; interpr&eacute;ter &raquo;</span></span></span><a href="#_ftn38" name="_ftnref38" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><sup><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[38]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">. Certains mots du discours administratif et p&eacute;dagogique sont remplac&eacute;s par d&rsquo;autres, dont le sens n&rsquo;est ni fix&eacute; ni partag&eacute; par l&rsquo;ensemble des personnels. Ainsi, on ne dira d&eacute;sormais plus : </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 11px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&eacute;l&egrave;ve mais apprenant</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 11px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">parents, &eacute;l&egrave;ves, enseignants mais partenaires de la communaut&eacute; &eacute;ducative</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 11px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">contr&ocirc;le mais &eacute;valuation</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 11px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">inspection mais rendez-vous de carri&egrave;re</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 11px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">travail mais projet</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 11px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">r&eacute;sultats mais contrat de r&eacute;ussite</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 11px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">interlocuteurs mais partenaires</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 11px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">responsable institutionnel mais r&eacute;f&eacute;rent</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 11px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">s&eacute;quence d&rsquo;enseignement mais kit d&rsquo;apprentissage</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 11px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">cours mais protocole</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 11px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">le&ccedil;on mais proc&eacute;dure</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 11px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">guide p&eacute;dagogique mais Guide de Bon usage</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 11px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">instructions officielles mais normes (europ&eacute;ennes)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 11px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">conformit&eacute; mais labellisation</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Le discours manag&eacute;rial participe d&rsquo;un langage autoritaire et d&rsquo;intimidation. Il est constitu&eacute; de mots abstraits, vid&eacute;s d&rsquo;un sens pr&eacute;cis et qui peuvent s&rsquo;appliquer &agrave; des r&eacute;alit&eacute;s sociales tr&egrave;s diverses. C&rsquo;est son &laquo; abstractivit&eacute; &raquo; opaque, sa logomachie qui en fait un instrument de manipulation et de domination. Il en appelle aux bons sentiments en pr&ocirc;nant &laquo;&nbsp;une &eacute;cole plus juste&nbsp;&raquo; et &laquo;&nbsp;bienveillante&nbsp;&raquo;, &laquo;&nbsp;ne laissant personne au bord du chemin&nbsp;&raquo;, alors que la r&eacute;alit&eacute; scolaire est tout autre.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <h1>2. En guise de conclusion&hellip; une urgence &agrave; r&eacute;agir&nbsp;?</h1> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">A l&rsquo;&egrave;re de la globalisation, le discours manag&eacute;rial fait &laquo;&nbsp;la jointure&nbsp;&raquo; entre les anciens r&eacute;gimes de l&rsquo;Est et les &eacute;conomies n&eacute;o-lib&eacute;rales<a href="#_ftn39" name="_ftnref39" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[39]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a> de l&rsquo;Ouest. Ce discours autoritaire actuel converge avec les discours et les m&eacute;thodes bureaucratiques &agrave; l&rsquo;&oelig;uvre dans les anciens r&eacute;gimes communistes de l&rsquo;Est. L&rsquo;organisation scolaire est pens&eacute;e sur le mod&egrave;le de la planification&nbsp;; les &laquo; plans &raquo;, les &laquo; programmes &raquo;, les &laquo; comit&eacute;s &raquo;, les &laquo; r&eacute;formes &raquo;, la &laquo; refondation &raquo;, le &laquo; livret de suivi/ de progr&egrave;s de l&rsquo;&eacute;l&egrave;ve &raquo;, la &laquo; normalisation des pratiques &raquo; et &laquo; les dispositifs de contr&ocirc;le &raquo; enferment l&rsquo;humain dans &laquo;&nbsp;un monde de l&rsquo;organisation totale&nbsp;&raquo; (Adorno). Il n&rsquo;y a plus de place dans ce monde pour le sujet, d&eacute;sormais d&eacute;sign&eacute; par un codage chiffr&eacute; ou par un acronyme.