<p align="center" style="border:none; text-align:center; margin-top:19px; margin-bottom:19px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-variant:small-caps">l&rsquo;<i>Anthropoc&egrave;ne&nbsp;</i>: d&eacute;fis &eacute;pist&eacute;mologiques et enjeux normatifs du processus de cat&eacute;gorisation </span></b></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="border:none; text-align:center; margin-top:19px; margin-bottom:19px">&nbsp;</p> <p align="center" style="border:none; text-align:center; margin-top:19px; margin-bottom:19px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt">Scotto d&rsquo;Apollonia Lionel</span></b><a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[1]</span></span></b></span></span></b></span></a><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt"> (LIRDEF UM)</span></b></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="border:none; text-align:center; margin-top:19px; margin-bottom:19px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><a href="mailto:lionel.scotto-d-apollonia@umontpellier.fr" style="text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">lionel.scotto-d-apollonia@umontpellier.fr</span></a><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt"> &nbsp;- </span></b><a href="https://parcs.hypotheses.org/" style="text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">https://parcs.hypotheses.org/</span></a></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Fort de son succ&egrave;s dans le monde Acad&eacute;mique, emprunt de multiples controverses, l</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&rsquo;Anthropoc&egrave;ne n&rsquo;en finit plus de faire couler de l&rsquo;encre</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> &agrave; tel point que l&rsquo;on ne sait plus v&eacute;ritablement de quoi parle-t-on quand on parle d&rsquo;Anthropoc&egrave;ne</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">. Cet article apporte une clarification des d&eacute;bats et des principaux points de controverses. Afin de </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">mieux cerner ce que parler d&rsquo;Anthropoc&egrave;ne veut dire, il d&eacute;veloppe une analyse d</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">es registres discursifs et interpr&eacute;tatifs en d&eacute;taillant ses fondations historiques. Cette d&eacute;construction historiographique permet en retour de mieux comprendre sa nature hybride, les migrations conceptuelles dont il a fait l&rsquo;objet et ses implications prax&eacute;ologiques r&eacute;ussissant un prodigieux grand &eacute;cart entre les sciences g&eacute;ologiques et la philosophie de la nature.</span></span></span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Il permet de d&eacute;crire de </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">fa&ccedil;on transversale </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">la difficile structuration du champ interdisciplinaire des sciences du syst&egrave;me Terre </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Earth System Science) </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">dont la phase d&rsquo;institutionnalisation et de stabilisation paradigmatique n&rsquo;est pas encore achev&eacute;e.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style="background:white">Faisant suite &agrave; un premier article publi&eacute; dans la Newsletter de l&rsquo;International Geosphere-Bioshpere Programme</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> (Igbp</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">)</span></span></span></span><a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> (Crutzen, Stoermer, 2000), Paul </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Crutzen (2002) a popularis&eacute; ce concept visant initialement &agrave; d&eacute;finir une nouvelle &eacute;chelle de temps g&eacute;ologique pour objectiver l&rsquo;impact de l&rsquo;Homme sur l&rsquo;&laquo;&nbsp;&eacute;cosyst&egrave;me terrestre&nbsp;&raquo;. </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Suite aux travaux d&rsquo;une &eacute;quipe men&eacute;e par Jan </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Zalasiewicz (2008), i</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">l est depuis 2009, l&rsquo;objet d&rsquo;&eacute;tude d&rsquo;un groupe de travail interdisciplinaire&nbsp;: Anthropoc&egrave;ne Working Group, AWG</span></span></span><a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[3]</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></b></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> au sein de l&rsquo;Union Internationale des Sciences G&eacute;ologiques (Iugs). </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Il existe une diff&eacute;rence fondamentale, permettant d&rsquo;&eacute;clairer avantageusement les controverses actuelles, entre l&rsquo;Igpb illustrant l&rsquo;&eacute;mergence du champ des Sciences du Syst&egrave;me Terre et la Commission Internationale de Stratigraphie (ICS), organe scientifique historique constituant l&rsquo;Iugs (voir annexe2). Les Sciences du Syst&egrave;me Terre visent &agrave; d&eacute;velopper une approche syst&eacute;mique de la complexit&eacute; des changements globaux et &agrave; analyser leurs processus biologiques physico-chimiques et l&rsquo;influence des activit&eacute;s humaines. Les sciences g&eacute;ologiques et notamment la Commission Internationale de Stratigraphie d&eacute;finissent pr&eacute;cis&eacute;ment les unit&eacute;s mondiales (syst&egrave;mes, s&eacute;ries, et les &eacute;tapes) et apparaissent comme les gardiens de l&rsquo;&eacute;chelle des temps g&eacute;ologiques. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; En toile de fond, s</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">ur le plan g&eacute;ologique, l<span style="background:white">e </span>point nodal des controverses porte sur sa formalisation stratigraphique et sa datation&nbsp;: en 2019 aucune proposition de formalisation n&rsquo;a &eacute;t&eacute; d&eacute;pos&eacute;e par l&rsquo;AWG aupr&egrave;s de la Commission Internationale de Stratigraphie (ICS). Dans le champ des sciences humaines et sociales se sont ouverts diff&eacute;rents fronts de controverses avec comme point d&rsquo;horizon la remise </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">en cause des cat&eacute;gories critiques de l&rsquo;histoire sociale pass&eacute;e et de la mondialisation pr&eacute;sente</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Chakrabarty</span></span></span><span class="Titre6Car" style="border:none; font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">, 2010&nbsp;; </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Bonneuil et Fressoz, 2016&nbsp;; </span></span></span><span class="Titre6Car" style="border:none; font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Malm, 2017&nbsp;;</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Chateauraynaud et Debaz, 2017</span></span></span><span class="Titre6Car" style="border:none; font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">). L&rsquo;Anthropoc&egrave;ne est le th&eacute;&acirc;tre d&rsquo;affrontements symboliques entre une constellation d&rsquo;acteurs sans v&eacute;ritable polarisation entre deux camps. Certains chercheurs jouissant de positions dominantes enferment sans nuance les membres de l&rsquo;AWG dans la cat&eacute;gorie des </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&laquo;&nbsp;anthropoc&eacute;nologues&nbsp;&raquo; (Bonneuil et Fressoz, 2016, p. 64), ces derniers &eacute;tant qualifi&eacute;s par d&rsquo;autres chercheurs de pr&eacute;dicateurs de l&rsquo;Anthropoc&egrave;ne dans la cat&eacute;gorie &laquo;&nbsp;collapsologues&nbsp;&raquo; (Chateauraynaud et Debaz, 2017, p. 44) qui d&eacute;noncent l&rsquo;orthodoxie intellectuelle<i> </i>mettant en exergue <span style="background:white">des divergences entre critique, praxis et r&eacute;flexivit&eacute;.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="color:black">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Aussi a</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">pr&egrave;s avoir d&eacute;crit le positionnement th&eacute;orique et la m&eacute;thodologie, l&rsquo;article d&eacute;veloppe, dans une premi&egrave;re partie, une d&eacute;construction &eacute;pist&eacute;mologique de l&rsquo;Anthropoc&egrave;ne pour ensuite analyser les jeux d&rsquo;acteurs et d&rsquo;arguments au sein de l&rsquo;Iugs. La deuxi&egrave;me permet d&rsquo;analyser le</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">s migrations conceptuelles dont il a fait l&rsquo;objet dans le champ des sciences sociales. </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">L</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">a conclusion permet de nourrir le d&eacute;bat sur l&rsquo;&laquo;&nbsp;urgence &eacute;cologique&nbsp;&raquo; et les difficult&eacute;s de la communaut&eacute; scientifique &agrave; b&acirc;tir des th&eacute;ories permettant d&rsquo;appr&eacute;hender &agrave; sa juste mesure la complexit&eacute; de l&rsquo;impact des activit&eacute;s humaines sur l&rsquo;environnement et par voix de cons&eacute;quence de construire des cat&eacute;gories de pens&eacute;es op&eacute;rantes. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-top:19px; margin-bottom:19px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Positionnement th&eacute;orique et m&eacute;thodologie</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-top:19px; margin-bottom:19px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Cet article s&rsquo;appuie sur une approche non-r&eacute;ductionniste des controverses articulant diff&eacute;rents courants parfois controvers&eacute;s reposant sur une conceptualisation originale des controverses comme un &laquo;&nbsp;mille-feuille discursif&nbsp;&raquo; (Scotto d&rsquo;Apollonia, 2015). Il apparait pertinent de concevoir les controverses socioscientifiques comme un espace social multidimensionnel, un &laquo;&nbsp;mille-feuille discursif&nbsp;&raquo; constitu&eacute; du <i>In</i>, le discursif (ce qui est donn&eacute; &agrave; voir dans l&rsquo;espace public), et du <i>Off</i>, l&rsquo;interdiscursif (ce qui est invisible depuis l&rsquo;espace public concernant l&rsquo;ensemble des &eacute;changes interpersonnels relevant des diff&eacute;rents espaces interdiscursifs) en s&rsquo;appuyant sur une veille internaliste<a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[4]</span></span></span></span></a> attentive &agrave; la construction des savoirs. </span></span></span></p> <p style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-top:19px; margin-bottom:19px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Ce concept s&rsquo;appuie sur la notion d&rsquo;emprise ou d&rsquo;acteurs qualifi&eacute;s d&rsquo;&laquo;&nbsp;empreneurs&nbsp;&raquo; (Chateauraynaud, 2015) qui d&eacute;veloppent une activit&eacute; discr&egrave;te visant &agrave; avoir une emprise en exploitant les angles morts de l&rsquo;espace public. La question de l&rsquo;emprise se d&eacute;tache de la sociologie du d&eacute;voilement dans le sens o&ugrave; il ne s&rsquo;agit pas de r&eacute;v&eacute;ler ce qui est cach&eacute; mais de comprendre comment les longues s&eacute;ries d&rsquo;op&eacute;ration effectu&eacute;es par les acteurs, dans un espace social difficile voire hors d&rsquo;atteinte pour le sociologue, agissent sur les logiques de publicisation des controverses dans les diff&eacute;rents espaces de m&eacute;diation. Pour le chercheur il s&rsquo;agit d&rsquo;acc&eacute;der aux sc&egrave;nes du conflit en &eacute;vitant le biais m&eacute;diacentrique Comby (2012). La conceptualisation des controverses comme la stratification, le feuilletage d&rsquo;un ensemble d&rsquo;espaces multi-inter-discursifs d&eacute;passe largement le simple cadre des &eacute;changes entre chercheurs qui rel&egrave;vent <i>in fine</i> de l&rsquo;activit&eacute; normale de la recherche. Sur le plan linguistique, les arguments exprim&eacute;s par les acteurs dans l&rsquo;espace public sont porteurs des s&eacute;ries d&rsquo;&eacute;preuves subies et de l&rsquo;ensemble de ces activit&eacute;s souterraines. Ainsi l&rsquo;analyse du discours, consid&eacute;r&eacute;e comme l&rsquo;&eacute;tude des intrications entre l&rsquo;organisation textuelle et la situation de communication, appr&eacute;hende l&rsquo;argumentation dans la mat&eacute;rialit&eacute; du discours en fonction de la situation d&rsquo;&eacute;nonciation et des articulations entre le <i>logos</i>, l&rsquo;<i>&eacute;thos</i> et le <i>pathos, </i>tout en restituant son inscription dans l&rsquo;interdiscours (Amossy, 2008).