<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">1. Introduction</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Plusieurs facteurs peuvent influencer le complexe processus d’apprentissage d’une langue étrangère</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">: l’âge, le sexe ou la personnalité des apprenants, les méthodes et les stratégies d’enseignement exploitées par les professeurs ainsi que le prestige de la langue, etc.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Cet article veut traiter d’une variable très importante pour l’apprentissage d’une langue</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">: il s’agit de l’environnement. En particulier, nous nous proposons de mettre en évidence les raisons pour lesquelles le contexte des îlots francoprovençaux des Pouilles peut représenter un environnement propice pour l’apprentissage du français langue étrangère.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Le concept d’environnement, ici interprété au sens large, concerne à la fois les conditions physiques, sociales, psychologiques et linguistiques dans lesquelles l’apprentissage peut se dérouler. C’est dans cette perspective multiple que dans les paragraphes qui suivent nous allons montrer pourquoi Faeto et Celle di San Vito peuvent constituer un contexte favorable à l’apprentissage du français.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">2. Les conditions physiques</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Situés dans les Monti Dauni dans la province de Foggia </span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">(Pouilles, Italie méridionale)</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">, </span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">les deux îlots francoprovençaux de Faeto et Celle di San Vito se trouvent dans une zone géographiquement marginale. Malgré la proximité de deux villes importantes</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> telles que </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Troia et Foggia, </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">les deux communautés minoritaires sont isolées du fait de la rareté des voies de communication</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">: sans gare, les deux villages sont désormais reliés à ces villes respectivement par une route communale et provinciale pas du tout confortables. Il n’y a ni h</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">ô</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">pital ni banque à Faeto et Celle. </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">À cet éloignement géographique déterminant s’ajoute</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> le fait que </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">ces «</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">enclaves</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">»</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> (Fusco, 2006</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">: 100), rompant la continuité avec le reste du territoire</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">, préservent des particularités linguistiques, les dernières traces de groupes initialement plus importants. En effet, ces deux petites communes, qui comptent aujourd’hui un peu moins de 800 habitants, sont complètement immergées dans un contexte linguistique différent du reste des Pouilles, composé non seulement d’italien et des dialectes italo-romans locaux, mai aussi de la langue alloglotte, le francoprovençal. Le </span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">« paysage linguistique » (Puolato, 2010 : 46)</span></span></span><b> </b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">contribue également à la valorisation du patrimoine linguistique</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">: les panneaux d’accueil et la plupart des panneaux d’information sont en langue alloglotte suivie de l’italien</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">; les rues, les bureaux, de nombreux monuments sont présentés en francoprovençal (Spagna, 2019a</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">: 218)</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">. </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Pour toutes ces raisons, comme le souligne Puolato </span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">(2010 : 43), Faeto et Celle semblent être des réalités </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">«</span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> fuori dal mondo (hors du monde) </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">» et, d’après les résultats de son enquête à propos des attitudes linguistiques,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"> </p>

<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">l’isolement du territoire devient la protection de sa propre langue et culture, […] l’alloglossie un moyen de connaissance de soi, au niveau individuel et communaitaire, ainsi qu’un atout puissant et inévitable vers le plurilinguisme</span><a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">.</span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"> </p>

<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Voilà pourquoi le milieu physique, à savoir la nature de ces enclaves si isolées et, par conséquent, si conservatrices, peut contribuer, même dans la perspective du plurilinguisme, à favoriser l’apprentissage d’une langue telle que le français qui, en plus de tout cela, appartient avec le francoprovençal à </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">la même famille linguistique, le groupe gallo-roman. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Dans le cadre des actions à l’appui du francoprovençal<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a>, l’UFIS (l’Université Francophone de l’Italie du Sud), née en 2014 du partenariat entre la Mairie de Faeto, La Renaissance Française et l’Associazione LEM-Italia, qui propose des cours d’été intensifs (deux semaines au mois de juillet) de langue française avec des cours d’initiation au francoprovençal, représente sans aucun doute pour les deux communautés une initiative très prometteuse qui va dans ce sens.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">3. Les conditions sociales et psychologiques</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Comme le rappellent Porquier et Py (2004</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">: 5), «</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">tout apprentissage est socialement situé</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">». Cela implique que, en plus des conditions physiques de l’environnement, les conditions sociales et les conditions psychologiques étroitement liées sont aussi déterminantes pour l’apprentissage d’une langue. On doit considérer donc, dans le cas de notre intérêt, les situations sociolinguistiques et les attitudes à l’égard de la langue française et de la culture qu’elle véhicule, ainsi que les motivations à l’apprendre et à l’utiliser. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Malgré la donne sociolinguistique négative en raison du faible nombre de locuteurs, plusieurs enquêtes sociolinguistiques relèvent que le francoprovençal représente à Faeto et à Celle un code de communication doté d’une vitalité linguistique considérable (Agresti, 2010</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">; Bitonti, 2012</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">; Nagy, 2000</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">; Perta, 2008, 2009</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">; Puolato, 2010, 2011, 2013), déterminée par l’attitude extrêmement positive en raison du sentiment linguistique et de la loyauté linguistique des habitants à l’égard de cette langue (Puolato, 2010, 2011, 2016</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">; Agresti, 2016). Dans ce cadre sociolinguistique minoritaire, la même attitude positive ressort des déclarations des Faetani et des Cellesi à l’égard de la langue française (Puolato, 2010, 2011), justifiée par l’appartenance ethnolinguistique et historique française qu’ils reconnaissent fortement, un lien avec la langue et la culture françaises, inhérent aux origines des deux îlots francoprovençaux de Faeto et Celle di San Vito.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">À ce propos, plusieurs hypothèses ont été avancées et des questions demeurent ouvertes mais la présence de la variété linguistique de matrice francoprovençale est traditionnellement expliquée par l’implantation de soldats de l’armée de Charles Ier d’Anjou (édit du 8 juillet 1269) engagés dans la guerre contre les Sarrasins de Lucera ou de colons appelés par celui-ci (édit du 20 octobre 1274) à peupler ces territoires au XIII<sup>e</sup> siècle (Castielli, 1978, 1992</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">; De Rosa, 1934</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">; Gallucci, 1882</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">; Gilles, 1644</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">; Melillo, 1974</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">; Sobrero, 1974). En plus, l’analyse des spécificités de la langue locale a permis à certains spécialistes (Melillo, 1959</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">; Schüle, 1978) d’identifier la zone d’origine de ces groupes angevins provenant de la France sudorientale, qui devrait coïncider avec les départements actuels de l’Isère et de l’Aïn où une variété francoprovençale est parlée.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Ce n’est pas un hasard, donc, si les manifestations traditionnelles de la communauté sont étroitement liées à l’époque angevine</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">: tant dans les masques que dans les représentations carnavalesques, les personnages historiques les plus évoqués sont les hommes de la cour de Charlemagne et le roi Charles d’Anjou.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Voilà pourquoi, </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">à partir des mots que, dans son enquête, les interviewés utilisent pour définir la langue française, Puolato (2010</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">: 72) établit que le rôle joué par cette langue est celui de «</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">langue du désir</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">», représentant ainsi pour les habitants des deux petits villages ce que Dal Negro et Iannàccaro (2003</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">: 437) ont défini un «</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">code idéologique</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">»</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">:</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"> </p>

<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">les langues qui, bien que n’étant pas présentes dans le répertoire, sont en quelque sorte perçues comme appartenant à la communauté, pour avoir fait partie autrefois, bien que marginalement, du répertoire, ou parce qu’elles sont liées à des visions ou à des alliances ethniques particulièrement séduisantes pour la communauté<a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a>.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"> </p>

<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">En outre, d’après les déclarations des Faetani et des Cellesi, apprendre le français est considéré un fait positif parce qu’il est important de connaître et de parler d’autres langues (Puolato, 2010 : 70). Évidemment, parmi toutes les langues, l’hexagonale, en tant que code idéologique, s’avère être le premier choix.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Et enfin, une autre raison d’apprendre cette langue concerne un fait purement linguistique, qui fera l’objet d’étude du paragraphe suivant.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">4. Les conditions linguistiques</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Les conditions linguistiques concernent la nature de l’input linguistique en contexte d’apprentissage et elles renvoient aussi à la connaissance linguistique que l’apprenant possède au préalable.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Si dans notre cas, Faeto et Celle représentent, d’après les critères de Porquier (1995), un milieu hétéroglotte puisque l’apprentissage du français langue étrangère, par des apprenants étrangers, se fait hors de son environnement linguistique, de fait le français est la langue-toit</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">–</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">au sens «</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">klossien</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">» du terme</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">–</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">du francoprovençal.