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">La mise en r&eacute;seaux des syst&egrave;mes politiques favorise l&rsquo;introduction de mod&egrave;les gestionnaires, issus du courant &eacute;conomique n&eacute;o-lib&eacute;ral de l&rsquo;&Eacute;cole de Chicago. Ainsi, en adoptant les notions de &laquo; capital humain &raquo;</span></span></span><a href="#_ftn40" name="_ftnref40" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><sup><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[40]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""> et de &laquo; retour sur investissement &raquo;</span></span></span><a href="#_ftn41" name="_ftnref41" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><sup><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><sup><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[41]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">, l&rsquo;&Eacute;cole s&rsquo;inscrit dans une logique de rentabilit&eacute; et de profit. Pour ce faire, elle s&rsquo;appuie sur les standards d&rsquo;enseignement am&eacute;ricains, bas&eacute;s sur les aptitudes psychosociales et le d&eacute;veloppement de comp&eacute;tences comportementales. L&rsquo;usage de mots &agrave; consonance fran&ccedil;aise, tels que &laquo; l&rsquo;excellence &raquo;, &laquo; les bonnes pratiques &raquo; et &laquo; les bonnes m&eacute;thodes</span></span></span></span></span></span></span>&nbsp;<span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&raquo;, renvoie, en r&eacute;alit&eacute;, &agrave; des textes de loi am&eacute;ricains, tels que &laquo; A Nation at Risk &raquo;<a href="#_ftn42" name="_ftnref42" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[42]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a>. Recourir &agrave; ce jargon conduit &agrave; adopter la vision n&eacute;o-lib&eacute;rale de l&rsquo;enseignement qui lui correspond<a href="#_ftn43" name="_ftnref43" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[43]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a>. Les mots n&rsquo;&eacute;tant pas neutres et sans incidence sur notre mode de pens&eacute;e, il convient de conna&icirc;tre leur origine, pour ne pas se laisser contaminer par un courant id&eacute;ologique qui &eacute;nonce le contraire de ce qu&rsquo;il met en &oelig;uvre et qui conduirait l&rsquo;&Eacute;cole dans une impasse, si on ne se r&eacute;appropriait pas la r&eacute;daction des contenus d&rsquo;enseignement et si on n&rsquo;exer&ccedil;ait pas une plus grande vigilance sur les r&eacute;formes p&eacute;dagogiques. En ce sens, les membres du jury pour le concours d&rsquo;admissibilit&eacute; aux m&eacute;tiers de l&rsquo;encadrement alertent sur l&rsquo;utilisation d&rsquo;un &laquo;&nbsp;discours de conformit&eacute;&nbsp;&raquo; dans leur rapport 2015<a href="#_ftn44" name="_ftnref44" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[44]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a>:&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">L&rsquo;usage de formules toutes faites sur </span></span></span><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&laquo;</span></span></span> <b><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">la r&eacute;ussite des &eacute;l&egrave;ves </span></span></span></b><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">&raquo;, sur le r&ocirc;le de l&rsquo;IEN dans &laquo; <b>la</b> <b>lutte contre les in&eacute;galit&eacute;s </b>&raquo; ou encore sur &laquo; <b>le partenariat </b>&raquo; est aussi de nature &agrave; interroger le jury sur la profondeur de la r&eacute;flexion sous-tendant le dossier et la connaissance du m&eacute;tier d&rsquo;inspecteur. De m&ecirc;me, l&rsquo;usage de mots-cl&eacute;s tels que &laquo;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span>&nbsp;<span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times=""><b>pilotage </b>&raquo;, &laquo; <b>gouvernance </b>&raquo;, &laquo; <b>travail</b> <b>en &eacute;quipe </b>&raquo;, dont certains candidats pourraient estimer qu&rsquo;ils doivent figurer &agrave; tout prix dans leur dossier, tourne &agrave; l&rsquo;exc&egrave;s patent et inop&eacute;rant pour le niveau de r&eacute;flexion attendu par le jury. La r&eacute;flexion, quand elle est pr&eacute;sente, d&eacute;bouche sur <b>des discours de</b> <b>conformit&eacute;</b>, au point de rendre peu perceptible une projection authentique du candidat dans l&rsquo;exercice<i> </i>des fonctions d&rsquo;IEN<a href="#_ftn45" name="_ftnref45" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" times="">[45]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">Lutter contre la manag&eacute;risation de l&rsquo;&Eacute;cole suppose que l&rsquo;on refuse d&rsquo;utiliser son discours</span></span></span></span></span></span></span>&nbsp;<span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri=""><span lang="FR"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" times="">; que l&rsquo;on r&eacute;int&egrave;gre le langage ordinaire de la vie de tous les jours dans nos pratiques professionnelles, langage compr&eacute;hensible par tous, en y rajoutant la lecture de textes d&rsquo;auteurs pour enrichir l&rsquo;imaginaire et la culture. Tous les inspecteurs &laquo; prol&eacute;taris&eacute;s &raquo; m&rsquo;ont dit leur souffrance de ne plus avoir le temps de lire&hellip; </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px">&nbsp;</p> <h1>R&eacute;f&eacute;rences bibliographiques</h1> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">BECKER, Gary