</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-top:19px; margin-bottom:19px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Il s&rsquo;agit donc d&rsquo;articuler </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">la sociologie pragmatique et r&eacute;flexive d&eacute;velopp&eacute;e par Francis Chateauraynaud (2011) avec la sociologie rationaliste, reprenant en grande partie les travaux de Jean-Michel Berthelot (2002, 2008) et de Dominique Raynaud (2018a [2003]). Ce cadre est non r&eacute;ductionniste Berthelot (1992) dans le sens o&ugrave; il ne cherche pas &agrave; projeter d&rsquo;<i>a priori </i>entre l&rsquo;analyse des int&eacute;r&ecirc;ts strat&eacute;giques des acteurs et les arguments mobilis&eacute;s. Cette approche est &agrave; proprement parler interdisciplinaire et mobilise, en plus des approches sociologiques mentionn&eacute;es, diff&eacute;rents champs disciplinaires, l&rsquo;&eacute;pist&eacute;mologie et l&rsquo;histoire des sciences, la linguistique et les sciences de l&rsquo;information et la communication. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-top:19px; margin-bottom:19px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Sur le plan m&eacute;thodologique, il s&rsquo;agit d&rsquo;articuler simultan&eacute;ment diff&eacute;rents moyens d&rsquo;investigation sur la base d&rsquo;un travail bibliographique de fond permettant de construire un &eacute;tayage &eacute;pist&eacute;mologique &agrave; l&rsquo;aide des moteurs de recherche <i>Web of Science</i> et <i>Google Scholar</i>. Pour cela, l&rsquo;enqu&ecirc;te bibliographique est partie des publications de Crutzen (2002) et de Stoermer et Crutzen (2000). Une enqu&ecirc;te par &eacute;changes de courriers &eacute;lectroniques pr&eacute;cisant les conditions d&rsquo;utilisation des &eacute;changes au pr&eacute;alable et demandant explicitement l&rsquo;autorisation de publication a &eacute;t&eacute; op&eacute;r&eacute;e aupr&egrave;s de l&rsquo;ensemble des acteurs et notamment tous les membres de l&rsquo;AWG en anglais et en fran&ccedil;ais en fonction de leur origine. Elle est compl&eacute;t&eacute;e par des &eacute;changes avec les autres acteurs impliqu&eacute;s dans l&rsquo;enqu&ecirc;te. L&rsquo;analyse des strat&eacute;gies de publicisation pr&eacute;sent&eacute;e dans cet article s&rsquo;inscrit dans une analyse plus large r&eacute;alis&eacute;e sur la base de corpus h&eacute;t&eacute;rog&egrave;nes, audios, vid&eacute;os et textuels &agrave; partir de diff&eacute;rents moteurs de recherche et d&rsquo;une veille sur les sites institutionnels. Le corpus de presse &eacute;crite est construit &agrave; partir des moteurs de recherche Factiva et Europresse avec les mots cl&eacute;s respectivement &laquo;&nbsp;anthropoc&egrave;ne&nbsp;&raquo; et &laquo;&nbsp;m&eacute;ghalayen&nbsp;&raquo;. Les corpus sont trait&eacute;s &agrave; l&rsquo;aide d&rsquo;une grille uniforme (Scotto d&rsquo;Apollonia, 2016a) sur la base des travaux de Painter (2013) (voir corpus 1 et 2).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-top:19px; margin-bottom:19px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">La sp&eacute;cificit&eacute; g&eacute;ologique originelle du concept d&rsquo;Anthropoc&egrave;ne</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-top:19px; margin-bottom:19px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Commun&eacute;ment l&rsquo;origine du concept soit attribu&eacute;e</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> au prix Nobel de chimie Paul Crutzen (2002) dans un court article publi&eacute; dans la revue <i>Nature</i>. Cependant cet article faisait suite &agrave; un pr&eacute;c&eacute;dent article</span></span></span><a href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> publi&eacute; avec le biologiste am&eacute;ricain Eug&egrave;ne Stoermer</span></span></span><a href="#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> (Crutzen, Stoermer, 2000) dans la <i>newsletter</i> du programme onusien sur la biosph&egrave;re (International Geosphere-Biosphere Program, Igbp) couvrant la p&eacute;riode 1986-2015. Crutzen et Stoermer (2002) d&eacute;finissent l&rsquo;Anthropoc&egrave;ne<i> </i>comme une &laquo;&nbsp;&eacute;poque&nbsp;&raquo; sur l&rsquo;&eacute;chelle de temps g&eacute;ologique pour objectiver l&rsquo;impact des activit&eacute;s humaines sur l&rsquo;&eacute;cosyst&egrave;me terrestre qu&rsquo;ils situent initialement vers la fin du XVIII<sup>&egrave;me</sup> si&egrave;cle</span></span></span><a href="#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="text-decoration:underline" title=""><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[7]</span></span></sup></span></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">. Crutzen (2002, p. 23) introduit une ambig&uuml;it&eacute; en proposant simultan&eacute;ment les termes &laquo;&nbsp;&eacute;poque&nbsp;&raquo; et &laquo;&nbsp;&egrave;re&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-top:19px; margin-bottom:19px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-top:19px; margin-bottom:19px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">L&rsquo;Anthropoc&egrave;ne existait bien avant les ann&eacute;es 2000</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-top:19px; margin-bottom:19px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Les origines de l</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&rsquo;usage du terme &laquo;&nbsp;anthropoc&egrave;ne&nbsp;&raquo; font d&eacute;bat. <span style="background:white">Stoermer utilisait le terme dans les ann&eacute;es 1980 qu&rsquo;il n&rsquo;avait cependant pas r&eacute;ellement formalis&eacute; avant que Crutzen ne le contacte </span>(Steffen et <i>al</i>., 2011)<i>. </i>Dans leur article, </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">ils consid&egrave;rent qu&rsquo;il est n&eacute;cessaire d&rsquo;introduire un nouveau terme &laquo;&nbsp;anthropoc&egrave;ne&nbsp;&raquo; en </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">pr&eacute;cisant les ancrages historiques du concept qu&#39;ils situent dans diff&eacute;rents travaux &agrave; la fin du XIX<sup>&egrave;me</sup> si&egrave;cle (l&#39;&laquo;&nbsp;&egrave;re anthropozo&iuml;que&nbsp;&raquo; d&rsquo;Antonio Stoppani ou &laquo;&nbsp;psychozoic era<i>&nbsp;&raquo;</i> de Joseph Le Conte)<i>. </i>Or comme le souligne Dominique Raynaud (2018b) l&rsquo;usage du terme &laquo;&nbsp;anthropoc&egrave;ne&nbsp;&raquo; est ant&eacute;rieur aux ann&eacute;es 1980. En effet, le terme &laquo;&nbsp;антропогена&nbsp;&raquo; a &eacute;t&eacute; bel et bien traduit par celui d&rsquo;&laquo;&nbsp;anthropocene&nbsp;&raquo; au moins &agrave; partir des ann&eacute;es 1960 dans les <i>Rapports de l&rsquo;Acad&eacute;mie des sciences</i>. Pour Dominique Raynaud, la raison est simple&nbsp;: l&rsquo;usage rapproch&eacute; de &laquo;&nbsp;Pliocene&nbsp;&raquo;, &laquo;&nbsp;Holocene&nbsp;&raquo; et &laquo;&nbsp;Anthropocene&nbsp;&raquo; recommandait d&rsquo;homog&eacute;n&eacute;iser les suffixes. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Un article</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> de Lewis et Maslin (2015, p. 171)</span></span></span><sup> </sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">tente d&rsquo;attribuer une occurrence du terme &laquo;&nbsp;anthropoc&egrave;ne&nbsp;&raquo; d&egrave;s les ann&eacute;es 1920. L&rsquo;ouvrage cit&eacute; en r&eacute;f&eacute;rence est en fait une traduction des ann&eacute;es 1970 du russe vers l&#39;anglais et non une traduction des ann&eacute;es 1920 du terme &laquo;&nbsp;антропогена&nbsp;&raquo; par le terme &laquo;&nbsp;anthropoc&egrave;ne&nbsp;&raquo;. </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Interrog</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&eacute; sur ces premiers r&eacute;sultats, Jacques Grinevald consid&egrave;re que &laquo;&nbsp;l&#39;Anthropogene&nbsp;&raquo; des Russes qui s&rsquo;inscrit dans l&rsquo;histoire de la guerre froide, n&#39;est pas &laquo;&nbsp;l&#39;Anthropocene&nbsp;&raquo; de Crutzen</span></span></span><a href="#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">. Selon lui, Crutzen et Stoermer n&rsquo;avaient pas connaissance de la litt&eacute;rature pr&eacute;c&eacute;dente. Stoermer qui ne faisait pas partie du programme de l&rsquo;Igpb aurait laiss&eacute; &laquo;&nbsp;la main&nbsp;&raquo; &agrave; Crutzen. Le r&ocirc;le de Stoermer sur cette question devrait &ecirc;tre donc minor&eacute; selon Grinevald qui confie lors de l&rsquo;enqu&ecirc;te qu&rsquo;au sein de l&rsquo;AWG ces &eacute;l&eacute;ments historiques sont discut&eacute;s. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-top:19px; margin-bottom:19px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">La proximit&eacute; lexicale et conceptuelle Anthropog&egrave;ne, </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Biosph&egrave;re, No&ouml;sph&egrave;re et Ga&iuml;a</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Pour mieux cerner conceptuellement l&rsquo;Anthropoc&egrave;ne, </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">il est n&eacute;cessaire de faire un point sur les travaux mentionn&eacute;s de la fin du XIX<sup>&egrave;me</sup> si&egrave;cle d&eacute;velopp&eacute;s dans les ann&eacute;es 1920 notamment par un acteur central le g&eacute;ologue russe <span style="background:white">Vladimir Vernadsky (1929, 1945). Comme le souligne Florian Charvolin (1993), en cr&eacute;ant le concept de Biosph&egrave;re, Vernadsky posait les bases d&rsquo;une approche syst&eacute;mique et interdisciplinaire. </span>Sur le plan &eacute;pist&eacute;mologique et lexical, l&rsquo;Anthropoc&egrave;ne<b> </b>est effectivement tr&egrave;s proche de l&rsquo;Anthropog&egrave;ne (<span style="font-variant:small-caps">G</span>erasimov</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">, 1979)</span></span></span><a href="#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><sup> </sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">largement utilis&eacute; dans la litt&eacute;rature scientifique d&egrave;s les ann&eacute;es 1930 (Raynaud, 2018b). </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Ces &eacute;l&eacute;ments </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">sont identifi&eacute;s et mentionn&eacute;s en r&eacute;f&eacute;rence &agrave; Tage Nilsson (1983) par l&rsquo;AWG</span></span></span><a href="#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="text-decoration:underline" title=""><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[10]</span></span></sup></span></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">. </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">L</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">a premi&egrave;re occurrence du mot &laquo;&nbsp;anthropog&egrave;ne&nbsp;&raquo; (Raynaud, 2018b) confirme l&rsquo;origine du terme au d&eacute;but du XX<sup>&egrave;me</sup> si&egrave;cle par la publication d&#39;Alexei Petrovich Pavlov en 1925 dans une revue anthropologique russe. Le Quaternaire ou Anthropog&egrave;ne se situait au rang d&#39;une p&eacute;riode. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; L</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">a sp&eacute;cificit&eacute; de l&rsquo;Anthropoc&egrave;ne se situe pr&eacute;cis&eacute;ment sur le plan g&eacute;ologique car l&rsquo;id&eacute;e elle-m&ecirc;me n&rsquo;&eacute;tait donc pas nouvelle (Grinevald, 2012, p. 3)<i>. </i>Crutzen et Stoermer ne manquent de rappeler la r&eacute;f&eacute;rence aux travaux de Vernadsky portant sur l&rsquo;influence humaine sur la Biosph&egrave;re et ceux du j&eacute;suite fran&ccedil;ais Pierre Teilhard de Chardin et du philosophe math&eacute;maticien Edouard Le Roy ayant introduit le terme de No&ouml;sphere</span></span></span><a href="#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; L</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&rsquo;Anthropoc&egrave;ne s&rsquo;inscrit donc dans une longue tradition derri&egrave;re diff&eacute;rentes appellations, relevant de diff&eacute;rentes approches conceptuelles aux fronti&egrave;res poreuses. Le contexte politique apr&egrave;s la deuxi&egrave;me guerre mondiale et la scission du monde autour des deux blocs sovi&eacute;tiques et am&eacute;ricains va avoir des cons&eacute;quences sur l&rsquo;&eacute;volution de ces diff&eacute;rentes approches conceptuelles en donnant naissance &agrave; la th&eacute;orie de Ga&iuml;a de James Lovelock et Lynn Margullis (1974). Comme le souligne Grinevald, l&rsquo;&eacute;cologiste am&eacute;ricain William Clark dirigeait un projet de recherche interdisciplinaire novateur intitul&eacute; <i>&laquo;&nbsp;Ecologically Sustainable Development of the Biosphere&nbsp;&raquo;</i>, dans lequel on retrouve James Lovelock et Paul Crutzen. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; En dehors des aspects g&eacute;ologiques, la th</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&eacute;orie de Ga&iuml;a</span></span></span><a href="#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> est donc tr&egrave;s proche du concept d&rsquo;Anthropoc&egrave;ne. Cette th&eacute;orie a connu un r&eacute;el succ&egrave;s et a &eacute;t&eacute; largement reprise dans la litt&eacute;rature notamment par Isabelle Stengers (2009), puis par Bruno Latour (2015). </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">En s&#39;appuyant sur une analyse fouill</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&eacute;e de sa naissance, S&eacute;bastien Dutreuil (2017) d&eacute;construit l&#39;id&eacute;e port&eacute;e par certains d&eacute;tracteurs faisant de l&rsquo;hypoth&egrave;se Ga&iuml;a une proposition pseudo-scientifique. Son analyse vise &agrave; d&eacute;montrer, que l&rsquo;hypoth&egrave;se Ga&iuml;a tend &agrave; structurer le champ &eacute;mergent des Sciences du Syst&egrave;me Terre</span></span></span><a href="#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-top:19px; margin-bottom:19px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Focus sur les principales controverses sur le plan g&eacute;ologique</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="border:none; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt; margin-top:19px; margin-bottom:19px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="color:black"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Cette partie met au jour les principaux points de controverses autour des travaux de l&rsquo;AWG. La qualification de l&rsquo;Anthropoc&egrave;ne comme temporalit&eacute; g&eacute;ologique et sa caract&eacute;risation sont les points centraux du d&eacute;bat au sein de l&rsquo;AWG. L&rsquo;adoption de l&rsquo;Anthropoc&egrave;ne en tant que p&eacute;riode g&eacute;ologique doit s&rsquo;inscrire n&eacute;cessairement dans un long processus en regard du caract&egrave;re tr&egrave;s hi&eacute;rarchis&eacute; de ces proc&eacute;dures. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="border:none; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt; margin-top:19px; margin-bottom:19px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">La datation du concept est particuli&egrave;rement controvers&eacute;e, les &eacute;chelles de temps couvrant un spectre allant de l&rsquo;ordre du si&egrave;cle &agrave; la dizaine de milliers d&rsquo;ann&eacute;es. Certains auteurs situent les d&eacute;buts bien avant la cr&eacute;ation de la machine &agrave; vapeur,<span style="background:white"> il y a environ 14 000 ans avec les premiers chasseurs-cueilleurs en Am&eacute;rique du Nord</span> (De Wever, 2013&nbsp;; <span style="background:white">Smith, 2010). Faisant d&eacute;buter l&rsquo;Anthropoc&egrave;ne il y environ 8 000 ans, William Ruddiman (2003) consid&egrave;re que l&rsquo;influence de l&rsquo;Homme sur le climat commence avec le d&eacute;veloppement de l&rsquo;agriculture. L&rsquo;hypoth&egrave;se de Ruddiman est controvers&eacute;e, ses d&eacute;tracteurs (Crucifix et <i>al</i>., 2005) lui objectant que l&rsquo;activit&eacute; agricole ne peut pas expliquer un for&ccedil;age anthropique dans les variations de dioxyde de carbone et de m&eacute;thane. </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">L&rsquo;AWG a d&eacute;plac&eacute; le curseur initialement positionn&eacute; au milieu du XIX<sup>&egrave;me</sup> si&egrave;cle vers le </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">milieu du XX<sup>&egrave;me</sup> si&egrave;cle. En effet dans la p&eacute;riode d&rsquo;apr&egrave;s guerre, la course &agrave; l&rsquo;armement nucl&eacute;aire a g&eacute;n&eacute;r&eacute; un nombre consid&eacute;rable d&rsquo;essais en plein air ayant impact&eacute;s les sols avec des radionucl&eacute;ides facilement identifiables. </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Ces essais ont conduit &agrave; la diffusion mondiale notamment de plutonium et de radiocarbone. L&rsquo;avantage (sur le plan analytique) de ces signaux repose sur le fait qu&rsquo;ils vont persister pendant des dizaines de milliers d&#39;ann&eacute;es. </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Cette prise de position est le r&eacute;sultat d&rsquo;un vote effectu&eacute; au sein du groupe de travail (AWG, 2016) faisant suite &agrave; une publication (Steffen et <i>al</i>., 2016). </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Apr&egrave;s le vote, E</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">rle Ellis</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> (2016) membre de l&rsquo;AWG a publi&eacute; un article dans <i>Nature </i>alimentant un peu plus la controverse sur le d&eacute;but de l&rsquo;Anthropoc&egrave;ne. Ellis consid&egrave;re que </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">la formalisation &agrave; partir des radionucl&eacute;ides est une erreur et participe &agrave; alimenter un discours technocratique occidentalo-centr&eacute;. Effet rebond, ces prises de positions n&rsquo;ont pas tard&eacute; &agrave; faire r&eacute;agir Zalasiewicz, Waters et Head (2017). Dans leur r&eacute;ponse, les trois auteurs invoquent l&rsquo;argument d&rsquo;autorit&eacute; et leur statut respectif de directeur et secr&eacute;taire de l&rsquo;AWG ainsi que de d&eacute;tenteur de la chair de la Sous-commission de Stratigraphie Quaternaire. Arborant une figure de d&eacute;nonciation, Zalasiewicz, Waters et Head regrettent que l&rsquo;AWG ait moins de pouvoir qu&rsquo;Ellis et ses coll&egrave;gues. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="border:none; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt; margin-top:19px; margin-bottom:19px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Il existe deux possibilit&eacute;s pour que l&rsquo;Anthropoc&egrave;ne puisse &ecirc;tre formalis&eacute; par la communaut&eacute; des g&eacute;ologues. La premi&egrave;re option correspond &agrave; une datation chiffr&eacute;e dans le temps, appel&eacute;e en g&eacute;ologie Stratotype historique (GSSA pour Global Standard Stratigraphic Age). La seconde, surnomm&eacute;e par les g&eacute;ologues &laquo;&nbsp;clou d&rsquo;or&nbsp;&raquo;, correspond &agrave; la d&eacute;finition d&rsquo;un point de r&eacute;f&eacute;rence dans les strates, appel&eacute; <a name="_Hlk463446954">Point stratotypique mondial</a> (GSSP pour Global standard Stratotype Section and Point). Stanley <span style="background:white">Finney et Lucy Edwards critiquent les propositions faites par le groupe de travail. Pour rappel, Finney dirigeait pr&eacute;c&eacute;demment la Commission Internationale de Stratigraphie. Dans leur article Finney et Edwards (2016) consid&egrave;rent que les propositions de l&rsquo;AWG sont irrecevables en se r&eacute;f&eacute;rant &agrave; un standard (Salvador, 1994) fournissant les crit&egrave;res </span>sp&eacute;cifiques pour la d&eacute;finition des unit&eacute;s g&eacute;ochronologiques autres que les intervalles de temps repr&eacute;sent&eacute;es par les unit&eacute;s chronostratigraphiques correspondantes. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="border:none; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt; margin-top:19px; margin-bottom:19px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Alors que les travaux de l&rsquo;AWG continuent (Steffen et <i>al</i>., 2018), l&rsquo;Iugs a r&eacute;vis&eacute; en juillet 2018 sa charte chronostratigraphique<a href="#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[14]</span></span></span></span></a> instituant une nouvelle temporalit&eacute; appel&eacute;e </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">l&#39;&acirc;ge du M&eacute;ghalayen et relan&ccedil;ant la controverse (Chun-Hai et <i>al</i>., 2018&nbsp;; Maslin et Lewis, 2018a &amp; b&nbsp;; Voosen, 2018). Ces d&eacute;bats au sein des sciences g&eacute;ologiques ont donn&eacute; lieu &agrave; diff&eacute;rentes strat&eacute;gies de publicisation qu&rsquo;il s&rsquo;agit d&rsquo;analyser. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="border:none; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt; margin-top:19px; margin-bottom:19px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Analyse des jeux d&rsquo;acteurs et d&rsquo;arguments </span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-top:19px; margin-bottom:19px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="color:black"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Afin d&rsquo;analyser les jeux d&rsquo;acteurs et d&rsquo;arguments (Chateauraynaud, 2011), l&rsquo;enqu&ecirc;te se focalise sur les logiques de publicisation de deux &eacute;v&egrave;nements parce qu&rsquo;ils sont embl&eacute;matiques et r&eacute;v&eacute;lateurs&nbsp;: (1) la publicisation du 35<sup>&egrave;me</sup> congr&egrave;s de l&rsquo;Iugs qui s&rsquo;est d&eacute;roul&eacute; &agrave; Cape Town en Afrique du Sud </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">du 27 ao&ucirc;t au 4 septembre 2016 et notamment le </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">communiqu&eacute; de presse publi&eacute; par l&rsquo;AWG (2016) la veille </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">et (2) l&rsquo;actualisation de la charte stratigraphique mentionn&eacute;e pr&eacute;c&eacute;demment. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="border:none; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt; margin-top:19px; margin-bottom:19px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="color:black"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Cherchant &agrave; d&eacute;confiner autant que faire se peut la controverse en sollicitant un public tiers profane, l</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&rsquo;AWG a publi&eacute; un communiqu&eacute; de presse<a href="#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[15]</span></span></span></span></a> la veille des deux interventions<a href="#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[16]</span></span></span></span></a> de son secr&eacute;taire </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Colin Waters. Ce dernier</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> qui dirigeait pr&eacute;c&eacute;demment la Commission Internationale de Stratigraphie</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> a propos&eacute; la possibilit&eacute; de formaliser l&rsquo;Anthropoc&egrave;ne comme une temporalit&eacute; g&eacute;ologique. Stanley Finney<a href="#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[17]</span></span></span></span></a> a rejet&eacute; cette proposition en rappelant quels &eacute;taient les crit&egrave;res pour introduire une nouvelle subdivision de l&rsquo;&eacute;chelle des temps g&eacute;ologiques auxquels et pr&eacute;cisait que le concept n&rsquo;y r&eacute;pondait pas. Les &eacute;changes lors de cette session ont &eacute;t&eacute; v&eacute;cu par certains membres de l&rsquo;AWG comme un &eacute;chec, un membre me confiant: <i>&laquo;&nbsp;</i></span></span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">le groupe me semble un peu abattu &agrave; la suite du Congr&egrave;s au Cap&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Pour autant, l&rsquo;analyse du corpus d&eacute;montre que les m&eacute;dias ayant couvert l&rsquo;&eacute;v&egrave;nement dans leur grande majorit&eacute; ont relay&eacute; de mani&egrave;re virale le communiqu&eacute; de presse de l&rsquo;AWG en occultant le fond du d&eacute;bat et pr&eacute;sentant l&rsquo;Anthropoc&egrave;ne comme une nouvelle temporalit&eacute; g&eacute;ologique</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">. Les deux exemples suivant illustrent parfaitement le propos<a href="#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[18]</span></span></span></span></a>&nbsp;: </span></span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&laquo;&nbsp;La Terre est-elle entr&eacute;e dans une nouvelle &eacute;poque, l&#39;Anthropoc&egrave;ne&nbsp;?&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span></span></i><a href="#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><i><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[19]</span></span></b></span></span></i></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">, et <i>&laquo;&nbsp;</i></span></span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">L&rsquo;Humanit&eacute; est entr&eacute;e dans une nouvelle &egrave;re, l&rsquo;Anthropoc&egrave;ne&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span></span></i><a href="#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><i><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[20]</span></span></b></span></span></i></span></a><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">. </span></span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">La r&eacute;ponse des d&eacute;tracteurs de l&rsquo;AWG s&rsquo;est op&eacute;r&eacute;e tr&egrave;s rapidement par le truchement de la radio le </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">30 ao&ucirc;t 2016 sur les ondes de <i>France Inter</i> et une tribune de Patrick de Wever et </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#2a303b"><span style="letter-spacing:.05pt">Stanley Finney </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">article dans <i>Le Monde<a href="#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[21]</span></span></b></span></span></a></i> publi&eacute;e le 12 septembre 2016. L&rsquo;attaque f&ucirc;t sans d&eacute;tour&nbsp;: </span></span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&laquo;&nbsp;</span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">c&#39;est comme si un groupe de personnes </span></span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[AWG] </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">se</span></span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> r&eacute;unit et d&eacute;cide d&#39;acheter un ch&acirc;teau avant de s&#39;apercevoir qu&rsquo;ils n&#39;ont pas l&#39;argent pour acheter le ch&acirc;teau.&nbsp;&raquo; </span></span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(De Wever, 2016)<i>. </i></span></span></span><span class="Hyperlink4" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">L&rsquo;enqu&ecirc;te confirme la posture tr&egrave;s critique de Finney contre le s</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&eacute;</span></span></span><span class="Hyperlink4" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">rieux de l</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&rsquo;</span></span></span><span class="Hyperlink4" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">AWG&nbsp;:</span></span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> &laquo;&nbsp;il semble que l&rsquo;AWG soit plut&ocirc;t une entreprise politique que scientifique &agrave; moins qu&rsquo;une proposition en bonne et due forme soit formul&eacute;e &agrave; la Commission internationale de stratigraphie&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span></span></i><span class="Hyperlink4" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"> [librement traduit par l</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&rsquo;</span></span></span><span class="Hyperlink4" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">auteur]. Finney s</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&rsquo;&eacute;</span></span></span><span class="Hyperlink4" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">tonne que l&#39;AWG ait pu publier de nombreux articles dans des revues majeures et que toutes ses actions et ses articles soient largement rapport</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&eacute;</span></span></span><span class="Hyperlink4" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">s dans les m</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&eacute;</span></span></span><span class="Hyperlink4" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">dias publics.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="border:none; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt; margin-top:19px; margin-bottom:19px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="color:black"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">En France, </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">l&rsquo;oc&eacute;anographe membre de l&rsquo;AWG, </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Catherine Jeandel a port&eacute; le message visant &agrave; d&eacute;confiner l&rsquo;alerte dans l&rsquo;espace public en soulignant l&rsquo;urgence de l&rsquo;action au risque de la simplification des d&eacute;bats. S&rsquo;en est suivie une phase de neutralisation par une publication dans le magazine scientifique <i>La Recherche</i> en f&eacute;vrier 2017 dont l&rsquo;enqu&ecirc;te a permis de mettre au jour le fait que le cadrage &eacute;ditorial &eacute;tait coordonn&eacute; par Patrick De Wever. Avec Finney, ils rappellent le fait que l&rsquo;Anthropoc&egrave;ne ne corresponde pas aux crit&egrave;res d&eacute;finissant une temporalit&eacute; g&eacute;ologique, tout en permettant l</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">a publication d&rsquo;une tribune de l&rsquo;AWG<a href="#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">[22]</span></span></span></span></span></a>. Les </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">d&eacute;bats sur le plan &eacute;pist&eacute;mologique se sont ainsi fix&eacute;s, les auteurs s&rsquo;accordant sur le plan axiologique sur la n&eacute;cessit&eacute; de coordonner des actions pour enrayer l&rsquo;impact n&eacute;gatif des activit&eacute;s humaines sur l&rsquo;environnement. </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Ainsi l</span></span></span><span class="Hyperlink4" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">e 1</span></span></span><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">er</span></span></span></sup><span class="Hyperlink4" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"> d&eacute;cembre 2017, la Soci</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&eacute;</span></span></span><span class="Hyperlink4" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">t</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&eacute; </span></span></span><span class="Hyperlink4" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">G</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&eacute;</span></span></span><span class="Hyperlink4" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">ologique de France, le Mus</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&eacute;</span></span></span><span class="Hyperlink4" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">um National d</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&rsquo;</span></span></span><span class="Hyperlink4" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">Histoire Naturelle et le Conservatoire National des Arts et M</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&eacute;</span></span></span><span class="Hyperlink4" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">tiers proposaient avec le soutien de Total, une conf</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&eacute;</span></span></span><span class="Hyperlink4" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">rence suivant le th</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&egrave;</span></span></span><span class="Hyperlink4" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">me</span></span></span>&nbsp;<span class="Hyperlink4" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">: </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&laquo;&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="Hyperlink4" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">l</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&rsquo;</span></span></span><span class="Hyperlink4" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">Anthropoc</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&egrave;</span></span></span><span class="Hyperlink4" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">ne</span></span></span>&nbsp;<span class="Hyperlink4" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">: une nouvelle </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&egrave;</span></span></span><span class="Hyperlink4" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">re g</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&eacute;</span></span></span><span class="Hyperlink4" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">ologique</span></span></span>&nbsp;<span class="Hyperlink4" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">?</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span></span><span class="Hyperlink4" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">, avec le g</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&eacute;</span></span></span><span class="Hyperlink4" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">ologue, P</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">atrick De Wever, Catherine Jeandel, et l&rsquo;arch&eacute;ozoologue Jean Denis Vigne. Les d&eacute;bats, &agrave; l&rsquo;image de ceux tenus la veille dans l&rsquo;&eacute;mission sur <i>France Inter</i> la <i>T&ecirc;te au carr&eacute;</i> &eacute;taient caract&eacute;ris&eacute;s par un registre concessif limitant l&rsquo;expression de leur d&eacute;saccord sur le plan &eacute;pist&eacute;mologique pour d&eacute;battre des aspects plus politiques. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="border:none; text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt; margin-top:19px; margin-bottom:19px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="color:black"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Cet &eacute;pisode met au jour la volont&eacute; de certains g&eacute;ologues de circonscrire leur pratique de recherche &agrave; leur propre champ disciplinaire. Ils s&rsquo;&eacute;rigent en gardien &eacute;pist&eacute;mologique des normes stratigraphiques par l&rsquo;expression d&rsquo;une opposition tr&egrave;s forte tout en laissant libre les autres acteurs de s&rsquo;approprier le concept sur le plan politique. Il ne s&rsquo;agit pas &agrave; proprement parler d&rsquo;un dialogue interdisciplinaire mais une neutralisation des vell&eacute;it&eacute;s de pratiquer une v&eacute;ritable interdisciplinarit&eacute; notamment au sein de l&rsquo;AWG. Lors de cette &eacute;mission, les acteurs ne mettent pas de c&ocirc;t&eacute; leurs divergences mais s&rsquo;accordent implicitement sur le plan ontologique &agrave; discuter des potentialit&eacute;s heuristiques du concept sur le plan axiologique en tant que cat&eacute;gorie de pens&eacute;e et non en tant que temporalit&eacute; g&eacute;ologique. Cet &eacute;l&eacute;ment souligne la pertinence d&rsquo;analyser ces moments d&rsquo;effervescence m&eacute;diatique non pas uniquement sur la mat&eacute;rialit&eacute; du discours mais v&eacute;ritablement en mettant au jour les strat&eacute;gies sous-jacentes par l&rsquo;analyse de l&rsquo;inter-discours. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; La r&eacute;vision de la charte introduisant une nouvelle subdivision des &eacute;chelles de temps g&eacute;ologiques&nbsp;: le M&eacute;ghalayen peut &ecirc;tre interpr&eacute;t&eacute;e comme une continuit&eacute; strat&eacute;gique de neutraliser les travaux de l&rsquo;AWG. En effet, l</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&rsquo;Iugs a communiqu&eacute; le 13 juillet 2018 sur sa page Internet<a href="#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">[23]</span></span></span></span></span></a> et relay&eacute;e sur ses comptes Facebook et Tweeter<a href="#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" style="text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">[24]</span></span></span></span></span></a> l&rsquo;actualisation.</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">L&rsquo;&eacute;cho m&eacute;diatique a &eacute;t&eacute; minimal, q</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">uelques rares m&eacute;dias scientifiques (Sciences et Avenir) et quelques journaux (Atlantico, les Echos, Huffpost, Radio-Canada) ont couvert l&rsquo;information. Ces deux strat&eacute;gies correspondent &agrave; des id&eacute;aux types le groupe minoritaire cherche &agrave; mobiliser le public le plus large possible y compris les profanes tandis que l&rsquo;autre cherche &agrave; conserver sa position dominante en prenant soin de confiner la controverse &agrave; un public de pairs. En mars 2019, des membres de l&rsquo;AWG ont publi&eacute; un volumineux document scientifique </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(Zalasiewicz et <i>al</i>., 2019) dans lequel, l&rsquo;occurrence &laquo;&nbsp;meghalayan&nbsp;&raquo; est nulle. En mai 2019, l&rsquo;AWG sur son site Internet a publi&eacute; les r&eacute;sultats d&rsquo;un vote interne<a href="#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" style="text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">[25]</span></span></span></span></span></a> rappelant les positions sur les principaux points controvers&eacute;s en mentionnant l&rsquo;introduction du m&eacute;ghalayen, un &eacute;dito publi&eacute; dans <i>Nature</i> (</span></span></span><span style="border:none; font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Subramanian</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">, 2019) pr&eacute;cisant que l&rsquo;AWG pr&eacute;pare une proposition pour 2021. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-top:19px; margin-bottom:19px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Les migrations conceptuelles de l&rsquo;Anthropoc&egrave;ne</span></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-top:19px; margin-bottom:19px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Doux euph&eacute;misme, le concept d&rsquo;Anthropoc&egrave;ne a &eacute;t&eacute; l&rsquo;objet d&rsquo;une migration conceptuelle &agrave; marche forc&eacute;e (Brondizio, 2016) &nbsp;par les sciences sociales sans attendre sa validation par les sciences g&eacute;ologiques. Sur le plan ontologique, il devient difficile de discerner de quoi parle-t-on quand on parle d&rsquo;Anthropoc&egrave;ne tant les r&eacute;gimes discursifs font r&eacute;f&eacute;rence &agrave; des registres &eacute;pist&eacute;mologiques diff&eacute;rents. Consid&eacute;rons en premi&egrave;re approximation en faisant r&eacute;f&eacute;rence &agrave; l&rsquo;ouvrage central de Christophe Bonneuil et Jean-Baptiste Fressoz (2013)<a href="#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" style="text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[26]</span></span></span></span></span></a>, la migration conceptuelle de l&rsquo;Anthropoc&egrave;ne comme un glissement d&rsquo;une recherche d&rsquo;objectivation des activit&eacute;s humaines en tant que force tellurique &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;chelle des temps g&eacute;ologiques vers la construction d&rsquo;un r&eacute;cit prenant en compte une dimension socio-historique distribuant de fa&ccedil;on diff&eacute;renci&eacute;e les responsabilit&eacute;s humaines. L&rsquo;analyse dans sa grande majorit&eacute; de la litt&eacute;rature pr&eacute;sente le concept comme une th&eacute;orie valid&eacute;e reposant essentiellement sur des courbes et des &eacute;quations. Chateauraynaud et Debaz, (2017) consid&egrave;rent que Bonneuil et Fressoz partent d&rsquo;une axiomatique simplificatrice et r&eacute;ductrice. L&rsquo;analyse critique de Bonneuil et Fressoz permet de redonner de la profondeur historique et de l&rsquo;&eacute;paisseur politique au concept d&rsquo;Anthropoc&egrave;ne en redistribuant, contre Dipesh </span></span></span></span><span class="bug1" style="border:1pt none windowtext; position:relative; padding:0cm"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Chakrabarty (2010),</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> de fa&ccedil;on pond&eacute;r&eacute;e les responsabilit&eacute;s historiques de l&rsquo;esp&egrave;ce humaine qu&rsquo;il s&rsquo;agit de ne pas consid&eacute;r&eacute;e comme un tout. Cette migration s&rsquo;est op&eacute;r&eacute;e sans prendre en compte la complexit&eacute; des d&eacute;bats et les tensions internes &agrave; l&rsquo;AWG&nbsp;: </span></span></span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&laquo;&nbsp;Je l&#39;ai dit plus d&#39;une fois &agrave; [X] et &agrave; quelques coll&egrave;gues du Centre Alexandre Koyr&eacute;, qui par ailleurs font de beau travail, mais ils&nbsp; connaissent mal l&#39;ICSU et n&eacute;gligent l&#39;&eacute;volution de la science &eacute;cologique th&eacute;orique et appliqu&eacute;e&raquo;</span></span></span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> (un membre de l&rsquo;AWG). </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Ces tensions r&eacute;sultent d&rsquo;une part d&rsquo;oppositions &eacute;pist&eacute;mologiques fortement conditionn&eacute;es par les logiques de champ, c&#39;est-&agrave;-dire induites par l&rsquo;appartenance disciplinaire. D&rsquo;autre part, elles r&eacute;sultent tout autant d&rsquo;une diff&eacute;renciation des postures axiologiques concernant les r&eacute;gimes d&rsquo;actions. Aussi n&rsquo;est-il pas &eacute;tonnant de constater que plusieurs membres de l&rsquo;AWG emploient le terme au pluriel &laquo;&nbsp;anthropoc&egrave;nes&nbsp;&raquo; d&eacute;montrant l&rsquo;instabilit&eacute; du concept sur le plan ontologique. </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">F<span style="background:white">ressoz et Bonneuil (2016 [2013], p. 64) rassemblent ainsi dans une m&ecirc;me cat&eacute;gorie les &laquo;&nbsp;anthropoc&eacute;nologues&nbsp;&raquo; sans que l&rsquo;on sache leur identit&eacute;. Cette migration, &agrave; marche forc&eacute;e, orchestr&eacute;e notamment par Bonneuil et Fressoz int&egrave;gre une dimension normative explicite ayant comme point d&rsquo;horizon une critique aux accents marxistes du capitalisme et r&eacute;v&egrave;le en ce sens un dessein politique (Saint Martin, 2015)<span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"> <a href="#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" style="text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[27]</span></span></span></span></a></span>. Cette migration conceptuelle a g&eacute;n&eacute;r&eacute; une v&eacute;ritable polyphonie sur le plan ontologique, l&rsquo;anthropoc&egrave;ne est ainsi devenu un concept &laquo;&nbsp;hybride&nbsp;&raquo;. L&rsquo;ouvrage de R&eacute;mi Beau et Catherine Larr&egrave;re (2018) suite au colloque en 2015 au Coll&egrave;ge de France pr&eacute;sente l&rsquo;ouvrage de Bonneuil et Fressoz comme la r&eacute;f&eacute;rence tout en apportant un peu plus de nuances sur les d&eacute;bats controvers&eacute;s. Un membre de l&rsquo;AWG me confie qu&rsquo;il reste&nbsp;: </span></span></span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&laquo;&nbsp;toujours en peine avec les difficult&eacute;s du dialogue entre les scientifiques et les humanistes - notamment &agrave; propos du livre qui a suivi le colloque de novembre 2015 au Coll&egrave;ge de France...o&ugrave; brilla pour moi l&#39;absence des g&eacute;ologues et des &eacute;volutionnistes fran&ccedil;ais!&nbsp;&raquo; </span></span></span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(un membre AWG). Pourtant d</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">ans l&rsquo;introduction issue du colloque, Beau et Larr&egrave;re consid&egrave;rent que&nbsp;: <i>&laquo;&nbsp;Par sa d&eacute;finition m&ecirc;me, l&rsquo;Anthropoc&egrave;ne semble se soustraire aux partages disciplinaires, et en particulier au grand partage entre les sciences de l&rsquo;homme et les sciences de la nature&nbsp;&raquo;</i> (Beau, Larr&egrave;re, 2018). Effectivement comme le rappelait Pierre Charbonnier (2015) la controverse porte sur une red&eacute;finition du concept d&rsquo;Anthropoc&egrave;ne dans le sens o&ugrave; l&rsquo;av&egrave;nement </span></span></span></span><span class="bsu1" style="border:1pt none windowtext; position:relative; padding:0cm"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">d&rsquo;une nouvelle s&eacute;quence temporelle s&rsquo;op&egrave;re &agrave; la fois sur les plans g&eacute;ologique et historique. Jacques Grinevald consid&egrave;re qu&rsquo;il existe&nbsp;: <i>&laquo;&nbsp;une ambivalence cognitive et &eacute;motionnelle </i></span></span></span></span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">du succ&egrave;s d&rsquo;une nouvelle cat&eacute;gorie qui ressemble &agrave; un hopeful </span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&quot;</span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">monster</span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&quot;</span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> conceptuel peut-&ecirc;tre prometteur, mais aussi mal accueilli que la r&eacute;volution copernicienne, la r&eacute;volution darwinienne, la r&eacute;volution carnotienne et la r&eacute;volution vernadskienne&nbsp;!