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">En plus, come le relève Bitonti (2012</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">: 88), selon les Faetani et les Cellesi, le francoprovençal est un «</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">dialetto francese</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">», </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">la </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">«</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">lingua d’oc</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">»</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">, </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">«</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">di origine francese</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">». Leur langue présente de nombreuses similitudes avec le français, notamment de type lexical<a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a>, sans oublier le marqueur de négation «</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">pa</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">». Le fait de parler francoprovençal facilite l’apprentissage et la compréhension du français. La plupart des enfants adorent étudier le français et pensent qu’il est facile pour eux de l’apprendre. Tous ces éléments concourent sans aucun doute à la motivation, généralement considérée comme le facteur-clé de la réussite de l’apprentissage langagier. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">5. Le français dans le contexte italien</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Notre raisonnement peut s’étendre au macro contexte et encadrer ce discours concernant une partie des Pouilles à l’intérieur de l’Italie. Et alors, il faut considérer que </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">le français, </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">objet</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> de notre étude, est reconnu comme langue officielle, aux côtés de l’italien, en Vallée d’Aoste, suite à la promulgation du Statut Spécial de la région autonome en 1948</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">;</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">comme langue minoritaire après la loi 482/1999<a href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a>, </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">avec le francoprovençal et le provençal, </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">dans certaines communes du Piémont</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">. En plus, </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">l</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">e français, qui jouit d’une longue tradition d’enseignement, est une langue bien enracinée dans le système scolaire italien. En effet, avant le grand essor de l’anglais, il y a quelques années, c’était la seule langue étrangère enseignée à l’école et elle était obligatoire.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Actuellement, </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">la situation a changé pour cette langue, qui est aussi</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> en concurrence avec l’espagnol et l’allemand, mais les politiques linguistiques européennes favorisant le plurilinguisme visent à arrêter cette tendance négative pour la langue hexagonale et toutes les autres langues européennes.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">6. Conclusions et perspectives</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Dans cette perspective plurilingue, à la lumière des conditions relevées, les deux îlots francoprovençaux des Pouilles pourraient représenter un espace territorial, un lieu social et psychologique, un contexte linguistique et culturel dans lequel favoriser l’apprentissage du français, contre la suprématie désormais généralisée du «</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">tout anglais</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">». Les «</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">approches plurielles</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">» (Candelier, 2007), telles que l’intercompréhension entre langues romanes, agissent dans ce sens. En s’appuyant sur l’une des deux langues romanes qu’ils connaissent, à savoir l’italien</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">–</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">la langue maternelle de la plupart de ses habitants</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">–</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">ou le francoprovençal, parlé depuis environ huit siècles dans ces deux villages apuliens, Faetani et Celles pourront se rapprocher du français et le français pourrait représenter pour eux une raison de plus pour maintenir sa propre langue, en fonction de l’utilité de comprende la langue officielle de l’hexagone et d’autres langues et ainsi d’exploiter les avantages du plurilinguisme à l’intérieur du projet de construction d’une Europe politiquement et culturellement unie.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Bibliographie</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">AGRESTI, Giovanni, </span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">« </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Produzione culturale ed emancipazione delle minoranze linguistiche. L’esempio delle isole alloglotte francoprovenzali di Faeto e Celle di San Vito (FG)</span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> »</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">, <i>The Southern Question</i> </span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">n° </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">1, 2010, p. 33-54.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">AGRESTI, Giovanni, </span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">« </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">L’enjeu de l’identité linguistique dans l’île francoprovençale des Pouilles</span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> »</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">, <i>Lengas</i> </span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">n° </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">79, 2016, <span class="MsoHyperlink" style="color:blue"><span style="text-decoration:underline">http://journals.openedition.org/lengas/1011</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">ASCOLI Graziadio Isaia, </span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">« </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Schizzi franco-provenzali</span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> »</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">, <i>Archivio Glottologico Italiano</i> </span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">n° </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">3, 1878, p. 61-120.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="font-variant:small-caps">BITONTI, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Alessandro, <i>Luoghi, lingue, contatto. Italiano, dialetti e francoprovenzale in Puglia</i>, Galatina, Congedo Editore, 2012.