S., EWALD, Fran&ccedil;ois et HARCOURT, Bernard E., </span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&laquo; </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Gary Becker dialogue avec M. Foucault </span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&raquo;,</span></span></span> <i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Socio,</span></span></span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">n&deg; 3, 2014, [r&eacute;f. du 25 octobre 2014], p. 265-288,&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">[En ligne]</span></span>, </span></span></span><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">&nbsp;<a href="https://journals.openedition.org/socio/702#text">https://journals.openedition.org/socio/702#text</a></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">CONSEIL EUROP&Eacute;EN, &laquo; Conclusions de la Pr&eacute;sidence &raquo;, 23 et 24 mars 2000,&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">[En ligne]</span></span>, </span><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><a href="http://www.consilium.europa.eu/ueDocs/cms_Data/docs/pressData/fr/ec/00100-r1.f0.htm" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">http://www.consilium.europa.eu/ueDocs/cms_Data/docs/pressData/fr/ec/00100-r1.f0.htm</span></span></span></a> </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><a href="http://www.oecd.org/fr/presse/de-nouveaux-efforts-s-imposent-pour-davantage-d-equite-dans-lenseignement.htm" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">http://www.oecd.org/fr/presse/de-nouveaux-efforts-s-imposent-pour-davantage-d-equite-dans-lenseignement.htm</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">HIBOU, B&eacute;atrice, <em>La bureaucratisation du monde &agrave; l&rsquo;&egrave;re n&eacute;olib&eacute;rale</em>, Paris, La D&eacute;couverte, 2012.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">HIRTT, Nico, &laquo; L&rsquo;approche par comp&eacute;tences&nbsp;: une mystification p&eacute;dagogique &raquo;, <em>L&rsquo;&eacute;cole d&eacute;mocratique,</em> n&deg; 39, septembre 2009.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">HUYGHE, Fran&ccedil;ois-Bernard, <em>La langue de coton</em>, Paris, Robert Laffont, 1987.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">KAUFMANN, Jean-Claude, <em>L&rsquo;entretien compr&eacute;hensif</em>, Paris, Armand Colin, 1996.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">KLEMPERER, Victor, <em>LTI la langue du III&egrave;me Reich</em>, Paris, Albin Michel, 1996.</span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">KRIEG-PLANQUE, Alice,<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> </span></span></span></span></span></span>&laquo; La formule &quot;D&eacute;veloppement durable&quot; : un op&eacute;rateur de neutralisation de la conflictualit&eacute; &raquo;</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">, <i>Langage et soci&eacute;t&eacute;,</i> </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">n&deg; 134</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">2010, p. 5-29.&nbsp;</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">LE GOFF, Jean-Pierre, <em>La barbarie douce</em>, Paris, La D&eacute;couverte, 2003.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">MILNER, Jean-Claude, <em>La politique des choses</em>, Lagrasse, Verdier, 2011.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">ORWELL, George, <em>1984</em>, premi&egrave;re publication traduite en fran&ccedil;ais, Paris, Gallimard, 1950.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">PRIEUR, Jean-Marie, &laquo; L&#39;empire des mots morts </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><sup><a href="#sdfootnote1sym" id="sdfootnote1anc">1</a></sup>.&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Lisons le CECR comme un cauchemar&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">&raquo;, <em>Revue&nbsp;TDFLE</em>, n&deg; 70, 2017,&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">[En ligne]</span></span>,&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><a href="https://revue-tdfle.fr/pdf/articles/revue-70/31-l-empire-des-mots-mortssupa-id-sdfootnote1anc-href-sdfootnote1sym-1-a-sup" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline">https://revue-tdfle.fr/pdf/articles/revue-70/31-l-empire-des-mots-mortssupa-id-sdfootnote1anc-href-sdfootnote1sym-1-a-sup</a></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">REY, Olivier, &laquo; Qu&rsquo;est-ce qu&rsquo;une &quot;bonne&quot; recherche en &eacute;ducation ? &raquo;, <em>La lettre d&#39;information de la Cellule Veille scientifique et technologique</em>, n&deg; 18, 2006.