&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-top:19px; margin-bottom:19px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="background:white">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; R<em>einhold</em> Leinfelder de l&rsquo;Universit&eacute; de Berlin membre de l&rsquo;AWG lors de l&rsquo;enqu&ecirc;te distingue trois niveaux&nbsp;: (1) le premier niveau est celui du syst&egrave;me terrestre interrogeant l&rsquo;hypoth&egrave;se de l&rsquo;impact de l&#39;humanit&eacute; sur ce syst&egrave;me terrestre (climat, oc&eacute;ans, utilisation des sols, eau douce, sch&eacute;mas de s&eacute;dimentation, cycles biog&eacute;ochimiques, etc.) et le fait que le syst&egrave;me terrestre actuel et futur soit potentiellement diff&eacute;rent du syst&egrave;me holoc&egrave;ne. (2) Le second niveau est celui de la g&eacute;o-signature permettant ainsi de d&eacute;finir une nouvelle &eacute;poque g&eacute;ologique. (3) Le troisi&egrave;me niveau est celui de la responsabilit&eacute; sociale qu&rsquo;il d&eacute;finit comme un m&eacute;ta-niveau. </span><span class="bsu1" style="border:1pt none windowtext; position:relative; padding:0cm"><span style="top:0pt">Il est donc possible de caract&eacute;riser plus pr&eacute;cis&eacute;ment cette migration conceptuelle qui s&rsquo;est effectu&eacute;e des deux premiers niveaux vers le troisi&egrave;me. Autrement-dit, la migration se traduit par un glissement du d&eacute;bat de la recherche de marqueurs stratigraphiques cherchant &agrave; objectiver la caract&eacute;risation d&rsquo;une nouvelle p&eacute;riode g&eacute;ologique vers un usage conceptuel visant &agrave; red&eacute;finir les cat&eacute;gories de pens&eacute;es&nbsp;: une philosophie de la nature. Ces cat&eacute;gories de pens&eacute;es portent sur les risques li&eacute;s aux impacts des activit&eacute;s humaines sur le climat et l&rsquo;environnement. Sur le plan analytique, il convient donc de distinguer les trois plans de controverses&nbsp;: sa pluralit&eacute; s&eacute;mantique sur le plan ontologique, les oppositions &eacute;pist&eacute;mologiques et les registres normatifs plus ou moins explicites auxquels les auteurs font r&eacute;f&eacute;rence. Ainsi les registres discursifs des ouvrages en sciences sociales tendent &agrave; gommer les aspects controvers&eacute;s sur les plans ontologique et &eacute;pist&eacute;mologique d&rsquo;autant plus ais&eacute;ment qu&rsquo;ils sont porteurs d&rsquo;un message normatif et militant d&eacute;non&ccedil;ant le capitalisme. Ce d&eacute;placement conceptuel dans le champ des sciences sociales a ouvert de multiples fronts de controverses. Chateauraynaud et Debaz (2017) consid&egrave;rent que les &laquo;&nbsp;collapsologues&nbsp;&raquo; ont une repr&eacute;sentation de la r&eacute;alit&eacute; tronqu&eacute;e et renouent </span></span>avec la th&eacute;orie de la fausse conscience. <span class="bvg1" style="position:relative"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-0.05pt">Andr&eacute;as Malm (2017) ouvre un espace critique suppl&eacute;mentaire et invite &agrave; questionner &agrave; front renvers&eacute; le caract&egrave;re potentiellement contre-productif du concept sur les plans politique et &eacute;pist&eacute;mologique. Derri&egrave;re la &laquo;&nbsp;bataille&nbsp;&raquo; de l&rsquo;Anthropoc&egrave;ne se dessine des luttes de pouvoir symbolique interne aux sciences sociales, les auteurs en position de domination n&rsquo;auront de cesse de consid&eacute;rer qu&rsquo;il est inutile d&rsquo;ouvrir les boites noires latourienne de la science. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Conclusion</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Cet article<b> </b></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">tend &agrave; apporter un &eacute;clairage analytique visant &agrave; mieux s&rsquo;orienter dans les nombreux d&eacute;bats autour de l&rsquo;Anthropoc&egrave;ne dont les origines sont ant&eacute;rieures &agrave; l&rsquo;article de Stoermer et Crutzen en 2000 et qui reposent sur des bases &eacute;pist&eacute;mologiques controvers&eacute;es sur le plan g&eacute;ologique&nbsp;: sa caract&eacute;risation et sa datation posant des probl&egrave;mes au regard des normes de la Commission Internationale de Stratigraphie. Ces principaux points de controverses sur le plan g&eacute;ologique illustrent les divergences paradigmatiques profondes entre le champ &eacute;mergent des sciences du syst&egrave;me Terre et celui solidement structur&eacute; des sciences g&eacute;ologiques. Bien qu&rsquo;appartenant &agrave; l&rsquo;Iugs, l&rsquo;approche &eacute;cosyst&eacute;mique d&eacute;velopp&eacute;e par le groupe interdisciplinaire AWG rel&egrave;ve des </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Sciences du Syst&egrave;me Terre et se heurte aux normes stratigraphiques garantissant la continuit&eacute; et la coh&eacute;rence des recherches sur les &eacute;chelles de temps g&eacute;ologiques. Ces difficult&eacute;s de structuration du champ des Sciences du Syst&egrave;me Terre qui n&rsquo;ont rien de nouveau. En effet, dans les ann&eacute;es 1990, Florian Charvolin (1993) soulignait que l&rsquo;approche vernadskienne permettait de comprendre les raisons de la controverse sur les pratiques de l&rsquo;interdisciplinarit&eacute; des &laquo;&nbsp;sciences du global&nbsp;&raquo;. Sans r&eacute;elle clarification de ce flottement &eacute;pist&eacute;mologique, la migration conceptuelle de l&rsquo;Anthropoc&egrave;ne dans le champ des sciences sociales s&rsquo;est op&eacute;r&eacute;e sans une prise en compte de la complexit&eacute; des d&eacute;bats. Ce </span></span></span><span class="Hyperlink4" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">flou &eacute;pist&eacute;mologique lui a permis d&rsquo;acqu&eacute;rir une grande plasticit&eacute; r&eacute;v&eacute;latrice de sa nature hybride et explique sa grande labilit&eacute; dans les diff&eacute;rents champs et sans doute une grande partie de son succ&egrave;s. Il reste &agrave; interroger les aspects normatifs plus ou moins implicites, certains acteurs s&rsquo;emparant et (re)politisant le concept &agrave; des fins de d&eacute;nonciation du syst&egrave;me capitaliste contrairement &agrave; d&rsquo;autres perp&eacute;tuant une vision moderniste d&rsquo;une science porteuse de progr&egrave;s social. On retrouve cette polarisation normative au sein m&ecirc;me de l&rsquo;AWG. </span></span></span><span class="Hyperlink4" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">Le succ&egrave;s de l&rsquo;Anthropoc&egrave;ne dans le monde acad&eacute;mique et d&eacute;sormais social met en lumi&egrave;re les difficult&eacute;s r&eacute;currentes des sciences en soci&eacute;t&eacute; qui se traduisent par le besoin de renouvellement de nos cat&eacute;gories de pens&eacute;e face &agrave; l&rsquo;&laquo;&nbsp;urgence &eacute;cologique&nbsp;&raquo;. Les difficult&eacute;s de r&eacute;gulation de l&rsquo;expertise scientifique au sens de Roqueplo (1997) n&rsquo;ont pourtant rien de nouveau</span></span></span><a href="#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" style="text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">[28]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="Hyperlink4" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">. La traduction des savoirs scientifiques soumis &agrave; des incertitudes et emprunts de controverses en vue d&rsquo;alimenter le d&eacute;bat d&eacute;mocratique et les d&eacute;cisions politiques se heurte &agrave; la structuration tr&egrave;s moderniste des rapports sciences-soci&eacute;t&eacute;s avec comme point d&rsquo;horizon les d&eacute;bats autour du principe de pr&eacute;caution. Aussi il apparait n&eacute;cessaire de nourrir la r&eacute;flexion sur le plan &eacute;thique en questionnant les limites des mod&egrave;les habermassien de l&rsquo;&eacute;thique communicationnelle et jonassien du principe de responsabilit&eacute;. La multiplication des probl&eacute;matiques environnementales pose un v&eacute;ritable d&eacute;fi &agrave; la recherche quant &agrave; sa capacit&eacute; &agrave; construire un cadre de r&eacute;f&eacute;rence th&eacute;orique v&eacute;ritablement interdisciplinaire d&egrave;s lors qu&rsquo;il s&rsquo;agit de questionner et d&rsquo;accompagner l&rsquo;agir environnemental. Sur le plan de nos pratiques de recherche, l&rsquo;interdisciplinarit&eacute; pour qu&rsquo;elle puisse faire &oelig;uvre de science, exige un effort de r&eacute;flexivit&eacute; afin d&rsquo;&eacute;viter l&rsquo;&eacute;cueil des axiomatiques simplificatrices (Chateauraynaud, Debaz, 2017, p. 174) en prenant en compte les controverses dans leurs mat&eacute;rialit&eacute;s ontologique, &eacute;pist&eacute;mologique, sociale, politique, &eacute;conomique, morale et &eacute;thique. Il ne s&rsquo;agit donc pas de d&eacute;passer les controverses mais de les consid&eacute;rer comme un marqueur pertinent du dialogue interdisciplinaire. Les controverses autour de l&rsquo;Anthropoc&egrave;ne t&eacute;moignent d&rsquo;une dynamique interdisciplinaire tr&egrave;s vive et heuristiquement ind&eacute;pendamment de certaines incommensurabilit&eacute;s paradigmatiques mises au jour dans cet article. En ce sens, ces r&eacute;sultats nous invitent &agrave; ouvrir le vaste chantier d&rsquo;une praxis de l&rsquo;Anthropoc&egrave;ne. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="border:none; margin-top:19px; margin-bottom:19px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b>Bibliographie </b></span></span></p> <p style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-top:19px; margin-bottom:19px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Amossy, R., (). &laquo;&nbsp;Argumentation et analyse du discours&nbsp;: perspectives th&eacute;oriques et d&eacute;coupage disciplinaires&nbsp;&raquo;, <i>Argumentation et Analyse de Discours,</i> vol. 1/2008.</span></span></p> <p style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-top:19px; margin-bottom:19px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">AWG, (2016). 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(r&eacute;&eacute;d. PUF).</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-top:19px; margin-bottom:19px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Berthelot, J.-M. (2002). Pour un programme sociologique non r&eacute;ductionniste en &eacute;tudes des sciences, <i>Revue Europ&eacute;enne des Sciences Sociales</i>, vol. XL, n&deg;124, p. 233-252.</span></span></p> <p style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-top:19px; margin-bottom:19px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Berthelot, J.-M. (2008). <i>L&rsquo;emprise du vrai. Connaissance scientifique et modernit&eacute;</i>, Paris&nbsp;: PUF.</span></span></p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Bonneuil C., Fressoz J.-B., (2016, [2013]). <i>L&#39;Ev&eacute;nement Anthropoc&egrave;ne. La Terre, l&#39;histoire et nous</i>, Paris,</span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Seuil.</span></span> </span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Brondizio, E., et <i>al</i>., (2016). Re-conceptualizing the Anthropocene: A call for collaboration, </span></span><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/09593780" style="text-decoration:underline" title="Go to Global Environmental Change on ScienceDirect"><span lang="EN-GB" style="border:none windowtext 1.0pt; font-size:12.0pt; padding:0cm"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Global Environmental Change</span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">, </span></span><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/09593780/39/supp/C" style="text-decoration:underline" title="Go to table of contents for this volume/issue"><span lang="EN-GB" style="border:none windowtext 1.0pt; font-size:12.0pt; padding:0cm"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Volume 39</span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">,</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> pp. 318&ndash;327. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span class="bug1" style="border:1pt none windowtext; position:relative; padding:0cm"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Chakrabarty, D. (2010). Le climat de l&rsquo;histoire&nbsp;: quatre th&egrave;ses, </span></span></span></span><span class="buh1" style="border:1pt none windowtext; position:relative; padding:0cm"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="font-style:italic"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">La Revue internationale des livres et des id&eacute;es</span></span></span></span></span><span class="bug1" style="border:1pt none windowtext; position:relative; padding:0cm"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">, n</span></span></span></span><span class="bur1" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:8.5pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">o</span></span></span><span class="bug1" style="border:1pt none windowtext; position:relative; padding:0cm"><span style="top:0pt"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">15, janvier 2010.