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">CANDELIER, Michel, <i>CARAP</i></span></span></span><i> </i><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">–</span></span></span></i><i> </i><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Cadre de Référence pour les Approches Plurielles des Langues et des Cultures</span></span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">, Graz, Centre européen pour les langues vivantes</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">/</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Conseil de l’Europe, 2007.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">CASTIELLI, Raffaele, </span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">« </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Saggio storico-culturale</span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> »</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">, dans Michele Melillo (dir.), <i>Storia e cultura dei francoprovenzali di Celle e Faeto</i>, Manfredonia, Atlantica, 1978, p. 3-83.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">CASTIELLI, Raffaele, <i>L’isola linguistica franco-provenzale di Faeto e Celle S. Vito. Situazione attuale della ricerca storica</i>, Foggia, Centro Grafico Francescano, 1992.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">DAL NEGRO, Silvia, IANNÀCCARO, Gabriele, </span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">« </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">“Qui parliamo tutti uguale ma diverso”. Repertori complessi e interventi sulle lingue</span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> »</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">, dans Giuliano Bernini, Pierluigi Cuzzolin, Ada Valentini (dir.), <i>Ecologia linguistica</i>, Roma, Bulzoni, 2003, p. 432-450.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">DE ROSA, Maurilio, <i>Il borgo Natio. Storia diplomatica del comune di Faeto</i>, Molfetta, Tipografia Vordomenti, 1934.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">FUSCO, Fabiana, </span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">« </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Le minoranze linguistiche</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">: una storia attraverso i termini</span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> »</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">, dans Elena Pistolesi, Sabine Schwarze (dir.), <i>Vicini</i></span></span></span> <i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">/</span></span></span></i> <i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">lontani</span></span></span></i> <i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">: identità e alterità nella</span></span></span></i> <i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">/</span></span></span></i> <i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">della lingua</span></span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">, Frankfurt am Main, Lang, 2006, p. 89-113.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">GALLUCCI, Pietro, <i>Cenni di storia cronologica di Faeto</i>, Napoli, Amato, 1882.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">GILLES, Pierre, <i>Histoire ecclésiastique des Églises Réformées recueillies en quelques Vallées de Piedmont, autrefois appelées Églises Vaudoises de l’an 1160 au 1643</i>, Genève, Jean de Tournes Imprimeur, 1644.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">MELILLO, Michele, </span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">« </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Intorno alle probabili sedi originarie delle colonie franco-provenzali di Celle e Faeto</span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> »</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">, <i>Revue de linguistique romane</i> </span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">n° </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">23, 1959, p. 1-34.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">MELILLO, Michele, </span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">« </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Donde e quando vennero i francoprovenzali di Capitanata</span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> »</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">, <i>Lingua e Storia di Puglia</i> </span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">n° </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">1, 1974, p. 79-100.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">NAGY, Naomi, <i>Faetar</i>, München, Lincom Europa, 2000.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">PERTA, Carmela, <i>Repertori e scelte linguistiche nelle comunità francoprovenzali della Puglia</i>, Roma, Aracne, 2008.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">PERTA, Carmela, </span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">« </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Aspetti della vitalità sociolinguistica delle lingue minoritarie: arbëresh e francoprovenzale a confronto</span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> »</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">, dans Carlo Consani, Paola Desideri, Francesca Guazzelli, Carmela Perta (dir.), <i>Alloglossie e comunità alloglotte nell’Italia contemporanea. Teorie, applicazioni e descrizioni, prospettive</i>, Roma, Bulzoni, 2009, p. 235-249.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">PORQUIER, Rémy, </span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">« </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Trajectoires d’apprentissage(s) des langues</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">: diversité et multiplicité des parcours</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">», <i>ÉLA</i> n° 98, 1995, p. 92-102.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">PORQUIER, Rémy, PY, Bernard, <i>Apprentissage d’une langue étrangère</i></span></span></span> <i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">: contextes et discours</span></span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">, Paris, Didier, 2004.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">PUOLATO, Daniela, </span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">« </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Lingua, dialetto e identità</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">: percezioni e rappresentazioni della “enclave” francoprovenzale di Faeto</span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> »</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">, <i>Bollettino linguistico campano</i> n° 18, 2010, p. 43-79.