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">ROMERA, Christine, <em>&Eacute;cole et gouvernementalit&eacute;&nbsp;: les politiques &eacute;ducatives &agrave; l&rsquo;&oelig;uvre dans le contexte de l&rsquo;enseignement primaire en France</em>, Universit&eacute; Montpellier 3, 2020,&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">[En ligne]</span></span>,&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><a href="https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03135581/document" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline">https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03135581/document</a></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">ROMERA, Christine, &laquo; Le discours manag&eacute;rial &agrave; &quot;l&rsquo;&Eacute;cole du XXI&egrave;me si&egrave;cle&quot;&nbsp;&raquo;, dans K. Djordjevic-L&eacute;onard, R-Marie Volle, <em>Appropriations des langues et subjectivit&eacute;s - M&eacute;langes offerts &agrave; Jean-Marie Prieur</em>, Paris, Connaissances et savoirs, 2019, p. 251-261.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">STIEGLER, Bernard,&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span arial="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">[En ligne]</span></span>,</span></span></span><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">&nbsp;<span style="line-height:107%"><a href="https://arsindustrialis.org/" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline">https://arsindustrialis.org/</a></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">SUPIOT, Alain, <em>La gouvernance par les nombres</em>, Paris, Fayard, 2015.</span></span></p> <div>&nbsp; <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Bas&eacute;e sur la culture de la performance, de l&rsquo;&eacute;valuation, du projet et de la contractualisation, la nouvelle gouvernance de l&rsquo;&Eacute;ducation nationale modifie le cadre r&eacute;glementaire de l&rsquo;administration pour pouvoir se d&eacute;ployer. D&rsquo;un syst&egrave;me historiquement centralis&eacute; et hi&eacute;rarchis&eacute;, le minist&egrave;re &eacute;volue vers un mod&egrave;le de mise en r&eacute;seaux de ses acad&eacute;mies.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn2"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> J-M. Prieur a consacr&eacute; un s&eacute;minaire d&rsquo;Anthropologie du langage &agrave; l&rsquo;analyse des caract&eacute;ristiques des langages totalitaires, en 2015.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn3"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Ibid.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn4"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><a href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> &Eacute;duscol.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn5"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><a href="#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> C. Romera, <i>&Eacute;cole et gouvernementalit&eacute;&nbsp;: les politiques &eacute;ducatives &agrave; l&rsquo;&oelig;uvre dans le contexte de l&rsquo;enseignement primaire en France</i>, Universit&eacute; Montpellier 3, 2020, Volume 2&nbsp;: M. N, Inspecteur d&rsquo;acad&eacute;mie - Directeur acad&eacute;mique des services de l&#39;&Eacute;ducation nationale (D.A.S.E.N.) du X, depuis le X-X-2014.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn6"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><a href="#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Ibid.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn7"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><a href="#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> C. Romera, <i>&Eacute;cole et gouvernementalit&eacute;&nbsp;: les politiques &eacute;ducatives &agrave; l&rsquo;&oelig;uvre dans le contexte de l&rsquo;enseignement primaire en France</i>, Universit&eacute; Montpellier 3, 2020, Volume 2&nbsp;:&nbsp; Entretien du cadre 9, Mme S, L. 58 &agrave; 59.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn8"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><a href="#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Extraits du dictionnaire <i>Linguee</i> consultable en ligne &agrave; l&rsquo;adresse&nbsp;:&nbsp; </span></span></span><a href="https://www.linguee.fr/francais-anglais/traduction/se+donner+pour+ambition.html" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">https://www.linguee.fr/francais-anglais/traduction/se+donner+pour+ambition.html</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&laquo; </span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">L&#39;Europe devrait <b>se donner pour ambition</b> d&#39;&ecirc;tre un exemple irr&eacute;prochable dans l&#39;organisation et la gestion de grandes comp&eacute;titions</span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> [...] </span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&raquo;</span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> europa.eu </span></span></span><a href="http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=SPEECH/03/234&amp;format=HTML&amp;aged=1&amp;language=FR&amp;guiLanguage=en" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">europa.eu</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&laquo; </span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Ce guide <b>a pour ambition</b> de donner au Secr&eacute;tariat de l&#39;UNESCO et aux Commissions nationales la possibilit&eacute; de dialoguer [...]