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Charbonnier<span style="font-variant:small-caps"> P., (2015). </span>L&rsquo;ambition d&eacute;mocratique &agrave; l&rsquo;&acirc;ge de l&rsquo;anthropoc&egrave;ne, <i>Revue Esprit</i>, d&eacute;cembre 2015.</span></span> </span></span></span></span></p> <p class="93RefTI" style="text-align:justify; margin-top:19px; margin-bottom:19px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Charvolin, F. (1994). L&rsquo;invention de la Biosph&egrave;re : les fondements d&rsquo;une m&eacute;thode, <i>N<span style="background:white">atures Sciences Soci&eacute;t&eacute;s</span></i><span style="background:white">, 1994,&nbsp;</span></span><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="color:#333333">2</span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white">(1), pp. 21&ndash;28.</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Chateauraynaud F., (2011). <i>Argumenter dans un champ de forces. Essai de balistique sociologique</i>, Paris, Petra.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Chateauraynaud F., (2015).&nbsp; &laquo;&nbsp;L&rsquo;emprise comme exp&eacute;rience&nbsp;&raquo;, SociologieS, [en ligne], Dossier Pragmatisme et sciences sociales&nbsp;: explorations, enqu&ecirc;tes, exp&eacute;rimentations, consult&eacute; le 23 f&eacute;vrier 2015. URL&nbsp;: </span></span><a href="http://sociologies.revues.org/4931" style="text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">http://sociologies.revues.org/4931</span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Chateauraynaud F., Debaz J.,<span style="font-variant:small-caps"> (2017). </span><i>Aux bords de l&#39;irr&eacute;versible. 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Trajectories of the Earth System in the Anthropocene. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Science</i>, August 6, 2018. 201810141.</span></span></p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Stengers I., 2009. </span></span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Au temps des catastrophes</span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">, Paris, <i>Les emp&ecirc;cheurs de penser en rond</i></span></span><span lang="IT" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">, La d</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&eacute;couverte. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-top:19px; margin-bottom:19px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="border:none">Subramanian, M., (2019) Anthropocene now: influential panel votes to recognize Earth&rsquo;s new epoch, <i>Nature</i>. </span>&nbsp;<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-019-01641-5" style="text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">10.1038/d41586-019-01641-5</a></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Vernadsky V. (1929). La Biosph&egrave;re, Paris, Alcan.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Vernadsky V., (1945). Biosphere and Noosphere. <i>Am. Sci</i>. 33, 1&ndash;12.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Voosen P., (2018). New geological age comes under fire, <i>Science</i>, </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">10 august. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Zalasiewicz et <i>al</i>., (2008). Are we now living in the Anthropocene, <i>GSA Today</i>, 18 4 8.</span></span> </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="border:none; margin-top:19px; margin-bottom:19px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v541/n7637/full/541289b.html#auth-1" style="text-decoration:underline"><span lang="EN-GB" style="text-decoration:none"><span style="text-underline:none">Zalasiewicz</span></span></a> J., <a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v541/n7637/full/541289b.html#auth-2" style="text-decoration:underline"><span lang="EN-GB" style="text-decoration:none"><span style="text-underline:none">Waters</span></span></a> C., <a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v541/n7637/full/541289b.html#auth-3" style="text-decoration:underline"><span lang="EN-GB" style="text-decoration:none"><span style="text-underline:none">Head</span></span></a> M<span style="font-variant:small-caps">., (2017). </span>&ldquo;<span style="letter-spacing:-.35pt">Anthropocene: its stratigraphic basis&rdquo;, </span><i>Nature, </i>541, 289, 19 January. </span></span></p> <p class="93RefTI" style="text-align:justify; margin-top:19px; margin-bottom:19px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt">Zalasiewicz et <i>al</i></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt">., (</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt">2019)</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt">.</span> <i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white">The Anthropocene as a Geological Time Unit. </span></span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt">A Guide to the Scientific Evidence and Current Debate</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt">, Cambridge University Press.</span></span></span></p> <p style="border:none; margin-top:19px; margin-bottom:19px">&nbsp;</p> <div>&nbsp; <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1"> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Lionel Scotto d&rsquo;Apollonia d&eacute;veloppe des recherches sur les controverses socioscientifiques telles que le climat ou l&rsquo;Anthropoc&egrave;ne. Il pilote de plus des projets en recherche action participative d&rsquo;accompagnement des politiques publiques sur les questions socioenvironnementales&nbsp;: </span></span><a href="https://parcs.hypotheses.org/" style="text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">https://parcs.hypotheses.org/</span></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn2"> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Ce </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">programme onusien a &eacute;t&eacute; cl&ocirc;tur&eacute; en 2015&nbsp;: </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Lien consult&eacute; le 23 ao&ucirc;t 2019&nbsp;: </span></span><a href="http://www.igbp.net/" style="text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">http://www.igbp.net/</span></span></a></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn3"> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> L&rsquo;AWG est l&rsquo;un des quatre groupes de travail au sein de la Sous-commission de Stratigraphie du Quaternaire (</span></span><a href="http://quaternary.stratigraphy.org/" style="text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy</span></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">). Le groupe est dirig&eacute; par </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Zalasiewicz</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> qui a compos&eacute; autour de lui une &eacute;quipe de 34 membres &agrave; la fois issus des sciences dites dures et des sciences humaines sociales.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn4"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-top:19px; margin-bottom:19px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><a href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> La veille internaliste consiste &agrave; d&eacute;velopper une analyse de la nature des sciences par l&rsquo;objectivation des oppositions dans les revues scientifiques &agrave; comit&eacute; de lecture. </span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn5"> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Le ratio de citations de l&#39;article publi&eacute; dans <i>Nature</i> (611 fois</span></span><sup><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><sup><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[5]</span></span></sup></span></span></sup><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">) par rapport &agrave; celui cosign&eacute; avec Stoermer (12 fois</span></span><sup><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><sup><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[5]</span></span></sup></span></span></sup><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">) est tr&egrave;s asym&eacute;trique (r&eacute;sultats provenant de web of science 8 octobre 2016). </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn6"> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Stoermer est d&eacute;c&eacute;d&eacute; en 2012. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn7"> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="text-decoration:underline" title=""><sup><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><sup><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">[7]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Commentant l&rsquo;article de Crutzen (2002), Grinevald consid&egrave;re que faire d&eacute;buter l&rsquo;<i>Anthropoc&egrave;ne</i> avec le brevet de la machine &agrave; vapeur&nbsp;: <i>&laquo;&nbsp;pour un historien cela ne tient pas la route, pour un historien des techniques c&rsquo;est presque une stupidit&eacute;, c&rsquo;est anachronisme, une machine &agrave; vapeur ne fait pas plus la r&eacute;volution industrielle, pas plus qu&rsquo;une hirondelle fait le printemps&nbsp;&raquo;.</i></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Lien consult&eacute; </span></span><span lang="IT" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">le 10 </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">d&eacute;cembre 2016&nbsp;: </span></span><a href="http://humanitesenvironnementales.fr/fr/les-ressources/les-grands-entretiens?page=2#prettyPhoto/0/" style="text-decoration:underline"><span class="Hyperlink2" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:blue"><span style="text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">http://humanitesenvironnementales.fr/fr/les-ressources/les-grands-entretiens?page=2#prettyPhoto/0/</span></span></span></span></a></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn8"> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> L&rsquo;article de Crutzen de 2002 est en fait tr&egrave;s court et se limite &agrave; justifier la n&eacute;cessit&eacute; d&rsquo;introduire ce nouveau concept sans pour autant &eacute;tayer pleinement son propos.</span></span> </span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn9"> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Le terme anthropog&egrave;ne en tant que substitut du terme &laquo;quaternaire&raquo; est suivant l&rsquo;auteur objet de controverses sur la dur&eacute;e de l&rsquo;anthropog&egrave;ne et des principes de sa subdivision. L&rsquo;anthropog&egrave;ne est consid&eacute;r&eacute; comme l&#39;&eacute;tude de l&#39;interaction de l&#39;environnement naturel et de ses changements avec le d&eacute;veloppement de l&#39;homme et de la soci&eacute;t&eacute; pr&eacute;historique et non pas comme subdivision stratigraphique.