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">PUOLATO, Daniela, </span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">« </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Intrecci storici, linguistici ed identitari nella minoranza francoprovenzale di Celle di San Vito</span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> »</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">, <i>Bollettino linguistico campano</i> n° 19-20, 2011, p. 91-149.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">PUOLATO, Daniela, </span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">« </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Les appellations de la langue minoritaire à Faeto et à Celle di San Vito (Pouilles)</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">: valeurs identitaires et idéologiques</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">», dans Carmen Alén Garabato (dir.), <i>Gestion des minorités linguistiques dans l’Europe du XXI<sup>e</sup> siècle</i>, Limoges, Lambert-Lucas, 2013, p. 179-191.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">PUOLATO, Daniela, </span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">« </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">L’(in)sécurité linguistique et les locuteurs francoprovençaux de l’Italie du Sud</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">», dans Giovanni Agresti, Joseph-G. Turi (dir.), <i>Représentations sociales des langues et politiques linguistiques. Déterminismes, implications, regards croisés</i>, Roma, Aracne, 2016, p. 331-354.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">SCHÜLE, Ernest, </span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">« </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Histoire et évolution des parlers francoprovençaux d’Italie</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">: état des travaux et perspectives de recherches nouvelles</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">», dans Gianrenzo P. Clivio, Giuliano Gasca Queirazza (dir.), <i>Lingue e dialetti dell’arco alpino occidentale</i>, Torino, Centro Studi Piemontesi, 1978, p. 127-140.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">SOBRERO, Alberto, </span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">« </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Il franco-provenzale in Capitanata</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">: storia esterna e storia interna di una parlata alloglotta</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">», dans Alberto Sobrero (dir.), <i>Dialetti diversi. Proposte per lo studio delle parlate alloglotte in Italia</i>, Lecce, Milella, 1974, p. 33-64.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">SPAGNA, Maria Immacolata, </span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">« </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">Il francoprovenzale in Puglia</span></span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">: situazione attuale e prospettive</span></span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">», <i>Palaver</i>,</span></span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">vol. 8, </span></span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">n° </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">2, 2019a, p. 201-224.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">SPAGNA, Maria Immacolata, </span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">« </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Lexique partagé en français et en francoprovençal des Pouilles dans la perspective du plurilinguisme</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">»</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">, <i>Lingue e Linguaggi</i> </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">n° 33, 2019b, p. 281-301.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

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<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a> Voici les mots de Puolato (2010 : 43) : « come l’isolamento del territorio diventi protezione della propria lingua e cultura, […] l’alloglossia uno strumento di conoscenza di sé, a livello individuale e comunitario, oltre che un potente quanto inevitabile stimolo verso il plurilinguismo ».</span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a> En Italie, c’est la loi de l’État n. 482 du 15 décembre 1999, <i>Normes en matière de protection des minorités linguistiques historiques</i>, qui a donné une impulsion positive au francoprovençal. Autrefois considéré comme un simple dialecte, le francoprovençal, ce type idiomatique identifié un siècle auparavant par le linguiste Graziadio Isaia Ascoli (1878), est aujourd’hui, grâce à cette loi, une langue à part entière, juridiquement reconnue. En effet, le francoprovençal figure parmi les douze variétés linguistiques reconnues et par là protégées par les institutions de la République italienne. Cette intervention législative a été doublée en 2012 de la loi régionale n. 5 du 22 mars 2012, <i>Normes pour la promotion et la protection des langues minoritaires dans les Pouilles</i>.</span></span></p>
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<div id="ftn3">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a> La traduction est la nôtre. Voici la définition de Dal Negro et Iannàccaro de « codice ideologico » : « le lingue che, pur non essendo effettivamente presenti nel repertorio, vengono in qualche modo percepite come proprie dalla comunità, o per essere state anticamente parte, seppur marginale, del repertorio, o perché legate a visioni o apparentamenti etnici di particolare seduzione per la comunità ».</span></span></p>
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<div id="ftn4">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><a href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a> On peut voir des exemples dans Spagna, 2019b.</span></span></p>
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<div id="ftn5">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman", serif"><a href="#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a> La loi de l’État n. 482 du 15 décembre 1999, dans son article 2, énonce : « En vertu de l’article 6 de la Constitution et en harmonie avec les principes généraux établis par les organisations européennes et internationales, la République protège la langue et la culture des populations albanaise, catalane, germanique, grecque, slovène et croate, et de celles qui parlent le français, le franco-provençal, le frioulan, le ladin, l’occitan et le sarde ».</span></span></p>
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