</span></span></span> <span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&raquo; </span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">unesdoc.unesco.org </span></span></span><a href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001377/137733f.pdf" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">unesdoc.unesco.org</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&laquo; </span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Le r&eacute;seau international des Orange Labs concr&eacute;tise <b>l&#39;ambition</b> du groupe de donner un nouveau souffle &agrave; l&#39;innovation pour en faire le moteur de sa transformation</span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">.</span></span></span> <span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&raquo;</span></span></span> <a href="http://www.filiales-emploi.fr.orange-business.com/610-orange-labs.htm" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">filiales-emploi....nge-business.com</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn9"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><a href="#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> C. Romera, <i>&Eacute;cole et gouvernementalit&eacute;&nbsp;: les politiques &eacute;ducatives &agrave; l&rsquo;&oelig;uvre dans le contexte de l&rsquo;enseignement primaire en France</i>, Universit&eacute; Montpellier 3, 2020, Volume 2 : Entretien du Cadre 6, M. T, L. 522 &agrave; 523.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn10"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><a href="#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Ibid.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn11"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><a href="#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Ibid., Entretien du cadre 7, L. 374 &agrave; 375.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn12"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><a href="#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Ibid., Entretien de Mme L, Cadre 4, L. 505.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn13"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><a href="#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Ibid., Entretien du cadre de l&rsquo;EN1, M. M, L. 62.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn14"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><a href="#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Ibid. L. 150.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn15"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><a href="#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">La prol&eacute;tarisation est une notion de B. Stiegler. Elle d&eacute;signe la d&eacute;sappropriation du savoir-faire artisanal et l&rsquo;obligation, pour les professionnels, de se soumettre &agrave; des protocoles qui dictent le d&eacute;roulement des op&eacute;rations pens&eacute; sur le mod&egrave;le tayloriste. Appliqu&eacute; aux m&eacute;tiers du soin et de l&rsquo;&eacute;ducation, ce d&eacute;coupage, efficace sur les cha&icirc;nes de montage, ne semble pourtant pas viable &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;cole ou &agrave; l&rsquo;h&ocirc;pital, car il consid&egrave;re l&rsquo;humain comme un ordinateur et non plus comme un sujet qui entre en relation avec l&rsquo;autre par la parole et non pas par un cochage de cases ou par l&rsquo;ex&eacute;cution de proc&eacute;dures norm&eacute;es. Il en r&eacute;sulte un manque d&rsquo;autonomie, un sentiment de perte de sens du m&eacute;tier, car on ne peut plus agir et transformer par son action la r&eacute;alit&eacute;. La souffrance au travail r&eacute;sulte de cette nouvelle gouvernance.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn16"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><a href="#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Entretien du cadre de l&rsquo;EN 3, M. H, L. 101 &agrave; 102. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn17"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><a href="#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Ibid. L. 70 &agrave; 71. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn18"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><a href="#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Ibid. L. 66 &agrave; 67. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn19"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><a href="#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[19]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Ibid. Entretien du cadre de l&rsquo;EN 4, Mme L, L. 466.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn20"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><a href="#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[20]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Ibid. L. 78 &agrave; 79.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn21"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><a href="#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[21]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Ibid. L. 495 &agrave; 496.