</span></span> </span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn10"> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="text-decoration:underline" title=""><sup><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><sup><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">[10]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Lien consult&eacute; le 10 mai 2017&nbsp;: </span></span><a href="https://quaternary.stratigraphy.org/workinggroups/anthropocene/" style="text-decoration:underline"><span class="Hyperlink1" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:blue"><span style="text-decoration:underline"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt">https://quaternary.stratigraphy.org/workinggroups/anthropocene/</span></span></span></span></a></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn11"> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Theilhard de Chardin, Leroy et Vernadsky durant son s&eacute;jour parisien dans les ann&eacute;es 1920, ont &eacute;t&eacute; inspir&eacute;s par la philosophie d&rsquo;Henri Bergson (1907). Dans <i>L&rsquo;&eacute;volution cr&eacute;atrice</i>, Bergson propose de d&eacute;montrer que la Nature ne cesse de se r&eacute;inventer constamment</span></span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">, en s</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&rsquo;appuyant sur le fait que la m&eacute;taphysique traditionnelle attribuant une finalit&eacute; &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;volution et la science moderne sont les deux faces d&rsquo;une m&ecirc;me pi&egrave;ce, v&eacute;hiculant l&rsquo;id&eacute;e de l&#39;existence d&#39;un d&eacute;terminisme naturel.</span></span> </span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn12"> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Le terme Ga&iuml;a vise &agrave; nommer et penser l&rsquo;ensemble des &eacute;cosyst&egrave;mes de la plan&egrave;te Terre consid&eacute;r&eacute;e comme un &ecirc;tre vivant &agrave; part enti&egrave;re.</span></span> </span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn13"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-top:19px; margin-bottom:19px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><a href="#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> <span style="background:white">Sa th&egrave;se tend &agrave; d&eacute;montrer que Ga&iuml;a est consid&eacute;r&eacute;e tant&ocirc;t comme une hypoth&egrave;se, tant&ocirc;t comme une th&eacute;orie, tant&ocirc;t comme un programme de recherche, tant&ocirc;t comme une philosophie de la nature. L&rsquo;examen &eacute;pist&eacute;mologique et historique permet de mettre au jour ses lin&eacute;aments scientifiques permettant de la consid&eacute;rer comme une th&eacute;orie &eacute;labor&eacute;e. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn14"> <p class="Default" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Rockwell, serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="border:none; font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Voir&nbsp;: </span></span><a href="http://stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ChronostratChart2018-07.pdf" style="text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">http://stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ChronostratChart2018-07.pdf</span></span></a></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn15"> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Lien consult&eacute; le 13 octobre 2018&nbsp;: </span></span><a href="https://www2.le.ac.uk/offices/press/press-releases/2016/august/media-note-anthropocene-working-group-awg" style="text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">https://www2.le.ac.uk/offices/press/press-releases/2016/august/media-note-anthropocene-working-group-AWG</span></span></a></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn16"> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">R&eacute;sum&eacute;s des deux interventions consultables le 23 aout 2019 sur le lien suivant&nbsp;: </span></span><a href="https://www.americangeosciences.org/igc/15775" style="text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">https://www.americangeosciences.org/igc/15775</span></span></a></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="https://www.americangeosciences.org/igc/15066" style="text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">https://www.americangeosciences.org/igc/15066</span></span></a></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn17"> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">R&eacute;sum&eacute; de la r&eacute;ponse consultable le 23 aout 2019 sur le lien suivant&nbsp;: </span></span><a href="https://www.americangeosciences.org/igc/14830" style="text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">https://www.americangeosciences.org/igc/14830</span></span></a></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn18"> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> L&rsquo;analyse plus d&eacute;taill&eacute;e permet de mettre au jour certaines nuances &agrave; la marge, le journal La Croix couvrant parfaitement l&rsquo;&eacute;v&egrave;nement alors que les autres grands quotidiens ont occult&eacute; l&rsquo;&eacute;v&egrave;nement, la fin du mois d&rsquo;ao&ucirc;t pouvant potentiellement expliquer cela. </span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn19"> <p style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-top:19px; margin-bottom:19px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><a href="#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[19]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"> Auteur non renseign&eacute; (demande faite aupr&egrave;s du journal), &laquo;&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt">La Terre est-elle entr&eacute;e dans une nouvelle &eacute;poque, l&#39;Anthropoc&egrave;ne&nbsp;?&nbsp;&raquo;, <i>Ouest France</i>, 29 ao&ucirc;t 2016. </span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn20"> <p style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-top:19px; margin-bottom:19px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><a href="#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[20]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"> D. Charlet&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt">L&rsquo;Humanit&eacute; est entr&eacute;e dans une nouvelle &egrave;re, l&rsquo;Anthropoc&egrave;ne&nbsp;&raquo;, <i>Direct Matin</i>, 29 ao&ucirc;t 2016. </span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn21"> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">[21]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Article consultable le 26 aout 2019 sur le lien suivant&nbsp;: </span></span><a href="https://www.lemonde.fr/sciences/article/2016/09/12/anthropocene-sujet-geologique-ou-societal_4996574_1650684.html" style="text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">https://www.lemonde.fr/sciences/article/2016/09/12/anthropocene-sujet-geologique-ou-societal_4996574_1650684.html</span></span></a></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn22"> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-top:19px; margin-bottom:19px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="color:black"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><a href="#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">[22]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Sur le plan r&eacute;flexif il semble que ce soit l&rsquo;enqu&ecirc;te qui ait eu pour effet la publication de la tribune de l&rsquo;AWG, ce qui illustre les difficult&eacute;s li&eacute;es &agrave; la posture d&rsquo;immersion dans la controverse.</span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn23"> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">[23]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Lien consult&eacute; le 13 octobre 2018&nbsp;: </span></span><a href="http://iugs.org/uploads/E-Bulletin/IUGS-E-bulletin-June-143.pdf" style="text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">http://iugs.org/uploads/E-Bulletin/IUGS-E-bulletin-June-143.pdf</span></span></a></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn24"> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" style="text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">[24]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Pages Facebook et Tweeter consult&eacute;es le 13 octobre 2018 sur le lien suivant&nbsp;: </span></span><a href="https://www.facebook.com/iugspage/photos/a.765291843610757/1604666309673302/?type=3&amp;theater" style="text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">https://www.facebook.com/iugspage/photos/a.765291843610757/1604666309673302/?type=3&amp;theater</span></span></a></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="https://twitter.com/theIUGS" style="text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">https://twitter.com/theIUGS</span></span></a></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn25"> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" style="text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">[25]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Lien consultable le 26 ao&ucirc;t 2019&nbsp;: </span></span><a href="http://quaternary.stratigraphy.org/working-groups/anthropocene/" style="text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">http://quaternary.stratigraphy.org/working-groups/anthropocene/</span></span></a></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn26"> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" style="text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">[26]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> A partir du mot cl&eacute; &laquo;&nbsp;anthropoc&egrave;ne&nbsp;&raquo;, i.e. en langue fran&ccedil;aise, l&rsquo;ouvrage de Bonneuil et Fressoz est le plus cit&eacute; sur Google Scholar&nbsp;: </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">1 (Bonneuil, Fressoz, 2013) cit&eacute; 323 fois - 2 (Lorius, Carpentier, 2013) cit&eacute; 59 fois - 3 (Sina&iuml;, 2013) cit&eacute; 37 fois - 4 (Crutzen, 2007) cit&eacute; 15 fois - 5 (Grinevald, 2012) cit&eacute; 13 fois, 6 (Fressoz, Bonneuil, 2016) cit&eacute; 13 fois - 7 (Beau, Larr&egrave;re, 2018) cit&eacute; 11 fois. R&eacute;sultats actualis&eacute;s du 18 ao&ucirc;t 2019.</span></span> </span></span></span></span></p> <p class="CorpsA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Les r&eacute;sultats avec le mot cl&eacute; &laquo;&nbsp;anthropocene&nbsp;&raquo; sont un peu diff&eacute;rents&nbsp;: 1 (Crutzen, 2006) cit&eacute; 3757 fois - 2 (Steffen et al., 2015) cit&eacute; 2389 fois - 3 (Dirzo, Raven, 2003) cit&eacute; 1449 - 4 (Steffen et al., 2007) cit&eacute; 1373 fois - 5 (Lewis, Maslin, 2015) cit&eacute; 1081 - 6 (Harraway, 2015) cit&eacute; 764 fois - 7 (Bonneuil, Fressoz, 2013) cit&eacute; 324 fois.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn27"> <p class="Default" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Rockwell, serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" style="text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="border:none; font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">[27]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Dans sa recension de l&rsquo;ouvrage Arnaud Saint Martin note que dans leur volont&eacute; de &laquo;&nbsp;r&eacute;sister &agrave; la tentation d&rsquo;homog&eacute;n&eacute;iser &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;chelle d&rsquo;une inscrutable et abstraite &quot;esp&egrave;ce humaine&quot;&nbsp;&raquo;, Bonneuil et Fressoz&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;ne font pourtant que cela&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn28"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin-top:19px; margin-bottom:19px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><a href="#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" style="text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">[28]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a> <span class="Hyperlink4" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">L</span></span></span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&rsquo;affaire des pluies acides est en ce sens similaire au cas du climat ou de l&rsquo;Anthropoc&egrave;ne. Pour rappel, l&rsquo;action n&eacute;crosante de l&rsquo;ozone form&eacute; &agrave; cause des rejets industriels atmosph&eacute;riques &eacute;tait consid&eacute;r&eacute;e &agrave; tort comme la cause majeure du d&eacute;p&eacute;rissement des for&ecirc;ts (Roqueplo, 1993, p. 21).</span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> </div>