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn22"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><a href="#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[22]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Le terme est emprunt&eacute; &agrave; J-M. Prieur. CNTRL &laquo;&nbsp;RH&Eacute;T. Figure consistant &agrave; intimider l&#39;auditeur par l&#39;annonce de malheurs futurs afin de le contraindre &agrave; changer d&#39;attitude morale. &raquo;.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn23"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><a href="#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[23]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Entretien du cadre de l&rsquo;EN Cadre 7, Mme C, L. 90.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn24"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><a href="#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[24]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Ibid. L. 35 &agrave; 36.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn25"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><a href="#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[25]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Ibid. Entretien du cadre de l&rsquo;EN 4, Mme L, L. 642 &agrave; 645.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn26"> <p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><a href="#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[26]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Cette liste de verbes d&rsquo;action sp&eacute;cifique aux m&eacute;tiers de l&rsquo;&Eacute;ducation, qui mentionne aussi &laquo;&nbsp;saisir des opportunit&eacute;s&nbsp;&raquo;, &laquo;&nbsp;optimisation des r&eacute;sultats&nbsp;&raquo; suffit &agrave; r&eacute;v&eacute;ler le changement de mode de gouvernementalit&eacute; intervenu au sein de l&rsquo;&Eacute;ducation nationale. Le jargon de l&rsquo;entreprise remplace les r&eacute;f&eacute;rences historiques&nbsp;; les circulaires et les textes de loi sont peu &agrave; peu remplac&eacute;s par des grilles normatives. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn27"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><a href="#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[27]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> cache.media.education.gouv.fr/file/11_novembre/57/7/2011_repertoire_metiers_dictionnaire-competences_199577.pdf </span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn28"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><a href="#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[28]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> <span style="background:white"><span style="letter-spacing:-.3pt">L. Fabius &agrave; propos de F. Mitterrand lors de sa prise de fonction de Premier ministre en 1984.</span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn29"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><a href="#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[29]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Cours de J-M. Prieur, 2015.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn30"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><a href="#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[30]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="ES" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Ibid.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn31"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><a href="#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[31]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="ES" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Ibid. L. 273 &agrave; 275.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn32"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><a href="#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[32]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="ES" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Ibid. L. 633.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn33"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><a href="#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[33]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> C. Romera, 2020, Entretien du cadre de l&rsquo;EN 6, M. T, L. 750 &agrave; 752.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn34"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><a href="#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[34]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Cours de J-M. Prieur, 2015.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn35"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><a href="#_ftnref35" name="_ftn35" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[35]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> www.ozp.fr/spip.php?article2677.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn36"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><a href="#_ftnref36" name="_ftn36" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[36]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Ibid.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn37"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><a href="#_ftnref37" name="_ftn37" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[37]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Ibid.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn38"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><a href="#_ftnref38" name="_ftn38" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[38]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> C. Romera, 2020, Entretien du cadre 4, Mme L, L. 649, L. 658 et L. 652.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn39"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><a href="#_ftnref39" name="_ftn39" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:">[39]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">N&eacute;o-lib&eacute;ral est &agrave; entendre, ici, comme une technique de gouvernement qui privil&eacute;gie les normes du march&eacute;, de l&rsquo;entreprise, de la concurrence et de la comp&eacute;tition.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn40"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><a href="#_ftnref40" name="_ftn40" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[40]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> G. Becker est &agrave; l&rsquo;origine de la notion de capital humain. A. Supiot attribue son origine &agrave; Staline (Cours du Coll&egrave;ge de France du 22 mai 2019).</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn41"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><a href="#_ftnref41" name="_ftn41" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[41]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> J. Heckman est professeur d&rsquo;&eacute;conomie de l&rsquo;Universit&eacute; de Chicago.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn42"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><a href="#_ftnref42" name="_ftn42" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:">[42]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&laquo; </span><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">A Nation at </span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Risk </span><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&raquo;</span><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> est un texte de loi soutenu par le gouvernement Reagan en 1983. Je renvoie &agrave; l&rsquo;article d&rsquo;O. Rey (2006) qui en fait une critique. N. Hirtt (2009) consid&egrave;re, pour sa part, que ce texte de loi est &agrave; l&rsquo;origine de l&rsquo;introduction de la notion d&rsquo;APC &agrave; l&rsquo;Ecole ; l&rsquo;APC, avertit N. Hirtt, ne doit pas &ecirc;tre confondu </span><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">avec la notion de comp&eacute;tence d&eacute;velopp&eacute;e dans les th&eacute;ories de l&rsquo;apprentissage de Piaget. En ce sens, le discours </span><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">d&rsquo;un cadre entendu lors d&rsquo;une session de formation aux m&eacute;tiers de l&rsquo;encadrement en 2008 r&eacute;v&egrave;le le lien entre l&rsquo;APC et le texte am&eacute;ricain&nbsp;; l&rsquo;inspecteur-formateur annonce : </span><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&laquo;&nbsp;L&rsquo;ensemble des pays europ&eacute;ens est dans un processus de d&eacute;finition du socle commun de comp&eacute;tences sur le mod&egrave;le plus ou moins proche du mod&egrave;le d&eacute;fini en 1983 aux Etats-Unis par le plan A Nation at Risk, qui visait &agrave; d&eacute;finir un socle de comp&eacute;tences de base commune &agrave; ceux qui n&rsquo;iront pas au-del&agrave; de la scolarit&eacute; obligatoire et &agrave; ceux qui iront vers des formations plus qualifiantes&nbsp;&raquo;. De la m&ecirc;me mani&egrave;re, la formule &laquo;&nbsp;Ne laisser personne au bord du chemin&nbsp;&raquo; est la traduction de &laquo;&nbsp;No Child </span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Left Behind</span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> &raquo; et renvoie &agrave; nouveau aux politiques &eacute;ducatives n&eacute;o-lib&eacute;rales am&eacute;ricaines et anglo-saxonnes.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn43"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><a href="#_ftnref43" name="_ftn43" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[43]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Le service public d&rsquo;&eacute;ducation devient un March&eacute; ouvert aux investisseurs du secteur priv&eacute; ; l&rsquo;&eacute;valuation de la performance, la labellisation, la mise en concurrence des &eacute;tablissements publics participent d&rsquo;une progressive privatisation de l&rsquo;&Eacute;cole.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn44"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><a href="#_ftnref44" name="_ftn44" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[44]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Le rapport du jury aux concours des m&eacute;tiers de l&rsquo;encadrement est consultable sur le site du minist&egrave;re de l&rsquo;&Eacute;ducation nationale.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn45"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><a href="#_ftnref45" name="_ftn45" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[45]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Ibid.</span></span></span></p> </div> </div>